[{"text": "Pitchi Richi Sanctuary, located approximately 4 km south of the Alice Springs town centre, is a heritage listed, and now closed, tourist attraction. It was established in the early 1950s by Leo Corbet. The sanctuary is most famous for its collection of works by William Ricketts; it is the largest known collection outside of Ricketts' own sanctuary in the Dandenongs in Victoria. It is Alice Springs' first man-made tourist attraction. The sanctuary was named one of the region's four \"must-see\" attractions during the 1960s. Background. The Pitchi Richi Sanctuary, just south of Heavitree Gap, is set on of land that were purchased by Leo Corbet in 1955 following the death of Charles 'Pop' Chapman, an eccentric Alice Springs legend, who had named the property 'The Pearly Gates'. It is not known exactly when Corbet changed the name to Pitchi Richi but he told a friend \"the Pearly Gates might seem a bit presumptuous coming from me\". The name Pitchi Richi is (loosely) derived from the Arrernte language and it is said to mean \"come and look\" and also \"gap in the range\". William Ricketts, a close friend of Corbets, built a kiln on the site shortly after it was purchased"}, {"text": "and his sculptures were displayed from the time that the sanctuary opened. Corbet planned for the sanctuary to be a kind of open air museum and he travelled extensively to collect Centralian memorabilia. It is said that his easy charm opened many doors for him, and many outlying stations allowed him to go through their rubbish dumps and sheds. Through this, Corbet created an interesting collection, which alongside art exhibitions, spear and boomerang throwing demonstrations and Corbet's effort to make it a bird sanctuary, made it popular with tourists. At its opening in August 1956 the sanctuary held an exhibition by landscape artist, Robert Johnson, the proceeds of which went to the Australian Inland Mission. Also in 1956 it conducted pottery workshops with ceramicist Roy Cook. In 1958 the magazine \"Woman's Day\" devoted two full pages to the sanctuary. The author, Ailsa Craig, portrayed it as a haven, saying that \"Leo was one of the few men in the world who had managed to translate a youthful idea into a concrete fact\" and that \"where making money didn't matter, where he could live simply, but graciously, on next to nothing and help people for the sake of helping them, asking"}, {"text": "no reward but their thanks\". She described Pitchi Richi as a drop-in-centre, whether Corbet was home or not, where the makings for cuppas and biscuits were always on hand. Following this article, Corbet, and the sanctuary, received both national attention and a huge kettle from Craig as his old one was not nearly big enough. It is said that Albert Namatjira used to camp on the site. Since the closure of the sanctuary in the 1970s, the Ricketts sculptures have suffered from theft, vandalism and poor attempts at restoration. The sculptures have also drawn criticism for their content and Ricketts' highly romantic expressions of his relationship with Aboriginal people. Ownership of Ricketts' sculptures at Pitchi Richi remains contentious, and has been since the early 1960s. Pitchi Richi was added to the Northern Territory Heritage Register in 2009, after being rejected for listing previously. It is managed by Heritage Alice Springs Inc. and maintained by caretakers. It is occasionally open for special public events and for groups by appointment."}, {"text": "The 2019\u201320 BIBL season was the 11th edition of Balkan International Basketball League (BIBL). The competition started October 2019. Five teams participated this season, one from Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and two from Kosovo. The league was suspended in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, initially envisioned to resume with the completion of the final four just prior to the next season and ultimately cancelled in late June."}, {"text": "The 2013 Fayetteville mayoral election took place on November 5, 2013, to elect the mayor of Fayetteville, North Carolina. It saw the election of Nat Robertson. Incumbent mayor Tony Chavonne did not seek reelection to a fifth term. Results. Primary. The primary was held October 8, 2013."}, {"text": "Wallaroo is a rural locality split between the Central Highlands Region and the Aboriginal Shire of Woorabinda, Queensland, Australia. In the , Wallaroo had \"no people or a very low population\". Geography. The part within the Aboriginal Shire of Woorabinda is in the north of the locality () and is smaller at , while the part within Central Highlands Region is in the south of the locality () and is larger at . Demographics. In the , Wallaroo had a population of 10 people. In the , Wallaroo had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "Aleksander Podr\u00e4t\u0161ik (1888\u20131921), also spelt Aleksander Podr\u00e4tshik, was an Estonian teacher, historian and politician. Born on 4 May 1888 in Konguta in Tartu County, Podr\u00e4t\u0161ik was a member of the Estonian Provincial Assembly which governed the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia between 1917 and 1919. He sat for the duration of the assembly, which was from 14 July 1917 until 23 April 1919, after which Estonia became a sovereign nation; thereafter, Podr\u00e4t\u0161ik did not sit on the Asutav Kogu (the Constitutional Assembly) or independent Estonia's new parliament, the Riigikogu. He died on 8 February 1921 in P\u00e4rnu."}, {"text": "The Street Singer is a 1924 musical play written by Frederick Lonsdale with music by Harold Fraser-Simson and lyrics by Percy Greenbank. After premiering at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, Birmingham it ran for 360 performances at the Lyric Theatre in the West End between 27 June 1924 and 2 May 1925. The cast included Phyllis Dare, Sylvia Leslie, Dorothy Fane, A.W. Baskcomb and Harry Welchman."}, {"text": "Omavi Ammu Minder (born October 7, 1999), better known as Mavi (stylized in all caps), is an American rapper from Charlotte, North Carolina. Mavi emerged in 2014 as a member of North Carolina music collective KILLSWITCH, and later rose to prominence in 2019 with the release of his debut solo album \"Let the Sun Talk\" and his guest appearance on Earl Sweatshirt's EP \"Feet of Clay\". His most recent album, \"Shadowbox\", was released in 2024. Artistry. Mavi's style draws inspirations from Five-Percent Nation ideologies, which he named his first studio album \"Let the Sun Talk\" after. He cites rappers MF Doom and Prodigy of Mobb Deep as his main influences. Mavi's music is marked by an often existential, intensely poetic writing style, and a laid back delivery. His beat selection leans towards soul-sample heavy, stripped instrumentals. Mavi's musical aesthetic is often associated compared to frequent collaborators Earl Sweatshirt and MIKE. Personal life. Mavi's father was a hip hop producer and a gospel quartet singer. Mavi was a neuroscience major at Howard University when he released \"Let the Sun Talk.\" He dropped out after his music began to garner interest."}, {"text": "The 2011 Fayetteville mayoral election took place on November 8, 2011, to elect the mayor of Fayetteville, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Tony Chavonne. Results. Primary. The primary was held October 8, 2011."}, {"text": "Darts Creek is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Darts Creek had a population of 165 people. Geography. Apart from a strip of rural residential housing along Darts Creek Road, the predominant land use is grazing on native vegetation. Demographics. In the , Darts Creek had a population of 160 people. In the , Darts Creek had a population of 165 people. Education. There are no schools in Darts Creek. The nearest government primary school is Ambrose State School in neighbouring Ambrose to the south. The nearest secondary schools are Mount Larcom State School (to Year 10) in neighbouring Mount Larcom to the south-east and Gladstone State High School (to Year 12) in West Gladstone to the south-east."}, {"text": "Grand Hotel is a 1931 play by the British-American writer Edward Knoblock. A drama, it is based on the 1929 German novel \"Grand Hotel\" by Vicki Baum about guests staying at a Grand Hotel in Berlin. It ran for 147 performances at the Adelphi Theatre in London's West End between September 1931 and January 1932. The cast included Hugh Williams, Ursula Jeans, Elena Miramova, Lyn Harding, George Merritt and Everley Gregg. Its release was pushed back several times. Much of the play's appeal revolved around its large cast and special effects. A separate American stage version was written by William A. Drake and ran on Broadway from November 1930 to December 1931. It was elements of this play that were used for the 1932 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation."}, {"text": "Lilian Imuetinyan Salami (born 8 August 1956) is a Nigerian academic who was the vice-chancellor of the University of Benin between 2 December 2019 to 2 December 2024. She is the second female vice-chancellor of the university after Grace Alele-Williams in 1985. She was director-general/chief executive of the (NIEPA), Ondo State, Nigeria. A former dean, faculty of education at the University of Benin, Salami is a Fellow of the Nutrition Society of Nigeria and International Federation of Home Economics/Home Professional Association of Nigeria. Salami is a professor of home economics/nutritional education and a member of the advisory council to the Oba of Benin, Omo N'Oba N'Edo, Ukukpolokpolo, Ogidigan, Oba Ewuare II. Early life and education. Salami was born in Jos, Nigeria. However, she is from Edo, specifically a Bini woman. She began her early childhood education in Jos, Plateau State, but due to the Nigerian Civil War from 1967 to 1970 she went to secondary school in Edo State, where she earned a West African School Certificate (WASSCE) under the auspices of Baptist High School, Benin City. She earned B.Sc. (Hons) home economics degree in 1972 and M.Sc. nutrition degree in 1982 at North Dakota State University, United States. She"}, {"text": "was at the University of Wisconsin and the University of Minnesota for summer classes before transferring to North Dakota State University, where she later completed her studies after marrying in 1977. She returned home and worked with the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), Benin City between 1983 and 1984. She carried out post-graduate studies at the University of Nigeria from 1989, earning a Ph.D. in human nutrition in 1991. While lecturing at the University of Benin, she enrolled as a student there and earned a postgraduate diploma in education (PGDE) in 2001. She took a post-doctorate degree at Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark in South Africa in 2005. Career. Salami began her career with the University of Benin as a senior lecturer in 1994. Prior to her appointment with this institution, she had briefly taught at the then University of Ife, now Obafemi Awolowo University having completed her national youth service with the NYSC, Benin City in 1984. Subsequently, she lectured at the University of Maiduguri from 1985 to 1994. She was head of department from 1996 to 1998 at the University of Benin and attained the status of a professor in 2005. Held administrative positions such as chairman of"}, {"text": "the board of University of Benin Integrated Enterprise, director of general studies, director of part-time programme, director-general/chief executive, National Institute for Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA), Ondo State. Salami supervised over 15 Ph.D. and 40 master's degree students. Salami has published articles in national and international journals, and has taught several courses within the scope of Home Economics and Nutrition."}, {"text": "DXMR may refer to the following Philippine radio stations:"}, {"text": "Christi Coral Brereton (n\u00e9e Campbell; born 26 November 1992) is an English female kickboxer and muay thai fighter based in Okehampton. She has fought for a WBC Muaythai title. Christi Brereton is signed with kickboxing organisation Glory She is the former WPMF, WBC Muaythai British Champion and Roar Combat League World Champion at super bantamweight. WBC Muaythai ranks her as the #2 Super Bantamweight in the world, as of April 2020. Personal life. Christi Brereton is a coach at Chaos Muay Thai Fitness and Competition Training Centre and is the co-owner of it, together with her trainer and partner Stephen Pender. The two of them are parents of a daughter. She is a qualified Fitness Gym Instructor. Kickboxing career. Brereton made her professional debut against Kim Shannon, at 14 years of age. The fight ended in a draw. In 2005, at the age of 15, Brereton faced Outi Louhimo for the WPMF Muaythai World title. She won a unanimous decision. In 2013, she defeated Grace Spicer and Alexis Rufus to win the WBC Muaythai British and UKMF Women's British titles. In 2016 she defeated Marina Zarogianni to win the Roar Combat League Super Bantamweight title. She defended it three times,"}, {"text": "with unanimous decision wins over Josefine Lindgren Knutsson and Ana\u00eblle Angerville, as well as a TKO win over Soraya Bucherie. In 2019 she signed with Glory Kickboxing. She won a unanimous decision against Nicola Kaye in her first fight with the organization. In her second fight she lost a split decision against Sofia Olofsson. In her third fight she won a split decision over Sarah Moussaddak. Kickboxing record. ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | ! style=background:white colspan=9 | See also. List of female kickboxers"}, {"text": "Kim Hyun-woo (born 14 August 1979) is a South Korean journalist. He is a SBS political reporter and SBS Eight O'Clock News's main weekday anchor, a positioned he served from 22 May 2017 to 18 July 2025. He was considered the youngest main news anchor among South Korean terrestrial broadcasters until Cho Hyun-yong, born in 1982 (three years longer than Kim) becoming the anchor of MBC Newsdesk on 20 May 2024. Biography. Kim Hyun-woo studied Japanese studies at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies after graduating from high school. He joined SBS as a reporter in 2005 and assumed various posts in the division since. He became SBS' political reporter in 2016 after becoming its economics reporter in 2013. Personal life. He is married to fellow SBS announcer, Lee Yeo-jin on 15 December 2019, at a hotel in Seoul. The couple welcomed their first child together, a son, on 22 August 2020."}, {"text": "Gy\u00f0inga saga (Saga of the Jews) is an Old Norse account of Jewish history compiled from translations of a number of Latin texts. Beginning with an account of Alexander the Great's conquests, it proceeds to cover around 220 years of Jewish history from Antiochus IV Epiphanes's accession in 175 BCE to Pontius Pilate becoming procurator of Judaea in 26 CE. The main manuscript source for \"Gy\u00f0inga saga\" concludes with an epilogue which attributes its translation into Old Norse to Brandr J\u00f3nsson (d. 1264), bishop of H\u00f3lar. In this manuscript \"Gy\u00f0inga saga\" follows \"Alexanders saga\", which is also attributed to Brandr J\u00f3nsson. The saga is untitled in all manuscripts; the name \"Gy\u00f0inga saga\" appears to date from the 19th century. \u00c1rni Magn\u00fasson referred to it as both 'Historia Judaica' and 'Historia Macchabeorum'. Etymology. \"Gy\u00f0inga\" is the Old Norse genitive plural of \"Gy\u00f0ingr\", which is derived from the Old Norse word gu\u00f0 (\"God\"), with the suffix -ingr (a noun suffix used to refer to people associated with another noun). Thus it could be literally translated as \"God-people\" or \"God-followers.\" It is the source of the modern Icelandic word for a Jew, \"gy\u00f0ingur\", and the Faroese word \"g\u00fd\u00f0ingur\". Preservation and authorship. \"Gy\u00f0inga saga\""}, {"text": "is preserved in five vellum manuscripts and sixteen paper manuscripts, of which seven have independent value. The saga is preserved intact in AM 226 fol from 1350\u20131360. However, comparison with the older fragments AM 655 XXV 4to and AM 238 XVII fol shows that \"Gy\u00f0inga saga\" was originally longer, and that the version in AM 226 fol has been reduced in length by around one third. \"Gy\u00f0inga saga\" concludes with the following epilogue:The holy priest Jerome translated this book from Hebrew into Latin, but it was translated from Latin into Norse by the priest Brandr J\u00f3nsson, who was later bishop of H\u00f3lar; and [Brandr] then [translated] Alexander the Great at the behest of the honorable lord, Lord King Magnus, son of King H\u00e1kon the Old.As Brandr died in 1264, this is as late as the saga could have been originally compiled, if it was indeed written by him. This date can be pushed back to 1263 as the epilogue refers to Brandr as 'priest' not 'bishop'; he served as bishop of H\u00f3lar from 1263 until his death the following year. Magnus Haakonsson held the title of king from 1257. This places the authorship of \"Gy\u00f0inga saga\" sometime between 1257 and"}, {"text": "1263, if the epilogue's attribution is correct. Contents. In AM 226 fol, \"Gy\u00f0inga saga\" is split into 39 chapters; these fall into 3 sections based on different sources. The first 21 chapters are based on 1 Maccabees, with additional material taken from 2 Maccabees and Petrus Comestor's \"Historia scholastica\". Chapters 22\u201332 are based on the \"Historia scholastica\". The final section, chapters 33\u201338 are based on a precursor to Jacobus de Voragine's \"Golden Legend\". This final section gives an apocryphal account of the lives of Pontius Pilate and Judas Iscariot as well as a short version of Jewish history from Caligula becoming emperor in 37 CE to the death of Herod Agrippa in 44 CE. Towards the end of the saga, some of its content over laps with that of \"R\u00f3mverja saga\". Despite being based on Biblical sources, \"Gy\u00f0inga saga\" plays down the moral and religious aspects of its sources and is presented as a work of historiography."}, {"text": "Sadia Iqbal (born 5 August 1995) is a Pakistani cricketer who plays as a slow left-arm orthodox bowler. In October 2019, she was named in Pakistan's squad for their series against Bangladesh. She made her Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) debut for Pakistan, against Bangladesh, on 26 October 2019. She made her Women's One Day International (WODI) debut for Pakistan, also against Bangladesh, on 2 November 2019. International career. In January 2020, she was named in Pakistan's squad for the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup in Australia. In October 2021, she was named in Pakistan's team for the 2021 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier tournament in Zimbabwe. In May 2022, she was named in Pakistan's team for the cricket tournament at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England. In December 2022, She was named in the Pakistan squad for the 2023 Women's T20 World Cup. In December 2023, she bowled a Super Over in the 3rd ODI against New Zealand and Pakistan won the match One-over Eliminator and was the first win against New Zealand in New Zealand in women's ODIs. She was named in the Pakistan squad for the 2024 Women's T20 World Cup. In October 2024, she was"}, {"text": "ranked no.1 T20I bowler and overtook Sophie Ecclestone and became the first player from Pakistan to the top-ranked bowler in the world. Iqbal was part of the Pakistan squad for the 2025 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier at home in April 2025. In May 2025, she again crowned No.1 T20I bowler. In July 2025, Sadia Iqbal reclaimed the No. 1 spot in the ICC Women\u2019s T20I Bowler Rankings, reaffirming her status as one of the most consistent performers in international cricket. Her impactful performance during the ICC Women\u2019s World Cup Qualifiers in Lahore\u2014where she claimed 9 wickets at an average of 16\u2014was instrumental in Pakistan\u2019s qualification campaign. She was also named in the tournament\u2019s official Team of the Tournament."}, {"text": "Diglum is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Diglum had a population of 56 people. Geography. The Gladstone\u2013Monto Road runs along the north-eastern boundary. Apart from Futter Conservation Park, a small protected area in the north-west of the locality, the land use is almost entirely grazing on native vegetation. History. Dan Dan State School opened on 1920 and closed on 1930. Dan Dan Creek is located within Diglum. Demographics. In the , Diglum had a population of 36 people. In the , Diglum had a population of 56 people. Education. There are no schools in Diglum. The nearest government primary schools are Nagoorin State School in Boyne Valley to the south-east and Calliope State School in Calliope to the north. The nearest government secondary school is Calliope State High School in Calliope."}, {"text": "Mount Alma is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Mount Alma had a population of 59 people. Geography. The locality is bounded by the Mount Alma Range to the north, the Calliope Range to the west and south-west, and the Boyne Range to the south-east. The Calliope River rises in the north-west of the locality () flowing south-east towards the centre of the locality and then flows north-east to exit the locality to the east (Wooderson). Upper Calliope is a neighbourhood within the north-east of the locality (). Mount Alma has the following mountains: The Dawson Highway enters the locality from the east (Wooderson) and exits to the south-west (Dumgree). The Moura railway line also enters the locality from the east (Wooderson) and exits to the south-west (Dumgree) with the locality being served by: In the south of the locality are two protected areas: Apart from the protected areas, the predominant land use is grazing on native vegetation with a small area of production forestry in the south-west of the locality. History. Calliope Station Provisional School opened in March 1912 as a half time school in conjunction with Mount Redshirt Provisional School (meaning they"}, {"text": "shared a teacher). In 1917 it became a full time provisional school. On 1 August 1922 it became Calliope Station State School. It closed on 8 July 1956. It was at 44 Galloway Plains Road (). Demographics. In the , Mount Alma had a population of 47 people. In the , Mount Alma had a population of 59 people. Economy. There are a number of homesteads in the locality: Education. There are no schools in Mount Alma. The nearest government primary schools are Mount Larcom State School in Mount Larcom to the north, Calliope State School in Calliope to the east, and Mount Murchison State School in Mount Murchison to the south-west. The nearest government secondary schools are Calliope State High School (to Year 10) in Calliope to the east, Gladstone State High School (to Year 12) in South Gladstone to the north-east, and Biloela State High School (to Year 12) in Biloela to the south-west. There are some parts of Mount Alma too distant from these schools; distance education or boarding school would be other options."}, {"text": "The Masked Singer Australia is an Australian reality television singing competition show which was hosted by Osher G\u00fcnsberg, that premiered on Network 10 on 23 September 2019. It is based on the international music game show franchise format \"Masked Singer\" which originated from the South Korean television program \"King of Mask Singer\". The show was recorded at Disney Studios Australia, formerly called Fox Studios Australia. Although the series was renewed for a sixth season in October 2023, which was set to air in 2024, the series was later cancelled by Ten in May 2024. Production. In March 2019, TV Blackbox shared leaked news that Network 10 would be producing a local series of the franchise. The news was officially announced in May 2019 at the network's upfronts. In June 2019, it was revealed that Osher Gunsberg would be the host of the series. On 15 July 2019, it was revealed that American actress Lindsay Lohan would join the show as a panellist. Australian singer Dannii Minogue, comedian Dave Hughes and radio presenter Jackie O were also announced alongside Lohan. At the network's upfronts in October 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season. In"}, {"text": "April 2020, it was reported that the COVID-19 pandemic would force pre-production of the second season to be delayed so filming was postponed from late July to early August 2020. Lindsay Lohan was also unable to fly to Melbourne to take part in the program and was replaced by new panellist, comedian Urzila Carlson. In October 2020, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third season, which premiered on 13 September 2021. On 20 October 2021, it was announced that the series would return with a new season that aired in 2022, with Jackie O, Minogue, and Carlson all not returning. Mel B, Abbie Chatfield, and Chrissie Swan joined the panel as their replacements. In February 2023, Swan announced that the show would be returning for a fifth season, which aired in late 2023. Security. The show has an 'extreme security protocol' in effect both during and after filming to protect the celebrity's identities from leaking, with host G\u00fcnsberg stating that the show \"was beyond any kind of security I've been exposed to.\" Everyone involved in the show signed a non-disclosure agreement which prevented anyone from revealing any information about the shooting dates, costumes or identities"}, {"text": "of the masks episode until its broadcast. The celebrities who appear on the show are only allowed to inform their spouse about their participation, who must also sign one. In order to keep the identities of the masks secret, audience members and the majority of the production staff were not allowed to watch the unmasking and were removed from the studio moments before the celebrities are revealed, with G\u00fcnsberg revealing that there were \"only 8 people in the room when it [the unmasking] happened.\" Audience members had to place their phones in a special magnetic locked pouch when they were on set and were frequently swept throughout filming by security, which included former ASIO officials, for any devices and hidden cameras to ensure the masks' identities were kept secret. Design. Costumes. The costumes are designed and created by Australian Academy Award and BAFTA Award-Winning costume designer Tim Chappel, best known for his work on \"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\" with Lizzy Gardiner. Cast. Panellists and host. Following the announcement of the series, it was confirmed by Network 10 that the judging panel would consist of international actress and singer Lindsay Lohan, radio personality Jackie O, singer-songwriter Dannii"}, {"text": "Minogue and comedian Dave Hughes. It was also confirmed that Osher G\u00fcnsberg would host the show. On 7 July 2020, it was revealed that Lohan would be unable to return to the judging panel in the second season, as she could not travel from Dubai to Melbourne because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of travel restrictions. She was replaced for season two by new panellist, comedian Urzila Carlson (due to her travelling back to USA). On 4 May 2022, it was announced on \"The Kyle and Jackie O Show\" that Carlson would be leaving the show to focus on her comedy tour, with the possibility of Lohan returning after a two-season absence. On 21 May, Minogue announced her departure from the show after three seasons, due to clashing commitments filming a new gay-dating show in the UK, \"I Kissed a Boy\". On 4 June, Jackie O announced she would also depart from the show. On 9 June, Channel 10 announced that the three new panellists joining Dave Hughes for the fourth season would be television and radio presenter Chrissie Swan, television personality and radio host Abbie Chatfield and international singer Mel B. Awards and nominations. ! scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"2\"|"}, {"text": "2019 ! scope=\"row\"| 2020 ! scope=\"row\"| 2021 ! scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"2\"| 2022 ! scope=\"row\" rowspan=\"2\"| 2023 Controversy. In October 2019, American band Halocene claimed that the program had stolen \"note for note, beat for beat\" their arrangement of \"Bad Guy\" by Billie Eilish, which the Lion (Kate Ceberano) sang during the third episode. The rock trio had released the cover on their YouTube channel, which also included original melodies from an unreleased original song. The band threatened legal action and set up a GoFundMe page, receiving support from their fans."}, {"text": "The Pivka Park of Military History () is a military museum in the town in Pivka, Slovenia. It is operated jointly by the Municipality of Pivka and the Military Museum of the Slovene Armed Forces. The museum's exhibits mainly date from the late WWII era and the Cold War, the timeframe of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The core collection consists of a large number of armored vehicles and artillery; there is also a small aviation collection, with five fixed-wing aircraft and two helicopters. The museum's most popular exhibit is the \"Zeta\", an ex-Yugoslav \"Una\"-class infiltration submarine. History. The complex was built by the Italian army as a frontier barracks during the interwar period, when much of what is presently southwestern Slovenia was part of the Kingdom of Italy. A fortress of the Alpine Wall, built to guard the Italian side of the pre-1941 Rapallo border, is an annex of the museum grounds and is accessible by hiking trail. After WWII, the Pivka barracks were successively inherited by the militaries of Yugoslavia and Slovenia. In 2004, the facility was transferred from the Slovene Ministry of Defense to the Municipality of Pivka, with the understanding that it would be"}, {"text": "converted into a military museum. The initial exhibit (the tank and artillery pavilion, with exhibits transferred from the Military Museum of the Slovene Armed Forces) opened in September 2006."}, {"text": "Willem van Duvenvoorde or van Duvoorde ( \u2013 12 August 1353), also known as Willem Snikkerieme, was a nobleman and financier who served as a financial and political adviser to four successive counts and countesses of Hainaut and Holland. Biography. Duvenvoorde was born , the recognised bastard of Philip van Duvenvoorde, lord of Polanen and bailiff of Kennemerland, a member of the House of Wassenaer. In 1311, he became a squire in the household of William, Count of Hainaut and Holland, perhaps because the seneschal, Thierry van der Waele, was married to his aunt. From 1317, household records refer to him as chamberlain or treasurer, and from 1321 he was one of the count's leading advisers. He amassed substantial rewards in the service of the count, who was renowned for his liberality, and used these to engage in financial transactions that made him richer still. He provided loans at interest to the count of Hainaut and Holland, the count of J\u00fclich, the duke of Brabant, the archbishop of Cologne, the bishops of Utrecht and Li\u00e8ge, and the king of England. As security he obtained the farm of tolls in Mechelen, Antwerp and Dordrecht, and property in Brussels. In 1326, Duvenvoorde"}, {"text": "married Helwige van Vianen, heiress of an ancient but impoverished noble family. He fathered eight bastards but his wife remained childless, which led later historians to speculate that she may have refused her husband's advances as beneath her. He was knighted in 1328, perhaps at the Battle of Cassel, in which he took part, and on 11 August 1329 Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, granted him a patent of legitimisation. Investing in land and lordships, he acquired extensive rights and possessions in the area south of Dordrecht, including seigneuries in Geertruidenberg (where he founded a Carthusian monastery), Dubbelmonde, Almonde, Drimmelen, Raamsdonk, Waspik, Munsterkerk, Zonzeel, Oosterhout and Dongen. He undertook diking and drainage works to make these lands more profitable, but also encouraged peat extraction from tidal lands on a scale that is likely to have contributed to the extent of St. Elizabeth's flood in 1421. He retained his influence at court under William II, Empress Margaret, and William III. In politics, he supported the maintenance of alliances with Edward III of England and John III of Brabant as a counterweight to French pressure on Hainaut. He was active in the negotiations that led to the confederation of Holland and Hainaut"}, {"text": "with the duchy of Brabant and the county of Flanders, proclaimed at Vilvoorde in 1340. His lands in both Holland and Hainaut bordered on Brabant, and he had considerable properties and commercial interests within the duchy, giving him good personal reasons to avoid conflict. The alliances he had worked to bring about began to fall apart around 1350, when there was also civil war in Holland. Duvenvoorde spent his final years in Brabant, where he expended large sums on charitable and pious works, such as convents, churches and hospitals. A chapel that he built in Brussels as part of his city palace is now incorporated into the structure of the Royal Library of Belgium. He died at his estate in Boutersem, near Mechelen, on 12 August 1353, and was buried in the church of the Poor Clares convent he had founded in Brussels. With no legitimate children of his own, most of his possessions passed to his nephew, John II, Lord of Polanen, and so, through Johanna van Polanen, to the House of Nassau."}, {"text": "De Valera or Valera is a surname of Spanish origin. It may refer to:"}, {"text": "Samantha van Diemen (born 28 January 2002) is a footballer who plays as defender for Glasgow City in the Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) and the Dominican Republic national team. Born in the Netherlands, which she represented at every international level, she pledged allegiance to the Dominican Republic in 2025. Club career. Ajax. Van Diemen played for CTO, an educational team organized by the national football association KNVB. When CTO stopped in 2018, Van Diemen went to Ajax Talententeam, the female youth team of Ajax. In the summer of 2019 she signed a contract for the Ajax Vrouwen-squad. Van Diemen made her league debut against SC Heerenveen on 9 October 2020. She scored her first goal against ADO Den Haag on 28 March 2021, scoring in the 49th minute. Feyenoord. In July 2021 van Diemen signed a contract with Feyenoord to continue her career. She made her league debut against ADO Den Haag on 29 August 2021. Van Diemen scored her first league goal against Heerenveen on 12 November 2021, scoring in the 51st minute. On 7 June 2022, it was announced that van Diemen would be leaving Feyenoord. Fortuna Sittard. Van Diemen made her league debut against Ajax on"}, {"text": "16 September 2022. On May 31, 2023, it was announced that she had signed a new one year deal. International career. On 15 February 2018 Van Diemen played her first international game for Oranje U16. Van Diemen made her Oranje U17 debut against Lithuania U17s on 9 May 2018. She scored her first goal against Germany U17s on 8 May 2019, scoring in the 30th minute. Van Diemen scored on her Netherlands U18 debut against United States U18s on 31 January 2020, scoring in the 10th minute. She also played for Oranje U19. Van Diemen made her Netherlands U20 debut against Mexico U20s on 22 June 2022. Since 2021, she plays for Oranje U23. Van Diemen became the first ever female Feyenoord player to play for the Netherlands, when she started on 29 November 2021 in a 0\u20130 draw, during a friendly match against Japan. On 9 May 2025, Van Diemen was called up to the Dominican Republic national team. She made her debut 20 days later, starting in a 2\u20134 away friendly win over Honduras and scoring the first goal of the match and her senior international career. Personal life. Born in the Netherlands, Van Diemen also holds Dominican"}, {"text": "Republic citizenship as her mother is originally from there. She is studying a journalism course at NTI. Honours. Ajax"}, {"text": "Ikram Kabbaj (; born 1960) is a Moroccan sculptor. Kabbaj primarily sculpts stone and marble. Early life and education. She was born in Casablanca in 1960. She received her education from the \"\u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts\" in Paris, studying there from 1978 to 1987 and specializing in sculpture. She lives and works between Casablanca and Marrakesh. Career and artwork. Kabbaj's work is shown nationally in Morocco and abroad. Her work was featured in the Rabat Biennale at the Muhammad VI Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in 2019. With her 17m tall piece entitled \",\" Kabbaj won the 2016 Autoroutes du Maroc Prize for Plastic Arts."}, {"text": "Kenneth W. Dion is an American entrepreneur and professor of nursing. He is best known for his contributions to business start-ups in information systems to support healthcare organizations. Dion earned his BS (1991) in nursing from the University of Central Florida. He earned his MS (1995) in nursing, his MBA (1995), and his doctorate (2011), all from the University of Texas at Austin. Prior to joining the faculty at Johns Hopkins University, where he is currently assistant dean for business innovation and strategic relationships, Dion was vice president and chief of nursing informatics at Healthstream, Inc., based in Nashville, TN. For more than a decade, he was the founder and chief executive officer of Decision Critical, Inc., based in Austin, TX. In 2019, Dion was inducted as a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. Currently, Dion serves as treasurer and a member of the board of directors of Sigma Theta Tau, the international honorary society of nursing."}, {"text": "Te\u02beel\u1e2bunu (), also spelled Telkhunu, was a queen regnant of the Nomadic Arab tribes of Qedar who ruled in the 7th century BC, circa 690 BC. She succeeded Yatie and was succeeded by queen Tabua. She was the fourth of six Arab queens to be attested (as \"sarratu\") in Assyrian documents between Tiglath-pileser III and Assurbanipal: Zabibe, Samsi, Yatie, Te'el-hunu, Tabua and Adia, the first five of them rulers. According to Assyrians texts, she also served as \"apkal-latu\" (priestess) of her people. In 690 BC, the Assyrians under Sennacherib put an end to any potential threat to Assyria from the southwest after the defeat of queen Te'el-hunu and her \"male associate\" \u1e2aaza\u02beil, pillaged Adummatu and brought the queen captive to Nineveh with a great booty of camels, divine statues, spices and jewels. When Esarhaddon became king of Assyria, he made peace with the Qedarites in Adummatu by sending back the divine statues of Alilat, Nuhay and Orotalt along with Princess Tabua, the relative and successor of Te'el-hunu, who may have been the daughter of Te'el-hunu and Sennacherib."}, {"text": "Erich Kull (6 January 1932 \u2013 9 January 1985) was a Swiss speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Luigi Di Bartolomeo (7 January 1943 \u2013 18 February 2022) was an Italian politician. He was a member of Christian Democracy, before joining the centre-right party The People of Freedom in 2009 and then Forza Italia in 2013. Biography. Di Bartolomeo was born in Campobasso, Molise, on 7 January 1943. He served as President of Molise from August 1992 to December 1993 and as Mayor of Campobasso from June 2009 to May 2014. Di Bartolomeo was elected for the Senate of the Republic at the 2006 general election. Di Bartolomeo died on 18 February 2022, at the age of 79."}, {"text": "Alexander Edmiston Connell (13 February 1930 \u2013 26 November 2009) was a British speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Kurt Eminger (born 21 August 1935) is an Austrian speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Brian Donovan may refer to:"}, {"text": "Ernst Biel (18 June 1934 \u2013 28 July 2023) was an Austrian speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Abd al-Masih Haddad (, ; 1890\u20131963) was a Syrian writer of the Mahjar movement and journalist. His magazine \"As-Sayeh\" (\"The Traveler\"), started in 1912 and continued until 1957, presented the works of prominent Mahjari literary figures in the United States and became the \"spokesman\" of the Pen League which he co-founded with Nasib Arida in 1915 or 1916. His collection \"Hikayat al-Mahjar\" (\"The Stories of Expatriation\"), which he published in 1921, extended \"the scope of the readership of fiction\" in modern Arabic literature according to Muhammad Mustafa Badawi. Life. Haddad was born in Homs, then a city of Ottoman Syria (modern-day Syria), to a Greek Orthodox family. He went to the Russian Teachers' Seminary in Nazareth, where he met Mikha'il Na'ima and Nasib Arida. In 1907, he immigrated to New York, where he founded the Arabic-language magazine \"As-Sayeh\" (\"The Traveler\") in 1912, which continued to be published until 1957. It presented the works of such Mahjari literary figures as Amin Rihani, Kahlil Gibran, Elia Abu Madi, and Na'ima. In 1915 or 1916 along with Arida he co-founded the Pen League in New York, an Arabic-language literary society, later joined by Gibran, Na'ima and other Mahjari poets in 1920. In 1921,"}, {"text": "he published his collection \"Hikayat al-Mahjar\" (\"The Stories of Expatriation\") in \"As-Sayeh\". Another of his works, \"Intiba'at Mughtarib\" (\"Travel Account\"), which he had written after a short visit to Syria, was published in Damascus in 1962."}, {"text": "Jo Yun-sik (born 24 July 1931) is a South Korean speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Jaroslav Doubek (17 June 1931 \u2013 22 July 2017) was a Czech speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Jang Yeong (born 12 February 1934) is a South Korean speed skater. He competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics and the 1960 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Laureano Staropoli (born February 27, 1993) is an Argentine mixed martial artist (MMA) who currently competes in the Welterweight division. He has previously competed for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Background. Staropoli begun training Taekwondo at the age of eight. After seeing Randy Couture fight, he started training mixed martial arts at the age of 17. Mixed martial arts career. Early career. Staropoli started his professional MMA career in 2013 and fought mainly in South America. He amassed a record of 7-1 prior joining UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship. Staropoli made his UFC debut on November 17, 2018 at against Hector Aldana. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Staropoli faced Thiago Alves at UFC 237 on May 11, 2019. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Staropoli was scheduled to face Alexey Kunchenko on August 10, 2019 in Montevideo, Uruguay. However, it was announced on July 29, 2019 that Staropoli was forced to pull out of the fight due to a broken nose and was replaced by Gilbert Burns. Kunchenko lost the fight via unanimous decision. Staropoli faced Muslim Salikhov on October 26, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 20. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Staropoli faced Tim Means"}, {"text": "on August 8, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 174. At the weigh-ins, Staropoli weighed in at 174.5 pounds, three and a half pounds over the welterweight non-title fight limit. The bout proceeded at a catchweight and Stropoli was fined 20% of his purse, which went to Means. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Laureano, replacing injured Alessio Di Chirico, faced Roman Dolidze on June 5, 2021 at . He lost the bout via unanimous decision. Laureano was scheduled to face Jamie Pickett on October 9, 2021 at . However, after one of Pickett's coaches tested positive for COVID-19, the bout was moved to October 23 at . Laureano lost the fight via unanimous decision. On November 2, 2021, it was announced that Staropoli was no longer on the UFC roster. Post UFC. Laureano made his first appearance post-UFC release on April 16, 2022 at Ares FC 5 against Carl Booth. He won the bout via unanimous decision. Laureano faced Leonardo Damiani on November 3, 2022 at Ares FC 9, winning the bout via unanimous decision. Laureano faced Micka\u00ebl Lebout on April. 7, 2023 at Ares FC 14, winning the bout via knockout in round two and becoming the AFC"}, {"text": "Interim Welterweight Champion. Professional Fighters League. Staropoli made his PFL debut against Baba Boundjoi Nadjombe at PFL Europe 3 on September 30, 2023, defeating him via corner stoppage after the 2nd round. Staropoli faced Murad Ramazanov on April 19, 2024 at PFL 3 (2024). At weigh-ins, Staropoli came in at 175.2 lbs, 4.2 pounds over the limit for welterweight. He was fined 20% of his purse and given a point deduction in the standings. He lost the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in the first round. Staropoli was expected to face former interim Bellator Welterweight Champion Logan Storley on June 28, 2024 at PFL 6, but he withdrew for unknown reasons. Personal life. Staropoli was a police officer before being signed by UFC."}, {"text": "Raymond Gilloz (27 September 1931 \u2013 18 March 2015) was a French speed skater. He competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics and the 1960 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Taketsugu Asazaka (born 24 July 1930) is a Japanese speed skater. He competed in four events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Bohumil Jauris (30 August 1933 \u2013 1992) was a Czech speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Joseph Cuvelier (1869\u20131947) was a Belgian archivist and historian. Life. Cuvelier was born in Bilzen on 6 May 1869 and was educated at state secondary schools there and in Tongeren. He studied history at the University of Li\u00e8ge under Godefroid Kurth, graduating with a doctorate in 1892. At the end of 1894 he was appointed to the State Archives in Li\u00e8ge. On 30 June 1896 he was appointed assistant conservator of the State Archives in Bruges, and in 1900 to the National Archives of Belgium in Brussels, where he would remain for 35 years. At Arthur Gaillard's death in 1912 he became acting head archivist, and was appointed to the function of head archivist in 1913. In the summer of 1913 he undertook a study trip to the principal archives of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. His report of this trip was later translated into English in 1939. Cuvelier was one of the founders of the \"Revue des Archives et des Biblioth\u00e8ques de Belgique\" and of the Association des Archivistes et des Biblioth\u00e9caires. He translated Muller, Feith and Fruin's \"Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives\" into French. He was a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Dutch Language"}, {"text": "and Literature from 1923, and a full member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium from 1928. He retired from the state archives on 31 December 1935. In retirement he was active as director of the Belgian Historical Institute in Rome and on the editorial committee of the \"Biographie nationale de Belgique\", to which he had long been a contributor. He died in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert on 29 December 1947. Publications. Legacy: A building of the Belgian State Archives was named for Cuvelier."}, {"text": "Yoshitaki Hori (born 20 April 1933) is a Japanese speed skater. He competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics and the 1960 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "The 1980 German Open Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, West Germany that was part of the Super Series of the 1980 Grand Prix circuit. It was the 72nd edition of the event and took place from 12 May until 18 May 1980. Second-seeded Harold Solomon won the singles title. Finals. Singles. Harold Solomon defeated Guillermo Vilas, 6\u20137, 6\u20132, 6\u20134, 2\u20136, 6\u20133 Doubles. Andr\u00e9s G\u00f3mez / Hans Gildemeister defeated Reinhart Probst / Max W\u00fcnschig, 6\u20133, 6\u20134"}, {"text": "Bertil Eng (24 January 1930 \u2013 14 January 2006) was a Swedish speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Tab\u016b\u02bfa (Old Arabic: ; ) was a queen regnant of the Nomadic Arab tribes of Qedar. She ruled in the 7th century BC, circa 675 BC. She succeeded queen Te'el-hunu. Life. Tabua was the fifth of six Arab queens to be attested (as \"sarratu\") in Assyrian documents between Tiglath-pileser III and Assurbanipal, who were Zabibe, Samsi, Yatie, Te'el-hunu, Tabua and Adia, the first five of them rulers. Tabua's early life is not well-known, except for the fact that she was raised by Sennacherib as his daughter to be the new queen of the Arabs. Some have theorized that Tabua was Te'el-hunu's and Sennacherib's child, who was born during the captivity of the former; however this theory remains highly speculative. During the rule of Esarhaddon, Tabua was sent back to Dumat al-Jandal to rule as a queen and partner of the new vassal king of Qedar, \u1e2aaza\u02beil. The idols of the Qedarites, which included al-Lat, were also returned back to them. She had a short reign, which may either mean she had died, retired, or the Qedarites had overthrown her and replaced her with another queen."}, {"text": "Yrj\u00f6 Uimonen (20 February 1932 \u2013 11 June 1997) was a Finnish speed skater. He competed in the men's 500 metres event at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Austrian law allows firearm possession on shall-issue basis with certain classes of shotguns and rifles available without permit. With approximately 30 civilian firearms per 100 people, Austria is the 14th most armed country in the world. Legal framework. In Austria the \"Waffengesetz\" (Weapons Act) defines weapons as objects that are designed to directly eliminate or reduce the ability of people to attack or defend themselves or for firing projectiles during hunting or sport shooting. \u00a72 further defines firearms as weapons where projectiles can be fired from a barrel in a predefined direction. Firearm licensing. Austrian law divides firearms into three categories: Category C. Any non-prohibited Austrian citizen, EU national with residence in Austria or a third-country national with permanent residence in Austria (with a special background check) over 18 can buy firearms from Category C without a permit after a three-day background check (people with a valid category B license or hunting permit are exempt). The law requires the owner to provide a good reason during the registration process. Good reasons according to law are: self-defense at home, hunting, sport shooting, and collecting. There is no limit on the number of Category C weapons that one can possess. Category B."}, {"text": "Acquisition of category B weapons requires a firearm license (\"Waffenbesitzkarte\"). Authorities \"shall issue\" licenses to any non-prohibited citizen of the European Economic Area over 21 who has a good reason (law stipulates self-defense at home as a good reason) allowing the purchase of up to two handguns. Authorities \"may issue\" a license to person below 21 but over 18, non-citizen of the EEA or a person seeking to own more than two handguns. Since 2019 the authorities shall issue a license for up to 5 category B weapons after a person is in possession of a license for two category B weapons for 5 or more years. Category A. Category A weapons require further exceptions to be granted for holders, except in the case of suppressed weapons, which may be held by those with valid hunting licenses. War material like automatic firearms requires a further special federal permit, which is in practice only granted to approved collectors and experts. Third-Country Nationals. Third-country nationals are eligible for a firearms license as long as they fulfil all the necessary requirements to obtain a \"Waffenbesitzkarte\" and have permanent residence (Daueraufenthaltstitel) in Austria\".\" In the case of third-country nationals, the firearms permit is not"}, {"text": "issued on a \"shall-issue\" basis but on a still lenient \"may-issue\" basis. Furthermore, the permit will be issued for a limited time (1, 3 or 5 years) and will need to be renewed after expiry. Private Sale of Firearms. The legal private sale of firearms in Austria is common practice. When selling privately, the persons are required to sign a sale agreement with details such as; legal names, residence address, serial number of the weapon, etc... When category C weapons are purchased privately, these need to be registered at a gun store by showing the sale agreement within 6 weeks of purchase. No special \"cool-off / waiting\" period such as in the case with a purchase at a gun store exists in this case. When category B and A weapons are purchased privately, the purchasing party is required to submit the sale agreement to their local authority. It is recommended that both parties provide their respective authorities with the sale agreement in a timely manner. Expanding the License. The weapons license (\"Waffenbesitzkarte\") can be expanded to over 2 category B weapons in the following cases: Carrying firearms. Carrying firearms in public generally requires a carry permit (or \"Waffenpass\"). Carry permits"}, {"text": "are issued by the authorities on a shall issue or may issue basis, depending on reason and applicant. It is not necessary to have an additional firearm license as the Austrian carry permit includes all the rights of a firearms license with the \"addition\" of the right to carry those firearms. Austrian law makes no distinction between concealed or open carry; with a carry permit, the holder may carry their weapon(s) freely throughout the whole country and even in certain \"weapon free zones\". However, holders must carry their weapons in a way that does not constitute a public nuisance; for example, openly displaying a handgun in one's belt at the cinema while wearing civilian clothing would be considered unusual and could be considered a public nuisance if the police were called. Storing firearms. Firearms and ammunition have to be stored securely in a reasonable manner to prevent unauthorized access. There are no general storage requirements for firearms and ammunition inside someones own residence, and each gun owner is responsible for keeping his firearms and ammunition stored securely. As self defense is a recognized reason by the law to own firearms, keeping firearms stored in loaded condition inside someones own habitation"}, {"text": "is allowed. However, if someone has 20 or more firearms stored in a close area or a large quantity of ammunition (more than 5,000 rounds) they must inform the appropriate authorities of the measures they have taken to ensure safe storage and protection against unauthorized access (for example a gun safe). Such a notification is required again when the number of firearms stored in a close area has doubled since the last communication to the Authority. Firearm possession. As of 2019 there are 1,068,582 (or 12 per 100 people) registered firearms in Austria owned by 320,352 people (6.5% of population). 198,834 of them have Category B firearm license and 74,527 people (0.8% of population) have carry permit. 75,526 people (0.8% of population) are prohibited from owning firearms \"Small Arms Survey\" estimates that there are approximately 1,740,000 unregistered and illegal firearms in Austria. Controversies. After the Graz school shooting in 2025, Austrian gun laws were heavily criticized as some of the most relaxed in europe. On the following Monday, the Austrian chancellor, Christian Stocker, vowed to tighten gun laws later the same week."}, {"text": "Tan See Leng (; born 24 December 1964) is a Singaporean politician and former medical practitioner who has been serving as Minister for Manpower since 2021 and Second Minister for Trade and Industry since 2020. A member of the People's Action Party (PAP), he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Chua Chu Kang division of Chua Chu Kang GRC since 2025. Before entering politics, Tan was a medical practitioner by profession. He founded Healthway Medical Group and had served in top positions in Parkway Holdings, Parkway Pantai and IHH Healthcare. He made his political debut in the 2020 general election as part of a five-member PAP team and won about 57% of the vote in Marine Parade GRC. Early life and education. Tan was born in Singapore in 1964. He attended Monk's Hill Primary School and Monk's Hill Secondary School. He received a Promsho scholarship to study the humanities at Hwa Chong Junior College. But in his first year at JC, his mother fell seriously ill and went into a coma. This led to his decision to switch from the humanities programme. He studied at the National Junior College before graduating from the Faculty of Medicine at"}, {"text": "the National University of Singapore in 1988 with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). While in National Junior College, he joined the choir as part of his Co-Curricular Activity (CCA). Tan funded his university education all by himself, with an annual school fee of S$3,000, by tutoring junior college students in subjects like mathematics, biology, physics and chemistry. With up to eight students at a time, he earned about S$800 to S$1,000 per month. He subsequently went on to complete a Master of Medicine degree in family medicine at the National University of Singapore in 1998. In 2003, he was awarded the Fellow of College of Family Physicians by the College of Family Physicians Singapore. In 2004, he obtained a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. In 2014, he became a Fellow of the Academy of Medicine Singapore. Career. In 1992, at the age of 27, Tan founded Healthway Medical Group with a group of friends, through a bank loan of S$90,000 and an initial capital investment of S$5,000 from each of the initial stakeholders. As co-founder and chairman of the company, he grew the group to become the second"}, {"text": "largest private primary care group in Singapore. In 2004, he successfully divested the group to British United Provident Association Healthcare. In 2004, Tan joined Parkway Holdings as the chief operating officer of Mount Elizabeth Hospital and was eventually promoted to as the executive director of Pantai Holdings, chief executive officer of Pantai Hospitals Division and the head of Malaysia operating division of Parkway until 2008. From 2010 to 2019, Tan was the group chief executive officer and managing director of Parkway Holdings and Parkway Pantai Limited. From 2014 to 2019, he was also the chief executive officer and managing director of IHH Healthcare BHD. During his tenures, some of his contributions included delisting Parkway Holdings in 2010 and relisting IHH Healthcare in 2012 into one of the largest initial public offerings in the world in 2012, expanding and growing the group from 15 hospitals in 2009 to 84 hospitals as of the end of 2019, leading the mergers and acquisitions of Acibadem Healthcare (Turkey), Fortis Healthcare (India), and multiple hospitals across Asia. Under his leadership, IHH Healthcare Berhad has won multiple awards, including the Best Managed and Best Overall Corporate Governance Poll awards by Asiamoney in 2016. In 2019, he"}, {"text": "retired from the position of group chief executive officer and managing director of Parkway Holdings and Parkway Pantai Limited. Over the years, Tan has held numerous ministerial advisory and medical committee appointments. For instance, since 2009, he has been a member of the board of trustees of the College of Family Physicians Singapore (CFPS). He also served in various capacities with CFPS Holdings Pte Ltd, including as its chairman from 2008 to 2010 and vice president from 2011 to 2013. In November 2013, he was appointed by the Ministry of Health as a member of the MediShield Life review committee. Moreover, he has maintained active involvement in academia through board memberships and appointments. From 2011 to 2019, he was adjunct assistant professor of Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Office of Education. He has also sat on the advisory board of Lee Kong Chian School of Business at Singapore Management University. Apart from the medical field, he has also contributed to the business scene. In 2012, Tan was appointed a council member of the Singapore-Guangdong Collaboration Council. The council aims to deepen Singapore's engagement with China's Guangdong province and benefit Singapore businesses through joint exploration of new opportunities in the region."}, {"text": "Political career. Tan was fielded in the 2020 general election to succeed former prime minister Goh Chok Tong who retired from politics, as part of a five-member PAP team contesting in Marine Parade GRC and won. Thereafter, he was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Marine Parade division of Marine Parade GRC. Upon his team's electoral victory, Tan was appointed second minister for manpower and second minister for trade and industry concurrently on 27 July 2020. On 15 May 2021, Tan succeeded Josephine Teo as Minister for Manpower while holding onto his portfolio as second minister for trade and industry. In response to the questions filed by six MPs, during a parliamentary debate on 3 October 2022, on how the foreign workforce was complementing the local talent pipeline and how locals were getting fair consideration for jobs, Tan said that it is not a zero-sum game and that bringing in global talents create jobs for locals. Despite the PAP's earlier announcement that Tan would be the anchor minister for Marine Parade-Braddell Heights GRC in the 2025 general election, on Nomination Day on 23 April 2025, Tan was fielded as a candidate for Chua Chu Kang GRC. In"}, {"text": "response to questions about the move, he stated that \"I don't think I've ever abandoned Marine Parade. It was a walkover, it was a walkover. It was a walkover. I've said it three times\", and further explained that accordingly he had decided to \"stand up when called upon to go to anywhere that the party and the country think they need me to go\". Personal life. Tan is married with three children. He enjoys singing and was previously a member of the school choir."}, {"text": "Shinkichi Takemura (21 December 1931 \u2013 9 December 1999) was a Japanese speed skater. He competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics and the 1960 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Finky Pasamba (born 28 April 1993) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Liga 2 club Persela Lamongan. Club career. PS Mojokerto Putra. In 2017, Finky Pasamba signed a contract with Indonesian Liga 2 club PS Mojokerto Putra. Borneo. He was signed for Borneo F.C. to play in Liga 1 in the 2019 season. Pasamba made his league debut on 16 May 2019 in a match against Bhayangkara at the Segiri Stadium, Samarinda. PSIS Semarang. In middle season 2019, Finky Pasamba signed a year contract with PSIS Semarang. He made his league debut on 11 September 2019 in a match against PSM Makassar at the Andi Mattalatta Stadium, Makassar. Bhayangkara. Pasamba was signed for Bhayangkara F.C. to play in Liga 1 in the 2022\u201323 season. He made his league debut on 31 July 2022 in a match against Persik Kediri at the Brawijaya Stadium, Kediri. RANS Nusantara. Finky Pasamba became RANS Nusantara F.C. in half of the 2022\u201323 Liga 1. Finky made his debut on 16 January 2023 in a match against PSIS Semarang at the Pakansari Stadium, Cibinong. International career. In 2007, Finky Pasamba represented the Indonesia U-16, in the 2008 AFC U-16 Championship"}, {"text": "qualification. Honours. Malut United"}, {"text": "Pleurotomella lucasii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. Description. The length of the shell attains 10 mm, its diameter 4.5 mm. This fusiform species is more effuse and inflated than its congeners. The shell contains 9 whorls including 4 apical whorls. The apical whorls are beautifully decussate. The whorls of the teleoconch are ventricose. The conspicuous spiral, raised lirae (7 at the penultimate whorl, 18 on the body whorl) extend at unequal intervals over the whole surface of the lower whorls. They are almost unbroken on the ventricose body whorl, while crossed frequently above by irregular liral riblets on the upper whorls. The aperture is rotund-ovate. The outer lip is very effuse. The recurved siphonal canal is slightly produced. The shell is hardly shining and shows dark brown spots."}, {"text": "The Gergovie Monument () or Memorial to Vercingetorix (French: \"monument comm\u00e9moratif \u00e0 Vercing\u00e9torix\") is a monument by the Clermontois architect built in 1900 on the eastern edge of the Gergovie plateau, a few kilometers south of Clermont-Ferrand in the French departement of Puy-de-D\u00f4me in Auvergne. It commemorates Vercingetorix's victory over Julius Caesar on this site in 52 BC. The monument was registered as a French \"Monument historique\" in March 2018 (the oppidum was registered in 2013) and in November of the same year, the monument was classified, included in a much larger classification of a major part of the Gergovie plateau. Characteristics. The 26-meter-high monument is made of . It is composed of a support base with 3 columns topped by Corinthian capitals and a Gaulish helmet in whimsical form. The base houses a crypt with a cenotaph of Vercingetorix. Three plates adorn the building. One of the plates, above the entrance of the crypt on the west side, has the following inscription in Latin: Translated into English:"}, {"text": "Oachira Grama Panchayat is a gram panchayat located in Karunagappally taluk, Kollam district, Kerala, India. The panchayat was established in 1953. History. Centuries before the Proclamation of Temple entry, Ochira was the only place in Hinduism where worship was open to all, irrespective of caste or creed. Oachira is popular[says who?] in tourism due to the centuries-old Oachira Temple. According to historians[again, who?], Oachira was an important Buddhist monastery. Buddhist civilization in and around Oachira, as well as the multitude of place-names ending in \"pally\", lend credence to the theory. The Oachirakali, which is performed annually by combining the strength and beauty of martial arts, is considered as a renewal of some historical tradition. Geography. Oachira Panchayat is relatively unelevated, lying 3.05 meters, or 10.6 feet above sea level. The region is situated by the coast, which constitutes a significant part of the physiography of Kerala. Common geographic features of this region are sand ridges and plains, with sand ridges taking up almost 75% of the total area. Mainly two types of soils are found in Oachira: sandy loam, which is found in sand ridges, and alluvial soil, deposited by rivers, and are commonly seen in the planes. To the"}, {"text": "north, Oachira borders Krishanpuram and the Devikulangara Panchayats. To the west, it borders Klappana. To the east, it borders Thazhava and Kulashekharapuram, and to the east, it borders Vallikunnam. Climate. Oachira panchayat is a common recipient of monsoons. It receives an average of 2564 mm, or 100.9 in of rainfall annually. The tempurate reaches its highest in March and April, with yearly lows occurring around December and January. Education. Beyond Thiruvananthapuram, the only school in Travancore that taught Sanskrit and Ayurveda concurrently was situated in Changankulangara, in Ochira. Up until the 1950s, Panchayat students relied on Kayamkulam High School and Karunagapally High School. High school education was formally started in the general region of Oachira in 1957. By the 1970s, private high schools began opening in the area. Agriculture. Ochira panchayat largely relies on agriculture as its main commercial product and export. Common crops farmed on the land include coconut and the areca nut. Other than those, several crops like banana, pepper, tapioca, colocasia, ginger, and betel leaves are also cultivated. In the past, as much as 51% of the total land area in Oachira were dedicated paddy fields. That figure has now been reduced to 9.3%. Coconut is now"}, {"text": "cultivated in about 83% of the total area. Industry. There are no significant business ventures in Oachira, Although there is one industrial unit of five engineering workshops, six humidifiers, two ice plants, and one industrial unit for aluminum containers, soap, packing cases, dairy products, and electronics. Many women who are employed in Oachira work in factories that focus on cashew farming. Culture. Thousands of devotees visit the Parabrahma Temple every year. Oachirakali is also a commonly repeated tradition. Wards. Oachira panchayat consists of 16 Wards."}, {"text": "Vincent Salyers is an American professor of nursing. He is best known for his contributions to intersections between technology, curriculum design, clinical practice and inter-professional education. Salyers earned his BS in psychology and his MS in nursing at San Francisco State University, and he earned his doctorate from the University of San Francisco. Prior to joining the faculty at Gonzaga University, where he was the Dean of the School of Nursing and Human Physiology, Salyers was the inaugural dean of the Faculty of Nursing at MacEwan University. Salyers held previous positions on the faculty and administration of a number of universities in the United States and Canada including as associate dean of the Faculty of Health, Community & Education at Mount Royal University in Calgary. In 2014, Salyers was inducted as a Fellow of the Academy of Nursing Education of the National League for Nursing, and in 2019, he was inducted as a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. In 2023, Salyers was appointed as the Dean of Nursing for the East Hartford, CT campus of Arizona College of Nursing."}, {"text": "Dread is a Reddit-like dark web discussion forum featuring news and discussions around darknet markets. The site's administrators go by the alias of Paris and HugBunter. History. Dread is a popular community hub which has been described as a \"Reddit-style forum\" and the successor of the seized DeepDotWeb for discussion around market law enforcement activity and scams. It came to prominence in 2018 after Reddit banned several darknet market discussion communities, rapidly reaching 12,000 registered users within three months of being launched, and 14,683 users by June 2018. In September 2019, HugBunter's dead man's switch was triggered, accompanied by a weeks-long absence, signifying the temporary loss of control over the site. The site would be reinstated in November, with a revamped user interface, and remains active as of September 2022. It became known that the cause of the outage was a server failure, according to HugBunter, despite rumors concerning a potential compromising from a third party or law-enforcement authority. Activities. In May 2019, a moderator of Wall Street Market posted its hidden IP address to Dread, potentially leading to its exit scam and seizure shortly after. Stolen data is sometimes sold via Dread. The site features in-depth guides around manufacture"}, {"text": "of illegal drugs. The shutdown of Dream Market was announced on Dread in March 2019. Major denial-of-service attacks have been launched against Dread and other markets exploiting a vulnerability in the Tor protocol."}, {"text": "The Bathing Pool () is an oil-on-canvas painting executed between 1777 and 1780 by the French painter Hubert Robert. Originally commissioned for the bathing room at the Ch\u00e2teau de Bagatelle, it is now in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Background. \"The Bathing Pool\" is one of six paintings that Charles Philippe, \"comte d'Artois\" (1757\u20131836) commissioned from Robert in 1777. The paintings were for the bathing room at the Ch\u00e2teau de Bagatelle. The six paintings depict generally Italian locations. \"The Bathing Pool\", dated to 1777\u20131780, was made as a pendant to \"A Corner of the Courtyard of the Capitol\". Subject and composition. The scene depicts an open woodland temple with an ancient Venus statue at its centre. The ruined building is flanked by trees and has a set of stairs leading to a pool, where water flows from four fountains. The fountains furthest to the sides are decorated with statues: to the left one of a sitting Venus, and to the right one of Mercury fastening his sandals. A blurry group of six women in 18th-century clothes stand at the top of the stairs. To the bottom left, next to the Venus statue, a"}, {"text": "sitting woman dries her feet in front of a maid. In the pool two nude women play in the shallow water. The appearance of the temple is likely inspired by the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli, the Macellum of Pozzuoli (then thought to be a temple of Jupiter Serapis), and possibly Donato Bramante's \"Tempietto\" at San Pietro in Montorio. The central statue is based on an ancient model, and those on the sides are based on sculptures by Jean-Baptiste Pigalle (1714\u20131785). The woman drying herself follows a painting by Fran\u00e7ois Boucher (1703\u20131770). The nudes were inspired by Claude Joseph Vernet (1714\u2013 789), who had populated timeless Italian marine views with nude women. Analysis. The painting depicts an imaginary location with contemporary visitors. It has decidedly modern elements, such as 18th-century French cloaks and hoods, a woman pointing at a statue like a tourist, and a pair of modern pink shoes belonging to a bather. The contemporary allusions make the nudity atypical; 18th-century paintings normally restricted nudity to mythological and allegorical subjects. In his 2006 book \"Logics of Worlds\", the post-Marxist philosopher Alain Badiou analysed the painting as an example of how \"pictoral assemblage\" fundamentally is about \"distributing identities and differences\"."}, {"text": "He saw the composition of temple, women, statues and water as \"a subtle transcendental network of identities\", exalted by \"figurative differences\", which place the painting in the genre of neoclassicism. Badiou concluded that \"the world\" of the painting is the juncture between eighteenth-century eroticism and pre-romanticism. Finally, he used the correspondences between the statues and groups of women, and the foliage to the left and the clearing to the bottom left, to argue that existence merely is a category of appearing. Provenance. The six paintings remained at the Ch\u00e2teau de Bagatelle until 1808, when Napoleon's \"Administration des Domaines\" sold them at auction to Jacques-Nicolas Brunot. Brunot sold them to Pierre Justin Armand Verdier, \"comte de Flaux\". They were at the Ch\u00e2teau de Flaux until 1910\u20131911, when J. P. Morgan bought them through Maurice de Verneuil. They were on loan from Morgan to the Metropolitan Museum of Art from May 1912 and gifted to the museum by Morgan's estate in 1917. They were part of the exhibition \"\u0152uvres d'Hubert Robert\" at Galerie Thos in Paris from 12 to 30 March 1912, lent by Morgan."}, {"text": "Dark Emu: Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident? is a 2014 non-fiction book by Bruce Pascoe. It re-examines colonial accounts of Aboriginal people in Australia, and cites evidence of pre-colonial agriculture, engineering and building construction by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. A second edition, published under the title Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture was published in mid-2018, and a version of the book for younger readers, entitled Young Dark Emu: A Truer History, was published in 2019. Both the first and the children's editions were shortlisted for major awards, and the former won two awards in the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards. The book has also proved very popular with the Australian public, selling 250,000 copies by mid-2021. Its strengths have been said to lie in the storytelling style, making it more accessible to the general reader than the more scholarly examinations of Aboriginal history in the past. According to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the publication of \"Dark Emu\" \"ignited a culture war\". The book has been praised for stimulating debate about the diversity of Indigenous economic and land management practices. However, academics have challenged some of its claims, especially Pascoe's thesis that Indigenous Australian"}, {"text": "society was based to such a large extent on sedentary agriculture rather than hunting and gathering. Editions. The first edition, entitled \"Dark Emu: Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident?\", was published by Magabala Books in 2014. The title refers to what is known as the Emu in the sky constellation in Aboriginal astronomy, known as Gugurmin, or \"dark emu\" to the Wiradjuri people. A second edition, entitled \"Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture\" was published in June 2018, and a version of the book for younger readers, entitled \"Young Dark Emu: A Truer History\", was published in 2019. The 2019 version was shortlisted for the 2020 Adelaide Festival Awards for Literature in the Children's Literature Award section. Contents. In \"Dark Emu\" Pascoe draws on the writings of early British settlers and recent decades of scholarship to argue that traditional Aboriginal society was characterised by agriculture, aquaculture, elaborate engineering, villages of permanent structures, and other features which are incompatible with the view that Aboriginal Australians were only hunter-gatherers. He states, \"The belief that Aboriginal people were 'mere' hunter-gatherers has been used as a political tool to justify dispossession.\" Pascoe quotes Charles Sturt, Thomas Mitchell and other explorers and settlers"}, {"text": "who describe Aboriginal hayricks, stooks, crops and villages, and Aboriginal people practising seed selection, soil preparation, crop harvesting, and storing surplus crops. He also describes Sturt's 1845 encounter with hundreds of Aboriginal people who were living in a village near Cooper Creek and offered him water, roast duck, cake and a hut to sleep in. Pascoe concludes that, \"most Aboriginal Australians were ... in the early stages of an agricultural society, and, it could be argued, ahead of many other parts of the world\". Pascoe provides evidence of Aboriginal dams, weirs, sluices and fish traps, and argues that pre-colonial Aboriginal people practiced aquaculture. He cites the work of archaeologist Heather Builth and palynologist Peter Kershaw and concludes that sites at Lake Condah in western Victoria are elaborately engineered eel and fish traps associated with permanent stone buildings built by the Gunditjmara people around 8,000 years ago. Pascoe quotes nineteenth century accounts of Aboriginal people living in villages and towns with sturdy huts, the largest of which could accommodate 30-40 people. Sturt reported a town of 1,000 people on the Darling River. Pascoe states that towns such as the collection of stone structures at Lake Condah are evidence of sedentary or"}, {"text": "semi-sedentary Aboriginal culture. He concludes, \"Permanent housing was a feature of the pre-contact Aboriginal economy, and marked the movement towards agricultural reliance.\" Pascoe acknowledges his debt to the work of Rupert Gerritsen, who in 2008 published \"Australia and the Origins of Agriculture\", which argued that some Aboriginal people were farmers as much as hunter-gatherers. Pascoe also draws on the work of historian Bill Gammage, author of \"The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines Made Australia\" (2012), which looks at how Aboriginal people used fire, dams and cropping to support themselves sustainably in their environment. In the last two chapters of \"Dark Emu\", titled \"Australian Agricultural Revolution\" and \"Accepting History and Creating the Future\", Pascoe advocates for changes in current Australian methods of agriculture and lifestyle. Pascoe says that Australia could learn from Indigenous culture and landcare, replacing wheat with native grasses and eating kangaroo rather than cattle. Reception. Sales and reviews. The book received critical acclaim, winning two NSW Premier's Literary Awards (Book of the Year and the Indigenous Writers' Prize) and being shortlisted for two other prizes (the History Book Award in the Queensland Literary Awards and Victorian Premier's Award for Indigenous Writing), as well as mainstream recognition. It"}, {"text": "was reviewed by three Australian teachers' associations, earned positive reviews in other media, and, with the highest number of nominations by members of the public, was chosen to be the first book discussed in the inaugural meeting of the Parliamentary Book Club. A new edition was published in 2018. By mid 2021 the book had sold 250,000 copies. There is an audiobook and ebook version. Praise. Historian Bill Gammage, whose 2012 work \"The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines Made Australia\" influenced \"Dark Emu\", praised Pascoe's gift for weaving a narrative that challenges many readers' preconceptions. He admired the book for its impact, but added that Pascoe sometimes romanticises pre-contact Indigenous society, and his claims that Stone Age Indigenous people invented democracy and baking may be \"push[ing] these things too far\". Lynette Russell, at Monash University's Indigenous Studies Centre and co-author of \"Australia's First Naturalists: Indigenous Peoples' Contribution to Early Zoology\", admired \"Dark Emu\"'s achievement in popularising ideas that challenged European Australians' cultural preconceptions. She said that it had managed to promulgate more widely \"information about indigenous land management practices that archaeologists have known for a long time\". Tony Hughes-D'Aeth, a researcher in cultural history at the University of Western"}, {"text": "Australia, said that \"Dark Emu\" \"provides the most concerted attempt [yet] to answer the question about the quality of the country ... in the pre-colonial epoch\", and that the book's strengths lie in \"its ability to bridge archaeology, anthropology, archival history, Indigenous oral tradition and other more esoteric but highly revealing disciplines such as ethnobotany and paleoecology\". Writer and historian James Boyce, after some discussion of the book's strengths and weaknesses, says that, although a \"flawed attempt\", the book's appeal is to \"a community of folk who ... are eager to learn from and engage with First Nations peoples and their heritage\"; Pascoe is a skilled storyteller, and \"Dark Emu\" is a significant cultural achievement because it has engaged these readers, where many other examples of scholarly information have not done so. While there is no single narrative that tells the whole story, \"Dark Emu\" might be the first step for many readers who have not previously engaged with the history of dispossession of the Indigenous peoples of Australia. Writer Gregory Day, writes that Pascoe's book connects with general readers because \"he knows what it feels like to be a whitefella \u2013 in a sense, Bruce is translating it for"}, {"text": "this whitefellas\". Archaeologists Michael Westaway and Joshua Gorringe argue that \"Dark Emu\" will stimulate further research: \"Gerritsen\u2019s research and Pascoe\u2019s popularised account have inspired and stimulated a different way of thinking about Aboriginal food production systems, and how we might investigate an archaeological record for Aboriginal village settlements... \"Dark Emu\" provides a different account of the Aboriginal past, written by an Aboriginal person outside of the academy, which challenges us to think differently about how we might define Aboriginal people... it is up to archaeologists now to test Pascoe\u2019s hypothesis\". Debate and criticism. Pascoe's book has been extensively debated in Australian media and political spheres. Several academics have criticised Pascoe's claim that since 1880 scholars have suppressed accounts of sophisticated housing and food and environmental management practices in traditional Aboriginal societies. Peter Hiscock, chair of archaeology at Sydney University, archaeologist Harry Lourandos, who documented the construction of eel traps in Victoria in the 1970s, and Ian McNiven of Monash University's Indigenous Studies Centre all agree that there is a large body of published work on the topic. However, Lourandos and McNiven are delighted at the book's success in reaching the broader public. Some academics have specifically addressed the debate surrounding"}, {"text": "\"Dark Emu\"s thesis that Indigenous Australian society was largely built on sedentary agriculture rather than hunting and gathering. Anthropologist Ian Keen argues against Pascoe's thesis that Indigenous Australians practised agriculture. He concluded that \"Aboriginal people were indeed hunters, gatherers and fishers at the time of the British colonisation of Australia\", although acknowledging \"the boundary between foraging and farming is a fuzzy one\". Historians Lynette Russell and Billy Griffiths wrote that Pascoe had drawn together an enormous amount of ethnographic evidence showing that Aboriginal peoples \"were not hapless wanderers across the soil, mere hunter-gatherers\"; however, they challenge the implicit Eurocentric idea that agriculture is the result of \"progress\" on a continuum from hunter-gathering, or that such an evolutionary hierarchy exists. They argue Western terminology lacks nuance, and \"Communities have shifted between these categories and moved back and forth as suited their needs\". James Boyce echoes this view: \"The 'progress' inherent to a move from foraging to farming has been questioned by historians, anthropologists and archaeologists for more than 50 years ... there was rarely a sharp line between farming and hunter-gatherer ways of life\". In \"Farmers or Hunter-Gatherers? The Dark Emu Debate\" (2021), anthropologist Peter Sutton and archaeologist Keryn Walshe suggest"}, {"text": "that \"Dark Emu\" devalues pre-colonial Aboriginal society, privileging agriculture above a hunter-gatherer socio-economic system. They also criticise the work on grounds of being poorly researched, not fully sourced, and selective in its choice and emphasis of the facts. In James Boyce's opinion, their most salient criticisms include that Pascoe uses white explorers' journals, ignoring the knowledge of Aboriginal sources, and also that he generalises from local examples and claims incorrectly that such technologies were used across the continent. However, he is also critical of some aspects of Sutton and Walshe's work. Aboriginal human rights advocate Hannah McGlade, a Noongar woman and member of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, writes in \"The Australian\" that \"Dark Emu\" is \"misleading and offensive to Aboriginal people and culture\" and that it \"is not very truthful or accurate\". Warrimay historian Victoria Grieve-Williams, also in \"The Australian\", calls \"Dark Emu\" a scandal and a hoax, and expresses deep concerns in the Aboriginal community about the story Pascoe is telling, saying that her family were not farmers, but proud of being hunter\u2013gatherers. After Pauline Hanson's One Nation MP Mark Latham proposed in the New South Wales Parliament in June 2021 that the book should"}, {"text": "be banned from use by teachers in NSW schools (where it is not part of the curriculum, but available as an historical source for critical discussion), his motion had little support. The Minister for Indigenous Australians, Ken Wyatt, later commented that he welcomed \"more people taking the time to read \"Dark Emu\" and consulting Mr Pascoe\u2019s references to verify or disprove his assertions as we do with various academic studies or research ... What\u2019s important here is that we are open to hearing other people\u2019s perspectives, contemplating and genuinely engaging in working constructively together to reconcile our understandings\". On 11 September 2021, Pascoe published in the \"Sydney Morning Herald\" a reflection in which he wrote:"}, {"text": "Cameron Chesterfield Alleyne (September 3, 1880 \u2013 March 24, 1955) was a Barbados-born American bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AMEZ). Alleyne studied in the United States and was ordained there. He held appointments as a pastor in churches across the United States, served as a trustee of several educational institutions and edited AMEZ's journal. Alleyne was elected a bishop of the church in 1924, becoming the first AMEZ bishop to be elected by unanimous vote. His first posting was as resident bishop to Africa, during which he made attempts to reform the church's missions and expand its reach. Returning to the US in 1928 he held appointments to two AMEZ districts and as a representative to the Commission of Army and Navy Chaplains during World War II. Education. Cameron Chesterfield Alleyne was born on September 3, 1880, in Bridgetown, Barbados, to Robert Henry Alleyene and Amelia Anna Alleyne. He attended Naparima College on Trinidad between 1899 and 1903 before travelling to the United States to attend the Tuskegee Institute, a black university in Alabama. Alleyne was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree by the Institute and was ordained as a deacon in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion"}, {"text": "Church (AMEZ) on October 5, 1904. Pastor. Alleyne was posted as pastor to Anniston, Alabama, and there married Lucille Annie Washington on June 29, 1905 (they had one child together). Alleyne was ordained as an elder of the church on December 12, 1905. He served at a church in St. Elmo, Chattanooga, Tennessee, between 1905 and 1908 and at the John Wesley Church in Washington, D.C., from 1907 to 1912. Alleyne was in Rhode Island from 1912 to 1916 at the People's Church (later renamed the Hood Memorial Church); in Charlotte, North Carolina, at Grace Church from 1916 to 1917 and in New Rochelle, New York, from 1917 to 1924. In 1915 he was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree by Livingstone College, North Carolina, and in 1924 an honorary doctor of divinity degree by Howard University, Washington, D.C., in 1924. Alleyne was interested in education and became a trustee of Livingstone College and also Shorter College in Little Rock, Alabama, and Payne Theological Seminary in Wilberforce, Ohio. Between 1916 and 1924 Alleyne also worked as editor of the AMEZ's journal, the \"Quarterly Review\". Bishop. Alleyne was one of five bishops elected at the AMEZ General Convention in 1924,"}, {"text": "the largest single group elected in the church's history. He was the AMEZ's 44th bishop and the first ever elected by a unanimous vote. Alleyne was consecrated as a bishop on May 20, 1924, and appointed to the church's twelfth episcopal district. In this role he had responsibility for churches in Liberia, Nigeria, Ghana and elsewhere in Africa. Alleyne moved to the continent to become AMEZ's first ever resident bishop in Africa. In this role Alleyene implemented reform of the church's mission stations, which had been in decline for some time. For this, and later work, he became known as the leading expansionist of his generation in the church. In 1931 he published a book, \"Gold Coast at a Glance\", about his time in Africa. Alleyne returned to the United States in 1928 and served initially with AMEZ's seventh episcopal district. He transferred to the sixth episcopal district in 1936, assuming responsibility for churches in South America and the US Virgin Islands as well as some in the United States. During this time he lived in Philadelphia. After the United States joined World War II Alleyne was chosen as the AMEZ representative to the Commission of Army and Navy Chaplains."}, {"text": "Alleyne's wife Lucille died in May 1944 and he subsequently married Bettye Lee Roberts in June 1946. He published his autobiography \"Twenty-Five Years in the Episcopacy\" in 1950 and died on March 24, 1955, in Philadelphia."}, {"text": "The 1908 United States presidential election in Kansas was held on November 3, 1908, as part of the 1908 United States presidential election. Kansas voters chose ten electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. In its first thirty years as a state Kansas had been powerfully Republican, but with the Populist movement and major agricultural crises the state turned to James B. Weaver in 1892 and William Jennings Bryan in 1896; however, President William McKinley won a rematch with Bryan in 1900. With the return to a conservative \u201cGold Democrat\u201d candidate in 1904, Kansas reverted to rock-solid Republican as Alton B. Parker failed to carry a single county in the state against Theodore Roosevelt. Bryan was nominated as the Democratic candidate for president for the third time. However, by October, most predictions suggested that Bryan would not win over the voters who had deserted Parker, and be unsuccessful in his attempt to emulate his \u201cCommoner\u201d success of 1896. On election day, Republican candidate William Howard Taft carried Kansas by 9.60 points, an improvement of over 2 points upon McKinley's 1900 result and of 13.26 points upon the Republican result from 1896, despite Bryan campaigning in"}, {"text": "the state at the beginning of November. His underperformance was in part attributed to the fact that Kansas\u2019 local Republicans supported Taft's plan to guarantee bank deposits for all customers through the state treasurer. As of 2020, this along with 1892 is the 2nd and last time that Nebraska has voted for a different presidential candidate than neighboring Kansas."}, {"text": "Mother o' Dreams is a 1921 American silent Western film produced by Cyrus J. Williams and distributed by Path\u00e9 Exchange. It was directed by Robert North Bradbury and stars Tom Santschi and Ruth Stonehouse. This short film was part of the \"Santschi Series\", which included the other short films \"The Honor of Rameriz\", \"The Spirit of the Lake\", \"The Heart of Doreon\", and \"Lorraine of the Timberlands\", all of which starred Santschi. There is an unrelated 1914 Essanay short film with the same title which starred Richard C. Travers, Gerda Holmes, and Bryant Washburn. Plot. Wandering artist (Santschi) encounters a young girl (Stonehouse) and her grandmother who are being victimized by the grandmother's son, who seeks to take control of her property. The artist intervenes, preserving the grandmother's property, independence, and ability to care for her granddaughter. Reception. Santschi's performance was well-received."}, {"text": "St John's Anglican Church Precinct, also known as St John's Camden, is a heritage-listed Anglican church and associated precinct at 6-22 Menangle Road, Camden, Camden Council, New South Wales, Australia. The precinct comprises the church, rectory, cemetery, two church halls and grounds that provide a rural landscaped environment to the group. The dominant feature of the precinct is the historic St John's the Evangelist Anglican Church. Its architects are unknown, and could be the cumulative work of Mortimer Lewis, John Cunningham and Edmund Blacket. It was built from 1840 to 1849 with Richard Basden responsible for the nave and John Le Fevre adding the spire. 1874 saw the addition of the chancel and vestry, their builder is unknown and the design is likely the work of Sir George Gilbert Scott and Blacket. A feature of the church is an organ manufactured by J. Bates & Son, London. The Anglican Church Property Trust of the Diocese of Sydney holds the property in trust, under the . The precinct was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 24 August 2018. St John's Anglican Church and its precinct are one of the most complete parish church groups in New South"}, {"text": "Wales. All the land and a lot of the buildings were gifted by the Macarthur family or their family company. The present day boundaries are at least less than their maximum extent. In early 2016, the rectory was first leased and in 2018 it was reported that the local Anglican parish council sought to sell around 60 percent of the current precinct for development as an aged care facility to fund the construction of a new worship centre near the existing St John's Church. History. Traditional custodians. Few records exists of the people who inhabited the area before the arrival of the British, there is little doubt the Camden area saw extensive use. The Camden district sits on the boundaries of three groups. The Gandangara were the people of the Camden town and the areas to the west and south, the Dharawal/Tharawal to the south and east and the Darug to the north. The naming and grouping of the people is complex and uncertain. The plight of the traditional owners is poorly documented as contemporary accounts record the events from the settler's perspective. There are reports of 70% mortality due to a smallpox epidemic. The cemetery contains graves of a"}, {"text": "number of indigenous people and some plots were provided by the Macarthur family. British settlement of Camden. The first recorded trip by the colonists to the area was in August 1790, when Marine Captain-Lieutenant Watkin Tench, William Dawes and George Bouchier Worgan undertook a seven-day expedition to the south-west of Rose Hill (renamed Parramatta in June 1791) travelling until they reached Mt Prudhoe on the Razorback Ridge. Except for the discovery of a river, they reported nothing very interesting. First hints of the potential of the district surfaced in 1795 when rumours of the existence of the missing first fleet cattle reach the colonists. So Governor Hunter dispatched Henry Hacking to confirm the reports. Hacking's report was so satisfactory that on 18 November 1795 Hunter set out to the district. On 20 November, Hunter in company with Captain Waterhouse, George Bass, David Collins and others crossed the Nepean and found a herd of over forty cattle. The next morning, they sighted the full herd of over 60 head and conclusively determined the herd were descendants of the missing cattle. The party reported \"The country where they were found grazing was remarkably pleasant to the eye; every where the foot trod"}, {"text": "on thick and luxuriant grass; the trees were thinly scattered, and free from underwood, except in particular spots; several beautiful flats presented large ponds, covered with ducks and the black swan, the margins of which were fringed with shrubs of the most delightful tints, and the ground rose from these levels into hills of easy ascent.\" Hunter decided it was best to leave the herd undisturbed for future consumption and export and resolved to guard the herd against any attempt to destroy it. unter's successors continued the policy of protection. However, by 1819 the preservation became too troublesome and Governor Macquarie decided to incorporate as many as possible into tame Government herds and open the whole area for settlement. In 1826, Governor Brisbane gave the order to slaughter the remnants. On a 1796 sketch of the area, Hunter labeled the district as \u2018Cow Pasture Plains\u2019. Good reports of the area continued, following a visit by Governor King and his wife in December 1803, the area was described as \u2018Exclusive of the very fine pasturage, the soil appears equally well calculated for tillage as are the Banks of the Hawkesbury\u2019. The area first attracted tourists as early as 1804. In 1789"}, {"text": "John Macarthur joined the New South Wales Corps as a lieutenant with \"every reasonable expectation of reaping the most material advantages\". On 28 June 1790, Macarthur arrived in the colony on the Scarborough. He was accompanied by this wife Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Veale) and infant son, Edward. A daughter born on the voyage did not survive, Edward and John barely survived. Macarthur was the only officer to bring his family to the colony. The family focused on improving their situation and in 1800 Macarthur valued their holdings of more than acres at 4,000. Macarthur's family consisted of his wife Elizabeth, sons Edward (now at school in England), John, James and William and daughters Elizabeth and Mary. Another son, James, passed in 1794. In 1801, Governor King sent Macarthur to England to face a court-martial for wounding Lieutenant-Colonel Paterson in a duel. Macarthur arrived in England in December 1802 with his son John and his daughter Elizabeth. Britain was at war and short of good quality wool. Macarthur seized the opportunity. He promoted his ability to solve the wool problem, resigned his commission, gained the patronage of the British Government and backing from Lord Camden. He returned to the colony in his"}, {"text": "ship, the \"Argo\", on 5 June 1805 with merino sheep from the King's flock and documents requiring Governor King to grant him in Cowpastures and convict labour. The choice of this land likely the result of correspondence with Captain Waterhouse. On 16 January 1806 Macarthur wrote to Governor King acknowledging receipt of the grant and the creation of what was to become known as \"Camden Park Estate\". Camden Park and the Macarthur Family. Working together, the family continued \u2018improving their situation\u2019. Macarthur estates at Camden reached their maximum extent of ten separate grants totalling some acres in 1837 and were valued at \u00a3200,000 in early 1840s. The Macarthur family's other land holdings were extensive that extended beyond Camden Park including interests in all Nineteen Counties such as at Taralga and freehold in Sydney. The Precinct and the township of Camden are part of purchased by John Macarthur on 5 October 1825 for an annual rent of \u00a3135 for 20 years. In 1831, the family turned their attention to the construction of house for the estate. The design is a sequence of commissions and abandoned designs, traced through a series of unbuilt schemes and houses at Camden, Parramatta and by Henry"}, {"text": "Kitchen and Henry Cooper, James Smith and John Verge, the cottages orn\u00e9 Belgenny and Hambledon, and the design of Elizabeth Farm at Parramatta, to the final Palladian architecture house. John Macarthur took an active interest in the construction which finished in 1835, shortly after his death in 1834. His sons James and William Macarthur took up occupancy in the new house, while their mother Elizabeth continue to reside at Elizabeth Farm in Parramatta. The house remains in the hands of a direct descendant of John Macarthur. On John Macarthur's death in April 1834, his Camden estate passed to William and James as tenants in common, Elizabeth Farm was retained by Elizabeth, and Edward inherited the rest of the Macarthur estates. Elizabeth and her unmarried daughters (Emmeline and Elizabeth) were to receive annuities paid by their brothers. Around this time, the security of the Macarthur estates from public access diminished. The main route between the County of Cumberland and the southern counties passed through the Macarthur estates. In April 1833 James Macarthur complained of the damage done to fencing, by fire and trespass and the infection of his valuable flocks by scabby sheep passing through the property. The property division on"}, {"text": "John's death, the considerable expenses of the construction of the homestead, security, the cessation of the assignment of convicts to private service, drought, and poor economic conditions caused a significant upheaval in operation and financing of the estate. James and William responded by bringing free labourers out to the Colony using Governor Bourke's bounty system. With the introduction of these immigrants, the demographic structure of the Camden Park workforce changed dramatically from an almost exclusively male domain to one with families. The model of management turned to estate tenants on small farms of about with incentives and opportunities for individuals to improve their situation. James and William established a model of paternalistic benevolence and management typical of English gentry. Their superior wealth and social standing enable him to dominate their community, a system entirely at odds with the entrepreneurial spirit of the Colony. In 1836 a plan for the private town of Camden went to the Surveyor-General's office. The project provided for the erection of a church, \"the situation of which will be highly picturesque and commanding.\" The position of the Church was deliberate with clear sight lines to the main house. James and William were intelligent and capable men"}, {"text": "and their interests and morals were to characterise the development of the \"Camden Park Estate\". Of the many things which they were fond of, such as theatre and history, they had a special interest in a well-made or picturesque landscape that could encapsulate and frame the works and lives of men and women. Consequently, during the early development of the estate they spent much time and money on developing the beauty of its landscape, which in time incorporated the township of Camden. James and William saw to the construction of three well-made and purposefully placed structures, St John's Anglican Church, Camden Park House, and the monument on John Macarthur's grave, that helped to form a triangular arrangement of subtle and elegant picturesque vistas. This was especially when they were contrasted with the intrinsic beauty of the surrounding \"natural\" landscape. Form the earliest trespasses of Europeans into this region they had considered the Camden landscape to be beautiful, almost a work of art, and satisfactory to the aesthetic notions of the time that valued the combination of the natural and the artificial (the works of man - anthropogenic). Adapting or improving this original canvas with the works of men could only"}, {"text": "add to its beauty in the minds of the Macarthurs and their contemporaries. The establishment of the Township of Camden. The construction of the Great South Road with a river crossing over the Nepean River along the north boundary of the \"Camden Park Estate\" in the early 1820s ultimately served as the goad for the establishment of a Township in the area. In 1826 this crossing was replaced by a bridge which more effectively opened up the land to the south for settlement and the mere existence of the bridge encouraged the development of a settlement. The fact that there were no major settlements along the Great South Road for considerable distances each way from the Cowpastures also encouraged the establishment of a police lock-up at Camden that could patrol the road and protect settlers against bushrangers. Consequently, in December 1830 a group of local residents petitioned Governor Darling for the establishment of settlement, comprising a police station, court-house, goal, and church, near the Cowpastures Bridge. Darling liked this idea and began arranging for the establishment of a township to serve as a local administrative centre. However, due to most of the land along the Nepean being a flood plain"}, {"text": "and nearly all of it also having been granted away the NSW Government had no existing Crown Land on which to establish a township. The Surveyor-General Thomas Mitchell recommended the land on the south bank of the Nepean on a rise close to the river being the most ideal choice, but this location was part of the \"Camden Park Estate\". As John Macarthur had not signed the petition and was not amenable to the idea of giving away any of his Estate for this purpose, the plan was shelved at this time. James and William Macarthur were of the same opinion as their neighbours that a township would be to the benefit of the district, but they were unable to change their father's mind. Following John's death and their establishment as the official heads of the Estate they were able to re-commence the plans for a township. In the interval the government had chosen as the main administration centre in the southern districts, but this allowed James and William to develop their own private township in accordance with their own ideals. They were keen to promote public order (along with a keen social order) that reflected a spiritual one that"}, {"text": "could encourage and regulate the minds and souls of the people. To this end an Anglican church was to form the imposing and commanding centrepiece of their new township. The Macarthur brothers had the area for their township cleared during the winter of 1835. On this foundation they desired that the first building to be constructed should be a church. To this end they appealed to their neighbours and employees for assistance and subscriptions to fulfil this goal. James was the main force behind this scheme. He was more religious than William and convinced that religious progress was beneficial, but that it should not be forced on the lower classes by the gentry, but rather be the result of the combined effort and initiative of all classes. This was to encourage a collective and mutual dependence among the population that was in keeping with Christian teachings and tenets. In this way, James pictured this church as growing from the land from the combined effort of the people so that it could be a focus of their moral behaviour and a symbol of the inter-reliance of society for its common good. However, he still demanded that it be an Anglican church,"}, {"text": "in accordance with its status as the Established Faith, despite the fact that people of a number of different denominations resided in the area. James and William had amassed A\u00a3644 in subscriptions by September 1835 for the construction of an Anglican church. Of this total they had promised A\u00a3500, while their employees had offered A\u00a343, and their neighbours the remainder. This allowed them to write to the government outlining their plans for a township and offering a copy of the subscription list as evidence of the commitment of the local population. They envisioned that the town would include reserves for a police station and lock-up, courthouse, post-office, and for churches of the several denominations: Anglican, Catholic, and Presbyterian, that flourished in the area. The Government approved these plans and the Surveyor-General Thomas Mitchell began the process of town planning in consultation with the Macarthur brothers in January 1836. In accordance with his ideals, Mitchell designed Camden as being a rectangle with two crossing main streets near its centre: the one running east\u2013west was to be the highway and the other (John Street) running north\u2013south being a vista to the town's Anglican church. This church was to crown a hilltop overlooking"}, {"text": "the town and, specifically gaze down into the centre of rectangle and the commercial district. In this way, Mitchell designed the church to be a focus for the town, while also being above and beyond it. Mitchell characteristically liked towns to have axes, squares, and meeting places and he often used the natural landscapes of places, such as hills and valleys, to emphasize these features. Camden was a more simple example of this type, but this does not prevent it from being a successful and highly picturesque and commanding one. Despite this beginning it was not until July 1841 that the town allotments were offered for sale at auction. At this time the population of the \"Camden Park Estate\" was around 200-300 and there were eight households and a post office in the township. There was also regular traffic along the Great South Road through the township. These inducements encouraged the sale of half of the 44 township blocks but up for sale for high prices and the beginning of increased settlement. The construction of St John's the Evangelist, Camden. During the early days of settlement of the Cowpastures, particularly after the 1820s when the landholders began to live in"}, {"text": "the area, religious services were undertaken through the employees and members of each estate coming together for prayers. Early in their residency at Camden Park it appears William and James organised these events with William at least occasionally conducting readings. By 1826 the Reverend Thomas Reddall, chaplain of St Peter's, Campbelltown began conducting services at Kirkham on the north bank of the Nepean. In March 1827 Thomas Hassall was appointed Chaplain of the Cowpastures and settled at Denbigh near Cobbitty and he soon began his regular circuit of the properties and settlements within his parish, which included \"Camden Park\". The Macarthur's plans for Camden and it crowning jewel - its Anglican Church - in late 1835 lucky coincided with the introduction of Governor Burke's Church Act the following year. This Act was designed to promote the buildings of churches and chapels and provide for the maintenance of Ministers of Religion. This Act offered pound for pound subsidies for the construction of churches of all the major denominations. In this manner it removed the de facto \"established church\" status the Church of England had enjoyed in the colony to this point by providing equal access to state funding for the major"}, {"text": "denominations. The subsidies were available for churches and rectories costing between A\u00a3600 and A\u00a32,000. These building had to be designed by a competent architect and be approved by the Colonial Architect to be eligible for the subsidy. A subsidy of A\u00a31,000, towards the total cost of A\u00a32,500 of the church, was provided to the Macarthurs under this Act. The Reverend Hassall, Charles Cowper of Wivenhoe, James and William Macarthur, and George Macleay were appointed trustees of the church. While the 1836 Church Act provided substantial funds for church construction Bishop William Broughton and the Anglican Church were hamstrung by the lack of competent architects in the colony to realise their dreams and ideals. Consequently, Broughton was initially forced to rely on James Hume to design the church. He commissioned Hume to design the church in the classical style in 1837. This design was initially accepted by Broughton, and assumedly the Macarthurs, but it was abandoned by late 1839 at the request of Emily Macarthur, James' new wife, who objected to the classical design and preferred something in the Gothic Revival style which was the current new vogue in England. James Macarthur had travelled to England in 1836 and whilst there"}, {"text": "met Emily Stone (1806-1880) in 1838. Stone was the daughter of Henry and Mary Stone. Henry was a civil servant (and later banker or their family had banking connections) and Mary was the daughter of Dr William Roxburgh, a botanist with the East India Company. Emily Stone was born in India and she travelled to England in 1811. Macarthur and Stone married in 1838 and travelled to the Colony, arriving in March 1839. Emily became the first lady of the new Camden House, completed in 1834\u201335. Architectural influences. During the mid-late 1830s in England, the Gothic Revival or Medieval style of architecture became the new trend in ecclesiological architecture due to the works of the Tractarian movement and the Cambridge Camden Society. The Oxford or Tractarian movement, named after their publication \"Tracts for the Times\", was formed at Oxford in 1833 as a new school of churchmanship. Initially, it was an academic theological and historical movement focussed on ascertaining the rightful position and nature of the Church of England within contemporary society. It had been formed as a protest against the State and liberal pressure being directed against the Church of England at the time and was part of the"}, {"text": "Church taking stock of its purpose and mission. However, as it rapidly grew and was influenced by the Romantic Movement it morphed into a widespread affirmation of the spiritual and historical integrity and apostolic character of the Church of England. To this end it focussed on and insisted that the sacramental character of the Church be given proper reverence. The movement argued for the reinstatement of some older Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology. Overall, Tractarianism focussed on the Catholic heritage of the church and the apostolic succession, espoused that the liturgical emphasis should be on the sacraments, and was strongly opposed to any segregation in church based on social differentiation. At this time the liturgical emphasis of the Church of England was on the spoken word with the pulpit being the focus of attention and there was commonly social segregation through the use of rented pews for the wealthy and open galleries for the poor. Tractarianism was, overall, a divisive movement, as among its supporters it generated much excitement, but at the same time it brought about resolute and firm opposition among its, often Evangelical, opponents. The nature of the movement to look"}, {"text": "towards the medieval past for inspiration led its liberal critics to label it as retrogressive and its Evangelical opponents as pro-Roman Catholic and a threat to the Protestant Church. Several of the movement's leaders seceded to the Roman Catholic Church. The Cambridge Camden Society, later the Ecclesiological Society, was originally established to study the design and execution of ecclesiastical ornaments and buildings. This organisation was closely allied with the Tractarian movement as their goal was to provide structural expression for the liturgical and doctrinal ideals they developed. In this manner they were attempting to reintroduce structural sacramentalism to the Church of England. They eventually settled on Gothic architecture as being the most fitting for church construction and promoted these designs in Britain and across her colonies. In accordance with their goals they had very stringent standards and design requirements for church architecture and church designs they approved. The society advocated an architectural form known as \"symbolic sacramentality\" which was a system where the material fabric of the structure was designed to symbolise or embody some abstract meaning and through which an expression of liturgy could be articulated structurally. In essence the society aimed to develop a style that could best"}, {"text": "embody \"both liturgical and architectural beauty without striving for effect\". This society aimed to implement the reformations of the Tractarian Movement through igniting a change in ecclesiological architecture in England. The favoured design or icon of the society ultimately came to be an idealised version of the 14th Century English country parish church and particularly the designs modelled after this type by its favoured architects in the 1830s and 1840s. This design stressed the proper definition and separation of the nave and chancel; the allocation of the chancel with fair proportions; the placement of the font at the entrance to the church; the addition of an exterior porch; the provision of aisles with the subsequent threefold division of the nave symbolising the holy trinity; the provision of an un-galleried nave furnished with open benches; the establishment of the chancel, sanctuary, and altar as the focus of the congregation through their elevation with steps (ideally three each); the sub-division of the chancel into a chorus cantorum and sacrarium; and the alignment of the church so that it faced east. Church design should also encourage the exclusion of the congregation from the chancel, which was only acceptable when receiving communion. A tower"}, {"text": "was not considered an essential element, but if provided should be at the west end or at the crossing of the church if it featured transepts. The most ideal Gothic style was the Decorated, dating to between 1260 and 1360 (13th-14th Centuries), and stone building materials, or less so flints, with bricks only being used as an alternative when neither was available. In this manner a church should emphasise auditory and hierarchal values in its architecture. This design was in contrast to the traditional early nineteenth century style that featured high box pews, triple-decker pulpit, and a western gallery containing harmonium and choir. Emily Macarthur must have been fashionably up-to-date with the nascent Gothic Revival in England prompting her to ensure that the new Anglican church at Camden was constructed in the Gothic Revival style. However, due to the lack of competent architects in the colony that could design buildings in this style (Edmund Blacket arrived in the colony until 1843), Emily and James Macarthur decided to have a British architect design the church. They chose the Scottish architect John Cunningham (1799-1873) who had a connection with Emily's family or the Macarthurs. Cunningham had been trained in the Edinburgh City"}, {"text": "Works Department, but after he established his own practice he mostly worked in the Liverpool area. During his career Cunningham designed a number of churches in Gothic and Romanesque revival styles. It is unclear at what point the decision was made to change the style of the Camden church from Classical to Gothic. It seems most likely that the decision occurred prior to the beginning of construction of the church. After their arrival back in Camden in mid-1839, Emily and James Macarthur likely convinced the other church trustees to change the style. They must have been successful by late 1839 when Hume was dropped as the architect, allowing them to send away for plans at this time. They waited until the winter of 1840 before clearing the site and constructing the bedrock foundations for the church and they must have had the plans in hand by September when construction began in earnest. When the Macarthurs sent to England for plans they must have specified that they be the same dimensions as Hume's original plans, perhaps to ensure that the budget for the church was still applicable to the Gothic Revival design. This would explain the similarity in the designs of"}, {"text": "the foundations of the two plans noted by many modern authors. Construction phase. The construction work commenced on the church during the winter of 1840 with the levelling of the site occurring over two months. Construction of the brickwork commenced in September allowing Bishop Broughton to lay the foundation stone on 3 November 1840. During these works the Colonial Architect, Mortimer William Lewis served as supervisory architect. This was likely a result of the connection of the Macarthur family rather than Lewis fulfilling the terms of the Church Act requirements on the design and construction. Richard Basden was the local builder employed to construct the church. He supplied the 386,000 bricks used in its erection from his brickyard located on the southwest corner of the intersection of Argyle and Oxley streets. John Le Ferve acted as the carpenter and he constructed the brick spire, framing, and other timberwork. The ironbark that was used to construct the roof framing was provided by the Macarthur brothers who organised for it to be cut from the forest at Mount Hunter. The stone for the construction was sourced from Denbigh and the lime from quarries near Goulburn. With these arrangements construction continued apace during"}, {"text": "1841 and by April 1842 the roof, tower, and spire (including its plastering) had been completed. Unfortunately, the depression now intruded on the construction work with a lack of funds preventing the final stages of construction, such as the installation of the stained glass windows and the furnishing and flooring of the interior. This was apparently due to the folding of the bank that held the funds for the church construction. With the loss of these funds the church could not be completed until replacement funding could be found and this was difficult due to the financial straits of the Colony and the Macarthurs. It is also possible that the depression caused the delay of the promised funding from the government under the Church Act. By the time the shell of the church had been constructed in 1842 its authentic Gothic Revival design was a new innovation in the colony and just ahead of the fashionable wave of the Gothic Revival that was to wash over the community from the mid-1840s. In particular, the decorated Gothic stone tracery of the windows and the open cusped hammer-beam roof of the church were entirely new features that subsequently became standard for Gothic"}, {"text": "Revival churches in the colony. While construction had been underway the land grant for St John's Church had been formally granted to the Anglican Church through Bishop Broughton in May 1841 by James and William Macarthur. This land was reserved strictly for \"the erection of a church or chapel for the performance of divine worship according to the rites of the United Church of England and Ireland (and) for the erection of a residence for a clergyman in holy orders, and for a burial ground according to the use of the said United Church.\" The grant was triangular and positioned on the south side of the town with Broughton Street forming its north boundary, the road from Broughton Street to Camden House its west boundary, and the road from Elizabeth Street to Camden House its east and south boundary. Also as part of this deed of land on the \"Camden Park Estate\" to the west of Camden House and south of Belgenny Farm was granted to the Church of England as the Macarthur family burial vault. Soon after the granting of this land the first burial of Thomas Budd of Narellan occurred in the cemetery in March 1843. The cemetery"}, {"text": "continued to grow from this period. No records are available about burials or grave locations for the first forty years of its existence. During the halt in construction work, Camden continued to develop at a fast pace with it expanding to 45 households by around 1846. This development was undertaken in the shadow of the incomplete shell of St John's that promised picturesque beauty if it could be completed. Some effort appeared to have been undertaken in 1846 to completed the construction of the church when James Macarthur was reported to have ordered the stained glass windows from England. To ensure that they were of the correct size zinc templates were sent of the unique design with its tiny stained glass diamonds. Two of these windows (plus more in the tower) are still extant in the church today. Further work to complete the church occurred by 1848 when it was suggested in the local press that the flooring had been laid and even perhaps the windows installed leaving just the interior furnishings, pulpit, seats, and chancel fittings, to be finalised. From early 1848 the church was used for marriages, according to the parish register. Temporary measures to supply furnishings and"}, {"text": "fittings appear to have been taken prior to June 1849 to allow the consecration of the church to finally be carried out. The consecration of St John's the Evangelist Anglican Church was performed by Bishop Broughton on 7 June 1849. The ceremony was attended by a congregation of around 500 people, including the Macarthur brothers, and the service was assisted by the incumbent Reverend Edward Rodgers and the clergy of the surrounding parishes (Rev. George F. Macarthur). An account eloquently describes the church on its completion: At the time of its completion St John's was considered to be large for the population of Camden and the surrounding estates. Its size was part of the Macarthur's vision, and providing for the future, for a large and thriving settlement at Camden that honoured Anglican morals and traditions. The original road that ran along the south border of the church lot was used extensively by the Macarthur family travelling from the town and the main south road to Camden Park House. It was closed around the time St John's was completed and consecrated. The operation of St John's Camden. Clergy. The Anglican Parish of Camden is thought to date from the period of"}, {"text": "the enactment of the Church Act in 1836-1837 and the early plans of James and William Macarthur to establish a church at Camden. With the Macarthur family acting as patrons for the new church and endowing the stipend of the clergyman, they had the right of nomination of presentation of a parish under the provisions of the Sydney Diocesan Ordinance. However, an arrangement was made at Camden that the appointment of a minister was alternatively the decision of the Macarthur family and the Bishop. The first incumbent of the parish of Camden (in conjunction with the parish of Narellan) was the Rev. Robert Forrest who was appointed in 1843. Forrest was the first headmaster of The King's School, Parramatta from 1832 and the minister of the parish of Campbelltown from 1839 to April 1843. Forrest resided at his property Elderslie and officiated at services at the Camden Park school-room and the Narellan school-church during this period. He returned to The King's School in January 1848. Forrest's replacement was the Rev. Edward Rogers who was appointed in early 1848 and was subsequently the minister at the time of St John's consecration in June 1849. Rogers oversaw the first registered marriage in"}, {"text": "St John's on 24 February 1848 between Robert Boyd of Camden and Augusta Sheather of Camden Park and the first marriage, following its consecration, in June 1849 between Thomas Dunk and Maria New of Camden. Rogers remained at St John's until 1858 when he was appointed to the Holy Trinity Church, in Millers Point. The first churchwardens of St John's who worked alongside Rogers were James Macarthur, William Macarthur, and George Macleay. Over the following years they were replaced by both the main tradesmen who had been involved in the church construction: John Le Ferve in 1854 and Richard Basden in 1856. The Rev. Henry Tingcombe replaced Rogers in August 1858. He had previously been the minister of Armidale from 1846. When the rectory was completed in 1859, Tingcombe was its first resident and he remained in the parish until his resignation in October 1872. At the time of Tingcombe's resignation the arrangements for the endowment of the stipend for the parish were altered. The Macarthur family continued to contribute A\u00a3100 per annum to the stipend and provided the rectory on a nominal rent, but the local parishioners were now asked to contribute the remaining part of the stipend. With"}, {"text": "this arrangement the Bishop of Sydney granted his right of alternate nomination of the minister to the parish. The ministers appointed from this time were: Modifications. A critique of the completed St John's at the time of its consecration was that its chancel was too short for the preferred liturgy of the day as encouraged by the Tractarian movement. This movement required long chancels that could accommodate a choir and in which the raised altar was the focus of the congregation. This lack must have been felt by the congregation over the early years of the church's operation as in 1857 Sir William Macarthur decided to acquire plans for a chancel extension and vestry. Consequently, during his visit to Europe between 1855 and 1857 as commissioner of the NSW contingent to the Paris International Exhibition he commissioned the famous English Gothic Revival architect, Sir George Gilbert Scott to provide a design. It apparently took some time for Scott to supply these plans and it appears that in the meantime Edmund Blacket was also commissioned to provide a design. No action seems to have been taken to implement either of these designs over the following years until the death of James"}, {"text": "Macarthur in April 1867 that led to a desire by the congregation to install a fitting memorial in the church for the life of the gentleman who had been instrumental in its establishment and early management. The congregation, organised by Rev. Tingcombe, resolved to erect a memorial window, enlarge the chancel, and complete the church in honour of James Macarthur. They organised a subscription fund, \"the Macarthur Memorial Fund\", in which the friends and Macarthur relatives could contribute funds towards this memorial. Later in 1867, a grand stained-glass window was commissioned from Clayton and Bell. However, when it became time to implement the chancel enlargement, William and the rector, Rev. Tingcombe disagreed about which plan to use. William preferred Scott's and Tingcombe preferred Blacket's. This disagreement continued to at least 1872 before a compromise was reached and a mix of Scott's and Blacket's work was used. The separate vestry design that was implemented is thought to be Blacket's work. Construction work on the chancel extension and vestry commenced post-1872 with the bricks being sourced from the demolition of Thompson's former steam flour mill and store that was constructed, . Work on the extension was completed in 1874, and on 13"}, {"text": "June 1875 the chancel extension with its window memorial to James Macarthur was finally opened by the Lord Bishop of Sydney. Soon after the completion of St John's the need was identified for improved educational facilities in the budding township of Camden. Consequently, in 1850 a denominational school was founded on the eastern corner of the church lot, adjacent the intersection of Hill and Broughton streets. Funding was granted from the Denominational School Board for the school and the trustees of the local board, George Macleay, Rev. Edward Rodgers, and John Oxley sought about seeing to its construction. The foundation stone was laid by Bishop Broughton on 1 July 1850, and tenders for the construction were called in February 1851. The neat brick school remained in use until it was closed in 1879 after the establishment of the Camden Public School. The building was retained by the church for the next 25 years before its worsening condition prompted the parish to sell it and of surrounding land in December 1906. Both the condition of the building and the need to raise funds to construct a new Church Hall appear to have played a part in prompting the sale of this"}, {"text": "corner of the original 1841 land grant for the church. The need for a rectory at St John's was alleviated in 1859 with the construction of a brick rectory with stables and coach house. James and William Macarthur donated the A\u00a31,000 for the construction of these building on lands belonging to the \"Camden Park Estate\". As Rev. Tingcombe was the Rector of the church at this time and he became the first occupant of the new rectory it has been speculated that Blacket was the architect for this building. This is because these gentlemen are known to have been associates and in later times were involved in the design of the chancel extension. The rectory consisted of a substantial Georgian style two-storey brick building with six-pane windows and shutters, as well as a front verandah. The Macarthurs appear to have seen to the upkeep of the rectory throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century and continued to manage the surrounding land as part of the estate. It appears that they permitted some of the surrounding land to be used for glebe purposes by the rectors. In 1861 a new organ, specially constructed by Bates and Sons of Ludgate Hill, London,"}, {"text": "was presented to the church on the behalf of Emily Macarthur (who was in London at the time) to replace an older harmonium that was not of the best quality. Theodore Charles Bates was a well-known London builder of small finger and barrel organs. He operated from about 1812 to 1864 on his own, in partnership with others, and in partnerships with his son. A new gallery was constructed at the west end of St John's in 1861 to accommodate this new organ. This gallery was designed by Blacket and the organ was fitted by 21 July 1861. Elizabeth Macarthur (1840-1911), the only daughter of James and Emily Macarthur, married Commander R. N. Arthur Onslow (1833-1882) at St John's on 21 January 1867. Elizabeth, and to a lesser degree her husband, were strong patrons of the church throughout her life and she donated many fixtures to improve the church facilities. The early 1880s witnessed the passing away of several older members of the Macarthur family. Emily died in 1880 and Arthur Onslow in early 1882 leaving Elizabeth to raise their six surviving children. William Macarthur passed away on 29 October 1882 and his funeral service was held at St John's"}, {"text": "before he was interred at the family vault on the \"Camden Park Estate\". As he had never married he left the estate to his niece Elizabeth Macarthur-Onslow. Elizabeth had been managing the estate since the late 1870s due to William's failing health. Throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century and into the next Elizabeth Macarthur-Onslow and her children were strong friends and patrons of the church and its parish. In 1897 Elizabeth Elizabeth Macarthur-Onslow donated the turret clock and peal of eight ringing bells for the church tower to commemorate Queen Victoria's diamond Jubilee. The bells were dedicated to different members of the Macarthur family. By the late nineteenth century the church cemetery was nearing capacity and a new general cemetery at Cawdor was dedicated in 1898 to serve the community. The church cemetery was soon closed except for those who had purchased the right to burial or family vaults. Plans to construct the first Church Hall were underway in 1905 to provide the parish with improved facilities after the deterioration of the old denominational school building. This hall was designed by Sulman and Power in the Federation Gothic style and the plans were approved by the Diocesan Building Surveyor,"}, {"text": "Cyril Blacket (a son of Edmund Blacket) in February 1906. Sir John Sulman is renown as an important late-nineteenth and early twentieth century Australian architect. The design consisted of a hall with platform and two retiring rooms at the south end and porch at the front. The Bishop of Goulburn laid the foundation stone for the hall on 29 July and construction commenced soon after. Funding came from three main sources: the Church Loan Fund, the Camden Park Estate, and other subscriptions and donations. The funds from the sale of the denomination school when it proceeded after 1906 was reportedly used to pay back the loan for the construction. An Ordinance of August 1906 approved the sale of of the original 1841 grant to the Anglican Church for the establishment of St John's. This reduced the grant area to the which is extant today. The rationale for the sale of this land was the area was surplus to the needs of the church and the funds from the sale were necessary for the funding of the new hall which was already under construction. Elizabeth Macarthur-Onslow consented to the sale and the auction took place in December 1906 and the land"}, {"text": "was sold for A\u00a3300 to Mr F. C. Whiteman. The land was sold again in 1925, and in 1926, and a Masonic Lodge was built on the site, currently extant. In the early 20th century when the Parish was in some financial trouble due to a decrease in the congregation and the changing nature of the surrounding area (from agriculture to dairy farming) the Macarthur-Onslow family came to its assistance through the granting of additional land. In May 1905, George Macleay Macarthur-Onslow, a church warden and active member of the congregation, donated the rectory to the Camden Parish on behalf of the Directors of the Camden Park Estate Limited, at the annual vestry meeting of St John's parish. The parish now had its own proper rectory, however, it required that the parish outlay funds for the upkeep of the property. It seemed that prior to this date, Camden Park Estate Limited paid for repairs, renovations, and other maintenance. Consequently, in November 1905 a property encompassing the rectory was transferred from the \"Camden Park Estate\" to the Anglican Church Property Trust. In August 1910 the \"Camden Park Estate\" donated a further two pieces of land to the Parish: a lot equal"}, {"text": "in width to the rectory and lot and extending from its south side to the Nepean River, and a lot, the modern-day horse paddock between the rectory and church lots. The \"Camden Park Estate\" also offered for purchase the strip of land between the rectory and Mr Furner's paddock for A\u00a3200. It appears that the parish didn't accept this offer at the time. In September 1911, the two parcels of donated land were transferred from the \"Camden Park Estate\" to the Church of England Property Trust. Elizabeth Macarthur-Onslow passed away while in England in August 1911. The following year, a memorial lych gate, currently extant, was installed in her honour on the church grounds. The \"Camden Park Estate\" had been formed into a company a few years previously and her sons and daughters had been strongly associated with its running since they reached their majorities. Rosa Sibella (1871-1943), who had cared for her mother for some time, took over Camden Park House and the headship of the family. She was a good friend and patron of St John's over her lifetime and a leader in church and charity affairs. Captain George Onslow was strongly connected with civic and social life"}, {"text": "in Camden in this period and was a treasurer of the parish council for some time, strongly connected with the Parish and St John's throughout his life. Upon his death in 1937 a memorial window depicting war and peace was installed in the nave. In July 1929, a strip of land to the south of the rectory from Menangle Road to the Nepean River was transferred from the \"Camden Park Estate\" to the Church of England Property Trust. This lot may encompass the land that the \"Camden Park Estate\" had previously offered to the Parish for A\u00a3200 in 1910. The land the Parish now owned facing Menangle Road to the south of the rectory was subdivided into building blocks and sold in 1932. In 1968 the remaining of glebe land located between the rectory and the Nepean River, as well as an additional purchased by the parish, was subdivided and sold as a residential estate. This comprised 54 buildings lots around Forrest Crescent and Tingcombe Place, and Paul Place - streets named after the early ministers of the parish. Part of the original rectory lot was also subdivided at this time. The of flood prone land closest to the Nepean"}, {"text": "River was donated to Camden Council and became the Kings Bush reserve. Today it is known as the Chellaston Street Reserve. The funds raised through this land sale were used to meet the operation costs of the parish and to fund the construction of a new church hall. The final building constructed in the church precinct was the second Church Hall. It was designed by the architects Martin and King and originally also included a kindergarten that has never been constructed due to a lack of funding. The foundation stone for this hall was set by Brigadier Richard Quentin Macarthur-Stanham (1921-2008) of Camden Park House on 24 September 1972. It was opened and dedicated on 25 March 1973 by the Archbishop of Sydney Most Rev. Marcus Loane. Description. The following description has been sourced and summarised primarily from the Conservation Management Plan prepared for St John's Anglican Church Precinct, that provides a comprehensive physical description of the precinct's major elements and its wider landscape context. St John's Anglican Church Precinct. The St John's Anglican Church Precinct comprises the church, rectory, cemetery, two church halls and grounds that provide a rural landscaped environment to the group. The precinct is situated on"}, {"text": "St John's Hill, which is 134 metres above sea level and overlooks the township of Camden. St John's Anglican Church and its precinct was created to be the picturesque focus of the Camden region and today, it is one of the most complete parish church groups in NSW. The precinct comprises three modern lots: the church lot comprising the remainder of the original 1841 land grant from the Macarthur family; the rectory lot comprising the remainder of the land donated to the parish from the \"Camden Park Estate\" in 1906; and the horse paddock lot that was donated to the parish from the \"Camden Park Estate\" in 1911. It is bordered on its east side by Menangle Road, by Broughton Street on its north side, Forrest Crescent on its south side, and the Alpha Road (Warner Estate) residential development on its west side. The church lot features St John's Church, the two church halls, the cemetery, and churchyard. The rectory lot comprises the rectory, its associated stables, and grounds. The horse paddock lot between them is a rolling grassed open space that was formerly glebe land for the rector. It forms an important setting that accentuates the rural and nineteenth"}, {"text": "century characters of the church and churchyard and rectory and grounds. St John's Anglican Church. St John's Anglican Church is a town church featuring a large nave, chancel (extended in 1872\u20131874), vestry (added 1872\u20131874), and west tower with brick spire. It is considered to be the first archaeologically correct Gothic Revival church constructed in the Colony of NSW since it was mostly complete by 1843. It considerably differs from earlier churches in its competent and authentic decorated gothic design and its internal layout with the pulpit and prayer desk in the east end and the table in the chancel. This was considerably different from the previous centralised plans used in the colony (box-like). The hammer beam roof trusses with their carved tracery and mullioned windows with their stone tracery were authentic English decorated style detailing that were new to the Colony at the time. The spire and its features, engaged buttresses, correct moulding, and finial, were correct to new Victorian Gothic Revival and likewise new features to the Colony. At the time of its completion the building was of a superior quality with a high standard of craftsmanship in its fittings. Its font communion rail, windows, and the enormous stone"}, {"text": "flagged floor of the nave are all of particularly fine craftsmanship. Today the church remains complete with its tower, spire, stained glass, and all its furniture all being in a good condition. The bare brick finish of the building imparts it with a rustic charm that, to the modern eye, intensifies its romantic qualities. Church exterior. Clock and bells. Early photographs indicate that the openings for insertion of a clock face in the tower were part of the original building. The extant turret clock and peal of eight ringing bells were erected in June 1897 (Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee). They were ordered from England in 1896 by Mrs Elizabeth Macarthur-Onslow. The clock is by Gillett and Johnson of Croydon, London, and the bells are by Meares and Stainbanks of Whitechapel, London. Installation of the clock was undertaken by F. W. Syer of North Sydney, and the bells were hung by J. D. Rankin of Camden, all under the supervision of Sulman and Power, architects. The clock was officially started by J. K. Chisholm on 21 June 1897. In , electric motors replaced the manual winding mechanism for the striking of the bells. The original church bell was installed in 1859."}, {"text": "It was relocated to St James' Menangle at the time of the installation of the present peal of bells. The clock mechanism consists of three chains of wheels (one drives the clock, the others the striking and chiming apparatus) driven by three weights. The three dials are in diameter. The chimes are of the \"Westminster\" pattern. Of the eight bells, six are inscribed with the names of members of Mrs Elizabeth Macarthur-Onslow's family in the ascending order of weight: The tenor bell is inscribed with the doxology. The clock and striking mechanism, bell hammers and clappers were restored . They have been regularly serviced over the recent past, but are today in need of minor works as they are off time. Church interior. Nave. Windows. The original interior lighting of the church was by candles placed along the top rail of the pew backs. In 1859, 34 kerosene lamps were installed. In c.1910 an acetylene gas system was installed, which was subsequently connected to a town gas supply. In 1932 mains supply electricity was installed in the town with connections made to the church. Other: Eight wall mounted infrared electric radiators (1990). Tablets and memorial fittings. The tablets in the"}, {"text": "church commemorate: Organ loft and choir gallery - interior. Organ loft: Installed in 1861. The organ loft and choir gallery were constructed at the west end of the nave. The design for this alteration was prepared by Edmund T. Blacket. The builder was John Le Fevre (a former church warden). The cost was met by public subscription. Stair to loft: Tasmanian oak stairs (1995). Originally access to the gallery was by stairs situated in the entrance area under the tower. This arrangement was removed in 1995 and new access stairs were installed within the nave to the design of architect R. Y. Stringer. Screen doors: Entry to nave; pair of Tasmanian oak glass panelled doors (1995). Organ: The organ is labelled \"Bates and Son, organ builders Ludgate Hill London\". The organ is housed in a timber case in the Gothic style, of gabled towers with pinnacles, and contains 17 false gilded pipes arranged 5-7-5. It has eight ranks to the manual and one rank to the foot pedals. The original harmonium was installed in 1850 on a platform which also accommodated the choir; located at the west end of the nave. The extant pipe organ was either built or rebuilt"}, {"text": "(Rev C. J. King in 1919 stated that it was second hand) by the London firm of T.C. Bates & Son, Organ Builders, 6 Ludgate Hill, London. The organ was selected by Dr E. J. Hopkins, organist of Temple Church, London, for Emily Macarthur. The purchase price was A\u00a3300. Theodore Charles Bates was a builder of small finger and barrel organs from 1812 through to 1864. In alterations, possibly undertaken early in this century, the Bourdon pipes were added for the pedals and the range reduced. This work was by organ builder, Charles Richardson. Further alterations were made in 1969 by the organ builder Arthur Jones. Extensive restoration was commenced in 2000. Between 2002 and 2007 the organ was completely rebuilt by M. Da Costa master organ builder of Sydney who extended the keyboard compass back to the original G below bottom C with additional pipes. Rectory and stables. The rectory of St John's, dating from , is a thorough architectural essay in strict Georgian symmetry and discipline. Its plan form is four square about a wide hall. This is repeated for the first floor. The window and door openings are set out to give symmetrical elevations and internally doors"}, {"text": "face each other across the halls. The elevations are executed in fine face brick laid in true English bond. Large double-hung windows with divided sashes and shutters are identical throughout the house. The windows are original, with double-hung sashes, each divided into a six panes, in a timber-box frame with a pair of louvred timber shutters. The quality and details of the house are refined but simple. All except two of the chimney pieces have been removed. The surviving joinery, cornices and staircase are well built and finely executed examples of their period. The original verandah on the front of the building (its east side) was removed in the mid-1970s and replaced with a smaller portico. This portico was later removed and the verandah recreated in 2003. A family room was added to the rectory sometime between 2004 and 2010. Internally, the rectory consists of a main and rear hall, sitting room, study, dining room, bedroom, sunroom, passage, service room, kitchen, laundry and lavatory on the first floor, and stair hall, four further bedrooms and a dressing room. The stables are constructed in brick and originally provided for horse stabling, carriage and harness storage with feed loft. The building was"}, {"text": "reduced in length to enable access to church land subdivision in 1968 and for the creation of Forrest Crescent. Church hall (1906). The Federation Gothic church hall is entirely as built in 1906 except for a partition one bay east of the original stage proscenium. The roof is asbestos cement shingles with a perforated terracotta roof ridging and weatherboarding to the gable ends. The bell and its associated detail is intact. The hall has timber-framed doors and windows; the walls are face brick; the interior walls are painted print; the floors are timber and the ceiling is timber planked with exposed compound steel and timber trusses. Drainage works were undertaken to overcome structural cracking as some point between 2004 and 2010. The site also contains a modern second church hall, dating from 1973, which was deemed not to be of heritage significance. Church Precinct Grounds. Plantings. There are a group of exotic and native trees planted to the east and south of the church and within the terraced platforms of the cemetery. These trees are visible in photographs from the 1860s onwards: Other mature trees immediately around the church include Mediterranean cypress (\"Cupressus sempervirens\"), forest red gum (\"Eucalyptus tereticornis\"), kurrajong"}, {"text": "(\"Brachychiton populneum\"), Chinese juniper (\"Juniperus chinensis\"), oleanders (\"Nerium oleander cv.s\"), funeral cypresses (\"Chamaecyparis funebris\"), \"Photinia glabra\", Chinese elm (\"Ulmus chinensis\"), and brown pine (\"Podocarpus elatus\"). Memorials. There are several memorials to benefactors within the precinct: Other features. The major features, other than buildings, within the precinct are: Cemetery. The modern cemetery covers an area of around across approximately six terraces ranged across the southern slopes of the church lot. It holds approximately 1600 grave sites and is scattered with and surrounding by various tree plantings. Since 1977 there has been an ongoing program of maintenance which ensures that the sites is not overgrown by vegetation. Between 1977 and 1987 a survey of the cemetery was undertaken that recorded all the grave sites. Further work has been undertaken in 1995 by a Land Environment Action Program team and in 1999 by a work for the dole program. Today sections of the cemetery are in poor condition and require maintenance, rebuilding, and interpretation. Regional landscape context. St John's Anglican Church Precinct is an exemplary demonstration of the regional use of landscape design. St John's Anglican Church, with its tower and spire, dominates and commands the Camden landscape on its high prominence (St"}, {"text": "John's Hill) in the middle of what is a low-lying flood plain. Its tower and spire symbolically reach for heaven and point the way for the minds and souls of the local community. The church tower and spire, as well as other elements of the church precinct such as the rectory, are visible from many locations in the local landscape from Cobbitty to the north, Narellan in the east, Cawdor in the south, and Grasmere and Bickley Vale to the west. More distant views are also available of the church in the greater region as well. This effect on the local landscape is the result of a deliberate landscape design by the Macarthur family that was aimed both at creating picturesque vistas that reminded them of an English countryside, and reinforcing the social order the Macarthurs, as part of the ruling class, wished to uphold. St John's extraordinary command of the regional landscape ensures that it is visible from all the major roads, high points, and the seats of several of the major local estates. This command is expressed through 16 significant views and vistas in the regional landscape that is identified in the conservation management plan. The most important"}, {"text": "of these many vistas are the two deliberately planned by the Macarthur family with the assistance of Sir Thomas Mitchell: Condition. As at 20 September 2017, St John's the Evanglist Anglican church was in good condition and retains all its original fabric. It is well maintained by the Camden Parish and features only small sympathetic modifications to assist in the modern running of the building. Some elements of the building require conservation and maintenance works such as the clock and bells, roof, and walls (rising damp). The churchyard and grounds are well maintained and in good condition. The cemetery is well maintained but requires some conservation works to its older portions to prevent further subsidence of some graves and memorials. The rectory is in a fair-good condition but requires some maintenance works, especially to its roof. The church hall is in fair condition, but has some issues with structural cracking due to subsidence. The church precinct has good integrity and intactness. Organ: The pipes and mechanical action have been modified in places and added to over time, however the organ remains a substantially intact instrumental and is played regularly. Heritage listing. As at 6 November 2007, St John's Anglican Church"}, {"text": "Precinct was of state heritage significance as a group of ecclesiastical buildings set in a beautiful landscape setting consisting of mature and exotic tree plantings and open grassed slopes. The precinct's centre and focal point is St John's the Evangelist Anglican Church which is of state heritage significance as the first Gothic Revival church constructed in NSW that was correct in its medieval detail ('archaeologically correct'). This status, along with its strong connection to the 1836 Church Act, renders it an important early forerunner of the Gothic Revival movement which was to dominate ecclesiastical architecture in the Colony throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century. The church, and especially its tower and spire, is aesthetically significant to NSW as part of the regional Camden landscape created by the Macarthur family. St John's as an important regional landmark is a significant element in the picturesque landscape planning used to create the Camden Park Estate, the seat of the Macarthur family. As part of a triumvirate of significant points in the landscape, along with Camden Park House and the township of Camden, it also expresses the power structures the Macarthur family wished to instil in the local community they were creating in"}, {"text": "the early nineteenth century. This regional landscape design is of state heritage significance as an important example of early-mid nineteenth century landscape planning. The entire church precinct has an important historical association with the Macarthur family of Camden. Each of the precinct allotments was donated to the Anglican Church by the Macarthurs and the family funded the construction of most of the buildings and patronised the operation of the church throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Ultimately, St John's Anglican church precinct is a remarkable, picturesquely located, and historic place of Anglican worship in a state context. St John's Anglican Church Precinct was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 24 August 2018 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. St John the Evangelist Anglican Church has historical significance at a state level as the first archaeologically correct Gothic Revival Church constructed in the colony of NSW and Australia as the Gothic Revival movement gained momentum in the early 1840s. The church thus has an important place in this movement that was to dominate ecclesiastical architecture in the colony"}, {"text": "throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century. The Gothic Revival movement was reflective of deep-running change in the Anglican Church during this period. St John's Anglican Church demonstrates the spread of these ideas to the Colony, following the trends of ecclesiastical architecture in Britain. St John's Anglican Church is of historical significance at a state level due to its strong connection with the 1836 Church Act. This piece of legislation confirmed the colony as a religiously plural society and ushered in an unprecedented period of church building. St John's is one of the earliest extant churches built under this act. It is an important member of this group of early Church Act churches due to its Gothic Revival design, fine construction, picturesque location, and prominent part in wider regional landscape planning that renders it a remarkable place of worship. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. St John's Anglican Church Precinct has an association of state significance with the Macarthur family. The Macarthurs have played significant roles in politics, social life, philanthropy, military life, and the development of wool growing,"}, {"text": "agriculture, horticulture, viticulture, and dairying in the colony of NSW. They are especially well remembered as the gentry that developed the Camden area as it is today with its wide open rural landscape and proud historic nature. The Macarthur family are directly responsible for the establishment of St John's and its associated church precinct as they donated the land on which it sits and provided much of the funding that saw the church, rectory, and many of the other features constructed. Many elements of the church precinct and furnishings of the church were also donated by, or are memorials to, members of the Macarthur family. In this manner, the church precinct and its regional landscape setting is a fitting memorial to the achievements of the Macarthur family in the development of the Camden region and the Colony of NSW. Among the generations of the Macarthur family that have been custodians of the Camden Park Estate there are several members who were closely involved with the establishment and running of the church precinct. The successful pastoralist and conservative politician James (1798-1867); his wife Emily (1806-1880); and the prominent pastoralist, horticulturalist, vintner, and benefactor of public institutions Sir William Macarthur (1800\u201382) were"}, {"text": "intimately involved in the establishment and construction of St John's and the early portions of its precinct during the mid-nineteenth century. Their successors to the Camden Park Estate, the philanthropist and dairy farmer Elizabeth (1840-1911) and naval officer and politician Commander R. N. Arthur Macarthur-Onslow (1833-1882), were also strongly involved in the further running and development of the church and precinct during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Their children the charity and church worker Rosa Sibella (1871-1943) and the soldier and grazier Brigadier-General George Macleay (1875-1931) were also involved in the same manner during the early to mid-twentieth century. The association between the family and the church precinct continued until at least 1972 when Brigadier Richard Quentin Macarthur-Stanham (1921-2008) laid the foundation stone for the new Church Hall. In this manner, almost all the diverse elements of the church precinct have some form of connection with members of the Macarthur family. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. St John's Anglican Church Precinct has aesthetic significance at a State level as a fine group of ecclesiastic buildings with a cemetery located in an open"}, {"text": "rural landscape resplendent with mature native and exotic trees, rolling grassed slopes, fence lines, paths, and memorials. This open setting creates important interconnecting views and vistas between different elements of the church precinct, such as that between the church and rectory, that allows for their proper appreciation. On a broader scale this open setting complements St John Anglican Church, and particular its tower and spire, by opening it to a wider catchment of views and vistas across the regional landscape. This allows the church to be the focus of the great picturesque character of the region which is the result of the landscape design implement by the Macarthurs in their development of Camden. In the landscape design St John's is the pinnacle of the township and the apex of many important vistas. As such, it has an all-encompassing relationship with its landscape and has important inter-relationships with the Camden Park Estate, Camden Park House, and the township of Camden that expresses the power structures between these places. St John's plays a key role in the picturesque landscape planning of the Camden Park Estate and particularly, Camden Park House. This is demonstrated by a picturesque vista of St John's available from"}, {"text": "the front carriageway loop of Camden Park House. It was part of the early design of the mansion and its surrounding countryside and it has been cultivated into the surrounding garden to the present by the Macarthur family. This vista features St John's tower and spire framed by the peaks of Mount Hay and Banks of the Blue Mountains range in the distance as its focal point. Its exemplary picturesque design is evident in the intricate details and variety in contains that are expressed in its contrasting textures created by the juxtaposition between nature and man-made structures and landscapes. This vista was deliberately planned to delight and interest the eye and mind of early nineteenth century observers and the medieval inspired design of St John's was a fitting centrepiece according to the dictates of the picturesque. This vista is reciprocated by a view of Camden Park House from the front steps of St John's Anglican Church. St John's is an important part in the framework of power dynamics the Macarthurs embedded in their regional landscape design to reinforce the social structures they wished to perpetuate. This featured the Macarthurs as the ruling upper gentry; the Anglican church, patronised and guided"}, {"text": "by the Macarthurs, as the moral compass of the community; and the middle and working classes as the lowest social strata. This social structure is expressed firstly through the distant vista of St John's from Camden Park House as described above which demonstrates the relationship the Macarthur family wished to cultivate with the Anglican Church in Camden; one of patronage and firm guidance. It is secondly expressed in the relationship of St John's Anglican Church with the township design of Camden as envisioned by James and William Macarthur and put into effect by Sir Thomas Mitchell. In this design, St John's is purposely situated on top of a hill over the town that ensures that it dominates the local landscape. This design ensures that the church, and particularly its tower and spire, was a reminder to the community of the watchful presence of God and the Anglican Church. This effect was further accentuated by the commanding vista of St John's along John Street that was purposefully planned into the town design by Mitchell. St John's Anglican Church has technical significance at a State level as the earliest, and one of the finest, examples of archaeologically correct Gothic Revival architecture in"}, {"text": "the state (and possibly nationally). This church embodies the aims of the early development of the Gothic Revival movement in the Colony. As such, it is a successful early example that was likely used as a precedent in the local Gothic Revival movement throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century. The church's fine construction, completeness, and good condition further enhance its significance against this criterion. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. St John's Anglican Church has research potential in a state context as the first archaeologically correct Gothic Revival church constructed in the colony. The church's fine construction and completeness, with its tower, spire, clock, bells, stained glass, organ, and furniture all being intact add to its significance against this criterion. St John's Anglican Church retains many elements of its original built fabric, which makes it a unique repository for the future study of nineteenth century technology and artisan's crafts. These aspects of the church make it an important research resource for the study of Gothic Revival architecture in the state context (and perhaps nationally). The Bates & Son pipe organ (c.1860) in"}, {"text": "St John's Anglican Church is the only known extant example constructed by this maker in NSW. This makes it an important research resource in the state context. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. St John's Anglican Church is rare in a state context as the first archaeologically correct Gothic Revival church constructed in the colony. The church's fine construction and completeness, with its tower, spire, clock, bells, stained glass, organ, and furniture all being intact add to its significance against this criterion. The Bates & Son pipe organ (c.1860) is rare in a state context as the only known extant example produced by these manufactures. St John's Anglican Church Precinct is rare in a state context as a complete ensemble of parish church buildings (church, rectory, cemetery, and grounds). It is one of the most complete church groups achieved in the colony in the nineteenth century. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. St John's Anglican Church is of state significance as a representative example of early architecturally correct Gothic Revival architecture in the"}, {"text": "colony. The church's fine construction and completeness, with its tower, spire, clock, bells, stained glass, organ, and furniture all being intact add to its significance against this criterion. St John's Anglican Church Precinct is of state significance as a representative example of a complete ensemble of parish church buildings dating to the nineteenth century."}, {"text": "The Special Hillsides Preservation District was created in 1987 by the City of New York to preserve the hilly terrains of the North Shore of Staten Island. The district maintains different planning rules to the rest of the City to account for the geological and bio diversity of the area. The district's goals are to reduce hillside erosion, landslides, and excessive storm-water runoff by conserving vegetation and protecting natural terrain; preserve hillsides with unique aesthetic value; protect areas of outstanding natural beauty; and protect neighborhood character. The district is under the Staten Island Community Board 1 supervision and it affects the green areas in the following Staten Island neighborhoods: Grymes Hill, New Brighton, Randall Manor, Silver Lake, St. George, Tompkinsville, Ward Hill, and West Brighton. There have been current debates on whether the new proposed rules announced in 2019 by NYC's Department of City Planning (DCP) meant to establish clear rules for home construction projects, will actually weaken the environmental protection goals of the preservation districts, as they will remove opportunities for public input on proposed developments in their neighborhood."}, {"text": "Ernest Bertram Lloyd (14 May 1881 \u2013 9 June 1944) was an English activist, humanitarian, and naturalist. A member of the Lloyd banking family, he was a vocal campaigner for ethical and humanitarian causes, including animal welfare and rights, pacifism, women's suffrage, and reforms in sexual education, and LGBTQ+ rights. Lloyd co-founded the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports and was an active member of the Humanitarian League and the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology. A committed conscientious objector during World War I, he engaged with organisations including the Union of Democratic Control, No-Conscription Fellowship, and the Independent Labour Party. Beyond his activism, Lloyd was a translator, editor of humanitarian poetry anthologies, and a dedicated field naturalist who made notable contributions to ornithology and entomology. Biography. Early life and education. Lloyd was born in North London on 14 May 1881. He was a member of the Lloyd banking family. Lloyd was privately educated at Merchant Taylors' School. He then spent two years in Germany, where he attained fluency in German. Lloyd translated several renowned works of poetry and drama from German to English. On his return to London, Lloyd worked for his family's business for"}, {"text": "a number of years, but his passions ultimately lay elsewhere. Activism. Humanitarianism. As a young socialist, Lloyd spent time living and working at Toynbee Hall, where he taught English Literature, reflecting his commitment to social service. Lloyd was an active member of the Humanitarian League and was a close associate of its founder Henry S. Salt, with whom he shared many intellectual and social interests. Salt dedicated his book \"The Call of the Wildflower\" to \"My Friends W. J. Jupp and E. Bertram Lloyd\". Lloyd also edited \"The Great Kinship: An Anthology of Humanitarian Poetry\" (1921), which included two poems by Salt. At Salt's funeral, Lloyd read Salt's self-written funeral address. Sexual diversity, gender equality, and legal reform. Lloyd advocated for sexual diversity and legal reform. In a 1913 article for \"The New Freewoman\", he praised Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld's exhibit on intermediary sexual types as a groundbreaking challenge to rigid gender binaries and societal ignorance. Lloyd criticised the persecution of homosexuals and called for greater tolerance, framing gender and sexuality as natural continuums. He later visited Hirschfield's Institute for Sexual Science in Berlin. Lloyd was a supporter of women's suffrage, which was also driven by his rejection of traditional gender"}, {"text": "categories. Lloyd was a key member of the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology (BSSSP), founded in 1914 to promote open, rational discussions on sex and sexuality. Collaborating with figures such as Edward Carpenter and Laurence Housman, Lloyd supported reforms in sexual education, LGBTQ+ rights, and divorce laws. Pacifism. During the First World War, Lloyd was a conscientious objector. At that time, he connected with Olive Schreiner over their shared stance on pacifism. Lloyd was involved in organisations like the Union of Democratic Control and the No-Conscription Fellowship, fostering a closely connected London pacifist community. Schreiner sought his feedback on her anti-war writings. Lloyd was also active in the Independent Labour Party. In 1918, Lloyd published his first edited collection of anti-war poems \"Poems Written During the Great War, 1914\u20131918\", the selected poems critiqued the idealisation and glamour of war. In 1919, he published a further anti-war poetry collection, \"The Paths of Glory\". Animal welfare and rights. In 1932, Lloyd co-founded the National Society for the Abolition of Cruel Sports, where he served as Honorary Secretary for the rest of his life. In 1939, he authored an educational booklet for the Society, titled \"Foxhunters' Philosophy: A Garland from"}, {"text": "Five Centuries\". Lloyd was also a keen vegetarian and wrote on the subject. Naturalist career. Lloyd, while not a specialist, was an enthusiastic and observant field naturalist with a strong focus on birds and dragonflies. He frequently contributed to \"British Birds\", writing about topics such as the Stone-Curlew in Buckinghamshire (1921), the egg-laying habits of Grassholm Gannets (1926), and a rare sighting of a Marsh Warbler in Hertfordshire (1941). He also conducted studies on the birdlife of Texel, Holland. In \"Entomologist\", he reported on a mass emergence of the dragonfly \"Coenagrion puella\" (1941) and documented Pembrokeshire dragonflies (1944). Lloyd was also a member of the British Ornithologists' Union and a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London. Lloyd was a key figure in the Hertfordshire Natural History Society during his 20-year membership. He served as editor of the \"Transactions\" from 1935 until his death and contributed numerous articles, including \"The Nesting of Garganeys at Elstree\" (1931) and \"The Distribution of the Grass Snake in Hertfordshire, with Notes on its Behaviour\" (1936). Following the death of his friend Charles Oldham, whom he honored in \"British Birds\" and \"The North Western Naturalist\", he edited the Society's bird reports for 1939, 1940, and"}, {"text": "1941. Additionally, he was the Society's recorder for mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Personal life and death. In 1938, Lloyd married Sylvia Colenso (b. 1887) in Cardigan, Wales. She was an accomplished musician, and both her and her husband were music lovers. Lloyd was a passionate athlete in his youth, enjoying rock climbing and scrambling in Wales and the Lake District. He later became an avid and skilled mountaineer, exploring Norway, the Austrian and Swiss Alps, the Dolomites, and Yugoslavia, often accompanied by his wife. Lloyd cherished the beauty and solitude of Pembroke. Lloyd suffered from poor health near the end of his life. He became a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society two days before his death at Champneys, near Tring, on 9 June 1944, aged 63. He self-composed his epitaph, which ended \"He cared not a farthing for Heaven or God, / But valued far more an inch of green sod.\""}, {"text": "Pyeon Chang-nam (born 11 January 1922) was a South Korean speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "was a non-aviator dive bomber officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. He participated in Central China campaigns and later led Aichi D3A dive bombers from carrier \"Sh\u014dkaku\" in both carrier battles during Solomon Islands Campaign, where he and his pilot, Kiyoto Furuta, scored bomb hits on United States Navy (USN) carrier \"Enterprise\" on two occasions. Early career. Keiichi Arima enrolled in the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in April 1933 and graduated from the 64th class in March 1937. He received his commission as an ensign in March 1938. In August of the same year he was sent for the navy pilot training program to Kasumigaura Air Group near Tokyo and completed it in March 1939. He then was chosen for advanced aerial training courses at Yokosuka Air Group near Tokyo and Saiki Air Group on Kyushu, where he specialized in aerial reconnaissance. He was promoted to lieutenant junior grade in June 1939. In October 1939, he was assigned as a junior flight division leader (junior buntaich\u014d) to the 12th Air Group, which was stationed in Central China. His unit flew Aichi D1A dive bombers out of the bases in Anqing, Jiujiang, and Hankou to support"}, {"text": "ground operations in the area. In May 1940, the unit switched to the new Aichi D3A dive bombers and participated in the capture of Yichang. Lieutenant Arima frequently attacked the supply shipping on Yangtze west of Yichang, which was particularly challenging for dive bombing as the Gorges can have more than 1000 meters cliffs on both sides. In September, he started to fly missions against Chongqing, which was the capital of the Chinese Nationalists at that time. Lieutenant Arima was transferred to the carrier \"S\u014dry\u016b\" in November 1940 and was assigned as a junior division leader (junior buntaich\u014d) of the dive-bomber squadron. He was promoted to full lieutenant in May 1941. In August, he was reassigned to Suzuka Air Group in Mie Prefecture, where he served as an instructor when Empire of Japan entered the war with United States of America. Pacific War. In June 1942, Lieutenant Arima was transferred to the carrier \"Sh\u014dkaku\" and was assigned as a senior flight division leader (senior buntaich\u014d) of the dive-bomber squadron. In late August 1942 \"Sh\u014dkaku\" participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. During the attack on the US carriers, Lieutenant Arima was part of Lieutenant Commander Mamoru Seki's first strike"}, {"text": "wave, consisting of 27 D3A dive bombers and 10 A6M Zero fighters. Arima led one of the three divisions (ch\u016btai), with nine dive bombers under his command. He was in the observer seat of D3A, while his aircraft was piloted by Petty Officer First Class Kiyoto Furuta. The USN Combat Air Patrol (CAP) of Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters intercepted the formation of dive bombers, however, Arima's division managed to escape into cumulonimbus clouds and approached the carrier \"Enterprise\" unharmed. The division then made a dive-bombing attack on \"Enterprise\" and released their bombs around an altitude of 500 meters. They scored three hits, with Arima's being the first. His 250 kilogram semi-AP bomb penetrated the starboard forward corner of her number 3 elevator aft and sliced through to the third deck before detonating in the chief's quarters. After the attack, Arima remained north-west of the burning \"Enterprise\" to wait for the friendly Zero fighters in order to lead them back to the Japanese carriers. However, he encountered several US aircraft that started to case his D3A. He and his pilot evaded the attackers by flying very close to the sea surface and eventually made it back to \"Sh\u014dkaku\" after sunset. In"}, {"text": "late October 1942, \"Sh\u014dkaku\" was again dispatched to the Solomon Islands to support the Imperial Japanese Army ground assault on Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, Lieutenant Arima's division was part of the second strike wave that consisted of 27 D3A dive bombers and 5 A6M Zero fighters, again commanded by Lieutenant Commander Seki. The Zero fighters were led by Lieutenant Hideki Shing\u014d, the fighter squadron leader of \"Sh\u014dkaku\". Arima and his pilot attacked \"Enterprise\" from astern and released the bomb at an altitude of between 450 and 500 meters and scored a hit. Their 250-kilogram semi-AP bomb penetrated the center of the flight deck, around six meters from the forward edge, and detonated inside the carrier, causing fires. They did not encounter any CAP on the way out and they climbed to 6000 meters, where Arima observed dense smoke coming from \"Enterprise\". Despite the successful attack, it came at a heavy price, as Lieutenant Commander Seki was killed. As a simultaneous USN strike damaged the flight deck of \"Sh\u014dkaku\", leaving her unable to launch or recover aircraft, Arima's D3A landed on \"Zuikaku\". Later career. After the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, Lieutenant"}, {"text": "Arima was transferred to Usa Air Group in \u014cita Prefecture on Kyushu and served as an instructor (together with his pilot Petty Officer Furuta). He was then transferred to Yokosuka Air Group, where he served as a flight commander (Hik\u014dtaich\u014d). There he was involved in developing communication equipment and radar, and provided instructions on the developed hardware. In October 1944, he was promoted to lieutenant commander. He survived the war."}, {"text": "Nico Olsthoorn (30 January 1928 \u2013 14 June 2011) was a Dutch speed skater. He competed in the men's 1500 metres event at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Kaytetye may refer to:"}, {"text": "Remo Tomasi (20 May 1932 \u2013 28 September 2013) was an Italian speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "J\u00fcrg Rohrbach (born 16 July 1931) is a Swiss former speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "The Boat is a 2018 Maltese-British thriller drama film directed by Winston Azzopardi and written by Joe Azzopardi and Winston Azzopardi. Joe Azzopardi is the only cast member, and the film has very few spoken lines. Plot. The film stars Joe Azzopardi as a lone sailor who finds an abandoned sailboat. Out of curiosity, he approaches the abandoned sailboat, ties his boat to it and jumps aboard and checks the sailboat to learn that there is no one present. He comes outside to realize that his boat is gone and nowhere in sight. He goes to the deck and when he is about to urinate, one of the sails hits him and he almost goes overboard before he catches the railing in time and jumps back to the deck. He then goes to the bathroom instead but the door closes on its own. To his horror he realizes that the door will not open despite his best efforts. He finds a small window and opens it to find a Cargo ship passing by. He panics in fear of a collision between the sailboat and the cargo ship, and he tries to open the door, but in vain. He finds a"}, {"text": "rope hanging outside the bathroom window and throws it in the water which eventually tangles with the propeller and slows down the sailboat. The rope gets stuck around his throat, strangling Joe. He manages to get the rope loose, but he passes out on the bathroom floor. When he awakes he manages to hoist the sail. After some time he finds that the rope is cut off, and that water level is raising by each passing minute. The sailboat gets into a storm and while the bathroom is filling up with water he tries to cut loose the other sail, which he eventually manages. He closes the small window and waits the storm out. He falls asleep. The next morning he is still alive and his bathroom has not flooded yet. With nothing else to do, he tries to kick open the door again. He hears a sound and sees that the door is not locked anymore. He quickly escapes and goes to the deck where he finds some sort of buoys which he ties to the broken door in fear of his boat sinking. He puts this newly created makeshift boat in the water and gets on it. After"}, {"text": "some time however the sailboat does not seem to be sinking, so the man gets onboard again. He manages to create a pump to get the water out. After some time he sees a ship in the distance so he quickly gets on his makeshift boat to paddle to the ship in the distance. However, he notices that the sailboat follows him. He jumps into the water off of his makeshift boat, right before the sailboat hits him. It starts getting dark. Now that the Sailboat is gone as well as his makeshift boat, he floats in the sea to find some dolphins swimming near him. It is now night, and he has some friendly interactions with the dolphins. To his horror he turns around to find that the Sailboat has come back. Without anything else to do, he is able to get onto and into the sailboat and goes to another bathroom where he falls asleep. The next morning he finds that now also the door to the sleeping area is locked. He finds a small hatch which leads him into a small storage area. The small door which he entered suddenly shuts and he is trapped again. Meanwhile"}, {"text": "the sailboat nears a sea town. The man sees the town through the window and tries to open it, but the window doesn't budge. Then, the small door through which he had entered swings open and the man goes outside to find the sleeping area door unlocked again. He disembarks the sailboat and wanders around the sea town. He explores a few abandoned buildings, and then notices that the sailboat has almost intelligent behaviour. The sailboat sails away and disappears. He walks around until he discovers his own boat which he had lost earlier, tied on the shore. The man finds himself back on the island where he started his journey. The camera follows into a water cave and through a small opening in the cave, the open ocean can be seen. And on there the mysterious sailboat is seen for one last time. Production. \"The Boat\" is Winston Azzopardi\u2019s first feature film. Produced by Latina Pictures, \"The Boat\" is based on a short film \"Head\", for which the Azzopardis picked up the Best Short Film award at the Rome Film Festival in 2016. The film was shot at the Malta Film Studios water tanks and around the coast of"}, {"text": "Malta. The first scene was shot in Dwejra Inland Sea, Gozo. The film was shot over 22 days, two identical Beneteau First 45F5 sailboats were used. Filming began on 8 October 2017 and wrapped on 3 November. Release. The film premiered at 2018 Fantastic Fest in Austin, Texas. It was also shown at private viewings during the Cannes Film Festival in 2018, through which it secured a number of international distribution deals. Reception. \"The Boat\" received critics rating on Rotten Tomatoes. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" called the film \"unique\". The \"Times of Malta\" gave it a positive review, describing it as a \"a discomfiting and chilling ride,\" and praising the actor's ability to \"[project] the man\u2019s myriad emotions with consummate ease,\" despite having \"sparse dialogue to work with.\" Although there is no dialogue in the film, it has been described as having a \"clever, twisting, dialogue-free screenplay\". Awards. For \"The Boat\", Winston Azzopardi was nominated for Best Director at the 2019 National Film Awards UK."}, {"text": "From a Page is a mini-album by the English progressive rock band Yes, released on 25 October 2019 by Yes Records. It contains four previously unreleased tracks originally recorded by the 2008\u20132011 line-up of the group and intended for release on an album, but ultimately weren't included on \"Fly from Here\". During this time, the lineup included bassist Chris Squire, guitarist Steve Howe, drummer Alan White, singer Beno\u00eet David, and keyboardist Oliver Wakeman. Wakeman, who wrote most of the material on \"From a Page\", was inspired to release it following Squire's death in 2015. Overview. The release is based around four songs developed by the band in 2009/10, but not then used on 2011's \"Fly from Here\". The line-up is bassist Chris Squire, guitarist Steve Howe, drummer Alan White, singer Beno\u00eet David and keyboardist Oliver Wakeman. Wakeman assembled the material following Squire's death. Release. \"From a Page\" was released exclusively through Burning Shed as a single (five-track) vinyl mini-LP (YES002LP) and as the (four-track) first disc of a 3-CD mini box set (YES002BX) along with a re-release of the band's 2011 double live album \"In the Present \u2013 Live from Lyon\", recorded in 2009 by the same line-up that recorded"}, {"text": "\"From a Page\". A digital release came 16 April 2021. According to Wakeman, \"From a Page\" may be distributed to stores in other countries \"at some point in the future\". Cover art. The cover art was made by long-time Yes collaborator Roger Dean. Songs. The vinyl and first CD contain four songs, three being previously unreleased studio songs that were worked on in the \"Fly from Here\" sessions in late 2010 and the fourth being a new recording of an unfinished song from the same period named \"From the Turn of a Card\". The song was developed at the same time as the other songs, but not completed. \"From the Turn of a Card\" was subsequently recorded and released in 2013 on the album \"Ravens & Lullabies\" by Gordon Giltrap and Oliver Wakeman, with Beno\u00eet David on lead vocals. The \"From the Turn of a Card\" version here is a piano/vocal duet taking David's vocal from that album and using a newly recorded piano accompaniment by Wakeman. Parts of \"The Gift of Love\" were based on a piece of music developed for a planned Chris Squire solo album in sessions with Gerard Johnson after he and Squire left The Syn."}, {"text": "More of that piece of music was adapted for use on \"The Game\", the second track on the band's 2014 album \"Heaven & Earth\". A lyric video for the single mix of \"To the Moment\" was released on YouTube. The 4:22 single mix version of the track \"To the Moment\" was only available on the vinyl edition until the 2021 digital version was released. Personnel. Credits adapted from the vinyl edition. Yes Technical personnel"}, {"text": "Kim Jong-sun (born 23 January 1931) is a South Korean former speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Johannes Christoffel Breedt (born 4 June 1959) is a South African former rugby union player. Playing career. Breedt played for Northern Transvaal and Transvaal in the South African provincial competitions. He made his debut for Northern Transvaal in 1981 and in 1985 he relocated to Transvaal. He played 118 matches for Transvaal and captained the side on a 102 occasions, the first player to captain the province more than a hundred times. He led his team to four Currie Cup finals, finishing runner\u2013up on each occasion. Breedt made his test debut for the Springboks against the visiting New Zealand Cavaliers on 10 May 1986 at Newlands in Cape Town. In 1989, Breedt was appointed as Springbok captain for the two test matches against the World XV and so became the 41st Springbok test captain. He was capped 8 times for the Springboks. Accolades. Breedt was one of the five nominees for 1985 SA Rugby player of the Year award. The other nominees for the award were Schalk Burger, Gerrie Sonnekus, Danie Gerber and the eventual winner of the award, Naas Botha."}, {"text": "The 2009 Fayetteville mayoral election took place on November 8, 2009, to elect the mayor of Fayetteville, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Tony Chavonne. Results. Primary. The primary was held October 6, 2009."}, {"text": "Hans Keller (born 1 September 1931) is a German speed skater. He competed in three events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "John Christian Wiltberger Sr. (November 10, 1769 \u2013 October 16, 1851) was an American silversmith, active in Philadelphia. Wiltberger was born in Philadelphia, where he apprenticed about 1782 to Richard Humphreys. There he married Ann Warner on March 26, 1791, with whom he had 8 children (including John Christian Wiltberger Jr.), and worked from 1793-1797 as a silversmith and jeweler. For some time he partnered with Samuel Alexander as WILTBERGER & ALEXANDER, but as the following advertisements in the \"Federal Gazette\" indicate, that partnership was dissolved in June 1797: WILTBERGER & ALEXANDER, Silversmiths and Jewellers, Have this day dissolved their partnership by mutual consent. As Mr. Wiltberger has authorised himself to settle the business without my knowledge, I therefore think it my duty to inform my friends and the public, that I am neither dead, insolvent, or run away, but that I have lately removed to the house formerly occupied by Mr. Wiltberger, in south Second street, No. 33, where I mean to carry on the business in all its branches, on the most reasonable terms. [June 5, 1797]. CHRISTIAN WILTBERGER, Informs his friends and the public, that he has removed from No. 33, south Second street, to No. 13,"}, {"text": "north Second, nearly opposite Christ Church, where he carries on the Silversmith's and jeweller's business in all its branches, as usual. He has also on hand a large and elegant assortment of Silver plated Wares, Jewellery, &c. imported by the latest arrivals from Europe, together with a considerable quantity of Silver Wares, manufactured immediately under his own inspection, which he means to sell on the most reasonable terms. N. B. The highest price given for old Gold and silver. [June 7, 1797]. Wiltberger then continued to work as a silversmith from 1797-1819. Rembrandt Peale painted his portrait in 1818. His work is collected in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Winterthur Museum, and Yale University Art Gallery."}, {"text": "Coleorozena subnigra is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It has no subspecies. It is found in North America."}, {"text": "Hans Keller (1919\u20131985) was an Austrian-born British musician. Hans Keller may also refer to:"}, {"text": "Gene Sandvig (born February 8, 1931) is an American speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics. His sister Connie Sandvig was a speed skater who competed at national level and his daughter Susan Sandvig competed at international level. The daughter of Connie Sandvig, Amy Peterson competed as a short track speed skater at five winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Matthew Edward Hurles (born 1974) is a British scientist who is director of the Wellcome Sanger Institute and an honorary professor of Human Genetics and Genomics at the University of Cambridge. Education. Hurles was privately educated at Hampton School and the University of Oxford where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in Biochemistry. He completed his PhD in 1999 on the genetics of the Y chromosome at the University of Leicester supervised by Mark Jobling Research and career. Hurles research investigates the causes and consequences of new mutations as DNA is passed from one generation to the next. He is best known for his work on characterizing the extent and impact of structural variation in the human genome and on deciphering the genetic architecture of severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Hurles group has used large-scale genomic studies to highlight the predominant role that new mutations of many different types play in causing diverse developmental disorders and has led to the discovery of tens of previously unrecognised genetic diseases. Awards and honours. Hurles was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2019. He is also a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) and was awarded the Crick"}, {"text": "Medal and Lecture in 2013."}, {"text": "The 2007 Fayetteville mayoral election took place on November 6, 2007, to elect the mayor of Fayetteville, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Tony Chavonne."}, {"text": "Luke Beauchamp (born 8 October 1992) is an Australian professional rugby union player. He currently plays for the Austin Gilgronis. He played as a flanker for the Chicago Hounds in Major League Rugby (MLR) previously playing for the Houston SaberCats. He also played for Brisbane City in the National Rugby Championship."}, {"text": "Oyster Creek is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Oyster Creek had a population of 39 people. Geography. The watercourse Oyster Creek forms the north-western boundary of the locality (), after which it becomes a tributary of Euleilah Creek which forms the south-western boundary of the locality, and ultimately becomes a tributary of Baffle Creek which flows into the Coral Sea. Hacking Hill is in the east of the locality (), rising to above sea level. It is part of the Matchbox Range. The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. History. Oyster Creek State School opened in 1913 under head teacher Alexander Gustav Louis Gelhaar. The school celebrated its 21st birthday in 1934 with Mr Gelhaar returning for the celebrations. It closed on circa 1943. It was on the western side of Oyster Creek Road (approx ). Demographics. In the , Oyster Creek had a population of 54 people. In the , Oyster Creek had a population of 39 people. Education. There are no schools in Oyster Creek. The nearest government primary school is Wartburg State School in neighbouring Baffle Creek to the south-east. The nearest government secondary school is Rosedale State"}, {"text": "School (to Year 12) in Rosedale to the south."}, {"text": "Leo Tynkkynen (6 November 1934 \u2013 11 February 1971) was a Finnish speed skater. He competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics and the 1960 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Hugla Union (also spelled as Hogla) is a union parishad situated at the north-west side of Purbadhala Upazila, Netrakona District, Mymensingh Division, Bangladesh. It stands on the bank of the Kongsho river. The Dhobaura Upazila of Mymensingh District is situated at the North and West side of the Hugla Union."}, {"text": "Round Hill is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Round Hill had a population of 189 people. Geography. Oyster Creek forms part of the western boundary, while Round Hill Creek forms part of the north-western boundary. The locality has the following mountains: Round Hill Road enters the locality from the west (Captain Creek) and exits to the north (Agnes Water). A section of Deepwater National Park is in the north-east of the locality. Apart from this protected area, the land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. Demographics. In the , Round Hill had a population of 136 people. In the , Round Hill had a population of 189 people. Education. There are no schools in Round Hill. The nearest government primary schools are Agnes Water State School in neighbouring Agnes Water to the north-east and Wartburg State School in Baffle Creek to the south. The nearest government secondary schools are Miriam Vale State School (to Year 10) in Miriam Vale to the west and Rosedale State School (to Year 12) in Rosedale to the south. Amenities. Despite its name, the 1770 Golf Club is at 2366 Round Hill Road, Round Hill (). It"}, {"text": "is a 9-hole course over . Facilities. Despite the name, Agnes Water Ambulance Station is at 2385 Round Hill Road, Round Hill ()."}, {"text": "The 2005 Fayetteville mayoral election took place on November 8, 2005, to elect the mayor of Fayetteville, North Carolina. It saw the election Tony Chavonne, who unseated incumbent mayor Marshall Pitts Jr."}, {"text": "The 1979 German Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, West Germany that was part of the Super Series of the 1979 Grand Prix circuit. It was the 71st edition of the event and took place from 14 May until 20 May 1979. Sixth-seeded Jos\u00e9 Higueras won the singles title. Finals. Singles. Jos\u00e9 Higueras defeated Harold Solomon, 3\u20136, 6\u20131, 6\u20134, 6\u20131 Doubles. Tom\u00e1\u0161 \u0160m\u00edd / Jan Kode\u0161 defeated Mark Edmondson / John Marks, 6\u20133, 6\u20131, 7\u20136"}, {"text": "Cyrus J. Williams was a film producer and the co-founder of Cyrus J. Williams Productions. It was at 4811 Fountain Avenue in Hollywood. He worked in the real estate business before his foray into films. Several of his films were distributed by Path\u00e9 Exchange. Ruth Stonehouse and Tom Santschi signed contracts to star in his productions. Williams' films include a series of Western films known as the \"Santschi Series\". Williams also produced \"The Adventures of Bill and Bob\" boy trapper series. Captain Albert C. Jones co-founded the company with Williams and was involved in operations. In March 2019, Grapevine Video launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund the release of the Bill and Bob Adventures films to DVD. His 1920 film \"Into the Light (film)\" starred Patricia Palmer."}, {"text": "Taunton is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Taunton had a population of 57 people. Geography. The locality is bounded to the east by Rocky Creek, to the south by Euleilah Creek, and to the south-west by Baffle Creek. The terrain ranges from elevations of with one named peak, South Gwynne, in the south-west of the locality () . The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. History. The locality takes its name from the parish, which in turn was named after an early pastoral station, which is believed to be named after Taunton in England. Demographics. In the , Taunton had a population of 69 people. In the , Taunton had a population of 57 people. Education. There are no schools in Taunton. The nearest government primary schools are Lowmead State School in neighbouring Lowmead to the south-west and Wartburg State School in Baffle Creek to the south-east. The nearest government secondary schools are Miriam Vale State School (to Year 10) in Miriam Vale to the north-west and Rosedale State School (to Year 12) in Rosedale to the south-east."}, {"text": "Carlo Calz\u00e0 (born 7 June 1931) is an Italian speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "The Anglican Church of St Bartholomew at Aldsworth in the Cotswold District of Gloucestershire, England, was built in the late 12th century. It is a grade I listed building. History. The church was built in the late 12th century. During the 15th century the north aisle was rebuilt. Further rebuilding occurred in the 19th century including the Victorian restoration of the chancel and vestry. Until 1539 the church belonged to Gloucester Abbey, then it was given to Osney Abbey until its dissolution when St Bartholomews came under Christ Church, Oxford. The parish is part of the Windrush benefice. Architecture. The stone building has a slate roof. It consists of a nave, north aisle, south porch, three-bay chancel and vestry with a west tower and spire supported by buttresses. The tower contains three bells hung as a chime. Most of the interior furnishings are from the 19th century but a 15th-century stained glass window with a Tudor rose survives."}, {"text": "The Brainerd Bungalow Historic District is a residential historic district in the Brainerd neighborhood of the Washington Heights community area of Chicago, Illinois. The district includes 527 Chicago bungalows built between 1915 and 1931 and a small number of other residential buildings. Brainerd, an outlying neighborhood of Chicago, was developed in the 1910s and 1920s as the increasing accessibility of homeownership spurred new home construction in underpopulated areas of the city. As bungalows were affordable to construct, they became popular in newly developed neighborhoods, and tens of thousands of them were built throughout the city. While 42 different architects designed Brainerd's bungalows, the neighborhood has a consistent appearance nonetheless, as the affordability of bungalows came in part from how easy the design was to duplicate; however, architects used color and detail work to give each home a unique design. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 2016."}, {"text": "Paolino Dimai (28 January 1931 \u2013 5 February 2011) was an Italian speed skater. He competed in the men's 5000 metres event at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Mount Maria is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Mount Maria had a population of 225 people. Geography. Baffle Creek forms the south-western boundary and the south-eastern and eastern boundary (but not the southern boundary). Euleilah Creek forms the north-west boundary of the locality; it later becomes a tributary of Baffle Creek. Grants Island is island in Baffle Creek which is within the Mount Maria loality (). The mountain Mount Maria is in the south of the locality () and rises to above sea level. It presumably gives its name to the locality. Tablelands Road enters the locality from the south (Berajondo) and exits to the north (Taunton); it is the main road through the locality. The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. Demographics. In the , Mount Maria had a population of 193 people. In the , Mount Maria had a population of 225 people. Education. There are no schools in Mount Maria. The nearest government primary schools are Lowmead State School in neighbouring Lowmead to the west, Rosedale State School in neighbouring Rosedale to the south-east, and Wartburg State School in Baffle Creek to the east. The nearest government secondary"}, {"text": "school is Rosedale State School (to Year 12)."}, {"text": "The 2003 Fayetteville mayoral election took place on November 4, 2003, to elect the mayor of Fayetteville, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Marshall Pitts Jr."}, {"text": "Euleilah is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Euleilah had a population of 202 people. Geography. The locality is bounded to the north, north-east, and east by Euleilah Creek, which becomes a tributary of Baffle Creek on the eastern boundary of the locality (), which then flows into the Coral Sea. The predominant land use is grazing on native vegetation. Demographics. In the , Euleilah had a population of 182 people. In the , Euleilah had a population of 202 people. Education. There are no schools in Euleilah. The nearest government primary school is Wartburg State School in neighbouring Baffle Creek to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Rosedale State School (to Year 12) in neighbouring Rosedale to the south-east."}, {"text": "Good Money is an American digital online banking platform, founded by Gunnar Lovelace. As a digital platform, Good Money takes no ATM or overdraft fees. It is considered a neobank and is based in San Francisco. History. Good Money was founded in 2018. Gunnar Lovelace was founder of organic e-commerce company Thrive Market, a direct-to-consumer online grocery store. In December 2018, Good Money announced that it had raised $30 million with a group of investors including Galaxy Digital, Breyer Capital, Mitch Kapor, and Ken Howery. In January 2019, customers started joining a waitlist to start their accounts. Every customer will potentially get equity in the company when opening an account and can build up that equity by using the service. Operations. The company offers FDIC-insured checking and high-yield savings accounts. When account holders sign up, they are offered a stake in the bank, making it the first digital banking platform that will be owned by its customers. Customers can receive additional equity by installing the Good Money app, setting up a direct deposit, or referring friends. Good Money directs 50% of its profits toward environmental and social justice initiatives through impact investments and charitable donations. The platform's customers vote on"}, {"text": "where Good Money will invest profits, but their options only include sustainable investments."}, {"text": "Gindoran is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Gindoran had \"no people or a very low population\". Demographics. In the , Gindoran had \"no people or a very low population\". In the , Gindoran had \"no people or a very low population\"."}, {"text": "Boris Tsybin (14 June 1928 \u2013 7 August 2011) was a Soviet speed skater. He competed in the men's 10,000 metres event at the 1956 Winter Olympics."}, {"text": "Mount Tom is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Mount Tom had a population of 44 people. Geography. Baffle Creek enters the locality from the north (Eurimbula) and flows south, forming parts of the south-western boundary of the locality before exiting to the south-east (Taunton). The locality has the following mountains (from north to south): The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation. Demographics. In the , Mount Tom had a population of 43 people. In the , Mount Tom had a population of 44 people. Education. There are no schools in Mount Tom. The nearest government primary schools are Miriam Vale State School in neighbouring Miriam Vale to the west, Agnes Water State School in Agnes Water to the north-east, and Lowmead State School in Lowmead to the south. The nearest government secondary schools are Miriam Vale State School (to Year 10), Tannum Sands State High School (to Year 12) in Tannum Sands to the north-east, and Rosedale State School (to Year 12) in Rosedale to the south-east. However, some areas in Mount Tom might be too distant for a daily commute to the schools offering Year 12; the alternatives are distance"}, {"text": "education and boarding school."}, {"text": "The Parkhurst Reformed Church was a congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) that was active from 1944 to 1996 in the Johannesburg suburb of Parkhurst. Background. After 1933, increases in the price of gold and the resulting economic boom on the Witwatersrand led to massive immigration from other provinces and the Transvaal plateau to Johannesburg, requiring new NGK congregations to be formed. In the first 50 years of the city, 23 congregations were founded in the Rand, but from 1936 to 1946, the number reached 36. In 1946, the Rand included five Rings (sub-Synods) of 59 congregations with 66 pastoral positions and 122,014 collective members. Foundation. Following the secession of the Johannesburg North Reformed Church (NGK) from its mother churches (the Johannesburg Reformed Church (NGK) and the Johannesburg East Reformed Church (NGK) in 1942, the northern portions of the latter two explored another secession. The area in question of Johannesburg East had grown considerably since the 1913 ordination of Rev. William Nicol. According to an article in the March 1923 issue of the Irenenuus, the ward (which included Parkhurst, Parkview, Parkwood, Parktown North, and Rosebank) served 64 families including 134 NGK members. Although Parkhurst had been"}, {"text": "part of elder Lourens Geldenhuys\u2019s ward, Jukskei River, only a handful of members lived there, but rapid growth prompted Rev. Nicol and the council to green-light the building of a ward church. By mid-1923, there were enough parishioners to support a church choir led by an elder, the third in the district after those at the Irene (main Johannesburg Easwt) and Norwood (later Johannesburg North) buildings, which were spearheaded by Mrs. Nicol, a trained music teacher and the Irene Church's organist. In addition to the church hall in the Johannesburg East portion of Parkhurst, a meeting hall had been built in Craighall for \u00a3900 on ground the Johannesburg congregation bought for \u00a3225 in April 1939. On September 5, 1944, the Johannesburg Ring Committee and the Johannesburg and Johannesburg East councils agreed to release Parkhurst as an independent congregation within two years. The Johannesburg Reformed Church still had 2,340 members after Norwood and Parkhurst left, and they would be the last wards to directly secede from the mother church. The same year, three other congregations would be founded in the Johannesburg area, including Johannesburg West, Bezuidenhout Valley, and Randburg, of which only Randburg was independent. The first council meeting was on"}, {"text": "September 11, 1944, in the Parkhurst hall, bequeathed to the congregation by Johannesburg East while Johannesburg gave up the one in Lyndhurst. On January 29, 1945, Parkhurst hired Christopher Murray, at the time a curate for Johannesburg East, as pastor, a post he accepted on April 6 of that year and for which he was ordained the following day. A construction fund for a proper church was founded on June 18, and a monthly congregation newsletter would begin publication on September 3. On April 15, 1946, the council selected and purchased a site on the corner of 10th and 2nd Streets in Parkhurst. The council then submitted its first plan for the church building on May 5, 1947. Ground was broken on June 11, 1949, and that August 6, Rev. Murray laid the cornerstone engraved with the words, \u201cwhoever trusts in the high God cannot build on sand,\u201d from the Parable of the Wise and Foolish Builders in the Gospel of Matthew. Rev. Nicol delivered the keynote sermon for the inauguration the weekend of May 13\u201314, 1950. Second pastor. After turning down several offers, Rev. Murray accepted one from the Loubser Reformed Church in Nairobi in March 1951, resigning the"}, {"text": "29th and bid farewell by the congregation the next day. The Rev. Beyers Naud\u00e9 turned down the Parkhurst council's offer, but Rev. C.S. Hattingh of Wolmaransstad accepted it on April 30 and was confirmed the weekend of June 22\u201324. Between 1947 and 1951, the congregation had grown from 850 to 900 members, but the total population including children had reached 1,500. The council numbered 44 by 1951, with 30 teachers in three Sunday schools teaching 300 students. Drs. Jan van Rooyen and Beyers Naud\u00e9. In 1958, Rev. (later Dr.) Jan Hendrik Petrus van Rooyen (born on June 16, 1928, in Garies, Namaqualand) came from Dannhauser, Natal to Parkhurst. In 1964, he earned his Doctor of Theology from the University of Utrecht. The Rev. Van Rooyen would serve until his 1985 retirement as chairman of the Ring Mission Committee and from 1975 to 1985 headed the Synod Mission Committee as well. A stalwart ecumenist, he was described by Kerkbode after his June 13, 2002, death as follows: \u201che played a major role in the Transvaal church\u2014especially in the stormy years after the Cottesloe Consultation. He was for a long time involved with Beyers Naud\u00e9\u2019s Christian Institute for Southern Africa, but later"}, {"text": "went in another direction.\u201d When Naud\u00e9 lost his pastorate in the Aasvo\u00eblkop Reformed Church over in early November 1963 over his work in the dissident paper Pro Veritate and the Institute, he and his wife, Ilse, were granted leave to stay in the Parkhurst parsonage until the end of the month. Naud\u00e9 wrote in his autobiography, \"My land van Hoop\": We realized this was the start of a fork in the road. I and Ilse also realized that we must find ourselves a home, and about which church would provide it. It clearly made no sense to stay in Aasvo\u00eblkop, even if we could afford it. We had virtually no savings. The fact that Dr. Jan van Rooyen in Parkhurst sympathized so strongly with the idea of an organization such as the Christian Institute, coupled with the generally lower housing prices there, led me and Ilse to sell our house in Greenside and join the Parkhurst congregation. Naud\u00e9 stayed there until October 1978, when the General Synod of the NGK in Bloemfontein refused to merge with the three so-called daughter churches, the ones for blacks, Cape Coloureds, and Indian South Africans. He wrote that he \u201csimply could not remain with"}, {"text": "a pure conscience a member of a Church rejecting the Biblical command of church unity.\u201d His wife, however, did not join the Dutch Reformed Church in Afrika (black) congregation in Alexandra, since she wanted to stay active in Parkhurst, knew nobody there, and her husband could not accompany her given his having been placed under house arrest. Absorption by Parksig. The congregation was absorbed in 1996 by the Parksig Reformed Church, creating the Parkkruin Reformed Church. The Parkhurst building was sold off and the Parksig building in Parkview became the center of the new church, in part because Parkhurst had fewer children in need of Sunday school classes. In 2011, Parkkruin had 608 confirmed and 319 baptized members, a 1.9:1 ratio compared to the 4.1:1 average for the NGK as a whole."}, {"text": "The 2001 Fayetteville mayoral election took place on November 6, 2001, to elect the mayor of Fayetteville, North Carolina. It saw the election of mayor Marshall Pitts Jr., who unseated incumbent mayor Milo McBryde, who had taken office following the death of Pitts became the city's first African American mayor. Results. Primary. The primary was held October 9, 2001."}, {"text": "The Dynamically Redefined Character Set, or DRCS for short, was a feature of Digital Equipment Corporation's smart terminals starting with the VT200 series in 1983. DRCS added a RAM buffer where new glyphs could be uploaded from the host system using the Sixel data format."}, {"text": "The William Campbell House, at 164 Norfolk St. in Park City, Utah, was built around 1900. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is a one-story frame pyramid house. It was probably owned by a William Campbell. The house may no longer exist."}, {"text": "Rosa Lindemann (n\u00e9e Liesegang, 21 February 1876 \u2013 13 June 1958) was a German communist and member of the German resistance to Nazism. She was born in Spandau, her family moved to Moabit when she was a child. She married Karl Lindemann in 1895, both joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1909. She later moved to the USPD, then the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1920. She was elected to the city council and an active member of the Workers International Relief and Rote Hilfe. After the 1933 Nazi seizure of power Lindemann worked with a group of women (also including Ottilie Pohl) in Moabit to assist victims of Nazi persecution. They collected money for the families of detainees, provided aid to resistance members in hiding, and distributed illegal pamphlets. Karl Lindemann died in 1944, their son Erich is thought to have fallen near Nauen at the end of the Second World War. Post-war Lindemann was retired but active in local politics for the KPD/SED. She died in 1958 in Staaken."}, {"text": "MS \"Queen Anne\" (QA) is a Pinnacle-class cruise ship operated by Cunard Line, named after Anne, Queen of Great Britain, who reigned from 1702\u20131714. She is currently the second largest ship in Cunard's fleet, after . She sailed from her homeport of Southampton on 3 May 2024 for her maiden voyage, calling at A Coru\u00f1a and Lisbon. She can carry up to 2,996 passengers. History. In 2017 Cunard announced the order of the fourth ship in their current fleet and the 249th ship in its history. It was initially announced that the new vessel would be based on the , Holland America Line's Pinnacle-class ship. With a gross tonnage of 113,000, the ship would carry up to 3,000 passengers. The delivery was originally planned for 2022, but later the maiden voyage was postponed to January 2024. Later, this was pushed back again, to May 2024. In June 2019 Cunard announced the design team for the public spaces. Steel cutting began at Fincantieri\u2019s Castellammare di Stabia shipyard on 11 October 2019. The forward stub was transferred to Marghera in August 2022 for completion. On 3 May 2023 the structurally complete ship was floated out of the construction dry dock for the"}, {"text": "first time. Media agencies initially speculated whether the ship's name would continue with Cunard's practice of naming them after queens or return to its long-standing convention of giving their vessels names ending in -'ia' like past Cunard ships , RMS \"Berengaria\", and . In February 2022, Cunard announced that the ship would be named \"Queen Anne\". Maritime historians Chris Frame and Rachelle Cross were engaged to work with Cunard to name the ship's six grand suites, so named after famous Cunard waterways including: River Mersey, River Clyde, Hudson River, The Solent, Boston Harbor and Halifax Harbour. The ship's maiden voyage, a 7-night-voyage to Lisbon, began on 3 May 2024 in Southampton. The ship's maiden insights presenters, who hosted presentations as part of the ship's Insights Programme were Yeoman Warder Peter McGowran, Sports Broadcaster Claire Balding and Maritime Historian Chris Frame. On 3 June 2024 at Liverpool, \"Queen Anne\" was christened by Ngunan Adamu, Natalie Haywood, Jayne Casey, Katarina Johnson-Thompson and Melanie C. The city of Liverpool was also announced to be the godmother of the ship. Cunard broke with their usual traditions by not selecting an individual to name the ship, and in keeping the godparent a secret until the"}, {"text": "day of the ceremony."}, {"text": "Printworks was a nightclub and events venue in Rotherhithe, South London. Taking its name from the building's former use for newspaper printing, it became one of the UK's top nightclubs. Closed for redevelopment in 2023, the Press Halls section of the building is scheduled to reopen as a music and events venue in 2026. History. Printworks was located in the former Harmsworth Quays printing plant, which printed newspapers including the \"Daily Mail\" and \"Evening Standard\" until 2012. Some features of the printing plant were retained including the van loading dock and metal stairs, creating an industrial feel in the club. The premises had an overall capacity of 6,000 people across two performance rooms: the Press Halls and Inkwells (formerly known as the Darkroom). The site was also available for hire and was used for events, movies and commercials. Artists, music and perception. The venue opened in 2017 with an event by Seth Troxler, The Martinez Brothers and Loco Dice. It primarily focused on electronic music, but had hosted other genres such as orchestral music. Printworks was described by \"Mixmag\" as \"the saviour London clubbing desperately needed\" and as \"one of the most striking venues the capital city, if not the"}, {"text": "country, has to offer\". The venue was repeatedly voted into the \"Top 100 Clubs\" list by the readers of \"DJ Magazine\". The venue followed a template similar to that of The Warehouse Project, where events were run (around 20) in seasons - for a period of weeks (around 13), but not throughout the full year. Generally, SS (spring and summer) ran from February until April, then AW runs from September until December, with occasional special events, such as New Year's Eve and bank holidays. Closure and redevelopment of the area. In autumn 2021, the owners of the site, British Land, submitted plans to Southwark Council to redevelop the site into office buildings which would involve the demolition of the Printworks venue. This was widely opposed by the music community as destruction of a key part of London's music scene. In 2022, the plans were approved, meaning 2023 will be the last season for music events in the venue after outcry from the community saved the venue. The team opened a new venue in East London, called The Beams, in October 2022. Printworks held its final event on 1 May 2023. During the event, the organisers announced Printworks 2.0 which they"}, {"text": "are planning to reopen some time in 2026. In the final year before its closure, Printworks came second in \"DJ Mag\"'s top 100 global clubs award. In February 2024, British Land and the architects Hawkins\\Brown unveiled plans to reinstate and create a permanent music venue in one half of the large former Printworks building (the Press Halls). The other half, named The Grand Press, would be used for sustainable workspace and retail. The new spaces are scheduled to open in 2026."}, {"text": "A October 2019 Ethiopian clashes was a civil unrest that broke out in Addis Ababa, on 23 October 2019 and swiftly spread to entire Oromia Region after activist and Director of Oromia Media Network, Jawar Mohammed reported on his Facebook page around midnight, on Tuesday. In his post, Jawar has said that his house was surrounded by police officers and that they tried to withdraw his security guards from their posts. His VIP security detail was assigned to him by the government once he arrived from the US. According to official reports, 86 people were killed, 76 were killed by Communal violence, while 10 were security forces of Ethiopia. Background. In October 2019, Ethiopian activist and media owner Jawar Mohammed claimed that members of the police had attempted to force his security detail to vacate the grounds of his home in Addis Ababa in order to detain him the night of 23 October, intimating that they had done so at the behest of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. The previous day, Abiy had given a speech in Parliament in which he had accused \"media owners who don't have Ethiopian passports\" of \"playing it both ways\", a thinly veiled reference to Jawar,"}, {"text": "adding that \"if this is going to undermine the peace and existence of Ethiopia... we will take measures.\" Events. The reports sparked nationwide protests. The morning after the report, Jawar supporters congregated around his house in Addis Ababa to protest, denouncing Prime Minister Abiy and his government. Protesters began blockading roads in Oromia. In the late afternoon, protests turned to violence as police clear blockade and counter-protests began, leaving at least 67 people dead, including five police officers. After the protests spread to the Karakore neighborhood, local residents counter-protested, resulting in police intervention to separate the two groups. Protesters blocked key highways, in particular roads leading to Addis Ababa. There were however scenes of kindness; residents in Welkite and Butajira provided food and shelter for those stuck on the road. An eyewitness told Reuters that he had seen the bodies of at least seven people who had been \"beaten to death using sticks, metal rods and machetes\". On 23 October, clashes occurred in Ambo, Adama, and Haramaya, killing at least 6 and injuring 40. Road blockages were reported in Shashamane and riots occurred in Addis Ababa and surrounding towns, including the neighborhoods of Bole Bulbula, Kotebe, and Karakore. In Dodola"}, {"text": "woreda, the violence targeted the Orthodox community, with shops and houses attacked. Members of the community took shelter in the local church, but there were \"dozens injured\" after a grenade was thrown into the church yard. Later, police took some of the injured for medical treatment, but \"a mob stopped the vehicle and brutally killed three of the injured\" before they could reach the hospital. Victims told \"Agence France-Presse\" that in Adama rioters attacked those who could not speak Oromo. A group in Adama attacked a Voice of America reporter who was covering the riots; he was taken to hospital but escaped serious injury. On 24 October, 68 people were arrested after looting and attempting to burn a mosque and church in Adama, according to the city's mayor, in an attempt to \"spark ethnic and religious conflict\". Oromia police confirmed on Friday that the number of people killed in the region in connection with the latest string of violence seems to have taken ethnic and religious form, has reached 67. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church called for peace and condemned the violence in a meeting with government officials. Jawar appealed for calm and claimed that his supporters were re-opening roads,"}, {"text": "but at the same time told his followers \"to sleep with one eye open\"; riots continued. The latest protests came days after the first popular protest against Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed was held since he came to power back in April 2018. Security forces had been deployed in Ambo, Bishoftu, Bale Robe, Mojo, Adama, Harar, and Dire Dawa. A national blood drive was launched to help the victims, with over 100,000 participating in the first two days. Kefyalew Tefera, Oromo Regional police commissioner, said that there had been \"a hidden agenda to divert the whole protest into an ethnic and religious conflict; there were attempts to burn churches and mosques.\" The official death toll had reached 67, with 15 rioters having been killed by security forces and the remainder killed by others, including at least five police officers. According to local media, \"citizen reports\" however suggest the true death toll is upwards of one hundred. On 31 October, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed updated the death toll to at 78, adding that least 400 people had been arrested around the country in connection with the attacks. Protests against Abiy erupted in Addis Ababa and in Ethiopia's Oromia region on October 23"}, {"text": "after a high-profile activist accused security forces of trying to orchestrate an attack against him. The activist at the centre of last week's protests, Jawar Mohammed, is credited with helping to sweep Abiy to power last year but he has recently become critical of some of the premier's policies. Aftermath and reactions. Prime Minister Abiy, who had been in Sochi attending the Russia-Africa Summit, issued a statement upon his return the evening of the 26th, in which he vowed \"to bring the perpetrators to justice\" and warned that instability could worsen if \"Ethiopians did not unite\". Billene Seyoum, Press Secretary to the Prime Minister, said that violence was in part a \"backlash\" to plans to merge the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front into a single party. Abiy has been criticised for his belated response to the violence, including by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. \"People are dying and questions are being raised if the government even exists. The people are losing all hope,\" said a church spokesman. On October 28, Abune Mathias, Patriarch of the Orthodox Church, made an emotional appeal for the violence to stop and expressed his grief over the casualties. Another bishop said that the faithful"}, {"text": "who had been killed had \"thought that they were living among fellow humans but were unexpectedly devoured by wolves\". Shimelis Abdisa, acting President of the Oromia, condemned the \"incident\" with Jawar, terming it a \"major mistake\", and called for an investigation. Federal Police Commissioner, General Endashaw Tassew, denied that the police had targeted Jawar, but said that they had been \"reassessing the need for private security details for VIPs\"."}, {"text": "The 2019 Patriot League men's soccer tournament was the 30th edition of the Patriot League Men's Soccer Tournament. The tournament decided the Patriot League champion as well as the conference's automatic berth into the 2019 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament. The tournament began on November 9 and concluded on November 16, 2019. The defending champions, Colgate, were eliminated in the first round by eventual runners-up, Lafayette. Lehigh won the championship, 1\u20130, over Lafayette to claim their third Patriot League Tournament championship. There, Lehigh earned the conference's automatic bit in the NCAA Tournament. There, they were eliminated by Pittsburgh in the opening round."}, {"text": "The Wichita Wings are a professional arena soccer team based in Wichita, Kansas. They are current members of Major Arena Soccer League 2 and began play in 2019. They also have a developmental semi-professional team, the Wichita Wings 2, who currently play in Major Arena Soccer League 3. They play their home games at Hartman Arena in Park City, Kansas. History. In October 2019, the Wichita Wings were announced as an expansion franchise in the Major Arena Soccer League 2. They will honor the legacy of previous indoor soccer franchises in the area: the original Wichita Wings of the MISL and NPSL, the second Wichita Wings from the third version of the Major Indoor Soccer League, and the Wichita B-52s of the Professional Arena Soccer League/Major Arena Soccer League. They played eight home games in its first season, then moved to M2 the following season."}, {"text": "Mohamed al-Faki Suleiman (also \"Alfaki\", \"Elfaki\", \"El Faki\"; born ; ) is a Sudanese politician who was the youngest member of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan. Under Article 19 of the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, al-Faki, as is the case for the other members of the Sovereignty Council, is ineligible to run in the election scheduled to follow the 39-month transition to democracy period. The Sovereignty Council was later dissolved in October 2021 after a military coup led by Abdelfattah El Burhan in the 25th of October 2021. Elfaki was arrested illegally for over 2 months without trial, following this coup. Education. Al-Faki studied political science. Journalism and political activism. Al-Faki published two novels and a political book, \"Challenges of Building the State of Sudan\". Sudanese Revolution. According to \"Radio Dabanga\", al-Faki was active in the \"Unionist Alliance\" that was one of the founding coalitions that created the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) alliance, the major civilian coordination body during the Sudanese Revolution, in January 2019. Sovereignty Council. On 21 August 2019, al-Faki became one of the civilian members of the joint civilian\u2013military transitionary head of state of Sudan called the Sovereignty Council of Sudan. Al-Faki frequently acted"}, {"text": "as the Sovereignty Council's spokesperson. A week after the formal transfer of power from the Transitional Military Council to the Sovereignty Council, al-Faki commented on a controversy regarding facilities to be provided to the Sovereignty Council members. According to \"Asharq Al-Awsat\", rumours circulated that council members \"received Infiniti luxury cars and were offered by the presidential palace authorities to move to first-class hotels until their presidential residences were equipped\", which was considered by Sudanese citizens to represent the lavishness of the Omar al-Bashir government. The presidency was estimated to own between 800 and 1000 luxury cars valued together at billion. Al-Faki responded to the rumour by stating that the cars \"are the property of the state, and used in official ceremonies\" and that they would not be used by the council members. \"Asharq Al-Awsat\" estimates the presidency budget for 2019 at twice the total budget for education and health. Al-Faki stated the appreciation by \"the political class\" of the criticism. On 10 October 2019, al-Faki announced the appointment of Nemat Abdullah Khair as Chief Justice of Sudan and Tag el-Sir el-Hibir as Attorney-General. Arrest and dissolution of Sovereignty Council. On 25 October 2021, Faki was confirmed to have been arrested"}, {"text": "following a military coup which overthrew the Sudanese government. The same day, the Sovereignty Council of Sudan which Faki served on would be dissolved as well. In April 2022, Mohamed el-Feki Suleiman was released by the Sudanese junta."}, {"text": "Printworks may refer to:"}, {"text": "Mauricio B\u00e1ez is a Santo Domingo Metro station on Line 2. It was open on 1 April 2013 as part of the inaugural section of Line 2 between Mar\u00eda Montez and Eduardo Brito. The station is located between Colonel Rafael Tom\u00e1s Fern\u00e1ndez and Ram\u00f3n C\u00e1ceres. This is an underground station built below Expreso V Centenario. It is named in honor of Mauricio B\u00e1ez."}, {"text": "The San Francisco Shock are an American esports team founded in 2017 that compete in the Overwatch League (OWL). The Shock began playing competitive \"Overwatch\" in the 2018 season. All signed players during all OWL seasons (including the playoffs) are included, even if they did not make an appearance."}, {"text": "Venancio Saturno (born April 1, 1954), better known as Vehnee Saturno, is a Filipino composer, songwriter and record producer. He found success in 1982 by winning first place at the Metro Manila Popular Music Festival for the song \"Isang Dakot\". Early life. Saturno was born in Iloilo City on April 1, 1954, to a carpenter and a housewife who struggled together with his nine siblings with poverty which inspired him to write songs. His dream was to be a journalist, but due to his family's financial situation he was not able to finish his studies. He trained at the Philippine Air Force after high school and eventually did odd jobs including working as a photocopy machine operator. Music career. In 1982, his composition \"Isang Dakot\" was interpreted by Sonia Singson which won the Grand Prize at the Metropop. In 1983, \"Be My Lady\" was interpreted by Pedrito Montaire and became a finalist at the Metropop; this song was his first major big hit when it was recorded by Martin Nievera and was released under Vicor Music. His songs \"Be My Lady\", \"Sana Kahit Minsan\", \"Mula sa Puso\" and \"'Till My Heartaches End\" became hits in the Philippines. In the late"}, {"text": "1990s, Saturno produced hits for female artists Jessa Zaragoza (for her album \"Just Can't Help Feelin\") and Jaya (for the album \"In the Raw\") and in 2001, for Rachel Alejandro. Saturno also owns his own music label, Vehnee Saturno Music Corp. He often writes songs and manages artists through this label. In 2024, Saturno composed the theme song for the Philippines' participation in the 2024 Summer Olympics titled \"Isangdaan Taong Laban para sa Bayan\" (), as well as the theme song \"Hamon\" for the biographical film \"Mamay: A Journey to Greatness\"."}, {"text": "The 2019 Southern Conference men's soccer tournament was the 32nd edition of the Southern Conference Men's Soccer Tournament. The tournament decided the Southern Conference champion as well as the conference's automatic berth into the 2019 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament. The tournament began on November 9 and concluded on November 16, 2019. Mercer defeated UNCG in the championship match, giving the program their fourth ever SoCon title."}, {"text": "Miu Tsai Tun () is a mountain that lies within Clear Water Bay Country Park, Hong Kong. Its name in Chinese means \"Small Temple Mound\" because there is a small temple on the northeast side of the mountain. Geography. Miu Tsai Tun is 333m in height. To the south lies a famous mountain called High Junk Peak. Access. High Junk Peak Country Trail runs through the foot of Miu Tsai Tun, west of the Summit. It is possible to access the summit of Miu Tsai Tun from entrances on the High Junk Peak Country Trail. The path to the summit is rather rugged and not maintained by the government, so proper footwear is advisable."}, {"text": "In mathematics, a bivariant theory was introduced by Fulton and MacPherson , in order to put a ring structure on the Chow group of a singular variety, the resulting ring called an operational Chow ring. On technical levels, a bivariant theory is a mix of a homology theory and a cohomology theory. In general, a homology theory is a covariant functor from the category of spaces to the category of abelian groups, while a cohomology theory is a contravariant functor from the category of (nice) spaces to the category of rings. A bivariant theory is a functor both covariant and contravariant; hence, the name \u201cbivariant\u201d. Definition. Unlike a homology theory or a cohomology theory, a bivariant class is defined for a map not a space. Let formula_1 be a map. For such a map, we can consider the fiber square formula_2 (for example, a blow-up.) Intuitively, the consideration of all the fiber squares like the above can be thought of as an approximation of the map formula_3. Now, a birational class of formula_3 is a family of group homomorphisms indexed by the fiber squares: formula_5 satisfying the certain compatibility conditions. Operational Chow ring. The basic question was whether there is"}, {"text": "a cycle map: formula_6 If \"X\" is smooth, such a map exists since formula_7 is the usual Chow ring of \"X\". has shown that rationally there is no such a map with good properties even if \"X\" is a linear variety, roughly a variety admitting a cell decomposition. He also notes that Voevodsky's motivic cohomology ring is \"probably more useful \" than the operational Chow ring for a singular scheme (\u00a7 8 of loc. cit.)"}, {"text": "The Samuel D. Walker House, at 1119 Park Ave. in Park City, Utah, was built around 1895. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is a two-story frame hall and parlor plan house with a gable roof. It was built originally as a one-story hall and parlor plan house. Its first floor symmetric front has three bays: window, door, window."}, {"text": "Mark van Eeuwen (born 23 July 1976) is a Dutch actor. He is known for his role as Jack van Houten in the long-running soap opera \"Goede tijden, slechte tijden\". Career. He played the role of criminal Frans Meijer in the 2015 film \"Kidnapping Freddy Heineken\". He also played in the 2018 film \"Redbad\". In 2013, he participated in an episode of the game show \"De Jongens tegen de Meisjes\". In 2016, he played the role of Peter in \"The Passion\", a Dutch Passion Play held every Maundy Thursday since 2011. Personal life. Van Eeuwen has been in relationships with actress Lieke van Lexmond and model Kim K\u00f6tter."}, {"text": "The Sebe\u0219 Formation is a geological formation in Romania. It is of Maastrichtian age. It is laterally equivalent to the Sard Formation. The base of the formation consists of claystones interbedded with sandstones and conglomerates. It is well known for its fossils which form a component of the Ha\u021beg Island fauna. Paleobiota. Dinosaurs. Indeterminate hadrosauroid fossils have been unearthed here."}, {"text": "The 9th (2nd City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, was a Territorial Army (TA) unit of the British Army during World War II. It served in home defence and in Persia and Iraq before entering the Tunisian campaign early in 1943. It then took part in the Salerno landings and subsequent campaign in Italy, including several river crossing and the defence of the Anzio beachhead. The battalion ended the war by storming across the River Po. Origin. The origin of the 2nd London Regiment lay in an invasion scare of 1859, when large numbers of Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) were formed across Britain. Among these were the 46th (London and Westminster) Middlesex RVC (later the 23rd Middlesex RVC), which became the 2nd Volunteer Battalion of the Regular Army's Royal Fusiliers in 1883. When the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the Territorial Force in 1908, it became the 2nd Battalion of the new London Regiment while retaining its links with the Royal Fusiliers. The part-time Territorials were mobilised on the outbreak of World War I and the 2nd Londons served in Malta and then on the Western Front in 56th (1st London) Division. It formed 2nd and 3rd Line battalions that"}, {"text": "fought at Gallipoli and in Egypt as well as on the Western Front. After the war the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army (TA), and the battalion was reformed at its drill hall in Tufton Street, Westminster. The London Regiment had fallen into abeyance in 1916 and the battalions were treated as independent regiments affiliated to their previous parent regiments, so the battalion was now designated 2nd (City of London Battalion) London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers), simplified in 1922 to 2nd City of London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers). The battalion was in 167th (1st London) Brigade in 56th (1st London) Division. These became simply '1st London Bde' and '1st London Division' after 47th (2nd London) Division was disbanded in 1935. The London Regiment was formally disbanded in 1938, the battalion having transferred to the Royal Fusiliers on 31 August 1937 as 9th (2nd City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment). In that year the battalion moved its HQ from Tufton St to 213 Balham High Road in South London. World War II. Mobilisation. After the Munich Crisis the TA was doubled in size, and 9th Royal Fusiliers formed a duplicate 2/9th Battalion at South Ruislip with its first"}, {"text": "officers being commissioned on 14 June; it was shortly afterwards designated as 12th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers. Full mobilisation for the TA was ordered on 1 September 1939, two days before the declaration of war; 9th Royal Fusiliers mobilised next day at Balham High Road in 1st London Bde in 1st London Division. After mobilisation the battalion moved to Croydon on 12 September, and then to Nutley, East Sussex. Organised as a motor division, 1st London Division was designated a 'Julius Caesar' anti-invasion formation in Eastern Command but was only partially equipped. At the time of the Dunkirk evacuation in late May 1940 it was rushed to the threatened area of East Kent, with 9th Royal Fusiliers at Harbledown, Sturry and Bridge. The division was now reorganised as a conventional infantry division under XII Corps. On 18 November 1940 it regained its historic title of 56th (London) Division, and 10 days later 1st London Bde became 167 (1st London) Bde once more. During 1941, 9th Royal Fusiliers was also stationed at Ashford and New Romney in Kent. On 15 November 1941 56th (L) Division moved to XI Corps in East Anglia, with 9th Royal Fusiliers at Colchester in Essex, moving to"}, {"text": "Woodbridge, Suffolk, in early 1942, where it camped in a nearby wood. It was now regarded as a field division, and came under War Office control on 21 June, preparatory to moving overseas. 9th Royal Fusiliers was now commanded by Lt-Col E.H. Hillersdon. Iraq. In August 1942 the division sailed for the Middle East, 9th Royal Fusiliers embarking on the transport \"New Holland\" at Liverpool, and the convoy carrying 56th (L) Division sailed on 25 August 1942. It called at Freetown in Sierra Leone, where the men were issued with tropical kit. It then proceeded via Cape Town to Bombay, where the tropical kit was withdrawn and the troops transshipped to smaller vessels. These sailed on to Basra in Iraq, where the men disembarked on 4 November. 9th Royal Fusiliers then entrained for Kirkuk, a journey via Baghdad. 56th (L) Division was intended to reinforce Persia and Iraq Command (PAIC), but by the time it arrived, the threat to the Persian oilfields had diminished with the British victory at El Alamein and the lack of German progress at Stalingrad. The troops in PAIC were therefore able to undergo intensive training for service elsewhere. 56th (L) Division was selected for the"}, {"text": "planned Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), and its brigades trained in amphibious assault or desert and hill warfare. 167 and 169 Brigades were selected for the latter, carried out in the Dharbund Badzian Pass, some from Kirkuk. Tunisia. 56th (L) Division now had to move from Kirkuk via Palestine and Egypt to join Eighth Army in Tunisia, covering approximately 3200 miles between March and 19 April 1943. 9th Royal Fusiliers left on 28 March, some men going to Baghdad by rail, but thereafter the whole journey was by road using battalion transport supplemented by troop carrying vehicles (TCVs). Soon after they arrived and joined X Corps, 167 and 169 Bdes were thrown into the last stages of the Tunisian Campaign, because General Bernard Montgomery stated that he did not want to use an untried division in Husky. 169 Brigade took Djebel Terhouna during the night of 28/29 April, but was driven off the position the following morning, when Montgomery realised that the division needed time to learn battlecraft. The division went into action again during the final advance on Tunis (Operation Vulcan), 167 Bde attacking 'Razorback Ridge' on the evening of 9 May with 8th and 9th Royal Fusiliers"}, {"text": "supported by Valentine tanks. Without adequate time for reconnaissance, both battalions moved off over the Djebel es Sourrah feature at 17.35 and advanced across the open valley of Wadi Rheribi covered by a smokescreen fired by the divisional artillery, which also put down concentrations of high explosive on the enemy positions. The advancing troops suffered severe casualties from incoming fire, particularly when the smoke began to clear. The leading companies of 9th Royal Fusiliers reached a wadi running across their front, but this was the line of the enemy defensive barrage, which came down with great accuracy. The men pressed on with mounting casualties; Lt-Col Hillersdon was badly wounded in the leg but carried on commanding the battalion from a tank until he was too weak from blood loss and had to be evacuated, when the command temporarily devolved on Maj J.G. Coleman. Eventually the battalion was ordered to withdraw in the early hours of the following morning. Successes on other fronts meant that X Corps' costly action did not need to be continued, and the remaining Axis troops in Tunisia surrendered on 13 May. Salerno. Because of Montgomery's doubts, 56th (L) Division was not in fact used in Operation"}, {"text": "Husky. Instead it moved back to Tripoli in Libya for further training in combined operations at Zuara, first 'dryshod', then with waterproofed vehicles and landing craft. While the Sicilian campaign continued, planning began for Operations Avalanche and Baytown, the assault landings on mainland Italy. 56th (London) Division was assigned to Avalanche, to land at Salerno. Loading began on 1 September and the assault troops of 56th (L) Division set sail from Tripoli aboard convoy TSS-1 on 3 September. H-Hour was at 03.30 on 9 September. 167 Bde's leading infantry landing craft touched down at 03.35 covered by naval gunfire, with 8th (right) and 9th (left) Battalions Royal Fusiliers landing either side of the Tusciano river. 9th Royal Fusiliers' objective was the town of Battipaglia. On landing they found that the covering rocket fire had not silenced a German 88mm gun battery, which continued to fire seawards until it was silenced by an Allied destroyer, the naval shells only just clearing the fusiliers. Apart from a position containing four machine guns, which was assaulted by D Company, there was little opposition. Using commandeered transport, including tractors, horses, farm carts and bicycles, the battalion pushed inland and established battalion HQ in Battipaglia"}, {"text": "by nightfall. However, because neighbouring units including 8th Royal Fusiliers had not made such good progress, the position at Battipaglia was dangerously isolated. Counter-attacks began at first light on 10 September: the town was almost surrounded and 88 mm guns began systematically destroying the buildings, wounding Lt-Col Hillersdon. German tanks approached and infantry infiltrated through the tall crops around the town. As the pressure grew the battalion was gradually forced out of the town, all its anti-tank guns being knocked out by 13.00, then the carriers and 3-inch mortars of Support Company. A field company of Royal Engineers became involved in the fighting, as well as the battalion's administrative staff, many of them armed with captured Italian and German weapons. By 16.00 Maj Cedric Delforce, in temporary command, had few troops left, and the brunt of the defence fell on D Company, who had linked up with 201 Guards Bde. 3rd Coldstream Guards tried to fight their way forward to hold or regain the town, but they failed, and the remnants of 9th Royal Fusiliers withdrew and joined them at the blocked bridge at Fosso. One 37-man platoon was cut off in the town and remained there for a couple"}, {"text": "of days, sniping at Germans during the confusion of British air raids on 13 and 14 September, otherwise staying quiet on the top floor of the building that became the German HQ. Most were eventually captured while searching for food and water. On 14 September 167 Bde was relieved and sent to 46th Division's supposedly quieter sector, but the remnant of 9th Royal Fusiliers with the Royal Engineers stayed to hold the Sta Lucia salient under the command of 23rd Armoured Bde. On 16 September it drove back an attack with the help of 64th (7th London) Field Regiment's 25-pounders. By 19 September, the battalion had extemporised new Support Company, armed with Italian Breda machine guns, an 81mm mortar and a 75mm infantry gun. The advancing Eighth Army was now approaching, and the Salerno beachhead was no longer isolated: the Germans withdrew abruptly. Volturno to the Garigliano. X Corps began its advance out of the beachhead on the night of 22/23 September and began the pursuit towards Naples, 56th (L) Division moving up on 26 September. 167 Brigade advanced up Route 8, clearing Baronissi and reaching Costa on 30 September, when X Corps entered Naples. By 11 October, the division"}, {"text": "was on the Volturno Line but 167 Bde's attempt to cross the river on the night of 12/13 October failed when 7th Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (OBLI) were spotted while forming up. The brigade continued to keep the enemy pinned along the river. On 15 October, after some patrolling, 9th Royal Fusiliers pushed B Company, across the river, followed by D, C and then the battalion tactical HQ (Tac HQ). Some fighting over the next two days left the battalion in possession of its bridgehead, by which time 169 Bde was approaching from the right. The enemy withdrew into the hills. This brought the division to the Bernhardt Line, where it was tasked with capturing Monte Camino, blocking the entrance to the Liri Valley. The first attack up 'Bare Arse Ridge' on 6 November by 7th OBLI and 201 Guards Bde failed with heavy casualties. The division then prepared for a full-scale attack (the Battle of Monte Camino) including building Jeep tracks and dumps from which mules supplied the frontline troops in rain and mud while the battalions trained for mountain warfare. The battalions now consisted of a three rifle companies and a reduced HQ Company, in order to"}, {"text": "maximise rifle strength. Lieutenant-Col J. Sykes-Wright arrived to take over 9th Royal Fusiliers, which had been commanded for the past months by Maj Delforce and then Maj Coleman. 167 Brigade's plan was for a brigade 'Battle Patrol' to clear Bare Arse Ridge as far as Point 727, which would then be held by the depleted 7th OBLI while 8th and 9th Royal Fusiliers passed by to assault the summit (Point 819) by pincer movement. The attack was launched with heavy artillery support on the evening of 2 December, 9th Royal Fusiliers crossing its start line at 17.15. Each man was heavily laden with winter clothing, ammunition and equipment and 48-hour rations. They followed lines of tracer from Bofors guns guiding them through the fading light and the dust thrown up by the bombardment. 9th Royal Fusiliers passed Point 727 at 04.00 and reached the wood that was the forming-up position, but 8th Royal Fusiliers following in single file could not be in position for the assault planned for 06.00. The two COs agreed that 9th Bn would carry out the attack with Y Company of 8th Bn, which arrived at 05.30. B Company of the 9th went round the left"}, {"text": "corner of the wood and dealt with a series of machine gun posts; then D Company continue of the left, and finally A Company guarded the exposed flank. Y Company of the 8th took Point 819 itself, but 169 Bde's attack on Monte Camino monastery had failed, and the Royal Fusiliers were subjected to heavy fire as they consolidated on the objective. It took seven hours to evacuate each wounded man down the mule track. Holding the position in the rain and cold, the battalions began to suffer cases of trench foot. 201 Guards Bde passed through the position the following night to capture the monastery, but the Fusiliers were not finally relieved until 6 December. 56th (L) Division was next tasked with capturing a bridgehead across the Garigliano. The division moved up to the river on 14 December and spent the next month patrolling across the wide No man's land and reconnoitering the crossing sites. Unlike the Volturno crossing, detailed planning and rehearsal were undertaken. 8th and 9th Royal Fusiliers were to attack side by side, each with some engineers and a company of the depleted 7th OBLI attached to it. The operation was timed for 21.00 on 17"}, {"text": "January 1944, and 9th Royal Fusiliers had their assault boats in the water at the correct time, guided by Bofors tracer. A battle patrol went over, followed by a platoon of B Company. The whole of B and D Companies followed, assisted by beachmasters, including Maj Delforce. The flooded river had rendered most of the German S-mines ineffective, and the fusiliers advanced towards the railway embankment at 22.50. Here they ran into opposition and the battle became confused, Tac HQ following the wrong embankment and became involved in a fight with a machine gun position, the CO being captured twice, and escaping both times. The rest of Tac HQ linked up with A Company and engaged the enemy in a farm with all the heavy weapons available, including medium machine guns, PIATs and 2-inch mortars. Having returned, the CO led A Company on to the objective of Salvatito hill while Maj Delforce collected the rest of the battalion and cleared the remaining enemy pockets. By 10.00 next morning the battalion was established in Salvitelle, where it was reinforced by 44th Reconnaissance Regiment, which had been ferried cross the river. German counter-attacks began early on 19 January and were driven off"}, {"text": "by B Company; that evening another counter-attack was broken in front of the battalion by 56th (L) Division's artillery. Fighting continued in the enclosed country of the bridgehead for several days: D Company's position was captured on 21 January, but the enemy were driven out again by the London Scottish. 9th Royal Fusiliers was relieved on the evening of 23 January. While the battalion was resting at Fontanelle Lt-Col Sykes-Wright left and Maj J.G. Cleghorn was promoted from 8th Royal Fusiliers to take command. Anzio. The Allies had carried out an amphibious assault at Anzio on 22 January 1944 with the intention of outflanking the German positions at Monte Cassino, but the enemy had succeeded in sealing off the beachhead, where trench warfare had set in. In early February 56th (L) Division was ordered to pull out and go by sea to reinforce the beachhead. 167 Brigade embarked at Naples on 12 February, each fusilier battalion travelling in one Landing Ship, Tank for HQ and transport, and one Landing Craft Infantry for each of the three companies. They arrived off Anzio at 08.00 next day and immediately came under air attack. The brigade took over part of the line from"}, {"text": "US troops on the night of 14/15 February, with 9th Royal Fusiliers on the left. At 06.15 on 16 February a strong German counter-attack (\"Operation Fischfang\" or 'Catching Fish') developed, accompanied by artillery and mortar fire and air attacks. The close country suited infiltration attacks, and the fighting was confused. At first, 9th Royal Fusiliers held their fire because the German paratroopers' helmets resembled the American helmet: two platoons of A Company and most of D Company were overrun and captured, the remaining platoon of A Company was undetected behind the enemy. With C Company in the rear, only B Company was in action, assisted by a scratch party of drivers and orderlies alongside the mortar platoon and battle patrol. The defence was aided by some American tanks and engineers, who helped with wiring the position and loaned a platoon. However, with information brought in by A Company's platoon and other returning stragglers, the battalion built up a clear picture of the enemy positions and was able to call down accurate artillery support as the fighting continued until 24 February. Thereafter both sides continued raiding until 9th Royal Fusiliers were relieved on the night of 5/6 March. It was evacuated"}, {"text": "from the beachhead on 8 March and sailed back to Naples. 56th (L) Division was now so weak that the whole division was sent to Egypt to rest and reorganise. 167 Brigade sailed on 28 March from Taranto aboard the troopship \"Empire Pride\". The brigade moved to a hutted camp at Beni Yousef, where the Fusilier battalions were reinforced by a draft of gunners from disbanded anti-aircraft regiments from the Canal Zone, who had been retrained as infantrymen. They were integrated over the next four months. Gothic Line. 56th (L) Division set sail from Port Said on 12 July and landed at Taranto on 17 July, taking over the transport and equipment of 78th Division, which was leaving for refit in Egypt. On 4 August 56th (L) Division moved to Assisi, where it formed part of the reserve behind Eighth Army, which was preparing for the attack on the Gothic Line (Operation Olive). The offensive opened on 25 August 1944, and once the leading divisions had broken into the German positions, 56th (L) Division was used to widen the breach on 1 September. 169 Brigade captured Mondarno, then 167 Bde, with 8th Royal Fusiliers and 7th OBLI leading, attacked on"}, {"text": "4 September, 9th Royal Fusiliers being held back for the capture of the final objective. The initial operation went well, and commanders believed that a breakthrough had been achieved. It was decided to push 9th Royal Fusiliers through before daylight on 5 September. It crossed the start line at midnight, B Company leading with Tac HQ behind, and advanced in the dark over unreconnoitred ground towards enemy positions that had not been located. After half an hour the fusiliers waded across the River Conca, but B Company became separated from the rest of the battalion, and Tac HQ had no protective screen. It reached Croce just after 04.00 and came across Germans digging in; immediately a firefight broke out. Lieutenant-Col Cleghorn ordered B Company to work its way round Croce, but the Germans were in force, and the whole brigade had to deploy in a hurry. At dawn, A Company with platoon of B Company and a troop of tanks was about halfway to its objective, with B and D Companies in rear and C Company in reserve. Little could be done in daylight, and the battalion's positions were shelled all day. A new attack was organised for the evening,"}, {"text": "with D Company and the battle patrol to go in with artillery support at 21.00. They managed to enter the town but were driven out again. B and C Companies attacked at 03.30 on 6 September, but B was driven out and C pinned down. Some tanks of the 7th Hussars arrived at 08.00 and supported C Company into the town, which was captured by 11.40. B Company was still fighting on the left, so the brigade commander sent up two companies of 8th Royal Fusiliers to bolster the 9th's slender garrison. The town was under constant shellfire and sniping, and several tanks were knocked out. At 14.00 9th Royal Fusiliers had to request help and it was joined by the whole of 8th Bn. The Germans counter-attacked in strength after dark. There followed a night of confused fighting, in which the enemy tanks and infantry slowly regained most of Croce: A Company was withdrawn at 05.00 and the remnants of C Company at 11.15. Both battalions were then withdrawn so that the so that the artillery could bombard the town, and 8th Royal Fusiliers attacked again. They found themselves in a fight with German armour and suffered heavy casualties"}, {"text": "before British tanks and other units arrived to complete the capture. Both battalions were finally relieved n the night of 8/9 September. The next task was to penetrate the Germans' reserve position, the Rimini Line. On 13 September 9th Royal Fusiliers took over a defensive position and the rest of 167 Bde passed through to attack the Sensoli Ridge that night. Even 9th Bn's static role was difficult, with numerous pockets of Germans to be rounded up and heavy enemy shellfire on the line when the brigade's attack began. Two nights later the 9th Royal Fusiliers took part in the second phase of the operation, to clear the Mulazzano ridge. The battalion attacked on the brigade's left to capture a spur and then exploit towards Cerasola some beyond. It moved off at 22.00 and D Company established a bridgehead over the River Marano. However, A Company then set off up the wrong spur followed by B Company, while Tac HQ advanced up the correct spur. At daybreak A and B Companies were stuck half-way up the right spur with 8th Royal Fusiliers, while the left spur was uncleared. The tank support having arrived, they were sent with D Company to"}, {"text": "clear the left spur, then crossed to help A and B Companies. Plans for exploitation to Cerasola were dropped, and 9th Royal Fusiliers consolidated the Mulazzano ridge until they were relieved on 21 September. Winter 1944\u201345. Owing to a shortage of reinforcements in the Mediterranean theatre in 1944, the 9th (2nd London) Bn absorbed the 8th (1st London) Bn, Royal Fusiliers, on 23 September 1944. In compliment to the 8th Bn, the 9th Royal Fusiliers redesignated its A, B C and D Companies as W, X, Y and Z. On the night of 27/28 September 56th (L) Division attacked Savignano on the Fiumicino river by 169 Bde, supported by a 90-minute barrage fired by the heavily reinforced divisional artillery. Nevertheless the attack failed, as did attempts to renew it on 29/30 September and 1 October. 9th Royal Fusiliers saw some action in these operations, and did some useful patrolling. On 13 October the badly weakened division (168 Bde had been disbanded) was relieved in the line, 167 Bde going to a rest area south of Ancona. 9th Royal Fusiliers remained at the resort of Porto San Giorgio until 11 December. 56th (L) Division returned to the fighting in December, 9th"}, {"text": "Royal Fusiliers going into action on 19 December to clear the ground between the River Lamone river and the Nariglio Canal, in which it lost 7 officers and 70 other ranks. The fighting continued over Christmas, and then after a pause from 27 to 31 December the fusiliers had to assist in 'cleaning out' the Senio bend. By a silent approach 9th Royal Fusiliers took Il Collegio and a good haul of prisoners on the night of 2/3 January 1945. It was then withdrawn until the spring. Argenta. For Eighth Army's Spring offensive in 1945 (Operation Grapeshot), 56th (L) Division was on the right of the line, responsible for the operations on Lake Comacchio to outflank the Senio defences. 9th Royal Fusiliers, after spending most of March resting and training at Bertinoro was brought up to carry out preliminary operations. On 29 March X and Z Companies joined 2nd Commando Bde to assist it in capturing 'The Spit' on the night of 1/2 April, mainly by manhandling their assault boats. The rest of the battalion moved up to San Alberto on the River Reno on 2/3 April, where X and Z Companies rejoined on 4 April. 'Grapeshot' began on the"}, {"text": "night of 5/6 April, with 167 Bde tasked with clearing 'the Wedge' from the southern tip of Lake Comacchio across the Reno, westward to the Fossa di Navigazione. Y Company and the battle patrol of 9th Royal Fusiliers crossed the Reno without opposition at 17.00 on 5 April, ferried over by Z Company. The plan was for the fusiliers to work their way westwards to link up with the London Irish Rifles' (LIR) bridgehead, but when the artillery preparation began at 21.00 and the LIR attacked, they found that they could not eliminate a German strongpoint on Y Company's route. the plan was therefore changed, Y Company recrossed and the battalion moved round by vehicles to cross behind the LIR. However, the engineers' raft had been sunk and there were only two canvas assault boats for the whole battalion. Y Company and the battle patrol crossed at 03.00 under artillery and mortar fire, but it was unsafe for the rest of the battalion to cross in daylight, so Y Company and the battle patrol had to fight on alone alongside the LIR. Their first capture was a rice factory, along with numerous prisoners and much equipment, after it had been"}, {"text": "pounded by the artillery. But an attempt by the battle patrol, wading through floodwater to take a pumping station, failed when the sun came up. By 07.30 Y Company was in action against three German tanks at Punta Alberana, and had to fall back a short distance. These positions were held until 21.30, when the rest of 9th Royal Fusiliers crossed under cover of darkness and set up Tac HQ in the rice factory. Z Company was pushed on ahead of Y Company and X Company held in reserve. But W Company advancing on the left was held up, and to prevent Z Company becoming isolated W Company launched a new attack at 11.30 with tank support. There was a pause for 8 to 10 April while the fighting went on elsewhere. On 11 April 56th (L) Division launched Operation Impact Plain to widen the bridgehead on the Wedge. X Company recrossed the Reno and advanced along the south bank to assist the London Scottish, reaching the junction of the Reno and Santerno rivers ahead of any other Allied troops. Y Company relieved X Company on 13 April and crossed the Santerno that evening, reaching Camberini. Everything was now ready"}, {"text": "for 56th (L) Division to breach the Argenta Gap between the flooded areas in front. An amphibious operation (Impact Royal) failed, but 9th Royal Fusiliers advanced overland towards Bastia on 14 April, only to be held up by a massive minefield laid in the gap. While an engineer company and all of 167 Bde's pioneer platoons tried to clear a path through the minefield, W Company tried to bypass it along the river's edge. The path was cleared by 16.00, and X Company went through with a troop of 10th Hussars' tanks, but were halted at the far end when it became too dark for the tanks to operate. W Company came up alongside, but met resistance. The advance was resumed on 15 April, helped by a heavy ground mist that allowed X Company to surprise the enemy on the line of the railway embankment. A bulldozer cleared a way through the embankment for a tank and X Company advanced on Bastia with this tank, storming a sugar factory on the outskirts of Bastia to find no opposition, but slowed up by having to advance through a lake of treacle. Patrols reported Bastia clear of the enemy, and 9th Royal"}, {"text": "Fusiliers were relieved by the London Scottish. Soon afterwards 78th Division passed through 56th (L) Division to complete the Germans' rout. Po crossing. Having broken out of the Argenta Gap the Allied forces now drove hard for the River Po. On 22 April 167 Bde pushed north of Portomaggiore, with the LIR in the lead. Next day 9th Royal Fusiliers took over, with W Company advancing on the right and Y Company on the left. W Company had to pass through Copparo, which had been captured by the Coldstream Guards, but it took some time for the company, assisted by local Italian partisans, to clear the town of snipers. Meanwhile X Company came up to a canalised river with all the bridges destroyed and had to wait for an ARK bridge to come up before the tanks could cross. The battalion then pushed on steadily towards the Po. On 24 April Z Company was across the Canal Bianco, but this was too wide for an ARK, and the engineers had to build a Bailey bridge before the tanks (12th Royal Tank Regiment) could cross. While that was being built, 9th Royal Fusiliers and the tank squadron commander pushed on to"}, {"text": "reconnoitre the last obstacle before the great river. The first vehicle over the Bailey bridge was a tank with a Scissors bridge, which crossed the obstacle in 15 minutes, while W and Y Companies pushed on. The fusiliers and the tanks reached the bank of the Po at Alberone on the morning of 25 April and opened fire on the Germans who were retreating across the river by boat. Large numbers of prisoners were taken before they could cross. The brigade commander ordered the battalion to 'bounce' the river if possible, and by 11.15 for canvas assault boats arrived. With covering fire from X and Y Companies and the divisional artillery, Sergeant Mitchell with three men crossed the -wide river in the first boat at 13.45 and landed unopposed; they then began to clear enemy parties from the bank. As other boats arrived \u2013 Lieutenant Duthaler of the battle patrol swam the river to bring back one from the German side \u2013 the battalion crossed. X Company was across by 16.35 and two sections of Y Company by 1715, but they were now meeting opposition. During the afternoon the Germans counter-attacked X Company, but the attack was broken up by"}, {"text": "a defensive fire task fired by the divisional artillery. That evening the rest of 56th (L) Division crossed using amphibious vehicles. The Allies continued pursuing the beaten enemy. 56th (L) Division reached Venice on 29 April. Here it was halted due to shortage of fuel. The Surrender of Caserta came into force on 2 May, ending hostilities in the Italian theatre. 56th (L) Division was made responsible for protecting lines of communication to the disputed city of Trieste in the immediate aftermath of the fighting. 9th (2nd London) Bn, Royal Fusiliers, celebrated the regimental festival of Albuhera Day (16 May) outside the city. The battalion was still in Trieste on 6 April 1946 when the battalion formally passed into suspended animation. Postwar. When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947 the 9th and 12th Battalions were reformed at Balham High Road and combined as 624 (Royal Fusiliers) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery. It served as the LAA regiment of 56th (London) Armoured Division. When Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in 1955 there was a major reduction in the number of AA units, and 624 LAA absorbed 526 (Mixed) LAA/Searchlight Regiment, RA (27th London Electrical Engineers), which formed R Battery. Later"}, {"text": "its title was changed to 624 LAA Rgt (9th Bn Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)). There were further reductions in the TA. On 1 May 1961, 624 LAA Rgt reconverted back to infantry and merged into 8th (1st City of London) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, to form the City of London Battalion, Royal Fusiliers. Battle Honours. The following Battle Honours awarded to the Royal Fusiliers during World War II were attributable to the 9th Battalion: Djebel Tebaga, North Africa 1943, Salerno, St Lucia, Battipaglia, Teano, Monte Camino, Garigliano Crossing, Damiano, Anzio, Gothic Line, Coriano, Croce, Valli di Comacchio, Argenta Gap, Italy 1943-45"}, {"text": "Mladen \u017dujovi\u0107 (1895\u20131969) was a Serbian and Yugoslav attorney and professor of Law at Belgrade University. He was known as member of British-supported secret society Konspiracija and during the World War II as a member of the Central National Committee of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and since 1943 commander of Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland in Dalmatia, Lika and Western Bosnia and Herzegovina. Biography. \u017dujovi\u0107 was born on 5 June 1895 in Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia. He was attorney PhD and professor at Belgrade University. On 8 August 1938 a secret society Konspiracija, established to perform coup d etat and overthrow regime of Prince Pavle with support of United Kingdom had their first meeting presided by Slobodan Jovanovi\u0107 in a house of \u017dujovi\u0107. Dragi\u0161a Vasi\u0107, Milan \u017dujovi\u0107 and Milan Nikoli\u0107 were members of the Executive Council of the \"Conspiracy\". Together with Dragi\u0161a Vasi\u0107, \u017dujovi\u0107 created a plan to establish Central National Committee of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (CNK). \u017dujovi\u0107 went to Belgrade to select candidates for membership of CNK. Eventually he recruited a number of people while he personally was a member of the CNK. Since May 1943 he moved to Split. At the end of June 1943, Italians arrested"}, {"text": "\u017dujovi\u0107 in action against Chetniks coordinated with Germans who arrested Pavle \u0110uri\u0161i\u0107 earlier. After he was appointed as a delegate of Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107 for Dalmatia, Lika and Western Bosnia and Herzegovina with rank of Lieutenant Colonel. When Italian forces surrendered to communist forces in Dalmatia in the autumn of 1943 \u017dujovi\u0107 fled to Italy and then to Cairo. He was sentenced to death in absentia during the trial against Draza Mihailovic and his accomplices. \u017dujovi\u0107 died in Paris, France, 1969. Thanks to Teodora \u017dujovi\u0107 the manuscripts of Mladen \u017dujovi\u0107 that he took with him as a refugee were published."}, {"text": "Abu'-Fat\u1e25 N\u0101\u1e63ir (or Am\u012br) al-Juy\u016bsh Sayf al-Isl\u0101m Sharaf al-Isl\u0101m Y\u0101nis al-R\u016bm\u012b al-Arman\u012b al-\u1e24\u0101fi\u1e93\u012b, commonly simply known by his given name Y\u0101nis (i.e., John), was an Armenian military slave who served as vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate for nine months in 1131\u20131132. Life. A Christian of Armenian origin, he became a military slave (\"maml\u016bk\") of al-Afdal Shahanshah, the vizier (and \"de facto\" ruler) of the Fatimid Caliphate from 1094 to 1121. In 1122/3, Yanis was promoted to head of the \"\u1e63iby\u0101n al-kh\u0101\u1e63\u1e63\"\u2014a special corps of young men being trained for military service\u2014and then to head of the treasury (\"\u1e63\u0101\u1e25ib bayt al-mal\") by the vizier al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi. He rose further to head chamberlain (\"\u1e63\u0101\u1e25ib al-b\u0101b\" or \"\u1e63\u0101\u1e25ib al-majlis\"), a rank almost equal to the vizierate, and commander-in-chief of the army. Following the death of Caliph al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah on 17 October 1130, the army raised al-Afdal's son Kutayfat to the vizierate. He soon imprisoned the regent Abd al-Majid, deposed the Fatimid dynasty and Isma'ilism and imposed a Twelver Shi'a regime instead. This aroused the reaction of the old Fatimid elites, and members of al-Amir's \"\u1e63iby\u0101n al-kh\u0101\u1e63\u1e63\" murdered Kutayfat on 8 December 1131. Abd al-Majid was released and reinstated, initially as regent, but"}, {"text": "in February 1132 he was raised to the caliphate as al-Hafiz li-Din Allah. Yanis emerged as the new strong man, and was named vizier. This has been seen by some modern historians as a reward for assisting in the murder of Kutayfat and the restoration of the dynasty. On the other hand, among his first moves was the elimination of about 300 of the approximately 500 \"\u1e63iby\u0101n\", exactly the same corps that had been responsible for Kutayfat's murder. This severity was a hallmark of Yanis, a strong personality and disciplinarian who tried to discipline the unruly army by tough measures. At the same time, he relied on a privately raised regiment of military slaves, which was known after him as \"Y\u0101nisiyya\". Yanis' efforts to impose control over the state extended to the administration as well, leading to the imprisonment of several prominent officials. His growing power alarmed al-Hafiz, and after nine months in power, he had the vizier's ablution water poisoned. After Yanis' death, the Caliph did not appoint another vizier, and for a time took governance into his own hands. It was not until 1134 that a new vizier was appointed, in the person of al-Hafiz's son and designated"}, {"text": "heir Sulayman. During his tenure, Yanis began constructing two mosques, the \"Masjid al-Fath\" and the \"Masjid Yanis\", which were completed by his two sons, whom al-Hafiz took under his protection."}, {"text": "Rebecca D. Jackson (August 18, 1955 \u2013 October 11, 2022) was an American medical researcher, medical practitioner and professor of endocrinology, diabetes and metabolism. Her research was significant in the understanding and treatment of osteoporosis. She also researched the opioid crisis in Ohio. Jackson was director of the Center for Women's Health, the founding director of the Ohio State University Center for Clinical and Translational Science, associate dean for clinical and translational research, and professor of endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism at the Ohio State University. In 2008, she was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and received the OSU Distinguished Scholar Award, one of Ohio State University's highest research honors, in 2015. Early life. Jackson was born in Columbus, Ohio, on August 18, 1955, to William and Dorothy (n\u00e9e Woytowicz) Jackson. She had a brother. Education. Jackson received her medical degree from Ohio State University College of Medicine in 1978. Career. Jackson was involved in one of the first studies to show that weight lifting, rather than walking, is more beneficial for maintaining bone density: that the ideal exercise to stimulate bone formation is force rather than repetition. She and her colleagues had"}, {"text": "also been involved in one of the landmark studies examining bisphosphonates, a new class of medications for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. She co-authored hundreds of articles that have appeared in publications including American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Arthritis & Rheumatology, Nature, and Nature Communications. Jackson's research was concentrated in the area of women's health, with a specific focus on defining clinical factors, biomarkers, and genetic associations for diseases that disproportionately affect women (particularly osteoporosis). Her laboratory had continuous NIH funding for almost 30 years and she authored or co-authored more than 250 peer-reviewed manuscripts, including the landmark Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Calcium Plus Vitamin D Trial. She was the vice-chair of the WHI, and was later the principal investigator for the WHI Midwest Regional Field Center. Her work focuses on the epidemiology of chronic disease in women, including cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Jackson spent about thirty percent of her time as a clinician and seventy percent as a researcher. She last practiced at the Center for Women's Health in Columbus, Ohio. Injury. Jackson had a spinal cord injury in the late 1970s and used a wheelchair since then. Later life and death. In 2019, Jackson became the lead investigator"}, {"text": "on a $65 million research study to help reduce deaths from opioid use. She died on October 11, 2022. Notable achievements. Jackson's work in the field of medicine resulted in a number of awards and honors:"}, {"text": "There are about 1300 islands within Saudi Arabia. 89% of these islands are located in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba, while the remaining 11% are in the Persian Gulf. The majority of these islands are located in Tabuk and Mecca provinces. Only 4 of the 1,285 islands have an area of more than 50 km2, 18 have an area between 10 and 50 km2, 64 have an area between 1 and 10 km2, while the remaining islands all have an area of less than 1 km2. Only 6 out of the 1,285 islands\u2014just 0.5%\u2014are inhabited. The following is a list of major islands of both Saudi Arabia's Eastern and Western coasts: Lists of islands. List of West coast islands. This list contains all of Saudi Arabia's West coast islands that have an area of more than 1 km2: List of East coast islands. This list contains the major islands of Saudi Arabia's East coast:"}, {"text": "Xunmenglong (from ) is a genus of compsognathid theropod dinosaur from the Huajiying Formation from Hebei Province in China. The type and only species is Xunmenglong yinliangis. The holotype material consists of a pelvis, tail base and hindlimbs that had previously been part of a chimera containing three different animals. The animal is described as being the smallest known member of Compsognathidae, being about the size of the sub-adult \"Scipionyx\" holotype specimen or approximately 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) in length. Classification. In the original description, \"Xunmenglong\" is recovered as a compsognathid in a polytomy including \"Compsognathus\", \"Huaxiagnathus\" and \"Juravenator\". However, Andrea Cau (2024) recovered \"Xunmenglong\" not as a compsognathid, but instead as a basal member of Tetanurae."}, {"text": "Gary William Nowak (born December 8, 1948) is a former American football defensive tackle who played for the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan State University."}, {"text": "The House at 343 Park Avenue, at 343 Park Ave. in Park City, Utah, was built in 1898. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is a one-story frame pyramid house with a truncated hip roof. It has a square plan and a \"generally symmetrical facade with the door set slightly off center between pairs of double hung sash one over one light windows, the truncated hip roof, and the porch supported on lathe turned piers that spans the facade.\" Its windows have a common type of Victorian molding, with grooves and decorative corner blocks. A rear shed extension on the northwest corner of the building may have been part of the original construction, and even if it were added later it would contribute to the historic significance of the house as documenting \"the most common and acceptable method of expansion of the small Park City house.\" As of 1984 the house had received \"no major alterations and is in excellent condition. It maintains its original integrity.\""}, {"text": "The National Council of Democratic Forces (NCDF, , informally the National Council, \"Milli \u015eura\") is an alliance of opposition parties of Azerbaijan. NCDF includes the Azerbaijani Popular Front Party, Open Society, the Forum of Intellectuals and the El movement. The stated goals of NCDF is the \"protection of human rights, achieving the environment of free and fair elections reflecting the opinion of the people, in particular ensuring the right to freedom of assembly, removing pressures on independent media and civil society\". The stated final goal of NCDF is the establishment of \"a democratic state with rule of law, and to achieve integration of Azerbaijan into the Euro-Atlantic arena\". NCDF was established in 2013, ahead of the 2013 presidential elections in which Ilham Aliyev won a third term. On 7 June 2013, Rustam Ibragimbekov was elected as the group's chairman. NCDF nominated Jamil Hasanli as its joint presidential candidate, he came second in the official voting results. In 2019 NCDF organized a series of protests in Baku, advocating particularly for the release of political prisoners and for free and fair elections."}, {"text": "Sirakol is a census town and a gram panchayat within the jurisdiction of the Usthi police station in the Magrahat I CD block in the Diamond Harbour subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Geography. Area overview. Diamond Harbour subdivision is a rural subdivision with patches of urbanization. Only 14.61% of the population lives in the urban areas and an overwhelming 85.39% lives in the rural areas. In the eastern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 24 census towns. The entire district is situated in the Ganges Delta and the eastern part of the district is a flat plain area with small towns, many in clusters. Location of places in the larger map varies a little. It is an OpenStreetMap, while we are using coordinates as in Google Maps. Location. Sirakol is located at . Hasimnagar, Baneshwarpur of the Falta CD block and Ajodhyanagar, Sirakol of the Magrahat I CD block form a cluster of census towns. Demographics. According to the 2011 Census of India, Sirakol had a total population of 10,250, of which 5,184 (51%) were males and 5,066 (49%) were females. There were 1,207 persons in"}, {"text": "the age range of 0\u20136 years. The total number of literate persons in Sirakol was 6,452 (71.35% of the population over 6 years). Infrastructure. According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Sirakol covered an area of 4.8335 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved overhead tank. It had 917 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had were 4 primary schools, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school and 1 general degree college. Social scenario. According to the \"District Human Development Report for the South 24 Parganas\", \"The district is typically at the lower rung of the ladder in terms of district per capita income compared to other districts of West Bengal\u2026 This place also houses the largest proportion of backward people compared to the state\u2026 So far as the crime scenario is concerned the economically weaker group, i.e. the women and children, suffer the most in this district.\" Transport. Sirakol is on the Sirakol-Usthi Road, just off the National Highway 12/ Diamond Harbour Road. Education. Shirakole Mahavidyalaya established in 2007, is affiliated with the University of Calcutta. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, philosophy, political science, education, geography and history, and general courses in"}, {"text": "arts and commerce. Shirakole YN High School is a Bengali-medium boys only institution established in 1948. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. Sirakole Girls High School is a Bengali-medium institution established in 1969. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. Sherpur Ramchandrapur High School is a coeducational institution. Healthcare. There is a primary health centre, with 6 beds, at Sirakol."}, {"text": "Sakuntala, also known as Sakountala or \u00c7acountala, is a sculpture by the French artist Camille Claudel, made in several versions in different media from 1886, with a marble version completed in 1905, and bronze castings made from 1905. The sculpture depicts a young couple, with a kneeling man embracing a woman leaning towards him. It was named after the play \"Shakuntala\" by the 4th-5th century Indian poet K\u0101lid\u0101sa, and is inspired by the moment when the title character Shakuntala is reunited with her husband Dushyanta after a long separation. A terracotta study c.1886 is held by the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay in Paris, an 1888 completed plaster version is held by the in Ch\u00e2teauroux, a marble version completed in 1905 and renamed Vertumnus et Pomona is held by the Mus\u00e9e Rodin in Paris, and several bronzes were cast for from 1905 entitled L'Abandon (\"The Abandonment\"). \"L'Abandon\" has been described as \"one of the most famous and recognised masterpieces created by Camille Claudel\". Background. Camille Claudel came to Paris in 1882 to study sculpture. She became a student of Auguste Rodin in 1884, and she became his associate and lover. He eventually refused to marry her, reluctant to end his long-term relationship with"}, {"text": "Rose Beuret, mother of his son and later his wife. This love triangle, and an abortion in 1892, caused a separation between Claudel and Rodin, but they remained on reasonable terms until 1898, when she moved away and opened her own studio. Description. Claudel started on the work c.1886, with two designs in terracotta, and a third (now lost) probably in clay or plaster. These terracotta studies were sold in 2017, with one bought by the Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay in 2017 for \u20ac467,800, and the second sold for \u20ac65,000. In connection with her early work on the piece, on 8 November 1889 Claudel wrote to her friend Florence Jeans: \"I\u2019m now working on my two larger-than-life figures and I have two models per day: a woman in the morning, a man in the evening. You can understand how tired I am: I regularly work 12 hours a day, from 7 in the morning until 7 in the evening, and when I get home, it's impossible for me to remain standing and I go directly to bed.\" The sculpture was one of Claudel's first major independent works. She completed a fully realised plaster version of the sculpture in 1888, which became an"}, {"text": "important milestone in the recognition of Claudel as a talented artist in her own right. The large work measured , and was a critical success when exhibited at the Salon des Artistes Fran\u00e7ais in 1888, winning an honourable mention, but no commission to create a bronze or marble version was forthcoming. Rodin, with assistance from Gustave Geffroy, sought a government commission for a marble version of \"Sakuntala\" in 1895, but a commission failed to materialise. Claudel donated the plaster version to the in Ch\u00e2teauroux in 1895. Claudel's plaster sculpture may have been influenced by Rodin's 1882 sculpture \"The Kiss\" (\"Le baiser\") and his c.1884 \"Eternal Springtime\" (\"L'\u00c9ternel Printemps\"), but in turn it inspired Rodin's 1890-1893 sculpture \"The Eternal Idol\" (\"L'Eternelle idole\"), and there are further echoes in his 1889 \"L'homme et sa pens\u00e9e\". Her brother Paul was particularly annoyed at any comparison with \"The Kiss\" as he considered \"Sakuntala\" to be far superior. In a 1988 biography of Rodin, Claudel's brother Paul Claudel was quoted as saying, \"In my sister's group, spirit is of the essence: the man on his knees; he is pure desire, his face lifted, yearning, clasping that which he does not dare to seize, this marvellous"}, {"text": "being, this sacred flesh which, at some higher level, has been bestowed on him. She yields, blind, mute, weighted down, succumbing to the gravity that is love; one of her arms hangs down like a branch broken by its fruit, the other covers her breasts and protects this heart, the supreme sanctuary of virginity. It is impossible to imagine anything more ardent and at the same time more chaste\". Years later, Claudel was commissioned to create a smaller marble version of the sculpture by the Comtesse de Maigret, the wife of , whose bust Claudel had made in 1899. The completed sculpture, in white marble on red marble base, was completed in 1905 and measures . It was retitled \"Vertumnus and Pomona\", referring to the characters from Greek mythology, Pomona and Vertumnus, whose tale is recounted in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\". In 1952, Paul Claudel donated this marble sculpture to the Mus\u00e9e Rodin. Also in 1905, bronze versions were cast for , with one cast shown the Salon d'Automne in 1905 entitled \"L'Abandon\". Blot exhibited a cast in December 1905 alongside other Claudel works that Blot had cast in bronze, including her \"Entreaty\" in two sizes, \"Perseus and the Gorgon\", \"Dream by"}, {"text": "the Fire\", \"Fortune\", \"Intimacy\", \"The Old Woman\", \"The Mermaid\", \"The Waltz\" and \"The Gossips\". Blot intended to make and sell dozens of copies, with a planned edition of 25 large casts (of which only 18 numbered casts were made up to 1937) and 50 small casts (of which 14 are known). More casts were made later by the Valduani and Delval foundries. One of the large bronze casts (#8) was acquired by the French state in 1907 and assigned to the Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts de Cambrai. One of the large bronze casts (#2) was sold at Christie's in 2013 for \u00a31,071,650, and another (#15) was put up for sale Sotheby's in 2014. A third large bronze of \"L\u2019Abandon\" from the private collection of Camille's sister, Louise Claudel, was sold for \u20ac1,187,000 at Artcurial in Paris in 2017, in the same sale as the two c.1886 terracotta studies. One of the smaller casts (#2) was acquired by the Mus\u00e9e Camille Claudel in 2008."}, {"text": "The 2019 Summit League men's soccer tournament, was the 26th edition of the tournament. It determined the Summit League's automatic berth into the 2019 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament. The defending champions, Denver, won the title, beating Omaha 1-0 in the final."}, {"text": "Wrestling the Angels is Kelly Minter's second studio album, third overall as she had previously released an independent album titled \"Wheels Of Change\" in 1997. According to Minter, the album's title, \"Wrestling the Angels\", was inspired by her reading of Jacob's struggle in Genesis. Critical reception. Ashleigh Kittle of AllMusic begins her review by saying, \"Singer/songwriter Kelly Minter released her sophomore project \"Wrestling the Angels\" in the fall of 2003. Produced by Margaret Becker and Paul Buono, the acoustic pop album is similar in style to the early music of Susan Ashton as well as (Margaret) Becker's later projects.\" Tony Cummings of \"Cross Rhythms\" gives this album 7 out of a possible 10 and concludes his revies with, \"Maybe not the most innovative release to emerge from the US CCM but definitely a good showcase for a singer/songwriter with a heart for mission.\" \"Crosswalk\"'s interview with Minter mention's this about the album, \"\"Wrestling the Angels\", the organic-pop recording produced by (Margaret) Becker and Paul Buono, paves the way for Minter to pick up where she left off \u2014 this time more weathered and content to follow the simple advice Kim Hill offered her close to a decade ago: \"Bloom where"}, {"text": "you\u2019re planted.\" Musicians. \"This is My Offering\" \"Open Up the Sky\" \"Shade\" \"Wrestling the Angels\" \"Love Has Come\" \"Say the Word\" \"Miss You Here\" \"Walk Me Trough\" \"Yet Will I Praise\" \"Captives Dance\" \"You're Listening\" Production. Track information and credits verified from the album's liner notes."}, {"text": "The 2019 Soul Train Music Awards took place on November 17 at the Orleans Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada, and aired live for the first time on BET and BET Her. It was hosted by Tisha Campbell & Tichina Arnold, for the first time in the awards ceremony history from Orleans Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. The nominations were announced on October 25, 2019. Chris Brown received the most nominations with eight, followed by Drake with seven. The most nominated female artist were Beyonc\u00e9 and Lizzo, both with six nominations. During the ceremony Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis were honored with the Legend Award, while gospel singer Yolanda Adams received the Lady of Soul Award for her contributions to the music industry. Special Awards. Honorees are as listed below: Legend Award. Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis Lady Of Soul Award. Yolanda Adams Nominees. Nominees are as listed below. Winners are in bold: Multiple nominations and awards. The following received multiple nominations: The following received multiple awards:"}, {"text": "Aguila () is a 1980 Philippine period drama film written, produced and directed by Eddie Romero, touted as \"\"the biggest event in local movie history\" and \"the biggest Filipino film ever made\"\". It features an ensemble cast topbilled by Fernando Poe Jr. Synopsis. Flashbacks encompass the history of the Philippines as well as the life story of the elderly Daniel \u00c1guila. The \u00c1guila family gathers to celebrate Daniel's 88th birthday, but the old man is nowhere to be seen - he has been missing for a decade. Suspecting that his father is in Mindanao, one of his sons takes off for that region in a determined search. Along the way, his memories of the nation and his father's life tell the story of eighty tumultuous years of personal and historical development. Plot. In 1980, the influential and affluent \u00c1guila family celebrate the 88th birthday of their missing and long-presumed dead patriarch, Daniel \u00c1guila. His son, Mari, receives news that Daniel is alive in the provinces. Mari, a business tycoon and former Senator, combs the countryside in search of his father. In the course of his search, the \u00c1guila family history is unraveled. It all begins when Daniel's father, Artemio, an"}, {"text": "officer in the Revolutionary Army, dies by treachery. His mother, Isabel Teodoro, is raped by that same traitor, Simeon Garrido, and later marries him for convenience. As a young soldier accompanying Simeon to Mindanao, Daniel again becomes witness to injustice: Simeon and some Americans ruthlessly take away Muslim tribal lands. Daniel's life is one of complexity - of human emotions and relationships. His affair with a Muslim woman, Farida, results in a love-child, Osman. He marries a lawyer named Sally, Mari's mother, who later falls ill and dies. He also discovers the incestuous liaison between Simeon and Lilian, who in turn unsuccessfully attempts to seduce him. Daniel's experiences during World War II and with the American-controlled post-war government only increase his mounting disenchantment with life and society. Mari's amoral political ambitions and his grandson Raul's activist stance drives him further into disillusionment. Finally, Daniel heeds his longing for peace and leaves. Mari's journey ends when he finds Daniel in an Aeta village in Bohol, where Daniel has found serenity, far from the maddening machinations and injustices committed by a civilized society. Production. The film had a budget of and boasted 12 stars, 60 production staff and crewmen and 7,000 extras."}, {"text": "The film was shot in 120 different locations. The film's art director, Mel Chionglo, built a Magdiwang camp and an Ilongot village on the hills of Tanay and an Aeta village in Los Ba\u00f1os. Chionglo had three assistants, two set men and ten carpenters to help in this work. Chionglo also designed sets for an 1897 evening in Binondo, a Muslim waterfront in 1918 Nasugbu, Batangas, a courthouse in 1924 Magdalena, Laguna, a Roaring Twenties cabaret in Makati, a Japanese garrison in Lumban, Laguna, and other settings. The film took 100 days to shoot the 204 pages of script written for it, the latter having been written over a two-year period. Actress Rio Locsin was originally cast to play Huk commander Diwata but was replaced by Chanda Romero, director Eddie Romero's niece, when she failed to show up on her first shooting day. The production was infamously marred by tensions between the crew. Among the reported incidents of tensions flaring up involved Eddie Romero's frequent butting of heads with Mel Chionglo. Romero likewise clashed with set decorator, and now screenwriter, Racquel Villavicencio over unreasonable production demands. Eventually, the differences among the crew members got so unbearable for the film's cinematographer,"}, {"text": "Mike de Leon, that he walked out on the project altogether. However, while tensions were building between members of the crew, no such tensions were reported among the actors and Romero himself. Romero was described as being a \"cool director\", not having been angered by the actors on the set. The lone exception of Romero being angered by an actor on the set is when he threatened to renounce his niece, Chanda, if she could not do her kissing scene with Christopher de Leon right. Romero was notoriously late on the set, but the actors would arrive even later than Romero himself. Despite this however, Romero tolerated the different personalities between the actors and allowed them to bond, usually over meals in between shoots. Upon the release of the film, a minor criticism launched at it was that the actors who are supposed to age do not look like they aged a day. Most notably, Amalia Fuentes refused to show age in the film despite portraying the mother of FPJ's character, Daniel. FPJ choreographed the fight and war scenes. FPJ's daughter, future Senator, Grace Poe cameoed in the film as Daria Ramirez's sister. In addition, Bancom Audiovision also spent for"}, {"text": "an hour-long made for television documentary film on the making of \"\u00c1guila\" and hired producer Jesse M. Ej\u00e9rcito as advertising and marketing consultant. This is the second of Eddie Romero's epic historical film trilogy, wedged in between \"\"Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?\" and \"Kamakalawa\". Music. The film's entire music was written by Ryan Cayabyab. Cayabyab also sang the American singer's part during the 1924 cabaret scene. The film's theme song \"Iduyan Mo\"\" was composed by Cayabyab specifically for the film. The song was interpreted by Basil Valdez. Themes. There are three themes prevalent throughout the film - \"Family\", \"History\" and \"Society\" and \"Nationalism\" Family. Film director and scribe Nick Deocampo points out that the film may be examined to better appreciate the value of the family as a basic institution of the society. The family as a basic institution of the society was enshrined in \u00a74, Art. II of the 1973 Constitution, the law in force at the time of the film's release, which not only recognizes the family as such but also endeavors to protect and strengthen the same. The same provision was carried over to the 1987 Constitution where an entire section is devoted to the family."}, {"text": "In the film, family life in the Philippines is examined through historical lenses as it depicts the evolution of the Filipino family throughout history and how its values are formed and/or changed. The family is likewise peered into through the eyes of Daniel \u00c1guila as he has lived through an ever evolving and ever growing family - first having grown fatherless and then having a difficult relationship with his mother, Isabel, because of her decision to remarry a man Daniel detests, a choice which was itself imposed upon Isabel by her own parents; then as a family man himself, how Daniel copes with his own children who has views opposite to his and whose views shape the paths they chose to take in life. The film likewise explores alienation within one's own family, as seen in the experiences of Daniel, Osman, Mari and Lilian who all feel like they are outsiders within their own family at certain points in the film. Another point the film touches upon is how the family shapes its members, specifically how familial experience molded Daniel \u00c1guila as a person. This film has been cited as an unconventional FPJ-movie as it shows FPJ as Daniel \u00c1guila"}, {"text": "being vulnerable, a departure from the typical roles that show Poe as an infallible and incorruptible conquering hero. In the film, Daniel's failings as a man and as head of the family is shown and it examines how these define Daniel as a person and how it influenced the \u00c1guila family. History and Society. Being under the genre of historical drama, the film depicts how values, not only in the family but in the larger Philippine society, evolves. It shows how Daniel and his family and the values they hold are a product of their times, how their choices are informed by the prevailing values and trends of a given period. This is exemplified in the character arc of Mari, who, in entering the political arena becomes swept by its corruption and inevitably becomes part of the machinery that he once sought to change. This is likewise shown in the arc of Raul, who is driven to suicide because of the realization that his hero and mentor, Margo, was willing to give up their cause for personal reasons, much like Cadio and Basilio before her. Alienation again takes the spotlight as Daniel is driven into abandoning his family and choosing"}, {"text": "to live in both Cotabato and Bohol to escape a society that has become more and more unfamiliar to him. In both communities, he helps its residents and teaches them self-reliance. Nationalism. As with \"Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?\" the film examines what the social ills the pervades Philippine society and how said problems merely evolve but are never solved. This pervasive problem is exemplified by the character of Simeon Garrido, who was willing to sell his loyalty insofar as the new colonial masters are willing serve his personal interests. Much later in the film, Mari's entry into politics leads him to \"do as the Romans do\" and engage in corruption to the detriment of the Filipino people. Similarly, the character arc of Margo shows how those claiming to fight for nationalism can be corrupted when personal interests is thrown into the picture. Throughout the film, nationalism is a constant frustration for Daniel who has seen how Filipinos are pitted by the Philippines' colonizers against each other; how those who fought for the independence of the Philippines are instead treated like criminals and how those who collaborated with the enemies are given preferred positions. Daniel, in 1945, even laments"}, {"text": "if his service in the war ultimately redounded to the benefit of but a few, instead of that of the Filipino people. Release. The film was released on February 14, 1980, and was simultaneously played at 25 theatres across Metro Manila. Prior to the film's Valentine's Day debut, it was previewed thrice and had three premieres. Re-releases. Years after its initial theatre run, the multi-generational epic has seen newfound appreciation. It has become in recent years among film festival organizers' favorite of Eddie Romero's works and has consequently seen re-runs for the benefit and appreciation of newer and younger audience. Among the subsequent screenings that the film has had was at the 9th C\u00ednemalay\u00e0 Cinesthesia in 2013. In 2019, ABS-CBN Film Restoration Project and FPJ Productions digitally restored the film which required 3,000 hours of digital preservation. Subsequently, the digitally restored film has been screened at the UP Film Center as part of the UP Film Institute's commemoration of FPJ's 80th birthday. In the same year, the digitally restored version was screened at the 15th C1 Originals. In 2024, FDCP screened its period drama version during the PFIM on September 1 at the Manila Metropolitan Theater."}, {"text": "Yvon Jaspers (; born 20 March 1973) is a Dutch television presenter and actress. She is known as presenter of \"Boer zoekt Vrouw\", the Dutch version of \"Farmer Wants a Wife\", and as presenter of \"Het Klokhuis\". Career. As actress, Jaspers is known for her role as Robin Theysse in the television series \"Rozengeur & Wodka Lime\". She also played the role of the mother of Knofje in the children's television series \"Knofje\". Jaspers was also one of the presenters of the children's television show \"ZigZag\". In 2012, she published the children's book \"Ties en Trijntje\" with illustrations by Philip Hopman. Jaspers and Johan Terryn presented the popular science television show \"Groot Licht\". The show won multiple awards, including in 2000 the Prix Jeunesse for non-fiction television for children between ages six and eleven. She was the mole in the 2005 edition of the television show \"Wie is de Mol?\". Marc-Marie Huijbregts won that edition of the show by correctly identifying her as the mole. Jaspers presented the television show \"Wonderen bestaan\" about people who have experienced a miracle. Since 2018, she presents the show \"Onze boerderij\" about farming. She also presented \"Onze boerderij in Europa\" in which she traveled"}, {"text": "to farms in Europe with farming couples from the show \"Boer zoekt Vrouw\". , she is working on a television show about Parkinson's disease after her brother was diagnosed with the disease. Personal life. In 2024, Jaspers was decorated Knight in the Order of Orange-Nassau. She is an ambassador for the Ronald McDonald Kinderfonds."}, {"text": "George Chambers (1766 \u2013 after 1826), of Hartford, near Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, was an English soldier, lawyer and Member of Parliament. Family. Chambers was the son of Sir William Chambers of Whitton Place, Middlesex and his wife Anne n\u00e9e Moore, of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. He was educated at Lincoln's Inn. In 1784, without their families' permission, he married Jane Rodney, a daughter of George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney by his second wife, Henrietta Clies. They had one daughter and eight sons. Career. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Honiton 1796\u20131802."}, {"text": "Team Trees (stylized as #TEAMTREES) is a collaborative fundraiser that raised 20 million U.S. dollars before the start of 2020 to plant 20 million trees. The initiative was started by American YouTubers MrBeast and Mark Rober, and was mostly supported by YouTubers. All donations go to the Arbor Day Foundation, a tree planting organization that pledges to plant one tree for every U.S. dollar donated. The Arbor Day Foundation began planting in January 2020 with plans to end \"no later than December 2022\". It is estimated that 23 million trees would take up of land, absorb around 1.6 million tons of carbon and remove 116 thousand tons of pollutants from the atmosphere. Background. The idea started on May 24, 2019, when a fan suggested on Reddit that MrBeast (Jimmy Donaldson) should plant 20 million trees to celebrate reaching 20 million subscribers on YouTube. The idea spread across YouTube, Reddit, and Twitter, mostly in the form of memes. The idea may have been related to the 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires. American YouTuber, engineer, and inventor Mark Rober partnered directly with Donaldson to launch the fundraiser. On October 25, 2019, Donaldson uploaded a YouTube video explaining his plan, which claimed the top"}, {"text": "spot on YouTube's trending page, and caused numerous YouTubers to join the movement. The trees will be planted \"in a variety of forests on public and private lands in areas of great need\" starting in January 2020. The goal is to have them planted \"no later than December 2022\". As of July 8, 2025, the project has raised over $24,901,141 exceeding the fundraiser's goal to plant 20 million trees. As anticipated, more than 20 million trees have been planted. Efficacy. As of April 2025, only 6% of the original 2,000 trees planted in one area were extant. Responses. Many YouTubers created content to capitalize on the growing trend of Team Trees; despite the Arbor Day Foundation reaching out to only a few hundred creators, Team Trees is now featured in over 80,000 videos from over 4200 global creators. Across Instagram and Twitter over 556,001 posts have garnered more than 4.6 billion views. Discovery Channel made a documentary called \"#TeamTrees\" about the campaign which aired on December 3, 2019, coupled with a donation of USD $100,203 the next day. Eike L\u00fcdeling, the department head of horticultural sciences at the University of Bonn, stated, \"It turns out that many of these seedlings,"}, {"text": "if you don't do this well or if people do it who don\u2019t really care about those trees, then they all just die quickly. Sometimes it\u2019s probably a better idea to plant fewer trees and really take care of them.\" Danny Cohn, the director of public relations for the Arbor Day Foundation, addressed these concerns, stating that \"the partners who work with the organization are all required to have plans to help their trees thrive.\" Planting projects. Planting locations of Team Trees include: Team Seas. On October 29, 2021, MrBeast and Mark Rober teamed up again to launch Team Seas, a successor to the project that aimed to help clean up marine debris. As with the Team Trees campaign, many influencers had also joined in spreading the message to help the project be a success. While the project is international, MrBeast and Mark Rober traveled to the Dominican Republic to help clean up there and address issues with trash collection in underdeveloped and underserved areas."}, {"text": "In the Republic of India, a lieutenant governor is the constitutional head of five of the eight union territories. The lieutenant governor is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years, and holds office at the President's pleasure. Since the union territories of Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry have a measure of self-government with an elected legislature and council of ministers, the role of the lieutenant governor there is mostly a ceremonial one, akin to that of a state's governor. In Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Ladakh however, the lieutenant governor holds more power, being both the head of state and head of government. The other three union territories\u2014Chandigarh; Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu; and Lakshadweep\u2014are governed by an administrator. Unlike the lieutenant governors of other territories, they are usually drawn from the retired officer from Indian Armed Forces, Indian Administrative Service (IAS) or Indian Police Service (IPS). Since 1985 the Governor of Punjab has also been the \"ex-officio\" Administrator of Chandigarh. Praful Khoda Patel, till date, is the only administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu who is not an armed forces officer or a civil servant (i.e."}, {"text": "IAS or IPS), rather a politician. He was also given the additional charge of Lakshadweep after the death of Dineshwar Sharma. List. The following lists contain the current lieutenant governors and administrators of the eight union territories of India."}, {"text": "Elisabeth Jaquette is an American translator of modern Arabic literature. Her work has been shortlisted for the National Book Award and TA First Translation Prize, and supported by the Jan Michalski Foundation, the PEN/Heim Translation Fund, and several English PEN Translates Awards. She has a BA from Swarthmore College and an MA from Columbia University and was a CASA Fellow at The American University in Cairo. She is also Executive Director of the American Literary Translators Association."}, {"text": "Apex and Bionic are a Nigerian R&B duo of brothers Andrew Omokhudu and Daniel Omokhudu. They released their debut single in 2014 titled \"Tell Them\". In June 2019, they had a collaboration with Tuface titled For Your Matter. They are currently signed to JFK Resolute Entertainment Record Label. They are also a music figure in Nigeria music industry who has been credited for popularizing the Benin afro sound which made them gain their very first recognition from a major feature on LGTV Commercials when they modelled in 2013. Career. AB were born and grew up in Benin City, but hail from Owan local government, both in Edo State. They started singing in 2010, but did not release a professional song until 2014, when their debut single \"Tell Them\" was released. Bionic was also a part of a hip hop group called \"MOCLAN\". He was the leader of this band and his story was said to have dominated all street rap battles in the south from 2007 to 2011. He would rap using strange words and rhymes to create rap verses which was always shocking and unexpected while Apex on the other hand was a fitness model and a rapper but"}, {"text": "was mostly involved in hosting of events and rap battles alongside friends and they had the \"open mic night\" up until 2012 . Growing up in Benin and its environs has been cited as one of their biggest influence since they started singing because it has prevented them from joining bad gangs in the society and most importantly it carved a different niche in the music industry. In 2015, they released another single called \"Oshere\". The following year 2016, saw the twins release their first album titled \"Nothing to Something\", a ten track album. AB collaborated with Uhuru and Dj Maphorisa to make the song \"Get Down\", one of the tracks listed on the album. In May 2019, Apex and Bionic released a music video for their song \"Hold Up\". In June 2019, AB and Tuface released a song \"For Your Matter\" which was dropped on the Apple iTunes music platform. In November 2020, they announced and released a fresh album and movie titled \" Nobody Holy\" .This Body of work Features 2face, Davido, OritseFemi Seyi Shay, and SlimCase. As cited by The nation, The album and movie expose the social ills and how difficult it is for an average"}, {"text": "young African to be upright considering the everyday struggles. Controversies. On 16 January 2020 Apex and Bionic caused a heavy stir across their social media platform where they posted some random Nudes of different girls. When the Pictures were posted they received various reactions from different Publics. On 16 November 2020, Apex and Bionic claimed slimcase a Nigerian Musician stole their song \u201cPassmark\u201d while trying to record a single in the same studio they were using. This claim really got the attention of a popular TV station in the country \u201cHip TV\u201d where they explained every single details of the claim. When this got viral, a Comedian known as Ayo Makun reached out to both parties to make amend which worked out with his influence."}, {"text": "Ramarao V. Naik (1909\u20131998) was an Indian classical singer of the Agra Gharana. Early life. Naik was born in 1909 in Bangalore. His father was a renowned violinist. He was one of the most renowned singers of the Agra Gharana in South India. Career. Naik learned music under the renowned singer Faiyaz Khan. He also learned from Swami Vallabhdas and Ata Hussain Khan. Naik also played the harmonium, which he has taught himself. He was known for popularising the Agra Gharana in the Carnatic Bastion of Bangalore. At this time Bombay and Bangalore where two cities where many Agra Gharana singers lived. Disciples. Some of his most prominent disciples are M.R. Gautam, Lalitha Ubhyankar, Meera Savoor, Sudhindra Bhaumik and Lalith Rao. Death. He died soon after a concert at the age of 88."}, {"text": "George Templer (?1755\u20131819), of Shapwick, Somerset, was an English writer, merchant and Member of Parliament. He represented Honiton 1790\u20131796."}, {"text": "Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Ana\u00efs Rigo, better known by her pseudonyms Ana\u00efs de Bassanville and Comtesse de Bassanville, was a 19th-century French writer and women's magazine journalist. She authored numerous works about good manners. She was born in 1802 in Auteuil, Seine (now Paris) and died on 6 November 1884 in the same town. Biography. Eldest daughter of Michel Rigo and Louise Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Christine Modeste Jaubert, she was a pupil of Henriette Campan. She was the elder of two brothers: Jules Alfred Vincent Rigo born in 1810 and Augustin Maximilien \u00c9douard Rigo born in 1813. She was a well-born daughter, with close ties to the imperial court, where her father was a member of the Institut (Institut de France), reporting to Empress Josephine. Her mother was one of the ladies accompanying the empress. Ana\u00efs de Bassanville began writing at the age of 40. She took the pen name Comtesse de Bassanville and founded the Journal des jeunes filles. She edited Le moniteur des dames et des demoiselles from 1846 to 1850 and Le dimanche des familles from 1856 to 1858. She made a name for herself in 1847 with Le Perfectionnement de l'\u00e9ducation des filles. In 1867, she published Code du c\u00e9r\u00e9monial: Guide"}, {"text": "des gens du monde dans toutes les circonstances de la vie. This work presents the rules of good society Etiquette. Initially criticized and vilified, the book met with success and was reprinted several times. Having lived through the end of the Napoleon III regime, the Restoration and the July Monarchy, a period of great change in mentalities and mores, she published Les Salons d'autrefois sous le r\u00e9gime de Napoleon III. This work recalls the literary, philosophical and discussion Salon (gathering) of the Ancien R\u00e9gime, intended for literate men and women, bourgeois or noble, with a passion for letters, theater, poetry and science. We can even think of her pen name: the title comtesse recalls the great ladies of the Society in the Ancien R\u00e9gime. In 1822, Ana\u00efs Rigo married Louis Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Le Brun, an officer in the royal guard, more precisely as archchancellor. Their son Paul Louis (1828-1910) also embarked on a military career. Owner of a small hotel on the banks of the Canal Saint-Martin, she was placed in the Sainte-P\u00e9rine d'Auteuil asylum following paralysis of the legs. Almost in her eighties, she was still young at heart, according to Jules Ars\u00e8ne Arnaud Claretie, a chronicler whom she"}, {"text": "invited to visit her in her room. She died at the age of 82, on November 6, 1884. Her funeral took place on November 11, 1884 at the Notre-Dame d'Auteuil church, and she is buried in the P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery(1st division). History. She was the disciple of Henriette Campan. She started writing at the age of 40 under the pseudonym Comtesse de Bassanville (Countess of Bassanville). She founded the \"Journal des jeunes filles\". Moreover, she was the direction of \"Le moniteur des dames et des demoiselles\" from 1986 to 1850 and of \"Le dimanche des familles\" from 1856 to 1858. In 1867, she released her book \"Code du c\u00e9r\u00e9monial : Guide des gens du monde dans toutes les circonstances de la vie\" that explained the rule of good manners. The book faced negative criticism at first, but became successful and was re-published several times. Bassanville died in November 1884 in Auteuil, Seine and was buried at P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery (1st division)."}, {"text": "Grazia Francescato (born 23 November 1946 in Paruzzaro) is an Italian politician, journalist and activist. Biography. She graduated in Foreign Languages and Literature at the Bocconi University of Milan, then moved to Rome and worked for the Daily American and Paese Sera. In 1973 she was among the founders of Effe, the first feminist magazine in Italy, which she also directed for two years, between 1976 and 1978. She was editor of ANSA since 1977, of which she was also a correspondent from Brussels. She also collaborated with many magazines and newspapers including Panorama and La Repubblica. In 1985 she collaborated on the film Acta General de Chile, which was illegally filmed in Chile by director Miguel Litt\u00edn, that won four prizes at the Venice International Film Festival. In 1990 she conducted the TV program \"Geo\" on Raitre. In 1986 she was elected to the WWF National Council and in the following year was a candidate for the 1987 parliamentary election with the Federation of Green Lists. In 1989 she was candidate for the European Parliament, again among the Green Lists. President of WWF Italy from 1992 to 1998, in 1994 she also joined the WWF International Council. From 1999"}, {"text": "to 2001 she was President of the Federation of the Greens. On 3 May 2003 she was elected in Malta Female Spokesperson for the European Greens during the XIV Couincil Meeting of the European Federation of Green Parties. From 2003 to 2008 she was municipal councilor in Villa San Giovanni and in 2006 she was also elected Deputy among the ranks of the Greens. Candidate for the 2008 general election on the Rainbow Left list, she was not re-elected. In July 2008 she was appointed spokesperson for the Greens, but in 2009 she decided to leave the party to join Left Ecology Freedom, led by Nichi Vendola. Candidate again for the Senate in the 2013 parliamentary election on the list on the SEL list, she was not elected."}, {"text": "Brian John Staskawicz ForMemRS is professor of plant and microbial miology at the University of California, Berkeley and scientific director of agricultural genomics at the Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI). Education. Staskawicz was educated at Bates College (BA, 1974), Yale University (MS, 1976) and the University of California, Berkeley where he completed a PhD in plant pathology in 1980. Research and career. Staskawicz has made many seminal contributions to the understanding of infection strategies of plant pathogens and immune response of plants. These include the cloning of the first pathogen effector gene and the cloning and characterisation of one of the first plant NOD-like receptors. Staskawicz and his colleagues also played a major role in establishing \"Arabidopsis thaliana\" as a model organism to study the molecular basis of microbial recognition by plants and genetically dissect defense signaling pathways. More recently, he is leading an effort at the IGI in the genome editing of agriculture crops for biotic and abiotic stress resistance and improved plant performance. Work in his laboratory has identified and characterised bacterial effector proteins from both \"Pseudomonas syringae\" and \"Xanthomonas\" spp. Awards and honours. Staskawicz was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2019. He is"}, {"text": "a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the US and has been elected a Fellow of both the American Phytopathological Society and the American Academy of Microbiology. In 2025 he was awarded the Wolf Prize in Agriculture."}, {"text": "John Cooper (died by 1532), was an English Member of Parliament. He represented Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1529"}, {"text": "Matt Thomas (born May 11, 1986) is an American guitarist residing in Virginia Beach, Virginia. He is noted for his work on the harp guitar and acoustic guitar."}, {"text": "The Palisades Fire was a wildfire that burned in Topanga State Park, in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles, California on May 14, 2021. The fire burned a total of and was fully contained on May 26, 2021. Progression. At around 10:00 PM PST on Friday, May 14, 2021, the Palisades Fire was first reported on the 1800 block of North Michael Lane. Throughout that night, the fire burned between 10 and 15 acres as helicopters and fire crews were quickly brought in to suppress the brush fire. The fire, which had been named the Palisades Fire due to its proximity to the Pacific Palisades neighborhood, burned in unseasonably dry chaparral that had not been burned in a significant fire within the 50 to 60 years, despite the presence of a marine layer over the area. Early in the afternoon of Saturday, May 15, after some containment was established, a spot fire was observed expanding far outside the area of the original fire footprint. This spot fire soon became the main body of the fire, expanding in multiple directions into a conflagration of more than 100 acres . By the evening of the 15th, the fire"}, {"text": "was approximately 750 acres, and containment dropped to 0%. Mandatory evacuation orders were put in place for approximately 1,000 residents east of Topanga Canyon Boulevard, between the Community House and View Ridge Road, as well as north of Entrada, south of Oakwood Drive and east of Henry Ridge Motorway. By the night of Sunday, May 16, the fire was estimated to have burned about 1,325 acres. On the morning of Monday, May 17, the area of the fire was reassessed at 1,158 acres due to more accurate mapping of the fire perimeter. Several hillside residential areas in Topanga Canyon were evacuated, and Topanga Canyon Boulevard was shut down. Over the course of the day, containment grew to 23%. At 6:00 PM PDT on May 17, all evacuations were lifted. The Palisades Fire was 100% contained by 6:00 PM on Monday, May 26, 2021. Cause. The cause of the fire is believed to be arson, and one suspect was detained, but later released. The main suspect was later identified as 48-year-old man Ramon Santos Rodriguez. Failed Citizen app manhunt. Early in the initial investigation as to the cause of the fire\u2014while efforts to contain the still active blaze were underway\u2014it was"}, {"text": "quickly ruled by investigators that the fire had likely been intentionally set. Within hours of this, the privately owned app Citizen, which is a mobile app that sends users location-based safety alerts in real time, sent out notifications to 860,000 Los Angeles users that included a photograph of a man, along with unsubstantiated claims that the man in question was the potential arsonist who caused the Palisades Fire. Citizen also offered a reward of $30,000 to anyone who could provide information leading to an arrest. Soon after, the misinformed campaign to find the purported suspect spread online and many tips were brought forth to LAPD investigators. The man was identified as Devin Hilton and was obtained for questioning by investigators, but he was soon ruled out as the suspected arsonist due to a substantial lack of evidence connecting him to the fire. Comedian and media figure Kathy Griffin condemned the motion from Citizen, tweeting \"OK, I\u2019ve turned against the Citizen app. The hosts are offering a $30K reward for completely unsubstantiated evidence regarding a homeless guy who they think started the (fire). Now people are trying to hunt him down. No proof it was even arson much less this guy."}, {"text": "Gross.\" The company later admitted to the mistake stating, \"We publicly posted the photo and offered a cash reward for information without formal coordination with the appropriate agencies. Once we realized this error, we immediately retracted the photo and reward offer. We are actively working to improve our internal processes to ensure this does not occur again. This was a mistake we are taking very seriously.\""}, {"text": "Antoinette Hertsenberg (born 28 December 1964) is a Dutch television presenter. She is known for presenting the Dutch consumer television show \"Radar\" for more than 25 years. She also presented \"Opgelicht?!\" for over sixteen years. Career. Since 1995, Hertsenberg presents the consumer television show \"Radar\". In the show, she looks at issues related to products and services by companies and organizations. Fons Hendriks is a co-presenter of the show since 2017. Hertsenberg presented the television show \"Dokters van Morgen\" on the topic of innovations in health care. She also presented the show \"Medische Detectives\", in which people with an undiagnosed condition can tell their story and describe their symptoms in the hope that a viewer may know something that can help with diagnosis. Hertsenberg appeared as witch in a 2011 episode of \"De TV Kantine\". She was the procession reporter in the 2012 edition of \"The Passion\", a Dutch Passion Play held every Maundy Thursday since 2011. In May 2022, she won the Media Oeuvre Award. Hertsenberg won the 2024 season of the photography television show \"Het Perfecte Plaatje\" in which contestants compete to create the best photo in various challenges. Personal life. Hertsenberg was born in 1964 in The"}, {"text": "Hague, Netherlands. She moved to Apeldoorn at a very young age. She was raised in the Roman Catholic Church, and at 16, she stopped attending. Hertsenberg is married to Dutch politician and animal rights activist Niko Koffeman. She is a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and has three children with her husband."}, {"text": "Kartal Kayra Y\u0131lmaz (born 4 November 2000) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for S\u00fcper Lig club Be\u015fikta\u015f. Professional career. Y\u0131lmaz is a youth product of the academies of KBBKSpor and Be\u015fikta\u015f. He signed his first professional contract with Be\u015fikta\u015f when he played in their U19s in 2019. He made his professional debut with them in a 2-1 Europa League loss to S.C. Braga on 24 October 2019. He joined \u00dcmraniyespor on loan for the 2021-22 season in the TFF First League. Honours. Be\u015fikta\u015f"}, {"text": "Vin\u00edcius de Souza Costa (born 17 June 1999) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for club VfL Wolfsburg. Career. Early career. Born and raised in Padre Miguel, neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, Vin\u00edcius arrived at Flamengo in 2014 to play in the club's under 15 team approved by coach Z\u00e9 Ricardo. In the youth team, he played alongside Matheus Thuler and Lincoln, future teammates in the professional team. Flamengo. On 9 March 2019, Vin\u00edcius debuted in the professional team playing in the final minutes of a Campeonato Carioca 1\u20131 draw against Vasco da Gama at the Maracan\u00e3 Stadium. After the transfer of Gustavo Cu\u00e9llar to Al-Hilal in August 2019, head coach Jorge Jesus promoted Vin\u00edcius to the professional team. The Portuguese coach praised him very much, comparing him to his former player Nemanja Mati\u0107. On 10 October 2019, Vin\u00edcius played his first Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A against Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro at the Maracan\u00e3 Stadium, replacing Reinier in injury time; Flamengo won 3\u20131. Lommel. On 25 August 2020, Lommel signed Vin\u00edcius from Flamengo for a fee of \u20ac2.5 million. Mechelen (loan). On 1 July 2021, Vin\u00edcius joined Mechelen on a season-long loan. Espanyol (loan). On 8 July"}, {"text": "2022, Vin\u00edcius joined Espanyol on a season-long loan. Sheffield United. On 9 August 2023, Vin\u00edcius signed a four-year deal with Sheffield United. He made his debut for the club on 12 August, coming on as a substitute in 1\u20130 loss against Crystal Palace in the Premier League. VfL Wolfsburg. On 5 July 2025, Vin\u00edcius moved to Germany and joined Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg for an undisclosed transfer fee. Honours. Flamengo"}, {"text": "Albert Green (also known as A. B. Green) was an American record industry executive, and founder and president of National Records. Biography. Green was born in Chicago where he worked as a union organizer for the Painters Union. He moved to Phillipsburg, New Jersey where he owned a plastic pressing plant. During World War II, his factory switched from producing toilet seat covers to producing plastic records - which had previously been made from shellac. Seeing that the real money was in producing records and not knowing anything about the business, he hired Sylvia Langler (later his wife), who had experience in the industry. In 1944, he founded National Records and hired Herb Abramson, a friend of his wife, as his A&R man. As the business grew, he brought in more A&R men including Lee Magid, Bob Shad, and Jesse Stone. Personal life. He married his secretary, Sylvia Langler. His son is Irving Green. He was of Jewish descent."}, {"text": "Brighton Pierrots is a 1915 painting by Walter Sickert that depicts an outdoor theatrical performance. It is an oil on canvas measuring 63.5 x 76.2 cm and is in the Tate Britain. In the painting, the Pierrots are seen from the side and slightly from behind. A few spectators' faces can be seen as well as empty deckchairs. The red evening sky is vivid, a reminder of a conflagration, a distant fire. Born in 1860, Sickert was too old either to enlist or be conscripted in 1914. He experienced the First World War at a distance and in 1915 painted the unsettling \"Brighton Pierrots\". Brighton at that time was a holiday town with no sense of holiday; the young men were away, and the distant sound of gunfire could be heard from across the Channel. Sickert's painting's subject matter is of the attempt to 'Keep Merry and Carry on', shadowed by an air of desperation. The artist painted two versions of the subject. The first is now at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. The second, in Tate\u2019s collection, was commissioned by the barrister William Jowitt and his wife. The paintings are practically identical apart from small variations in composition and appearance."}, {"text": "tate.org brighton pierrots nicola moorby brighton pierrots chris stephens discusses brighton pierrots bbc.co.uk programmes study for brighton pierrots liverpool museum"}, {"text": "Carlow Courthouse is a judicial facility in Dublin Road, Carlow, County Carlow, Ireland. History. The courthouse, which was designed by William Vitruvius Morrison in the neoclassical style and built in ashlar stone, was completed in 1834. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage facing the corner of Athy Road and Old Dublin Road; there was a flight of steps leading up to a large octastyle portico with Ionic order columns supporting an entablature and a pediment: it was modelled on the Temple on the Ilissus in Athens. A Russian artillery piece, which had been used in the Crimean War, was brought back to Ireland and placed on the steps of the building in 1858. The building was originally used as a facility for dispensing justice but, following the implementation of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, which established county councils in every county, it also became the meeting place for Carlow County Council. The county council established their County Secretary's Office on the west side of Athy Road in the mid-20th century before moving further north along the road into modern premises which are now known as the County Buildings. The courthouse was refurbished in 2002 and continues to be"}, {"text": "used as a judicial facility."}, {"text": "Gosslingiaceae is a family of extinct zosterophylls. The zosterophylls were among the first vascular plants in the fossil record, and are considered to share an ancestor with the living lycophytes. The family is variously placed in the order Sawdoniales or the order Gosslingiales. Genera. Genera that have been placed in this family by Kenrick and Crane in 1997 and Hao and Xue in 2013 are shown in the table below."}, {"text": "Fabricio Rodrigues da Silva Ferreira (born 7 May 1999), commonly known as Bill, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a winger for Nova Igua\u00e7u. Career. Flamengo. Bill made his debut for Flamengo against Vasco da Gama on 31 March 2019. He scored his first goal for the club against Volta Redonda on 25 January 2020, scoring in the 90th minute. Ponte Preta. Bill made his debut for Ponte Preta against Red Bull Bragantino on 24 July 2019. He scored his first goal for the club against Brasil de Pelotas on 26 November 2019, scoring in the 18th minute. CRB. Bill made his debut for CRB against Cear\u00e1 on 23 July 2020. He scored his first goal for the club against Sampaio Corr\u00eaa on 2 September 2020, scoring in the 77th minute. Loan to Dnipro-1. During his loan, Bill made his debut for Dnipro-1 against FC Lviv on 2 April 2021. Dnipro-1. Bill made his debut for Dnipro-1 against Chornomorets on 31 July 2021. He scored his first goal for the club against FC Mariupol on 10 December 2021, scoring in the 78th minute. Sport Recife. Bill scored on his debut for Sport Recife against Fortaleza on 1 April 2022,"}, {"text": "scoring in the 90+2nd minute. Rigas. Bill made his league debut for Rigas against Valmiera on 21 August 2022. Inter de Limeira. Bill made his league debut for Inter de Limeira against Portuguesa on 5 February 2023. Sampaio Corr\u00eaa. Bill made his league debut for Sampaio Corr\u00eaa against Atl\u00e9tico Goianiense on 15 April 2023. Nova Igua\u00e7u. Bill made his league debut for Nova Igua\u00e7u against Flamengo on 21 January 2024. He scored his first goal for the club against Bangu on 24 January 2024, scoring in the 13th minute."}, {"text": "\"It's Summer and We're Running Out of Ice\" is the pilot episode of the HBO superhero drama miniseries \"Watchmen\", based on the 1986 DC Comics series of the same name by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons. The episode was written by Damon Lindelof and directed by Nicole Kassell, and aired on October 20, 2019. The episode introduces the show's lead characters of Angela Abar/Sister Night (Regina King), Judd Crawford (Don Johnson), and Wade Tillman/Looking Glass (Tim Blake Nelson). Synopsis. In 1921, O.B. and Ruth Williams and their son Will try to escape Tulsa during the Tulsa race massacre. O.B. and Ruth put Will on a car leaving the city, O.B. giving him a slip of paper saying \"Watch over this boy\", and take shelter in a nearby building. Moments later, a biplane drops dynamite on the building, which subsequently explodes, killing O.B. and Ruth. At night, Will wakes in the grass beside the road to find the car knocked over, the driver and passengers shot dead, and an infant girl alive in the grass, abandoned as he had been. He picks her up, calms her, and carries her away from Tulsa. In 2019, the Tulsa police force conceal their identity"}, {"text": "with masks to avoid recognition by the white supremacist militia the Seventh Kavalry. A policeman is shot by a suspected member of the Seventh Kavalry during a routine traffic stop, and Tulsa Police Chief Judd Crawford has the full force put onto investigation of the Kavalry. Detective Angela Abar, who operates for the police force under the name Sister Night, goes to her base in a bakery to change into her outfit, encountering a mysterious man in a wheelchair on the way. Abar abducts a suspected Kavalry member and brings him to Detective Wade Tillman, known as Looking Glass, to deduce the location of a Kavalry base at a farm outside town. The Tulsa police lead an assault on the farm, but the Kavalry members are killed or commit suicide in the attack, leaving no leads. Angela's family has dinner with Judd and his wife, after which Judd makes plans to see the officer. On his way out, his car runs over a spike strip and he gets out to investigate. Later, Angela gets a call from an unknown man that knows who she really is and tells her to come to a specific tree alone. She drives to the"}, {"text": "tree to find the old man in the wheelchair there waiting for her, along with Judd's lynched body hanging from a tree. Meanwhile, in a country manor in an unknown location, a Blonde Man returns after riding on horseback. His servants, Phillips and Crookshanks, wish him a happy anniversary, and present him with a pocket watch as a gift. The Blonde Man thanks them, and tells them he is writing a play, \"The Watchmaker's Son\", which they will perform in when it is complete. Production. The Tulsa race riot scenes were the first scenes shot for the show, and filmed in Cedartown, Georgia on June 1, 2018, on the 97th anniversary of the event. The crew had brought in a priest prior to filming to remember the event and pay homage to those killed during it. The episode makes numerous allusions to the musical \"Oklahoma!\" The episode's exact title is a line taken from the lyrics of \"Pore Jud Is Daid\", one of the songs from that musical, and Judd Crawford is interrupted while watching a performance of the musical to learn of Sutton's attack. Reception. Critical response. On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode has an approval rating of 94% with"}, {"text": "an average score of 8.42 out of 10, based on 33 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Along with a breathtaking Regina King, Damon Lindelof successfully remixes present-day issues with superhero themes in the highly entertaining 'It's Summer and We're Running Out of Ice. \"The A.V. Club\" Joelle Monique called the episode \"as violent, thought-provoking, and humorous as the graphic novel\" and \"a clear studied work of the original text.\" Accolades. Nicole Kassell won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing \u2013 Drama Series for this episode, beating Stephen Williams for the later episode \"This Extraordinary Being\". Sharen Davis was nominated for the Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Sci-Fi/Fantasy Television, but lost to Michele Clapton for her work on \"The Iron Throne\", the final episode of \"Game of Thrones\". For the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, Nicole Kassell was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special. Ratings. According to HBO, the first episode of \"Watchmen\" had more than 1.5 million viewers on its first night across television and streaming services, the strongest debut performance for the network. The first broadcast of the episode, at 9 p.m. EDT, had 800,000 viewers, making it"}, {"text": "the most viewed debut episode for any premium-cable show in 2019."}, {"text": "Robert Carnegie may refer to:"}, {"text": "Musawenkosi Twala (born 12 July 2000) is a South African cricketer. He made his first-class debut on 24 October 2019, for Easterns in the 2019\u201320 CSA 3-Day Provincial Cup. He made his List A debut on 3 April 2022, for Easterns in the 2021\u201322 CSA One-Day Cup."}, {"text": "Caleb Pillay (born 29 October 2000) is a South African cricketer. He made his first-class debut on 24 October 2019, for KwaZulu-Natal Inland in the 2019\u201320 CSA 3-Day Provincial Cup."}, {"text": "The 2020 Africa Futsal Cup of Nations qualification was the qualification process organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) to determine the participating teams for the 2020 Africa Futsal Cup of Nations, the 6th edition of the international men's futsal championship of Africa. Teams. A total of 10 teams entered the qualifying rounds. Format. Qualification ties were played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. If the aggregate score was tied after the second leg, the away goals rule would be applied, and if still level, the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winner (no extra time would be played). The five winners of the preliminary round qualified for the final tournament. Schedule. The schedule of the qualifying rounds was as follows. Preliminary round. Morocco qualified automatically as hosts, and Egypt and Mozambique also qualified automatically as the other African teams in the 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup, while the remaining five spots were determined by the qualifying rounds, which took take place in October 2019. \"Libya won 12\u20136 on aggregate.\" \"Angola won 13\u20131 on aggregate.\" \"South Africa won 11\u20131 on aggregate. South Africa withdrew from the tournament on 15 January 2020 as they refused to play in Laayoune"}, {"text": "of Western Sahara due to the Western Sahara conflict and were replaced by Mauritius.\" Qualified teams. The following eight teams qualified for the final tournament. South Africa, which originally qualified, withdrew and were replaced by Mauritius. 1 Bold indicates champion for that year. \"Italic\" indicates host for that year."}, {"text": "Leigh Gill is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Bobono in \"Game of Thrones\" (2016) and as Gary Puddles in \"Joker\" (2019) and it's sequel (2024). Early life and career. Gill's father was in the British army, so he moved around a lot in his childhood. He appeared in three episodes of \"Game of Thrones\" (2016), and played Red in \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\" (2016). He worked alongside Joaquin Phoenix, in the movie \"Joker\" (2019) and its sequel \"\". He appeared as One-Eyed Dwarf in an episode of \"The Witcher\" in 2019."}, {"text": "The 2019\u201320 Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils basketball team represented Mississippi Valley State University during the 2019\u201320 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Delta Devils were led by first-year head coach Lindsey Hunter and played their home games at the Harrison HPER Complex in Itta Bena, Mississippi as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). They finished the season 3\u201327, 3\u201315 in SWAC play, to finish in a tie for ninth place. They failed to qualify for the SWAC tournament. Previous season. The Delta Devils finished the 2018\u201319 season 6\u201326 overall, 4\u201314 in SWAC play, to finish in a tie for last place. On March 25, 2019, the school announced that head coach Andre Payne would not return as head coach after five seasons. On April 22, the school announced that former NBA player and coach Lindsey Hunter had been named head coach. Regular season. On November 8, Utah defeated the Delta Devils 143\u201349 to set an NCAA record for widest margin of victory (94 points) over a Division I opponent. Two players recently received \"Delta Devil of the Day\" awards. The recipients were: Richard \"Big Tuna\" Rivers, a 6' 11\" center from Pennsylvania, and Caleb Hunter, a 5'"}, {"text": "11\" guard from Michigan. The game against North American University is a non-countable game. Schedule and results. !colspan=9 style=| Exhibition !colspan=9 style=| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=| SWAC regular season Sources: Statistics. SWAC leaders"}, {"text": "The Anglican Church of the Holy Rood at Ampney Crucis in the Cotswold District of Gloucestershire, England, has Saxon foundations with some of the stonework being Norman. It is a grade I listed building. The listing summary describes it as an \"Anglican parish church. Saxon foundation, with some Norman work and elements from all periods including C15 tower and re-roofing of nave, up to restoration of 1870\". History. In the Domesday Book (1086) the building is called the Church of Omenie Holy Rood since the name of the village at that time was Omenie, located in the Garsdon Hundred. The term \"rood\" is translated into English as \"cross\". Documents from 1287 refer to the church by its Latin name, \"Ameneye Sancte Crucis\". The foundations of the building date from the Saxon period and some aspects parts of the fabric of the building are Norman. Parts are more recent including the tower and the roof of the nave which are from the 15th century. The church was restored twice in the 19th century, including a Victorian restoration in 1870. The church is attached to the estate of Ampney Park. The parish is within the South Cotswold Team Ministry benefice which is"}, {"text": "part of the Diocese of Gloucester. Architecture. The limestone building with slate roofs. It has a cruciform plan of nave with porch and chancel with a north vestry. The west three-stage tower has gargoyles and is supported diagonal buttresses. The tower contains six bells. Inside the church are some wall paintings from the 14th century, which are being restored by English Heritage. The tub-shape font is Norman but mounted on a modern octagonal base. There is also a 12th-century pillar piscina with a square multi-scallop bowl. There are tombs and memorials to local nobles from the 16th to 18th century. The tomb of George Lloyde from Ampney Park, who died in 1584, is in the north transept. The organ was installed in the mid-19th century. The cross in the churchyard was erected in 1415. Parts of it were stored in the church for many years and reinstalled on its base around 1860. The Grade I listed cross, and also a Scheduled Monument, is described as: \"Late C14/early C15\" ... The head was discovered in 1860 hidden in the old stair to the rood tower and replaced in its original position.\" The cross was restored in the late 20th century. The"}, {"text": "book \"Ancient Crosses\" by Marion Freeman states that during the Oliver Cromwell era (1650s), many villages removed their crosses, or at least the heads, in order to comply with the government's ruling."}, {"text": "John Cobbold (1746\u20131835) was an English businessman in Ipswich. At the age of 22 he started running Cliff Brewery, part of the family brewing business established by his grandfather, Thomas Cobbold. More than thirty men of the Cobbold family have been named John, but he was known as \"Big John\". He greatly expanded the family business and had 22 children. His father Thomas Cobbold left money to his sons and daughters, in trust to his wife, Sarah Cobbold. She leased the family brewery in Harwich to John and his partner Charles Cox. In 1773 he married Elizabeth Wilkinson, with whom he had 15 children before her death in 1790. They moved into the Manor House, St Margaret's Green, located by St Margaret's Church, Ipswich. In 1791 he married Elizabeth Knipe in St Clement's Church, Ipswich, with whom he had another 7 children."}, {"text": "Louis-Florent de Valli\u00e8re (or Devali\u00e8re; 19 June 1721 \u2013 10 April 1775) was Governor General of the French colony of Saint-Domingue, now Haiti. Origins. Louis Florent de Valli\u00e8re was born on 19 June 1721 in Paris. His parents were Jean Florent, Chevalier de Valli\u00e8re (1667\u20131759) and Marguerite Martin of Quesnoy (died 1763). His older brother was Joseph Florant, Marquis de Valli\u00e8re (1717\u20131776). He became Director of Artillery and Engineers in 1747. He became a Lieutenant General of the King's Armies, Governor of the town and castle of Bergues, Lord of Parnes, Commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis. Governor of Saint-Domingue. Louis-Florent, chevalier de Valli\u00e8re, was governor of Saint-Domingue from October 1772 until his death on 10 April 1775. Valli\u00e8re and the new intendant Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Vincent de Montarcher replaced the outgoing governor Pierre G\u00e9d\u00e9on de Nolivos and intendant Alexandre-Jaques de Bongars. Nolivos had left on 10 February 1770, and was replaced as interim governor by De la Ferronnays on 15 January 1772. Soon after taking office, Valli\u00e8re and Montarcher had to deal with the question of the mulatto Marie-Victoire. The planter Philippe Morisseau, who died in 1770 or 1771, left a will that provided that six of"}, {"text": "his mulatto slaves were manumitted. His brother and heir claimed that as inheritor only he could grant manumission. The former governor and indendant had ruled in his favor in an ordinance of 15 February 1771. Valli\u00e8re and Montarcher issued an ordinance that declared Marie-Victoire and her daughter were free by birth. Their basis was that Marie-Victoire's baptismal act gave the status of her mother as \"free\". The decision was appealed to the Conseil d'\u00c9tat in Paris, which on 22 December 1775 struck down the ordinance of Valli\u00e8re and Montarcher, saying that masters alone could not give freedom to slaves, which could only be done by the king or the Conseil d'\u00c9tat. Louis Florent de Valli\u00e8re transformed the Port-au-Prince market, a quadrangle, into a public garden. Some time later the garden held the city's first auditorium, \"La Com\u00e9die\". Today the space is occupied by the March\u00e9 Valli\u00e8re, a market. Louis Florent de Valli\u00e8re died in Port-au-Prince on 10 April 1775. Reynaud de Villeverd took his place as interim governor from 12 May to 16 August 1775, when he was replaced by Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Charpentier, Count of Ennery."}, {"text": "Herta Lindner (3 November 1920 \u2013 29 March 1943) was a member of the German resistance against Nazism in occupied Czechoslovakia. Biography. Lindner was born on 3 November 1920 to a German father and Czech mother in Bohosudov, Czechoslovakia (now part of Krupka in the Czech Republic). She joined the Socialist Youth of Germany \u2013 Falcons at a young age. Lindner and her family opposed the Sudeten German Party. During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia Lindner lived in Prague and Dresden but returned in 1941 to her family. She worked as salesclerk in Teplice. Lindner was a founding member of the \"Lindenbr\u00fcder Hohenstein\" climbing club, which served as a cover for illegal anti-Nazi activities. Herta Lindner and her father were arrested by the SS on 27 November 1941 for their political activities. They were held in Most and later brought to Berlin, where Herta was sentenced to death for high treason in November 1942. She was executed at Pl\u00f6tzensee Prison on 29 March 1943. Her father was executed two weeks later."}, {"text": "Ruler is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language action drama film, produced by C. Kalyan under CK Entertainments & Happy Movies banners and directed by K. S. Ravikumar and . starring Nandamuri Balakrishna, Vedhika, Sonal Chauhan, Bhumika Chawla, and music composed by Chirantan Bhatt. The film received negative reviews from critics and was a commercial failure. Plot. The film begins in 1987 when the crime rate in Uttar Pradesh peaks. The Agricultural Minister, Veerandranath Tagore, resolves to reduce the crime rate by eradicating hunger. He calls for 500 farmers from Combined Andhra Pradesh, led by the wise Seetaramaiah. The Government allocates 5000 acres of land on lease for 30 years; after that, it will be their own. Years rolled by, and Sarojini Naidu, a business tycoon, proceeded toward Uttar Pradesh to start her new industrial plant. On the way, she spots a stranger with multiple stab wounds. Sarojini Naidu admits him to the hospital, and within the next minute, she accompanies him to the ICU due to a heart attack. Here, Sarojini Naidu faces a severe threat from her brother-in-law, Durga Prasad, when the stranger miraculously wakes up from the coma and saves her. Learning that the person has completely lost his"}, {"text": "memory, Sarojini Naidu adopts him by giving him the identity of her deceased son, Arjun Prasad. After two years, Arjun Prasad became a famous I.T. magnate. Harika, the chairman of a rival company, tries to overpower Arjun Prasad when she falls for him. Meanwhile, the Telugu farmers in Uttar Pradesh are under severe hardship from local politician Bhavaninath Tagore. Sandhya, shown as the love interest of Arjun Prasad in the past, files a complaint when the Govt appoints a special judiciary committee. Unfortunately, when they walk in, Bhavaninath Tagore falsifies the narrative by intimidating the villagers and claims Sandhya is insane. At the same time, Arjun Prasad is conscious of Bhavaninath Tagore's jeopardy of the Uttar Pradesh project, who also humiliated Sarojini Naidu. Now, enraged Arjun Prasad speaks against Bhavaninath Tagore and restarts his plant. At that moment, the henchmen of Bhavaninath Tagore attack Arjun Prasad, whose blood runs cold after seeing him. Simultaneously, all the Telugu villagers eagerly approach and claim him as Dharma. Thereupon, the villagers start narrating the past, and Dharma is a powerful police officer, the son of Seetaramaiah, who stands for justice. Niranjana Prasad, daughter of Veerandranath Tagore, loves and marries a lower caste guy,"}, {"text": "which her father heartily welcomes. During their wedding reception, Bhavaninath Tagore, the younger brother of Veerandranath Tagore, murders the bridegroom and attempts to kill pregnant Niranjana Prasad using his racism and vote bank. All at once, Dharma arrives, rescues, and shields them in the village through Telugu farmers as gratitude. Meanwhile, they avenged Bhavaninath Tagore's clouts and issued a G.O. to repeal the lease agreement. Veerandranath Tagore abides in the farmers' agony, so they leave the village. First, he asks Niranjana Prasad to stand by at the railway station and approach Bhavaninath Tagore with an appeal to cancel the G.O. However, a bloodthirsty Bhavaninath Tagore kills him and orders his henchmen to eliminate Niranjana Prasad. Tracing her whereabouts, Dharma arrives on a train on time. In the fight, he is severely injured and wiped out when Sarojini Naidu witnesses him. In a flash, the story turns to the present when Sarojini Naidu affirms him as Dharma, but he cannot recall his memory. Nevertheless, he encounters Bhavaninath Tagore when his heart is filled with joy, knowing that the villagers safeguard Niranjana Prasad and she has given birth to a baby boy named Dharma. At last, Dharma / Arjun Prasad knocks out"}, {"text": "Bhavaninath Tagore, permanently allows the lands to the farmers, and declares Niranjana Prasad as the original heir of the Tagore dynasty. Finally, Sarojini Naidu departs with Harika, bequeathing Dharma / Arjun Prasad, as his necessity is more to the public than her business empire. Production. The principal photography of the film started in July in Bangkok. The second schedule was completed in Ramoji Film City in October 2019. A melody Song is picturized on Balakrishna & Vedhika in November at Munnar. Soundtrack. Music was composed by Chirantan Bhatt. Music released by Aditya Music Company. Release. The film released on 20 December 2019. The first look teaser on 21 November 2019 and trailer on 8 December 2019. The first single song \" Adugadugo Action Hero\" is released on 1 December 2019. Accordingly, the pre-release event held on 14 December 2019, at the MGM Grounds, VUDA Park, Visakhapatnam. Reception. \"Ruler\" received negative reviews from critics. Y. Sunita Chowdary of \"The Hindu\" stated that the film was purely for the fans. \"Balakrishna fans will like him in any form and indeed made some effort to look different, gives Vedhika returns after a long time to perform in a better role. The hero gets"}, {"text": "elevated at each level and it becomes a tale of heroic exploits and nothing else,\" she added. \"The Times of India\" critic Suhas Yellapantula gave 1.5/5 stars and called it a \"disappointing fare.\" He wrote: \" A non-existent plot, poor characterization, and amateurish filmmaking ensures this film is a big miss. \"123telugu.com\" also gave the same rating and wrote: \"The concept is old school and unnecessary scenes, the second half could be avoided totally. The director, KS Ravikumar, has been stuck in a time warp and cannot move on from his outdated concepts. Although Balayya impresses with his posh look, the angry cop look is underwhelming with the horrible wig, which disappoints the general audience. A reviewer from \"The Hans India\" affirmed that the film doesn't have a proper storyline, \"Director KS Ravikumar used the same commercial formula for this movie and even the story and screenplay are also not that gripping,\" they wrote."}, {"text": "Hristo Hristov (; born 27 April 2001) is a Bulgarian weightlifter. Career. Olympics. In 2021 he competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the 109 kg category. He could have won a bronze medal, but referees rejected his successful last attempt on 222 kg clean and jerk."}, {"text": "Bruno Gomes da Silva Clevel\u00e1rio (born on April 4, 2001), better known as Bruno Gomes, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a right-back, defensive midfielder, and central midfielder for Internacional. Club career. Bruno Gomes was revealed in the youth ranks of Vasco da Gama, moving up to the professional team at just 18 years old. At the \"S\u00e3o Janu\u00e1rio\" team, he made 74 appearances and scored two goals. In 2022, he moved to Sport Club Internacional on a permanent basis which had Z\u00e9 Gabriel transferred to Vasco as well. After only one match played with Internacional, Gomes was loaned to Coritiba until the end of 2022. He later signed permanently with \"Coxa\" for another year. In 2024, with the help of argentine coach Eduardo Coudet, Bruno Gomes was hired again by Inter in a 4-year contract, owning 75% of the athlete's rights. After the departure of right-backs Bustos and Mallo, Bruno Gomes started playing improvised in the position by coach Roger Machado, ending 2024 as a starter on the team. Honours. Internacional"}, {"text": "The House at 463 Park Ave., at 463 Park Ave. in Park City, Utah, was built around 1886. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is a one-and-a-half-story \"wood-frame, cross-wing type house with gabled roofs on each wing. The East-facing/, vernacular structure has some muted hints of Victorian Eclecticism in its detailing, typical of the Park City's building boom period.\" It was renovated in 1995. The property has terracing in its front yard, with stone retaining walls from the time of the original construction of the house."}, {"text": "Eduardo Feitoza Sampaio (born 14 December 1998), commonly known as Dudu, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Hapoel Tel Aviv."}, {"text": "Besmaya Range Complex is a joint base controlled by the Iraqi Armed Forces. It was known as Forward Operating Base Hammer during American occupation. Role and Structure of Besmaya Range Complex. Besmaya Range Complex was originally an Iraqi training center and a former facility used by the Republican Guard. After U.S. occupation, Forward Operating Base Hammer was established nearby but functioned as a separate entity. Besmaya Range Complex housed a coalition force composed of military personnel and an estimate of 60 contractors who were stationed in a designated cantonment area within the Iraqi garrison. This coalition force was primarily engaged in advising the garrison commander and supporting training schools like the Bomb Disposal and Combat Arms School. Logistical Independence and Support Framework. The coalition personnel stationed at Besmaya were not under the operational control or administrative control of FOB Hammer, except for limited logistical support such as vehicle fueling and post exchange access. All other support was directly provided to Besmaya coalition personnel through the Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq (MNSTC-I)."}, {"text": "John Melling may refer to:"}, {"text": "Arthur Aldred (27 August 1919 \u2013 23 May 2002) was an English footballer who played as a midfielder. Career. Aldred joined Aston Villa from Hereford United in 1946, having previously played sporadically for Nottingham Forest in the wartime substitutes competitions during World War II. However, the winger was denied a breakthrough in the first team at Aston Villa and in the summer of 1948 he moved without playing a mandatory game, as did his team-mates Arthur Haynes and Tom Clark, Walsall. Aldred made 11 league and four cup appearances in the first half of the 1947\u201349 season, scoring one goal in both competitions when he formed the wing-tongs with Jimmy Condie or Lou Tinkler. The last time he played was in a 0-4 FA Cup defeat to Luton Town at the end of January. After his change request was publicly communicated at the beginning of March 1949, he left Walsall at the end of the season and continued his career in the Southern Football League. He rejoined Hereford and then played for Cheltenham Town (from August 1950), Yeovil Town (1951/52; 28 compulsory games/8 goals), Tonbridge FC, Kidderminster Harriers (from August 1953) and Rugby Town (from September 1954). In February 1970,"}, {"text": "he took over as coach of the Sunday League team Lion Rangers."}, {"text": "Alexander Silva de Lucena (born 31 May 1999), commonly known as Alexander, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Bangu, on loan from Vasco da Gama."}, {"text": "The Charles Meadowcroft House, at 951 Woodside Ave. in Park City, Utah, was built in 1888. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It was probably owned by Charles Meadowcroft, who probably worked in mines here (as he did as well in Butte, Montana), and probably was built in 1888. It is a one-story frame \"T/L cottage\" with a gable roof. Its stem-wing's roof slopes off to the rear, as in a saltbox roof."}, {"text": "Pedro Manuel Lobo Peixoto Mineiro Mendes (born 1 August 1999) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a striker for Italian club Modena. Club career. Sporting CP. Born in Guimar\u00e3es, Mendes started his youth career with local clubs Vit\u00f3ria S.C. and Moreirense F.C. before joining Sporting CP's academy at the age of 18. On 19 September 2019, after having scored seven goals in six games for the under-23 side to start the new season and before he had made his debut with the first team in the Primeira Liga due to registration problems, he appeared with the latter in a group stage match in the UEFA Europa League against PSV Eindhoven, and found the net immediately after having come as an 81st-minute substitute for fellow youth graduate Miguel Lu\u00eds, albeit in a 3\u20132 away defeat; in the process, he became Sporting's first player to achieve the feat on his debut in European competition. Mendes finally made his debut in the Portuguese top division on 11 January 2020, playing 14 minutes in the 3\u20131 away victory over Vit\u00f3ria de Set\u00fabal. On 16 September, he joined Spanish Segunda Divisi\u00f3n side UD Almer\u00eda on a season-long loan. The following 1 February, however,"}, {"text": "he signed with C.D. Nacional also on loan. In his second appearance for the latter, as a second-half substitute against S.C. Farense, he scored twice (but one in his own net) in a 2\u20133 home loss. On 16 July 2021, Mendes moved to Liga Portugal 2 club Rio Ave F.C. on a season-long loan deal, with an option to buy. He scored a squad-best ten goals, as the champions returned to the top flight after one year out. Ascoli. On 29 August 2022, Mendes signed a three-year contract with Ascoli Calcio 1898 FC in the Italian Serie B. He netted a team-best 11 times in his second season, in a final relegation; he also missed the final two months due to a tendon injury. Modena. Mendes remained in the Italian second tier for the 2024\u201325 campaign, joining Modena FC 2018. International career. Mendes won his first cap for Portugal at under-21 level on 11 October 2019, in a 4\u20132 away loss against the Netherlands in the 2021 UEFA European Championship qualifiers where he replaced AC Milan's Rafael Le\u00e3o. Honours. Rio Ave"}, {"text": "Andrew Hutchinson may refer to:"}, {"text": "Mar\u00eda Xiao Yao (born 19 May 1994) is a Spanish table tennis player. Born in Spain, she was raised in Portugal and initially represented Portugal before switching allegiances in 2012. She was Portugal's reserve player for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England, United Kingdom and represented Spain at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Early life. Xiao was born on 19 May 1994 in Calella, Catalonia, Spain. Her paretns, Xiao Daili and Yao Li, are Chinese emigrants and former professional table-tennis players that moved to Spain to seek better opportunities in the sports. Xiao was raised in Madeira, Portugal when her parents moved there. Career. In 2010, Xiao represented Portugal at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. She participated in the women's singles and the mixed doubles with Emilen Vanrossomme of Belgium. She advanced from round one of the women's singles after winning two of her three matches. However, she was eliminated in round two after losing two of her three matches. In the mixed doubles, Xiao and Vanrossomme finished runners-up in their group and advanced to round two where they lost to eventual bronze medalists Gu Yuting of China and Adem Hmam of Tunisia. Xiao was"}, {"text": "Portugal's reserve player for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England, United Kingdom. She represented Portugal before 2012 and Spain afterwards. Xiao qualified to represent Spain at the delayed 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan where she participated in the women's singles. In the first round, she defeated Anastassiya Lavrova of Kazakhstan 11\u20139 11\u20136 11\u20134 7\u201311 11\u20133. She followed that up with a 7\u201311 11\u20136 11\u20138 11\u20138 8\u201311 11\u20139 against Minnie Soo of Hong Kong. Her run came to an end in the third round where she lost 8\u201311 12\u201310 11\u20135 11\u20132 11\u20134 against Feng Tianwei of Singapore."}, {"text": "Sawdoniaceae is a family of extinct zosterophylls. The zosterophylls were among the first vascular plants in the fossil record, and are considered to share an ancestor with the living lycophytes. The family is recognized by some sources, and placed in the Sawdoniales. Other sources do not recognize the family, and place some of its members in the family Gosslingiaceae. Genera. Genera that have been placed in this family by Kenrick and Crane in 1997 are shown in the table below, along with their treatment by Hao and Xue in 2013."}, {"text": "Pac-Man All-Stars is a video game for Microsoft Windows developed by British studio Creature Labs and published by Infogrames Interactive in 2002. It is a multiplayer video game where players control their characters to run around in different arenas to collect the most dots. The game is an enhanced version of the multiplayer mode found in \"Ms. Pac-Man Maze Madness\" and \"\". Gameplay. The player, along with three other Pac-Man characters, must complete mission objectives. Missions include reaching a specific amount of points and being the player with the highest score before the timer runs out. Each level ends with players having to avoid four ghosts while eating all of the pellets on screen. Unlike \"Maze Madness\", the levels are open areas with free movement. The worlds include: The Creepy Forest, The Mines, Snowy Mountain, Wandy's Garden, The Laboratory, and Wandy's Castle. After defeating the game's final boss, a large gray ghost named Wandy, the fairies that he had kidnapped are freed."}, {"text": "Kate Marie Byrnes (born 1971) is an American diplomat, who served as the United States ambassador to North Macedonia between July 2019 and September 2022. She is a career diplomat who has received many awards for her service. Education. Byrnes has a bachelor of science in international relations (foreign service) from Georgetown University, and a master's degree in policy management, also from Georgetown. Career. Diplomatic service. During her time in the diplomatic service, she served in Spain, Hungary, and Belgium. She also served as the deputy chief of mission of the United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, where she expressed dismay at Russian aggression against Ukraine. After that, she became deputy chief of mission in Greece from 2017 to 2019. From 2007 through 2010, she was a public affairs advisor to the United States Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. She has previously represented U.S. interests in Bolivia, Hungary, Spain, and Turkey. Ambassador to North Macedonia. She was originally nominated to North Macedonia in 2018, and re-nominated in 2019, both before and after the nation changed its name. Byrnes was appointed to replace Ambassador Jess Baily. A career diplomat, she had served as"}, {"text": "the deputy ambassador in Athens, and was the designated representative of the U.S. mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in Vienna. Addressing the United States Senate during her confirmation hearings, she averred her continuing commitment \"to strengthen cooperation with (North) Macedonia as a strategic partner.\" She highlighted that the Prespes agreement surmounted an historic hurdle, so its implementation is regionally important. Upon her appointment, acting Assistant Secretary of State Philip Reeker saw her appointment as a harbinger of \"a new era of bilateral cooperation, as friends and allies of the Republic of Macedonia.\" She brought twenty-four years experience as a diplomat before being appointed to the post. Fulfilling its responsibility under the Foreign Service Act, Section 304(a)(4), the Senate Foreign Relations Committee noted that she has a well-documented path of competency in extremely demanding positions. Personal. Byrnes is married to Larry Scott Gage, a retired naval officer. She speaks Spanish, Hungarian and Turkish."}, {"text": "Robert Shanklin Wham (January 18, 1926 \u2013 December 21, 2011) was an American lawyer and politician. Background. Wham was born in Centralia, Illinois. He married Dorothy Stonecipher in 1947. Wham graduated from University of Illinois College of Law and moved with his wife to Colorado and settled in Montrose, Colorado in 1950 where he practiced law. In 1953, Wham moved to Denver, Colorado, with his wife and family, and served in the office of the Colorado Attorney General. He also served as an assistant United States District Attorney and as the Denver City Attorney. Wham continued to practice law in Denver. Wham served in the Colorado Senate from 1977 to 1980 and was a Republican. His wife Dottie also served in the Colorado General Assembly."}, {"text": "Rafael de Carvalho Fran\u00e7a (born 17 March 1998) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a right back for P\u00e9rolas Negras."}, {"text": "Matheus dos Santos Miranda (born 19 January 2000), commonly known as Miranda, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defender."}, {"text": "Obiri Yeboah Kyei (born 3 December 1994) is an Australian-British professional basketball player for the Sydney Comets of NBL1 East. He played college basketball for NCAA Division II schools Metro State and Eckerd College. Early life. Kyei was born in Sydney, New South Wales, to a Ghanaian father. He attended Sydney Secondary College and played in the Waratah League in 2012 and 2013 for the Sydney Comets. College career. Kyei played college basketball for Metro State (2013\u20132015) and Eckerd College (2015\u20132017). Professional career. In July 2017, Kyei had a one-game stint for the Albury Wodonga Bandits in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). Kyei joined Cuxhaven BasCats of the German ProB for the 2017\u201318 season. He played 10 games between 23 September and 18 November. He subsequently joined the Leeds Force of the British Basketball League, where he played two games between 26 November and 1 December. Kyei joined the Logan Thunder of the Queensland Basketball League (QBL) for the 2018 season. In August 2018, Kyei signed with For\u00e7a Lleida CE of the Spanish LEB Gold. On 21 May 2019, Kyei signed a two-year deal with the Adelaide 36ers of the Australian National Basketball League (NBL). He averaged 3.3"}, {"text": "points and 4.2 rebounds in 28 games played for the team. On 29 September 2020, he was granted a release by the 36ers to pursue business interests. On 21 June 2021, Kyei joined the Logan Thunder of the NBL1 North for the remainder of the 2021 season. He averaged 11.2 points and 10.2 rebounds per game in five games played. He returned to the Thunder for the 2022 season and averaged 10.1 points and 11.4 rebounds in 11 games. Kyei joined the Sydney Comets of NBL1 East for the 2024 season. His impressive start to the NBL1 season saw him gain NBL interest. Fashion career. Kyei creates sustainable fashion for his label \"Obiri\" using vintage clothes and deadstock fabrics to produce new clothing. He fronted the campaign for Champion Australia's sustainable Re:Bound collection in 2021. Personal life. Kyei holds Australian and British dual citizenship."}, {"text": "The Ferry Street Bridge was constructed across the Black Rock Canal, in Buffalo, New York, in 1913. The bridge is a bascule bridge, a kind of lift bridge, built by the Strauss Bascule Bridge Company, and is considered a rare and historic design. The bridge underwent a rebuild from 2014 to 2016. The rebuild cost $8 million."}, {"text": "Anne Harrington (born 1960) is an American science historian and the Franklin L. Ford Professor of the History of Science at Harvard University. Her primary research area is the history of psychiatry, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Education and career. Harrington obtained her Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University in 1982. She then attended the University of Oxford, where she earned a doctorate in modern history, specializing in the history of science, in 1985. She returned to Harvard in 1988, after holding postdoctoral positions in London and Freiburg, joining the Department of the History of Science as an assistant professor. She was promoted to associate professor in 1991 and full professor four years later. Since 2011, she became director of undergraduate studies. At Harvard, Harrington has taught courses on \"Madness and Medicine\", \"Evolution and Human Nature\", \"Broken Brains\", \u201cStories under the Skin\u201d, \"Freud and the American Academy\", \"The Minded Body\" and \"In Search of Mind\". Mind Fixers: Psychiatry's Troubled Search for the Biology of Mental Illness. In this book Harrington shows that the pathological basis of almost all mental disorders remains as unknown today as it was in 1886. Even as psychiatrists prescribe a widening variety of treatments, none of them"}, {"text": "can say exactly why any of these biological therapies work. Regarding the \"chemical imbalance\" theory of mental illness, she writes \u201cIronically, just as the public was embracing the \u2018serotonin imbalance\u2019 theory of depression, researchers were forming a new consensus\u201d about the idea behind that theory: It was \u201cdeeply flawed and probably outright wrong.\u201d A reviewer in \"The Atlantic\" wrote: \"[I]t\u2019s a tale of promising roads that turned out to be dead ends, of treatments that seemed miraculous in their day but barbaric in retrospect, of public-health policies that were born in hope but destined for disaster.\""}, {"text": "\"Martial Feats of Comanche Horsemanship\" is the second episode of the HBO superhero drama miniseries \"Watchmen\", based on the 1986 DC Comics series of the same name by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons. The episode was written by Damon Lindelof and Nick Cuse and directed by Nicole Kassell, and aired on October 27, 2019. Synopsis. In World War I, O.B. Williams is a soldier in one of America's all-black units. As they march, a German plane flies overhead and drops propaganda leaflets, trying to convince the black troops to join the German forces in light of the racial injustice in the United States. O.B. pockets one. In the present, Angela mourns over Judd's death, where it is shown they had become close friends after the events of \"White Night\" on Christmas Eve 2016, where 40 Tulsa officers and their families were targeted by the Seventh Kavalry. Of those that survived, only Angela and Judd remained with the force, requiring the state to pass a law requiring law enforcement to protect their identities to recruit new members. Angela takes the old man in the wheelchair to her bakery to interrogate him. He identifies himself as Will and claims to be Angela's"}, {"text": "grandfather, but she remains dubious. She secretly collects some of his DNA to process at a local heritage center, which confirm Will's claim. She returns to Will, who claims that Judd has \"skeletons in his closet\" to be found. Angela attends Judd's wake at his home. She feigns illness to quietly slip into his bedroom and discovers a secret room in the back of his closet, which inside includes a Ku Klux Klan outfit with a sheriff's badge. Returning to Will after the wake, Angela demands to know how he knew of Judd's closet, but Will remains quiet. She prepares to take Will to the police station to be arrested, but after loading Will into her car, a giant electromagnet clamps onto the car's roof and takes it away. A slip of paper falls to Angela's feet: the piece of German propaganda on which O.B. had written \"Watch over this boy\" before sending a young Will away from the 1921 Tulsa race massacre. In the country manor, the Blonde Man watches his play \"The Watchmaker's Son\" being performed by Mr. Phillips and Ms. Crookshanks and other masked crew. The scene reenacts Jonathan Osterman's transformation into Doctor Manhattan. However, while Phillips"}, {"text": "is in the mock test chamber, the Blonde Man activates an incinerator within it, burning Phillips alive. The scene continues, revealing that the other actors and crew are clones of Phillips and Crookshanks. The Blonde Man instructs a Phillips clone to take the burned body to the cellar. Production. Nicole Kassell directed this episode. She had also directed the show's pilot, which had been filmed and produced as a pickup evaluation for HBO prior to the season being given the greenlight. Because this episode and rest of the season used a different crew from the pilot, Kassell felt it was important that she direct it as well to help provide the necessary continuity of production between the two episodes. The episode's title is a play on the title of \"Comanche Feats of Horsemanship\", a painting by George Catlin, which is shown hanging in Judd's mansion during the episode. Like many of Catlin's works, the painting is seen in the 21st century as intrusive of the native American culture and to be carrying a colonialist tone with it. This has led some to consider the painting's inclusion to be a hint towards the revelation of the KKK outfit in Judd's closet."}, {"text": "The episode includes a full-frontal nude shot of one of the Phillips clones playing Doctor Manhattan, who was frequently shown nude in the limited series comic as well as with the film adaption. A body double was used for this shot instead of actor Tom Mison who plays Phillips. Showrunner Damon Lindelof said that he had expected to show a fully nude Doctor Manhattan at some point during the series. He said that the showing of Doctor Manhattan's blue penis was an iconic part of the limited series and film, and said that when his friends and associates heard he got the showrunner role, they had all asked him \"Are we going to see a blue penis?\" However, Lindelof considered to himself \"Was there a way to do this with some degree of absurdity and comedy, while at the same time acknowledging the source material?\", and came onto the idea of using the fictional play, \"The Watchmaker's Son\", as an appropriate vehicle for this shot. The play itself was designed to be like a high-school play similar to the one in \"Rushmore\", but using directing elements similar to a Wes Anderson film. According to Mison, he and Sara Vickers who"}, {"text": "plays Ms. Crookshanks purposely acted poorly for their on-stage roles in the play to keep up the element of poor quality. Reception. Critical. At Rotten Tomatoes, the aggregate score for the episode is 7.4/10 from 34 reviews with a 95% rating. Its summary of the critical consensus is \"Damon Lindelof and his team refuse to hold back as they continue to subvert expectations in the absolutely confounding, but positively riveting \"Martial Feats of Comanche Horsemanship.\" Ratings. An estimated 765,000 viewers watched \"Martial Feats of Comanche Horesmanship\" on its first broadcast night."}, {"text": "Mohammad Ghoreishi (; born February 13, 1995) is an Iranian footballer who plays as a defender for Iranian club Foolad in the Persian Gulf Pro League. Club career. Sanat Naft. On 21 September 2018, he made his debut for Sanat Naft Abadan in a controversial match against Paykan that awarded 0 - 3 for Paykan by IFF decision."}, {"text": "Sarfo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "Ahmad Idham bin Ahmad Nadzri (born January 1, 1974) is a Malaysian actor, director and producer of television and film. He has directed over 30 films and nearly 10 telemovies to date. As an actor, he is best known for his role as Iskandar in the sitcom Spanar Jaya, which aired on ntv7 from 1999 to 2005. He was a former CEO of the National Film Development Corporation Malaysia (FINAS) from March 2019 to September 2021. Personal life. Idham was born and raised in Alor Setar, Kedah and is the eldest son in the family. He has two younger brothers, Khalid and Azman and a younger sister, Arbaiyah also known as Abby. Idham holds the Bachelor's Degree in Accountancy at the Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). In September 2020, he successfully completed his Doctor of Philosophy studies at Universiti Utara Malaysia and obtained a Doctor of Philosophy approval in the field of Management. He made a thesis entitled 'Malaysian Film Industry Ecosystem and Policy: A Study on the Internationalization of Malay Films. Idham marries Jameah \"Amy\" Aziz in 1999 and have four children. His oldest son, Ahmad Firdaus has had autism since birth. He established a special school named after his"}, {"text": "son, with an international system of education and therapy available to disabled people, named Eden Firdaus Special Need Center located in the Encorp Strand Mall, Kota Damansara."}, {"text": "Matheus Celestino Moresche Rodrigues (born 24 June 1998), commonly known as Moresche, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Cambodian Premier League club Preah Khan Reach Svay Rieng. Club career. Geylang International. Moresche signed for Singapore Premier League side Geylang International for the 2021 Singapore Premier League season after leaving Riga FC at the start of this year. He made his Geylang debut in the first match of the season after coming on in the 12th minute to replace Barry Maguire who had pulled up clutching his hamstring during an Eagles' counter-attack. Moresche scored a brace on his debut, helping his team to a 2\u20131 victory over Tanjong Pagar United. Central Coast Mariners. On 30 October 2021, Central Coast Mariners signed Moresche for the 2021\u201322 A-League season. He made his debut for the Mariners as a substitute in a win over Blacktown City in the 2021 FFA Cup on 13 November 2021. On 7 May 2022, Moresche tore his anterior cruciate ligament in an F3 Derby against Newcastle Jets. After a 9 month recovery, Moresche made his return to senior football for the Mariners on 18 February 2023, coming off the bench against Perth Glory at"}, {"text": "Macedonia Park. Moresche was part of the 2022\u201323 A-League Championship winning team for the Mariners, scoring the sixth and final goal for the team. Nanjing City. On 7 February 2024, Moresche joined China League One club Nanjing City. Preah Khan Reach Svay Rieng. On 17 February 2025, Moresche joined Cambodian Premier League club Preah Khan Reach Svay Rieng. International career. Moresche represented Brazil at youth international level. Honours. Central Coast Mariners"}, {"text": "Laura Lynch is a Canadian television and radio journalist for CBC News, who hosts CBC Radio\u2019s weekly show \"What on Earth\". Previously, she was a frequent guest host of CBC Radio's daily morning news program \"The Current\". After studying law at the University of Victoria and journalism at Carleton University, she began her career with the CBC as a legal affairs reporter covering stories in the Department of Justice and the Supreme Court of Canada. She won the Law Society of British Columbia's award for Excellence in Legal Journalism, and was nominated for a Jack Webster Award, for her reporting on the Supreme Court case \"R v O'Connor\". She received the Martin Wise Goodman Nieman Fellowship the same year, and spent a year studying human rights at Harvard University. She was subsequently a foreign correspondent based in Washington, D.C., and London, as well as travelling to report from various international locations including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe, and Syria, before returning to Canada as a national affairs reporter in Vancouver. In addition to her appearances as a guest host of \"The Current\", she was the program's regular interim host in 2019, between the retirement of Anna Maria Tremonti and"}, {"text": "the debut of new host Matt Galloway in January 2020. She is currently the host of \"What on Earth\", a weekly CBC Radio show on environmental issues."}, {"text": "State Route 274 (SR 274), also known as Old Railroad Bed Road, is a north\u2013south state highway in western Lincoln County, Tennessee. Route description. SR 274 begins as a continuation of County Road 11 (CR 11) at the Alabama state line. It heads north through farmland to pass through the community of Taft, where it has an intersection with SR 110. The highway then winds its northward through several rural hills and valleys for several miles, where it crosses a bridge over the Elk River, before coming to an end at an intersection with SR 273 between Dellrose and Fayetteville. The entire route of SR 274 is a rural two-lane highway."}, {"text": "Oktyabrsky or Oktyabrskiy (Russian: \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Oktyabrskaya or Oktyabrskaia (\u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f). It means \"of October\" and often refers the October Revolution of November 1917. The surname may refer to:"}, {"text": "Kainandro da Silva Pereira Santos (born 4 June 2000), commonly known as Kainandro, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Nova Igua\u00e7u FC."}, {"text": "Mallophora ruficauda is a species of parasitic robber fly in the family Asilidae, endemic to South and Central America. Like other robber flies, \"M. ruficauda\" is known for its aggressive behavior and predation upon other insects, especially bees. \"M. ruficauda\" (like other members of the genus \"Mallophora\") mimics a bumblebee to fool predators into thinking it has a painful sting and is not worth eating. \"M. ruficauda\" larvae parasitize scarab beetles and likely serve as an important biocontrol for the beetles, a pest species that eats the roots and tubers of plants while in the larval stage. On the other hand, adult \"M. ruficauda\" are apicultural pests because they feed on worker honeybees. Description. \"M. ruficauda\" is a bumblebee mimic, meaning it appears very similar to a bumblebee despite actually being a fly. It is large and covered in dense black hair (setae) with a patch of yellow on the thorax, and has a pointed black abdomen with a spot of reddish hair at the tip. The wings are smoky brown and generate a buzzing sound during flight, similar to the wings of bees. The head is black and the face is covered in white hairs, which are also found"}, {"text": "on the ventral side of the femora, tibia, and tarsale of the third pair of legs in males. The third pair of legs is stronger and lengthened compared to the other two smaller pairs. Larvae are minute, measuring only 1.35 mm in length and 0.32 mm in width on average. Their small size allows them to easily disperse by wind after hatching. \"M. ruficauda\" is endemic to South and Central America, and is primarily present in the open grasslands and meadows where it lays its eggs. The flies are most active during the day, especially during sunny and hot days in the summer (December-May in the Southern Hemisphere). Sensory physiology. Researchers have shown that \"M. ruficauda\" antennae are involved in resource-searching behavior, in addition to detecting outside chemical cues that the flies are able to pick up on. Their antennae are composed of four different segments: the scape, pedicel, postpedicel, and style. In addition, there are three separate types of sensory pits observed on the antennae. Together, these morphological characteristics contribute to the odor detection mechanism found in adult \"M. ruficauda,\" which may be used in mate detection, habitat recognition, predator avoidance, and searching for food. Life history. Larval stage."}, {"text": "Eggs are laid in aggregate clusters of approximately 300 on the tips of tall stalks of grass or wire fencing. Oviposition occurs at the optimal height for larval dispersal and location of hosts, which is about 1.25 to 1.5 meters above the ground. These clusters are typically near adult food sources, such as beehives. Upon hatching, the tiny larvae drift to the ground, dispersing under wind power. This helps them spread out so that they do not all encounter and parasitize the same host, which would cause competition for resources between the larvae. The larvae then begin to dig in an attempt to find a host (preferably a larval \"Cyclocephala signaticollis\", a type of scarab beetle, though the larvae are not strict specialists and will parasitize several species of white grub), which will be located by the chemical cues provided by its own abdominal excretions. The larvae take 7 days to molt in the soil and enter the second instar, at which point they can detect and orientate towards the chemical cues produced by the grubs, and they dig through the soil towards prospective hosts. Upon finding a host, the larvae attach to the cuticle and begin to feed. The"}, {"text": "larvae stay attached to their hosts for the rest of the larval stage, eventually killing the host upon pupation. Larvae can survive through the second instar on their own, but if they do not find a host before the second instar ends, they will die. Larval superparasitism. Superparasitism is common among the larvae of \"M. ruficauda,\" with many larvae sometimes infecting a single host. They prefer unparasitized hosts if they can find them in order to avoid competing with members of their own species. However, the hosts are randomly distributed in the soil and the larvae may all have to share a host if only one is available. The larvae can discriminate between unparasitized and already-parasitized hosts by chemical cues, and will preferentially crawl towards unparasitized grubs. As the size of a host increases, the likelihood and severity of superparasitism also increases (presumably because a larger host is capable of supporting more parasites). These findings are one of the first reports of host discrimination by larvae rather than by adults. It makes sense that a Dipteran species would evolve this ability, since Dipteran parasitoids rarely have a strong enough ovipositor to lay eggs directly in a host. This eliminates the"}, {"text": "ability of the mother to choose a good host for her offspring; instead, the larvae have to find a host for themselves once they hatch. Therefore, they should be able to determine host quality. However, they are unable to detect free-living individuals of their own species, suggesting that they do not have significant interactions with them beyond competition for hosts. Host defense. Researchers have explored many mechanisms that protect different hosts from the parasitic behavior of \"M. ruficauda\". Hosts seem to display defense mechanisms both before and after parasitism. In certain cases, the hosts can escape \"M. ruficauda\" parasitism some weeks after the original attack. Violent body movements and torsion away from the parasite seem to be some of the most effective behavioral responses that allow for evasion of \"M. ruficauda\". In addition, some studies have suggested that high environmental temperatures increase the probability that the host will successfully kill its parasitoid. \"M. ruficauda\" may prefer \"Cyclocephala\" in particular because these beetles have a relatively low behavioral reaction to simulated parasitoid attacks; their poor immunological defense strategies make them an easier target for the larvae. Adult life. Upon pupating, the larva kills its host grub. The adult fly leaves the"}, {"text": "pupa and emerges from the soil about 2 months after the eggs first hatched, and begins to prey upon bees and other insects. Food resources. Larvae exclusively feed on their white grub hosts until they pupate and emerge as full-grown adults. The adults are predatory, feeding on insects (primarily Hymenoptera but also other insects, including other members of Diptera) endemic to the meadows that they inhabit. Mating. During the mating season, females spend most of their time resting on twigs, while males patrol fixed routes in search of mates. If a male fly finds a female, the male initiates a long courtship dance. The male positions itself perpendicular to the female, then rotates the third pair of legs in order to position them upwards and posteriorly. The male fly will then rhythmically twitch the third legs in bursts, alternating with periods of hovering. If the male touches the female's wings during this display, the female responds by rapidly scissoring them back and forth. This courtship takes approximately 30\u201340 minutes, after which copulation finally occurs (unless the female flees at any point during the dance, in which case the courtship fails). Alternatively, another male may intervene to compete for the female's"}, {"text": "attention, which may result in a fight between the two males. The female's signal to the male that she accepts him is subtle and still not understood; unless she flies away, she remains motionless throughout most of the courtship other than the occasional movements of her wings. Parental care. Host grubs are hidden in the soil, so mother flies cannot predict where they will be and lay her eggs in exactly the right spot. Instead, gravid flies lay their eggs at the optimal height on tall plants or wire fences in their meadow habitats. At around 1.25 to 1.5 meters off the ground, the larvae will gain the greatest benefit from the wind helping them to disperse. This results in the maximum number of offspring finding a host, with the minimum number of offspring being forced to share a host. Mimicry. Like several other species in the genus Mallophora, \"M. ruficauda\" is a bumblebee mimic, possibly as a result of Batesian mimicry, a type of mimicry in which a palatable or edible organism (such as the fly, which cannot sting) imitates an unpalatable organism (such as a bumblebee with a painful sting). This prevents predation, as predators will interpret the"}, {"text": "fly as an inedible bee and will not attempt to eat it. The flies are large and plump, covered in black and yellow fuzzy hair, and buzz like bees do during flight. Importance to humans. \"M. ruficauda\" is an important agricultural pest, particularly in the Pampas region of Argentina where honey is farmed. The adults kill and eat honeybees as one of their primary food sources, causing losses for farmers. Members of the genus \"Mallophora\" across the Americas cause problems for beekeepers by killing their honeybees, which have become one of their preferred foods even though these bees are not native to the region. During years when the density of \"M. ruficauda\" is high, they can cause up to 80% losses of honey production in regions where they are endemic."}, {"text": "Pornography in Brazil with explicit sex scenes began in the modern era after the lifting of the censorship of the military regime in Brazil. During the period of censorship, there was an erotic genre pornochanchada, a genre that was compared to the porn genre but did not have explicit sex scenes due to censorship during the time of the military regime in Brazil. After the political opening, there were more explicit sex scenes, and pornochanchada went bankrupt. Pornochanchada. During the 1970s and 1980s, pornochanchada had a significant impact on the Brazilian cinema. This genre featured prominent actresses such as Vera Fischer, , Adriana Prieto, among others. Generally, this genre was produced in the Boca do Lixo, a place where films like ', ' and \"\", among others, were produced without any explicit sex scenes. This genre received support from the military government, which created the National Cinema Institute in 1966, succeeded by Embrafilme in 1969, and was also supported by organizations such as CONCINE, created in 1973, and laws aimed at stimulating and protecting national cinema. The genre declined due to the economic crisis in the 1980s, which put producers of this genre in a complicated financial situation. The military"}, {"text": "regime reduced censorship on films, and foreign companies, seeing this, exported their films to Brazil. These films attracted male audiences, and Brazilian companies mass-produced films of this genre, which did not attract Brazilian audiences as much as foreign films did. The situation of Brazilian cinema worsened with the Collor Era, with the end of laws that incentivized national film production and the dissolution of organizations like Embrafilme and CONCINE. Present day. There are Brazilian companies like Brasileirinhas and Sexxxy World that produce pornographic films in Brazil. Brasileirinhas is the largest film producer in Brazil and features actresses such as J\u00falia Paes and Monica Mattos, among others. In November 2013, Brasileirinhas stopped releasing DVDs and started selling films exclusively online. One of the reasons was the sharp decline in sales since 2007. Other brands, such as Expl\u00edcita V\u00eddeos, Sexxxy, Buttman, and Planet Sex, ceased production to avoid bankruptcy. This is due to the growth of online pornography, and as a result, companies must consider an internet-based market and the possibilities of a portable platform. In 1992, about eight million copies of pornographic magazines were believed to be sold in Brazil, while one in four Brazilians of both sexes had watched an"}, {"text": "explicit sex movie. In a 1994 survey, this number increased slightly for women and doubled for men."}, {"text": "Ben Chester White (January 5, 1899 \u2013 June 10, 1966) was an African-American caretaker, uninvolved in the civil rights movement, shot down by the KKK. This was likely in an attempt to move focus away from James Meredith\u2019s March Against Fear or to lure Martin Luther King, Jr. in an assassination attempt. This murder went unnoticed by King. Biography. Early life. For his whole life, Ben Chester White was a caretaker to the Carter family farm on Liberty Road in Natchez, Mississippi, as well as a deacon in the local Baptist church. He would perform tasks around the farm and with a limited ability to read would still quote vast passages from the bible. Death and afterward. Ben Chester White was murdered by James L. Jones, Claude Fuller, and Ernest Avants of the Ku Klux Klan on June 10, 1966; he is buried in Southwood Lodge Church Cemetery, Natchez, Mississippi. After buying Ben Chester White a soda, the three men took him into the Homochitto National Forest, ostensibly to help them find a lost dog, where he was shot eighteen times, dumped into Pretty Creek; the murderers burned the car in a planter's driveway across the county. Jones would be"}, {"text": "the one to soon after confess to the crime. Fuller and Jones were indicted but never tried, and Avants was acquitted (White's family later won a financial judgment that was never paid). In 1968, Jesse White sued the KKK for his father's death and was awarded $1 million from the court. This was the first time in history the organization was legally held responsible for one of its members. The $1 million was never received. In 1989, White was featured in the Civil Rights Memorial. In 2000, Ernest Avants, the only surviving perpetrator, was arrested by federal officials. It had recently been discovered that White was killed on federal property, meaning his murder was a federal crime. In 2003, Avants was found guilty of first degree murder by a federal jury in Mississippi and sentenced to life in prison. He died in prison on June 14, 2004. Footage about White was shown in a 2013 episode of the documentary \"Civil Rights Movement Road Trip\". Avans was also implicated in the 1965 murder of Earl Hodges, a disillusioned former Klansman who had disavowed the group and whom colleagues feared was going to tell the police about their crimes."}, {"text": "Atlanta Reign is an American esports team founded in 2018 that competes in the Overwatch League (OWL). The Reign began playing competitive \"Overwatch\" in the 2019 season. All rostered players during the OWL season (including the playoffs) are included, even if they did not make an appearance."}, {"text": "Lucca Farias Di Giuseppe (born 10 March 2000), commonly known as Lucca, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a midfielder."}, {"text": "George H. Flood was an American politician and diplomat who served as the second American charg\u00e9 d'affaires to Texas in 1840 and 1841. A native of Virginia, Flood served as a Democratic state representative for Licking County in 1838 and 1839. During his time as a state representative, Flood was a strident opponent of abolitionism, believing it to be inimical to the United States system of government. Earlier, he served as the Clerk of the Ohio House of Representatives. Nominated by President Martin Van Buren to become the American charg\u00e9 d'affaires to Texas, he was confirmed by the Senate and presented his credentials in June 1840. Even though his term lasted only thirteen months, he still outlasted Van Buren and his successor, William Henry Harrison. Only when John Tyler became president, was Flood recalled, removed, and replaced by Joseph Eve in July 1841. Flood died on August 6, 1841, of \"congestive fever\"; like both of his successors, he died in Galveston, in the Republic of Texas, never having returned to American soil."}, {"text": "Renner de Souza Silva (born 24 February 2000), commonly known as Renner, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a left-back for Gremio Prudente."}, {"text": "The South Tees Development Corporation (STDC) is the first mayoral development corporation outside of Greater London, established under the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016. It was created to \"promote the economic growth and commercial development of Tees Valley by converting assets in the South Tees area into opportunities for business investment and economic growth\". The jurisdiction comprises approximately 1,800 hectares of land to the south of the River Tees in the Borough of Redcar and Cleveland. The land includes former Teesside Steelworks and other industrial sites and is close to Teesport. Board members. There are 16 members; the Tees Valley Mayor, Leader of Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council, and the Mayor of Middlesbrough have statutory posts on the board. Activities. The corporation made a Compulsory purchase order for land at the former Redcar Steel Works in April 2019. The \u00a311.5m valuation of the site was contested by the owners Sahaviriya Steel Industries."}, {"text": "Pangilinan is an Kapampangan surname used across many ethnic groups indigenous to the Philippines. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "Jonnie Jonckowski (born 1954), born Lynn Jonckowski, is a 1991 National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame inductee. Jonckowski is a two-time Women's Nationals Finals Rodeo (WNFR) Bull Riding Champion in 1986 and 1988. Life. Lynn Jonckowski was born in 1954 in Billings, Montana. Jonckowski was always an athlete. At first, she thought bull riding was something to do for fun. She turned professional when she realized it gave her the challenge she wanted. Career. In 1976, Jonckowski was a runner who had Olympic hopes but she was injured. She had to find a new path. Professional bull riding filled that role, and it was challenging enough. Ten years later in 1986, she won a women's bull riding title. The win came at Guthrie, Oklahoma, where she competed on a large brindle bull named B12. The previous day she had just had a bull fall on her. The bull had seriously crushed her leg. Since she could not walk, they lifted her onto B12. She endured the agonizing pain, sprang out of the chute, and rode as she always did, like a champ. Jonckowski's unending pursuit for the inclusion of women in roughstock events broke many barriers. In the Pendleton"}, {"text": "Round-Up, she was the first woman to ride since Bonnie McCarroll last rode in 1929. At Cheyenne Frontier Days, she was the first women to ride there since Alice Greenough in 1940. Although Jonckowski endured many hardships, her determination got her a place in the 1991 and 1993 Men's World Bull Riding Championship. She was the first women in that event. She also made many more advances for women. Jonckowski persisted in bull riding, winning the WNFR in 1986 and 1988. She convinced officials at Cheyenne Frontier Days in Cheyenne, Wyoming, to hold women's bull riding in 1988. This followed a 52-year absence of women on roughstock. She also convinced other rodeos to follow. Jonckowski overcame many obstacles to get those championships, and she forged a path for the women who followed her. Subsequently, many more arenas opened their doors to women regarding roughstock first time since the 1930s. Jonckowski also participated in the third season of \"American Gladiators\", competing in the first half of the season. She advanced all the way to the semifinals, ultimately bowing out to eventual first-half women's winner (and eventual season runner-up) Kimberly Lentz. Retirement from rodeo. Jonckowski retired from rodeo to assist her father"}, {"text": "in caring for her mother who was suffering with Alzheimer's. After her mother died, Jonckowski became a physical therapist. Using her dog and her Paint pony as therapy with the patients eventually got her fired. The patients only wanted Jonnie as their therapist. A visit at her home from a mother and her daughter who wanted to pet her pony ultimately led to the creation of Angel Horses. The animals are rescues who are service animals."}, {"text": "Daouda Toure (born 30 April 2000) is a Malian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bahraini club East Riffa."}, {"text": "Mattiel is a music project fronted by Mattiel Brown and previously produced by Jonah Swilley. They have released three albums, \"Mattiel\" in 2017, \"Satis Factory\" in 2019 and \"Georgia Gothic\" in March 2022, alongside three EPs: \"Customer Copy\" (2018), \"Double Cover\" (2020) and \"Those Words\" (2021). All releases came out on the British record label Heavenly Recordings in the UK and Europe and on ATO Records for the US (except for \"Mattiel\", which was released by Burger Records in the US). Mattiel has been championed by Jack White, and they toured together for a series of arena shows around the US in April of 2018. Rolling Stone compared Brown's \u201cgorgeously yearning, full-voiced alto range\u201d to Nico, while NPR wrote: \u201cThere's something delightfully unique about Mattiel's music. A pinch of garage rock, a touch of psychedelia, some galloping honky-tonk and at the lead, Mattiel Brown's powerful and assertive vocals.\u201d Sophomore album \"Satis Factory\" received four-star reviews from \"The Guardian\", \"Q\", \"Mojo\", \"DIY\", \"Uncut\", and \"The Times\", and was named Album of the Weekend by BBC Radio 1 Hype Chart and A-listed as Album of the Day on BBC Radio 6 Music. Mattiel was also listed as WXPN Artist of the Month."}, {"text": "In addition, Mattiel has also performed on \"Later... with Jools Holland\" and \"Last Call with Carson Daly\", and featured in \"The BBC Proms\" at the Royal Albert Hall, London. Most performances are posted on Mattiel's YouTube channel, as well as Brown's southern gothic style music videos, the newest of which for the song \"Blood in the Yolk\" was inspired by 1970s middle eastern gothic styles. In Spring of 2023, Mattiel Brown released a version of Moon River with Jeff Goldblum and his jazz band, The Mildred Snitzer Orchestra. She performed with Goldblum live in New York City and through Europe, appearing on Late Night with Seth Meyers in the US, as well as This Morning (TV programme) and The Jonathan Ross Show in London."}, {"text": "KTNO may refer to:"}, {"text": "Saroja Coelho is a Canadian journalist and radio personality, currently the weekend host of \"Mornings\" on CBC Music, the call-in show \"Just Asking\" on CBC Radio One, and the CBC Radio Overnight block. Originally from Toronto, Ontario, Coelho was a foreign correspondent, reporting from Asia and Eastern Europe for CBC, BBC, NPR, Deutsche Welle and National Geographic. In 2012, she became the host of \"Living Planet\" on Deutsche Welle, before returning to Canada to host \"Breakaway\", the local afternoon program for CBC Radio One's Quebec Community Network in 2016. She returned to Toronto in 2018, where she was a regular guest host of \"Here and Now\" during Gill Deacon's health leave, and became host of \"Mornings\" after Raina Douris left the program in 2019. \"Just Asking\", a weekly call-in show on lifestyle topics such as health, careers and investment, debuted on CBC Radio One in February 2024 on Saturday afternoons. First introduced as a one-hour show, it was later expanded to two hours to align with the older call-in show, \"Cross Country Checkup\", in the equivalent timeslot on Sundays. Coelho studied biology and political science at the University of Toronto, and was a coordinator of Women Active, Vocal, Effective and"}, {"text": "Strong, a leadership program for young girls, in the early 2000s."}, {"text": "William Blount (c.1514-1544 or later), was an English Member of Parliament. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for (MUch) Wenlock in 1542.He was the brother of Bessie Blount and the uncle and servant of the illegitimate son of Henry VIII, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond."}, {"text": "Pt.Tek Chand Sharma is a former member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly from Indian National Congress, representing the Saket Constituency twice, in 1993 and 1998. In the 1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election, Sharma contested on an Indian National Congress ticket against Vijay Jolly of the BJP in the Saket Constituency and won the election."}, {"text": "The RFNS \"Volasiga\" is an oceanic survey vessel operated by the Republic of Fiji Navy. She was donated by the Republic of Korea in 2019. She has a crew of 15. Fiji and the Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency (KHOA) cooperate over the vessel's science program."}, {"text": "The 2020 New York Guardians season was the only season for the New York Guardians as a professional American football franchise. They played as charter members of the XFL, one of eight teams to compete in the league for the 2020 season. The Guardians played their home games at MetLife Stadium and were led by head coach Kevin Gilbride. Their inaugural season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the XFL officially suspended operations for the remainder of the season on March 20, 2020. Season summary. The Guardians destroyed the Tampa Bay Vipers in the first game of the season, winning 23\u20133. The next week, however, they were shut out by the DC Defenders 27\u20130. They stumbled again in week 3, losing to the St. Louis BattleHawks 29\u20139. They stole a win from the Los Angeles Wildcats at home by 3 points, winning 17\u201314 with a change at the quarterback position, starting Luis Perez over Matt McGloin. This success continued into week 5, where the Guardians were able to defeat the Dallas Renegades on the road 30-12 before the season's abrupt end. Game summaries. Week 1: Tampa Bay Vipers. The Guardians started their inaugural season at home for"}, {"text": "Round 1 against the Vipers. Heading into halftime, the Guardians led 17\u20130. Though, the Vipers were able to get on the board in the third quarter, in the fourth quarter, the Guardians wrapped up the scoring of the game with a late touchdown (with a failed 1-point attempt) to make it 23\u20133. This would be the final score of the game. With the win, the Guardians started their season 1\u20130. Week 2: at DC Defenders. In their first road game ever, the Guardians were shut out in Round 1 against the Defenders 27\u20130. With the loss, the Guardians fell to 1\u20131. Week 3: at St. Louis Battlehawks. After being shut out on the road, the Guardians traveled again this time for Round 1 against the Battlehawks. The Battlehawks scored the only points of the first quarter when Christine Michael ran for a 14-yard touchdown (with a failed point attempt) to make it 6\u20130. The Guardians got on the board in the second quarter when Matt McCrane kicked a 53-yard field goal to make it 6\u20133. The Battlehawks would go on a 17\u20130 run to take a 23\u20133 lead at halftime. They added to their run by scoring the only points"}, {"text": "of the third quarter when Taylor Russolino kicked a 58-yard field goal for a 26\u20133 lead. The Guardians scored again in the fourth quarter when Luis Perez found Austin Duke on an 8-yard touchdown pass (with a failed point attempt) to make it 26\u20139. Russolino closed out the scoring of the game with a 36-yard field goal as the Battlehawks won 29\u20139. With the loss, the Guardians fell to 1\u20132. Week 4: Los Angeles Wildcats. After another tough road loss, the Guardians went home to take on the Wildcats. The Guardians scored first in the first quarter when Matt McCrane kicked a 51-yard field goal to make it 3\u20130. Though, the Wildcats would take the lead when Josh Johnson found Tre McBride on a 4-yard pass (with a failed 2-point play) to make it 6\u20133. In the second quarter, it was all Guardians when they made it 14\u20136 at halftime. After the break, the Wildcats tied the game up at 14-14 when Josh Johnson found Saeed Blacknall on a 42-yard pass. However, in the fourth, quarter the Guardians would wrap the scoring up when McCrane kicked a 47-yard field goal to make the final score 17\u201314. With the win, the"}, {"text": "Guardians improved to 2-2. Week 5: at Dallas Renegades. After a tough home win, the Guardians traveled to take on the Renegades. In the first quarter, the Renegades scored first when Austin MacGinnis kicked a 23-yard field goal to make it 3\u20130. The Guardians tied it up later on in the quarter when Matt McCrane kicked a 46-yard field goal to make it 3-3. In the second quarter, McCrane kicked a 39-yard field goal to make it 6\u20133. However, the Renegades tied it up before halftime when MacGinnis kicked a 36-yard field goal to make it 6-6. In the third quarter, the Guardians retook the lead when Marvin Williams ran for a 1-yard touchdown (with a failed point play) to make it 12\u20136. They would make it 20-6 when Luis Perez found Carl Pearson on an 80-yard touchdown pass. Philip Nelson was then intercepted by Ryan Mueller and it was returned 33 yards for a touchdown to make it 27\u20136. The Renegades then made it 27-12 after Austin Walter ran a kickoff 97 yards for a touchdown (with a failed point play) to close out the quarter. In a highly defensive fourth quarter, the Guardians scored the only points in"}, {"text": "what would be MacGinnis's fourth field goal from 26 yards out to make the final score 30\u201312. With the win, the Guardians improved to 3\u20132. After a huge win on the road, the Guardians were to return home for a game against the Roughnecks. However, this game, along with the remainder of their games were canceled due to the sudden rise of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the Guardians managed to finish their first season with a winning record."}, {"text": "Gabriel Valentini da Silva (born 26 September 2000), commonly known as Gabriel Valentini, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Al Jazirah Al-Hamra as a midfielder."}, {"text": "Gl\u00e1uber Siqueira dos Santos Lima (born 22 May 2000), commonly known as Gl\u00e1uber, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Al-Nasr. Honours. Al Nasr"}, {"text": "Ashina She'er (\u963f\u53f2\u90a3\u793e\u723e; 609 \u2013 655) was a Turkic prince and general in Tang military. He also briefly claimed the Western Turkic Khaganate in 628\u2013634 centered around Beshbaliq. Early life. He was born in 609 as second the son of Ashina Xichun. He was granted title \"To shad\" and appanage of Tiele and Xueyantuo tribes in northern part of Gobi Desert when he was already 11. However he was deposed by local rebellious tribes when his uncle Illig Qaghan went on campaign against Tang. As a result, he fled to Western Turks and took over Beshbaliq and Karakhoja, claiming the title of Dubu Khagan. As he viewed Xueyantuo as the source of Illig's downfall, he vowed vengeance against Xueyantuo, and he attacked Zhenzhu Khan in or around 634 with 50,000 strong army, with indecisive results. However, at that time a new Western Tujue khan, Ishbara Tolis, had just taken the throne, and a large portion of Ashina She'er's people were not willing to continue fighting, Ishbara, allowing Xueyantuo to counterattack and defeat Ashina She'er. Therefore, he abandoned his quest for being khagan and fled to Gaochang. In the Tang army. He submitted to Tang with his followers in 635 and"}, {"text": "immediately appointed as a General of the Left Guard. He was married to Princess Hengyang (\u8861\u967d\u516c\u4e3b), a sister of Taizong in 636. He participated in conquest of Turfan as a commander in 640. He later joined Goguryeo-Tang War (wounded in action) and campaign against Xueyantuo as well. He personally led a Tang campaign against Kucha in 648 with 100,000 strong Tiele cavalries. His deputy commanders were Qibi Heli (a Tiele chieftain who had also become a Tang general) and Guo Xiaoke. Campaign was a success but his deputy Guo was murdered by rebellious Kucheans. In retribution for the death of Guo Xiaoke, Ashina She'er ordered the execution of eleven thousand Kuchean inhabitants by decapitation. It was recorded that \"he destroyed five great towns and with them many myriads of men and women... the lands of the west were seized with terror.\" After Kucha's defeat, Ashina dispatched a small force of light cavalry led by the lieutenant Xue Wanbei to Khotan, ruled by the king Yuchi Fushexin. The threat of an invasion persuaded the king to visit the Tang court in person. He was created Duke Bi (\u6bd5\u56fd\u516c) by Taizong for his successes. Later life. He requested to buried alongside Taizong"}, {"text": "upon his death or to be appointed as the guard of his tomb. However, he was dissuaded from that by the new emperor Gaozong, who created him General of the Right Guard. He died in 655 and buried alongside Taizong. He was posthumously renamed Yuan (\u5143). Family. He was married to Princess Hengyang (\u8861\u967d\u516c\u4e3b) and had two sons named Ashina Buzhen and Ashina Daozhen (\u963f\u53f2\u90a3\u9053\u771f) who was a general and participated as a deputy of Xue Rengui in the war against Tibetan Empire in 670. In popular media. He was portrayed by Qumuqu Huoqiufeng in 2017 Chinese costume drama \"The World of Chang'an\" (). He was portrayed by Kudousi Jiang Ainiwaer in 2021 Chinese costume drama \u201cThe long ballad\u201d(\u957f\u6b4c\u884c)"}, {"text": "State of Mind is a 2018 graphic adventure game developed and published by Daedalic Entertainment. A cyberpunk story set in the near future, the game explores transhumanist themes. The game was released for Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Xbox One in August 2018. It received mixed reviews upon release. Gameplay. The game is played through a third-person perspective. There is no combat involved in the game, instead gameplay mostly revolves around interacting with other characters, solving puzzles and doing mini games. Many things in the world can be scanned and interacted with, which gives the player information about items in the world. Players can, for example, interact with photos of the main character Richard's family. The game also focuses on exploring a wide variety of locations. Plot. \"State of Mind\" unfolds in Berlin in 2048 and revolves around Richard Nolan, a journalist waking up in a hospital after an explosion, finding out that his family is nowhere to be found. Nolan soon realizes that the world has changed and that technology is taking over. The game focuses on the impact that AI and technology have on humans, as well as coming to terms with in what manner"}, {"text": "super AI- can adapt to human behavior. The main character in the game, Richard Nolan, is voiced by Doug Cockle, most notable for being the voice actor of Geralt of Rivia in \"The Witcher\" video game series. Development. Development of \"State of Mind\" was led by , creator of the 2004 adventure game \"The Moment of Silence\". Production began in 2015. The game was developed with Unreal Engine 4. \"State of Mind\" features a low-poly art style inspired in part by the visuals of \"That Dragon, Cancer\". According to Daedalic's Kai Fiebig, the art style was Gantef\u00f6hr's idea, as the fragmented look reflected the game's themes in its portrayal of \"a shattered person, a shattered society on the edge of change.\" The game was released on Nintendo Switch on August 15, 2018, in the west and on November 8, 2018, in Japan. Reception. \"State of Mind\" received mixed reviews from video game critics on Metacritic. Writing for Adventure Gamers, Pascal Takaia praised the transhumanist themes and voice acting, while criticizing the game's narrative, puzzles and characters. Conversely, Jeuxvideo.com gave the game a positive review, particularly praising the game's visuals, story and themes. Roy Woodhouse of \"Gamereactor\" praised the game for"}, {"text": "its gripping sci-fi world, and he said the game is \"thought-provoking and provides emotional and engaging narrative\", though he called the puzzles \"a little weak\". Writing for \"GameStar\", Robin R\u00fcther praised the graphics but criticised the lack of challenge and the mini games. Paula Spr\u00f6defeld of \"PC Games\" liked the story and graphics but had complaints regarding the controls. Conversely, Dom Reseigh-Lincoln of \"Nintendo Life\", said \"\"State of Mind\" has its moments to shine\", including the endgame plot and visuals, but he criticized what he felt were overdone science fiction cliches, poor voice acting, and a \"lack of cohesion between its gameplay ideas\", which said resulted in \"a muddled experience at best\". Writing for \"VideoGamer\", Josh Wish praised the story and the art style, while mentioning the puzzles and some story related cliches as negative aspects. Jan W\u00f6bbeking of \"4Players\" commended the story but criticized the mini games and the portrayal of characters."}, {"text": "Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) books can be heard on standalone DAISY players, computers using DAISY playback software, mobile phones, and MP3 players (with limited navigation). DAISY books can be distributed on a CD/DVD, memory card or through the Internet. A computerized text DAISY book can be read using refreshable Braille display or screen-reading software, printed as Braille book on paper, converted to a talking book using synthesised voice or a human narration, and also printed on paper as large print book. In addition, it can be read as large print text on computer screen. Software players. Currently available software-based players include, in alphabetical order: Hardware players. There are a wide range of hardware products available that can play DAISY content, usually in a portable form factor. Some of these devices are dedicated to playback of books, while others focus on other functionality, such as PDA or mobile Internet access, and offer DAISY playback as either a feature of the unit or as a software add-on. A short (incomplete) list of products that have built-in support for DAISY playback includes: Production systems. Add-ins or extensions to create DAISY files from office software are also available: Other tools for DAISY production"}, {"text": "include:"}, {"text": "Omar Yaisien (Arabic: \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646; born 8 May 2000) is a professional footballer who plays for Al-Ittifaq as a midfielder. Born in France, he represents Egypt internationally. Club career. Having developed in the academy of Ligue 1 side Paris Saint-Germain from the age of five, Yaisien moved to the United Arab Emirates in September 2019, signing a three-year deal with Al Ain. After limited opportunities in his first season, he was linked with a move to Hatta Club in January 2021, and then Egyptian club Smouha at the end of the 2020\u201321 season, though he ultimately did not join either. International career. Yaisien was called up to represent the Egypt U23s in a friendly match against the Netherlands U21 in March 2019. The following month, he declared his intention to represent Egypt at international level. Having spent a year in the country, he later stated that he was open to representing the United Arab Emirates as a naturalised player. Personal life. Yaisien was born in France to an Egyptian father from Minya Governorate and Algerian mother. He is the younger brother of the footballer Abdallah Yaisien."}, {"text": "Idriss Mzaouiyani (born 15 January 2000) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Emirati UAE First Division League club Gulf United."}, {"text": "Andr\u00e9s Torres may refer to:"}, {"text": "The Antas do Barrocal, also known as the Antas Herdade do Barrocal, are a set Neolithic dolmens, or megalithic funeral chambers, at Monte do Barrocal, in the parish of Nossa Senhora da Tourega, in the \u00c9vora District of the Alentejo region of Portugal. They are in an area with a high concentration of megalithic sites. Nine have been identified but only two (Numbers 1 and 2) are more than remnants and only Number 1 can be visited. This has been classified as a National Monument since 1910. Anta do Barrocal 1 was constructed between the beginning of the fourth and the middle of the third millennium BC. It is a dolmen built with seven coarse-grained granite pillars (of which five are in the original position) that are just over 2 meters high and create a polygonal burial chamber with a diameter of about three meters, which is covered by an almost intact capstone. There is an access chamber, although this has been destroyed and only two broken stones remain. There are no remains of the tumulus that is likely to have covered the chamber. The dolmen is orientated east-west. The two dolmens were restored in the 1970s. Anta do Barrocal"}, {"text": "2 is one hundred meters west of Anta 1 on private land with no access. It was originally essentially identical to Anta 1. Its capstone is no longer in place, having fallen off quite recently."}, {"text": "Lahs is the fourth studio album by American rock band Allah-Las. It was released on October 11, 2019, by Mexican Summer. Reception. \"Lahs\" has received positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, the album received an average score of 70 out of 100 based on 8 reviews, indicating a \"generally favourable\" reception. In a four-star review for \"The Times\", Will Hodgkinson said \"[Allah Las'] fourth album is a particular delight, grooving along with Portuguese country rock (\"Prazer Em Te Conhecer\"), offering the musical equivalent of an afternoon spent in dry, heavy heat on \"Houston\" and sounding as if they might have just joined a New Age cult on the celestial \"Holding Pattern\", adding \"their jingle-jangle shimmer makes you feel so good\". Track listing. Credits adapted from liner notes. Personnel. Allah-Las Additional musicians Technical Art"}, {"text": "Joaqu\u00edn P\u00e9rez Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez (born 1 February 2000) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a forward, most recently for Al Wasl. Club career. Born in Buenos Aires, P\u00e9rez started his career with River Plate. In 2017, he expressed his admiration for English Premier League side Liverpool, stating that he liked their style of play and manager, J\u00fcrgen Klopp. He also cited Zlatan Ibrahimovi\u0107 as a player he looked up to, and wanted to emulate. The following year he trialled with Italian sides Bologna and Lazio, going close to signing with the latter. Despite the interest from Italian clubs, he would sign for fellow Argentinian side Defensa y Justicia in 2019. However, after failing to break into the first team, he moved to the United Arab Emirates, joining Al Wasl."}, {"text": "Virgil Lamar Ware (December 6, 1949 \u2013 September 15, 1963) was an African American eighth-grader shot to death after the Birmingham church bombing. Personal life. Growing up in Pratt City, Alabama, Ware was the third of six brothers. He was an eighth-grade A student, on the football team, and had aspirations to become a lawyer. He had a job as a paper boy with his brother James when the shooting occurred. Death and afterward. On September 15, 1963, Larry Joe Sims and Michael Lee Farley, both 16, had planned to attend a white supremacist rally and motorcade from the suburb of Midfield to the downtown of Birmingham. The event was canceled after the bombing at the urging of Jefferson County sheriff's deputies. They rode on Farley's motor scooter to the headquarters of the neo-fascist National States' Rights Party where they purchased a Confederate battle flag, which they attached to the scooter before riding toward a Black neighborhood. Upon seeing Virgil and his brother James, who were unaware of the bombing and riding together on a single bicycle, Farley handed Sims a .22 caliber pistol which they had bought three days earlier and told Sims to shoot at them to scare"}, {"text": "them. It ended in Virgil being shot in the cheek and chest. An all-white jury convicted both youths of second-degree manslaughter. The judge sentenced both of them to seven months of jail, but suspended their sentences in favor of two years of probation. In 1997, the crime fell back into the public spotlight after U. S. District Judge James Ware, a Birmingham native and nominee for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, claimed that his career was inspired by the death of Virgil, whom he claimed was his brother. When it was revealed that the two were not related, James Ware withdrew his nomination, apologized, and was reprimanded. The publicity around the scandal prompted Michael Farley, now 50, to contact the Ware family and privately apologize to them. In 2003, Sims, spurred by a recent TIME article about Ware, also privately apologized to his family. Ware was buried in an unmarked grave on the side of the road until May 6, 2004, when he was moved to a burial place with a bronze marker thanks to the donations of the community. As of 2013, he has been inducted into Birmingham's Gallery of Distinguished Citizens. Ware's name"}, {"text": "is among those inscribed on a memorial in Birmingham dedicated in November 1989 to those killed during the civil rights movement. His family has become greatly involved in the civil rights movement as a result of his death."}, {"text": "Nasser Mahmoud Noor (born 22 August 1996) is an Emirati footballer who plays as a midfielder. Personal life. Although born in the United Arab Emirates, he is not an Emirati citizen because of his bidoon condition and has received a Comorian passport instead, despite having no family connections to the East African nation. He is not eligible to play for the Comoros national team, according FIFA eligibility rules."}, {"text": "Arvid Holm (born 3 November 1998) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender who currently plays for R\u00f6gle BK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Holm was drafted in the sixth round, 167th overall, of the 2017 NHL entry draft by the Winnipeg Jets. Playing career. Holm played in native Sweden with F\u00e4rjestad BK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). On 16 June 2020, Holm was signed to a three-year, entry-level contract with his draft club, the Winnipeg Jets. After his entry-level contract with the Jets, Holm was not tendered a qualifying offer and was released as a free agent. On 1 July, 2023, Holm was promptly signed to a one-year, two-way contract with the Colorado Avalanche. After attending his first training camp with the Avalanche, Holm was re-assigned to begin the 2023\u201324 season with AHL affiliate, the Colorado Eagles, on 2 October 2023. Holm made 9 appearances with the Eagles through the first half of the season, serving primarily as backup, before he was re-assigned to secondary affiliate, the Utah Grizzlies of the ECHL, on 16 February 2024. Holm split the year between the Eagles and Grizzlies, before concluding the season with the Avalanche in the post-season by serving"}, {"text": "as backup during the opening playoff game against the Winnipeg Jets. He remained with the squad for the remainder of the playoffs, primarily used as the rotational practice goaltender. On 10 May 2024, as a pending restricted free agent, Holm opted to return to Sweden by signing a three-year contract with R\u00f6gle BK of the SHL."}, {"text": "Matheus Avelino da Silva (born 29 December 2000) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a midfielder."}, {"text": "T. J. Vinod is an Indian politician in the Indian National Congress. He is the current member of Kerala Legislative Assembly from Ernakulam. 2019 Kerala legislative assembly by-election. The United Democratic Front fielded T. J. Vinod in Ernakulam constituency for the 2019 Kerala legislative assembly by-election necessitated after sitting MLA Hibi Eden was elected to the Lok Sabha in the 2019 Indian general election."}, {"text": "Joseph Henry Seddon (born 4 June 1997) is a British technology entrepreneur known for founding Zero Gravity, a technology company that supports students from low-opportunity areas into universities and careers. Since its inception, Zero Gravity has supported over 8,000 students from low-opportunity areas into Russell Group universities, including more than 800 into Oxbridge. In 2022, Seddon was named in the Forbes 30 Under 30 list for his contributions to technology and entrepreneurship, and, in 2023, he was honoured in King Charles' Birthday Honours List. In 2024, \"The Sunday Times\" featured Seddon in their inaugural Young Power List as one of \"the 25 most inspiring people aged 30 and under in the UK and Ireland\". Early life and education. Seddon was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire in June 1997, and was raised in a single-parent family by his mother, Catherine, who works as a speech therapist in the National Health Service. He grew up in Morley, a post-industrial town in West Yorkshire whose woollen industry experienced significant economic decline in the late 20th century. In 2018, Morley was ranked in the bottom 50% of English constituencies on the Social Mobility Index, which measures how likely a person from a disadvantaged background"}, {"text": "is to progress to a higher social status later in life. Seddon was educated at Westerton Primary Academy, a local state primary school in Morley, West Yorkshire. He then studied at Heckmondwike Grammar School, a state grammar school in Kirklees, West Yorkshire, securing 12 A*s in his GCSE exams and 4 A*s in his A-Levels. In his later years at school, Seddon was involved in competitive debating, where he won a number of regional and national awards and was invited to join England's National Debating Team. Seddon has stated that, for most of his time at school, attending a prestigious university \u201cwasn\u2019t really on my radar\u201d. It was only after a radio interviewer questioned him about applying to Oxbridge upon revealing his GCSE results live on BBC Radio Leeds that he began to entertain the possibility seriously. However, Seddon struggled to navigate the Oxbridge application process, describing the interview as \u201calmost like arriving on a different planet\u201d. Seddon was ultimately successful in receiving a place to study Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) at Mansfield College, University of Oxford, and graduated in 2018 with first class honours. Whilst studying at Oxford, Seddon received a \u00a36,500 means-tested bursary from the university to"}, {"text": "fund his living costs. Notably, during Seddon\u2019s final year at Oxford, not a single student from his home constituency of Morley & Outwood was admitted to study at the university. Alongside his university studies, Seddon was an occasional contributor to The Daily Telegraph, where he wrote articles about reforming Britain's higher education system. Career. Zero Gravity. Upon graduating from the University of Oxford, Seddon founded Access Oxbridge, a mobile app that connected school students from low-income backgrounds with mentors currently studying at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Prior to the app\u2019s launch, British universities had come under criticism for the number of students admitted from private schools. In 2016, the University of Oxford gave 59% of offers to UK students from state schools, whilst 93% of all UK students are educated in state schools. Oxford University spends \u00a314 million per year on programs to recruit applicants from low-income backgrounds, costing \u00a3108,000 per student admitted. Seddon\u2019s app aimed to increase access to Oxford and Cambridge by matching low-income students with undergraduate mentors who coached students through weekly hour-long video calls. Seddon built the app from his hometown bedroom and initially funded the initiative from the remnants of his university maintenance"}, {"text": "grant. In its first year, 110 low-income students mentored on the app achieved offers to study at Oxford and Cambridge. In October 2019, Seddon was given a Point of Light award for social impact in education. Media coverage of Seddon\u2019s work attracted the attention of a number of social impact investors who, in March 2020, provided Seddon with \u00a3425,000 of venture capital investment to expand his work. Seddon re-designed his app and relaunched it as Zero Gravity in May 2020. Zero Gravity aims to increase social mobility by developing technology to identify low-income students and provide them with personalised support to win places at UK universities, including Oxbridge and the Russell Group. In 2020, over 1000 students mentored by Zero Gravity achieved offers to study at Russell Group universities. Zero Gravity has supported 261 low-income students to study at Oxford and Cambridge since its launch. In June 2021, Seddon received the Diana Award in memory of Princess Diana for social impact in the education sector. In December 2021, Seddon confirmed that he had raised a seed round of investment in Zero Gravity totalling \u00a33.5 million. In 2022, he was named by Forbes in the Forbes 30 Under 30 list. Seddon"}, {"text": "was awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) in the 2023 Birthday Honours for services to social mobility. Advocacy and media. Seddon's work as an entrepreneur has been covered by BBC News, \"The Times\", \"The Daily Telegraph\", and \"Corriere della Sera\". He is a contributor to BBC News, BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 5 Live, where he discusses education, social mobility and careers. He has also been a guest speaker at the Cambridge Union, where he has delivered lectures on social entrepreneurship. In October 2020, Seddon was appointed as a Trustee of the British Youth Council. Seddon is also a Governor of Lister Community School. Personal life. Seddon lives in London and is a Hull City supporter."}, {"text": "Johanna Susanne Elisabeth Solf (n\u00e9e Dotti, 14 November 1887 \u2013 4 November 1954) was a member of the German resistance to Nazism and the founder of the Solf Circle group of intellectuals, opposed to the Nazi regime. Early life. Solf was born in 1887 in Neuhagen. Her father, Georg Leopold Dotti, was an industrialist and banker. She married Wilhelm Solf in 1908, who was then governor of German Samoa. Lagi von Ballestrem (born So'oa'emalelagi Solf in 1909) was their eldest child. Starting in 1928 they lived in Berlin, where Wilhelm died in 1936. Resistance to the Nazi regime. Hanna Solf and Elisabeth von Thadden frequently hosted tea parties for intellectuals opposed to the Nazi government, a group which would later be called Solf Circle (). They helped many victims of Nazi persecution to flee the country. Solf and her daughter sheltered Jewish families in their house and helped others find hiding places. Arrest and detention. In September 1943, Solf attended a tea party organised by Elisabeth von Thadden. The party was infiltrated by the Gestapo agent Paul Reckzeh. Members of the Solf circle were arrested as a consequence. Hanna Solf was detained on 12 January 1944 and ultimately brought to"}, {"text": "Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp. While several members of the group were executed, Solf and her daughter were freed before their trial when the Red Army liberated Ravensbr\u00fcck. Life after liberation. At her liberation from Ravensbr\u00fcck, Solf weighed only 42 kilograms. She appeared as witness at the Nuremberg trials. Solf lived retired from social life at the Lake Starnberg, until her death in 1954. Her housekeeper Martha Richter was taking care of her. Richter had joined the Solf family in 1911 and lived with Solf and her daughter since then and through the war."}, {"text": "Natan Felipe Pedriali (born 29 January 2000) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a full-back. Currently a free agent, he most recently played for UAE Pro League club Al Bataeh."}, {"text": "Nils Johan Teodor Odhner (February 25, 1879 \u2013 October 29, 1928) was a Swedish zoologist. Odhner was born in Lund, Sweden. He was the son of the historian and archivist Clas Theodor Odhner and the father of the agronomist Clas-Erik Odhner. Odhner became an associate professor of zoology at Uppsala University in 1905, a professor of zoology at the University of Oslo in 1914, a professor and curator of the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm in the invertebrate department in 1918, and also director of the Stockholm Workers' Institute (\"Stockholms arbetareinstitut\") in 1922. Odhner participated in Gustaf Kolthoff's zoological expeditions to Svalbard and eastern Greenland in 1900, and in Leonard J\u00e4gerski\u00f6ld expedition to the White Nile in 1901. He also conducted zoological studies at the stations in Trieste and Naples. He made several contributions to the literature on the anatomy and classification of the flukes, and in 1925 he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, where he served as vice secretary from 1923 to 1928."}, {"text": "Johan Adrianus Gerard (J.A.G.) van der Steur (30 October 1865 \u2013 7 February 1945) was a Dutch architect and professor at the Delft Technical University, of which he was rector magnificus in the year 1922\u20131923. Life and work. Van der Steur was born in Haarlem where his father, Ad van der Steur, worked as an architect. Between 1983 and 1988 he studied architectural engineering at the Polytechnic School of Delft, where he was also taught by Eugen Gugel. After graduating he travelled Europe and, after returning to Haarlem, he started working at his father's office. From 1907 to 1913 he was the architect in charge of reviewing and realising Louis M. Cordonnier's design for the Peace Palace in The Hague. Van der Steur also designed the Municipal Theatre of Haarlem, a building for the Faculty of Architecture in Delft, Pander & Son's factories in The Hague and a building for De Nederlandsche Bank in Leiden. In 1914 he was hired by the Delft Technical University as a substitute professor for Henri Evers. In 1917 he became a regular professor. From 1916 to 1924 he was the head of the board of directors of the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague."}, {"text": "From 1922 to 1923 he was director of the Delft Technical University."}, {"text": "Slep\u010de () is a village in the municipality of Demir Hisar, North Macedonia. Location. Slep\u010de is located near the village of Zheleznik area 2 km west of the town of Demir Hisar and to the right is the road Kicevo-Demir Hisar 680 m. It is located on the eastern slopes of Ilinica. The land of Slep\u010de is 24.5 km\u00b2, of which forests occupy an area of 1737 ha or most of the land, arable land occupies 365 ha and pastures 367 ha. Demographics. in the 1467/1468 Ottoman defter, the village had 66 households, 3 bachelors and 2 widows. The onomastics consisted entirely of Christian Slavic anthroponyms. In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the village of Slep\u010de was inhabited by 570 Christian Bulgarians. According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 719 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include: Economy. In March, 2013 in the building of the House of Culture, the Russian ballet producer Grishko has opened a working facility with a capacity of 60 employees. Grishko produces shoes for all dance styles, theatrical costumes, fitness clothing, yoga and other leisure activities, and products are available in over 60 countries on many continents. Social institutions."}, {"text": "The village has a cultural home and a memorial to those killed for freedom in Macedonia. Above the village lies one of the largest medieval literary and artistic centers \u2013 the Slep\u010dan Monastery dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The center has been renovated and furnished, converted into a square called \"King Samuel\"."}, {"text": "John Earl Reese (October 9, 1939 \u2013 October 23, 1955) was an African American teenager who was murdered in Gregg County, Texas. Reese's killing is considered by authorities today to have been a hate crime, designed to thwart the creation of a new school in the community. Death and afterward. On October 22, 1955, Reese, along with his cousins Joyce Faye Crockett Nelson and Johnnie Crockett, were dancing in a local cafe. Two white men, Joe Simpson and Perry Dean Ross, shot the teenagers from a passing car. His cousins survived, but Reese died the next day. The two suspects shot up some homes and churches and were then arrested. Ross, the shooter, was convicted of murder, and given a five-year suspended sentence. Simpson was indicted but the charge was dismissed. The Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project has taken the following steps in response to Reese's murder:"}, {"text": "Saile Samuel da Silva Souza (born 14 September 2000), commonly known as Saile Souza is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Baniyas."}, {"text": "K. U. Jenish Kumar (born 10 April 1983) is an Indian politician belonging to the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He is a member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly representing Konni constituency. Life. K. U. Jenish Kumar was born on 10 April 1983 at Seethathodu to Uthaman P. and Vijayamma K. K. He completed his bachelor's degree in Economics from St. Thomas College, Ranni and later completed his law degree from Sidhartha Law College, Gulbarga. He is enrolled as an advocate at Pathanamthitta District Bar. He married Anumol C A. Political life. K. U. Jenish Kumar entered politics through Students' Federation of India. He was the Unit Secretary of SFI in K.R.P.M H.S.S Seethathodu. He also held the role of being a school leader during this time. During his days as a bachelor's student in St. Thomas College, Ranni, he was elected first as the Union Chairman of the college. He then became the University Union Councillor of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala. Gradually he assumed more important role in student politics by being the area secretary of SFI committee in Ranni and later as the president and secretary of the SFI Pathanamthitta District Committee. His days in youth politics made"}, {"text": "him the district secretary of Democratic Youth Federation of India (DYFI) in Pathanamthitta. Being an active worker in the Communist Party of India (Marxist), he assumed the role of being the secretary of Seethathodu Local Committee at an early age. He is currently the district committee member of CPI(M) in Pathanamthitta and the Kerala state vice president of Democratic Youth Federation of India. In 2010, he won the Seethathodu Grama Panchayat election after defeating the Indian National Congress in highest margin recorded in Kerala. He is currently a member of the Kerala State Youth Commission, a quasi-judicial institution under the Government of Kerala. He was a delegate to World Festival of Youth and Students held at Sochi, Russia on 14 to 22 August 2017. He is also a member of the Senate at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala. Kerala Legislative Assembly by-election. Representing CPI(M) in the Left Democratic Front, K. U. Jenish Kumar won from Konni constituency for the 2019 Kerala legislative assembly by-election held on 21 October 2019. The by-election was held in the context where the then sitting MLA Adoor Prakash got elected to the Lok Sabha in the 2019 Indian general election. The result was considered historic as"}, {"text": "the constituency was dominated by INC for 23 years prior to this election. Both K. U. Jenish Kumar and district collector P. B. Nooh IAS received public praise for bringing food items directly to Avanippara Girijan Colony as part of the MLA's \"Kaithangu\" scheme after trekking in forest. They carried the sacks of rice and provisions on their shoulders as they trekked through the difficult terrain to help 37 families."}, {"text": "Montju\u00efc is a hill in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Montju\u00efc, meaning \"Mount of the Jews\", may also refer to:"}, {"text": "Miko Aarne Virtanen (born 29 January 1999) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Elgin City. He has previously played for Aberdeen, Arbroath, Hamilton Academical, Cove Rangers and Alloa Athletic. Club career. Youth career. Virtanen started playing football in Tampere, Finland for local team TPV. He and his family moved to England when he was 13 years old after impressing Everton during an international youth tournament. Aberdeen. On 2 November 2017, it was announced that Virtanen had joined Aberdeen until the end of the season after a successful trial with the club. He said upon signing that he hoped joining Aberdeen would help him secure his place in the Finland squad at the following year's Euro Under-19 finals. Arbroath loans. On 29 August 2019, Virtanen moved to Arbroath on a season long loan. He made his debut on 28 September 2019, in a 2\u20131 away defeat against Dundee United in the Scottish Championship. He was again loaned to Arbroath in September 2020, until recalled by Aberdeen in January. Hamilton Academical. In August 2021 he signed for Hamilton Academical. After making 24 appearances and scoring 1 goal over two seasons, Virtanen left Accies by mutual consent on"}, {"text": "9 January 2023. Cove Rangers. Following his release from Hamilton, Virtanen returned to the north-east of Scotland to sign for Scottish Championship side Cove Rangers on a deal until the end of the season. Virtanen was released in May 2023 with Cove Rangers relegated from the Scottish Championship. Alloa Athletic. On 20 January 2023, Virtanen was announced at Alloa Athletic. Elgin City. On 31 May 2025, Virtanen signed for Scottish League Two side Elgin City on a one-year deal with an option to extend the contract."}, {"text": "Shamsuddin Ahmed was an independent politician and a member of parliament for Mymensingh-6. Career. Ahmed was elected to parliament from Mymensingh-6 as an independent candidate in 2001. In 2018, he was nominated by Bangladesh Nationalist Party to contest the 11th parliamentary election. Death. Ahmed died on 8 May 2020."}, {"text": "Jo\u00e3o Victor Lucas Wesner (born 23 March 2000) is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Baniyas."}, {"text": "Several units of the Volunteer Force formed in Middlesex from 1859 shared the number 1:"}, {"text": "Taylor Demonbreun (born October 21, 1994) is an American world traveler who holds the Guinness World Record for the fastest time to visit every sovereign country in the world. Demonbreun set this record on December 7, 2018, after traveling for one year and 189 days, having started on June 1, 2017. The record was previously held by Cassandra De Pecol. She was 24 years old when she achieved the record. She previously held the record as the youngest person to travel to all the world's countries. Demonbreun is from Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States."}, {"text": "The Sephardic Academy of Manhattan (SAM) is a Jewish preschool and elementary school on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City, whose plan is to provide pre-K through middle school services. The SAM School\u2019s mission is to provide students with a universal education that emphasizes Sephardic-Judaic Culture and Torah knowledge and observance combined with the study of Sciences, Humanities and the Arts. This unique approach includes the pursuit of rigorous scholastic achievement, embraces a humane approach to learning, cultural recognition and religious humanism. It is rooted in a strong sense of Jewish identity as practiced in Classical Sephardic Heritage. Rabbi Elie Abadie, M.D., started the academy in 2010. The current executive director is Michelle Dayan. The academy is buying the six-story, building at 150 East 74th Street, located between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue in Manhattan and previously the home of the New York Veterinary Hospital, for $14 million. SAM bought the property to expand its programming. The school will open the new location September 2022 and be able to convert it into a school or for a nonprofit use, and will have the option of adding ."}, {"text": "Dedollarisation refers to countries reducing reliance on the U.S. dollar as a reserve currency, medium of exchange or as a unit of account. It also entails the creation of an alternative global financial and technological system in order to gain more economic independence by circumventing the dependence on the Western World-controlled systems, such as SWIFT financial transfers network for the international trade and payments, which could be economically weaponised by the United States and its Western allies against other nations. Since the establishment of the Bretton Woods system, the US dollar has been used as the medium for international trade. The United States Department of the Treasury exercises considerable oversight over the SWIFT financial transfers network, and consequently has a huge sway on the global financial transactions systems, with the ability to impose economic sanctions on foreign entities and individuals. Many entities, such as BRICS, are working on creating an alternative to the SWIFT for a more balanced world. The U.S. dollar began to displace the pound sterling as the international reserve currency from the 1920s since it emerged from the First World War relatively unscathed and since the United States was a significant recipient of wartime gold inflows. After"}, {"text": "the U.S. emerged as an even stronger superpower during the Second World War, the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944 established the post-war international monetary system, with the U.S. dollar ascending to become the world's primary reserve currency for international trade, and the only post-war currency linked to gold at $35 per troy ounce. Devaluation of the dollar. Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per troy ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result, the dollar's value began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the \"Nixon shock\". The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value"}, {"text": "of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value. In 2023, BNN Bloomberg reported that the reserve status of the US dollar was declining more rapidly than commonly acknowledged, with numerous analysts overlooking the significant exchange rate fluctuations from the previous year. The global share of US dollars in reserves decreased in 2022 at a rate ten times faster than the average speed observed over the past twenty years, as several nations sought alternative options following the sanctions imposed due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Accounting for exchange rate adjustments, the dollar had experienced an approximate 11% decrease in market share since 2016, doubling that figure since 2008. In 2025, during the second presidency of Donald Trump, many countries began moving away from the US dollar as a foreign currency reserve. This coincides with the US"}, {"text": "beginning to pursue an isolationist foreign policy and an erratic economic policy. Sectoral developments. Trading oil or other commodities. Argentina. Starting from early 2023, Argentina plans to join Brazil in paying for Chinese imports using the yuan instead of U.S. dollars. The country's goal is to safeguard its diminishing reserves of U.S. dollars. Argentina has been facing a significant decline in agricultural exports due to a severe drought, resulting in reduced inflow of dollars. In April 2023, Argentina intends to purchase approximately US$1 billion worth of Chinese imports using the yuan. Following that, the country aims to pay around $790 million worth of monthly imports in the Chinese yuan. After China and Argentina declared in April that their swap line had been opened, Argentina was able to utilise the equivalent of 1.04 billion yuan to pay for Chinese imports in May. The line was then increased to $18 billion over the following three years in June, during Sergio Massa's visit to China. Brazil. In late March 2023, China and Brazil finalized an agreement to conduct trade using their respective currencies. In December 2023, Russia and China expressed 'their intent to abandon the US dollar in their bilateral transactions'. For several"}, {"text": "years, Russia had already been using the euro as a 'preferred settlement currency within BRICS'. In a similar vein, ASEAN members gathered in Indonesia to discuss strategies for reducing their reliance on the US dollar, euro, yen, and pound sterling in financial transactions, and instead promote the use of their domestic currencies. Additionally, India and Malaysia have also agreed to utilize the Indian rupee for their trade settlements, among other noteworthy developments. Bolivia. In April 2023, Bolivian President Luis Arce revealed that the government is actively considering the adoption of China's yuan as an alternative to the U.S. dollar for conducting international trade. The decision stems from Bolivia's ongoing challenge of insufficient liquidity in domestic markets, with shortages of U.S. dollars escalating since early 2023, due to the declining net international reserves. China. Since 2011, China is gradually shifting from trade in US dollar and in favour of the Chinese yuan, and in March 2018, China started buying oil in gold-backed yuan. In March 2022, multiple reports claimed that Saudi Arabia was in talks with China about trading Saudi oil and gas to China in Chinese yuan instead of US dollars. In December 2022 at the China - GCC Summit,"}, {"text": "General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping called for oil trade payments to be settled at Chinese yuan. China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi stated that Chinese-Arab relations experienced a \"historic improvement.\" In May 2023, China switched to the yuan to buy some US$88 billion worth of Russian oil, coal and metals. Europe. Immediately at the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, mostly Western countries imposed heavy sanctions on Russian commodities and banking sector. As a response, on 31 March 2022 Russian president Vladimir Putin signed a decree mandating unfriendly countries from April 1 to pay the natural gas imports in rubles. European leaders have initially rejected paying for deliveries in rubles, marking that such a move would undermine sanctions already imposed on Moscow. In April 2022, four European gas companies made trade payment settlements in rubles. Ghana. On 24 November 2022, Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia stated that they are working to buy oil in gold and he added \"The barter of gold for oil represents a major structural change.\" India. India is exploring ways to strengthen its economy by reducing its reliance on the US dollar. The country believes that decreasing demand for the dollar in international"}, {"text": "trade can help stabilize its national currency, the rupee (\u20b9). India's leaders have taken note of the trend of de-dollarization among other countries and are now seeking to increase trade using their own currency. To achieve this goal, India plans to convert the rupee (\u20b9) into a foreign currency and increase its share of global trade. Iran. As a result of US sanctions, Iran has tried hard to reduce its reliance on the US dollar. The country has been seeking alternative ways or methods to conduct international trade utilizing diverse currencies such as the euro. The Islamic Republic of Iran is also striving to apply blockchain technology and digital currencies to bypass the international financial system and likewise to reduce the effect of sanctions. Malaysia. Due to the fluctuations in the US dollar in recent years, countries like Malaysia are seeking an appropriate alternative to the dollar in global trade transactions to strengthen their economy. On the other hand, according to Malaysia, the de-dollarization and lower demand of the country in order to apply the dollar in commercial transactions will be able to provide the ground for the stabilization of the ringgit. The prime minister of the country mentioned that"}, {"text": "with the economic power given to Asian countries among China/Japan, there isn't any reason for Malaysia to remain dependent on the dollar, and on the other hand, the central banks of these two countries (i.e. China and Malaysia) have begun their discussions in regard to the implementation of trade in each other's currencies. Russia. In August 2022, Turkey and Russia agreed to use rubles in trade of the natural gas. In September 2022, Gazprom CEO Alexey Miller said that they have signed an agreement to make trade payments in rubles and yuan instead of US dollars. In November 2022, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak confirmed that all gas supplied to China via Siberia are settled in rubles and yuan. On March 23, 2022, Putin signed an order forbidding \"non-friendly\" countries (including EU countries, the United States and Norway) from buying Russian gas in any other currency besides the Russian ruble in the wake of sanctions given in aftermath of the country's invasion of Ukraine. As of 2022, Russia is the world's biggest gas exporter, making 17% of world gas export. Saudi Arabia. In January 2023, Finance Minister of Saudi Arabia Mohammed Al-Jadaan stated that it is open to trade"}, {"text": "in other currencies besides the US dollar, and this expression is considered to be the first time in 48 years. Saudi Arabia accounts for more than 17% of the world's crude oil exports, with the majority directed towards Asia, especially to BRICS countries like China and India. As BRICS advocates for reducing reliance on the US dollar, there is growing speculation that Saudi Arabia might start using non-dollar currencies for its oil trade, particularly with these two nations. Turkey. The Turkish president has introduced a fresh strategy to decrease dependence on the US dollar in global commerce. The aim is to establish trade without the use of the dollar with Turkey's international trading associates. The president has indicated a willingness to engage in trade with China using local currencies, indicating a shift away from the dollar. Additionally, talks have been held about the possibility of replacing the US dollar with another national currency in transactions with Iran. This choice is motivated by both political and economic factors, as Turkey strives to support its domestic currency by distancing itself from the US dollar. Venezuela. In August 2018, Venezuela declared that it would price its oil in euros, yuan, rubles, and other"}, {"text": "currencies. Forex reserves. According to the IMF's Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) survey the share of reserves held in U.S. dollars by central banks fell from 71 percent in 1999 to 59 percent in 2021. China. Effective from 6 June 2023, China has said to its state-owned banks to substantially reduce the interest rates on US dollar deposits. Egypt. In May 2022, the Egyptian Minister of Finance Mohamed Maait announced the intention to issue bonds in yuan to raise capital as a mechanism to diversify the sources of finance. Myanmar. In September 2022, the Chairman of the State Administration Council Min Aung Hlaing stated that they are planning to reduce US dollar reliance and to include trade in other foreign currencies. Apart from this there had been discussion to use Mir Payments system for payments. Kazakhstan. In December 2015, the Kazakhstan government and national bank announced plans to reduce dollar dependency and strengthen the national currency. The joint statement of Kazakhstan government and national bank stated that their intent is to strengthen their national currency rather than focus on eliminating US dollars. In August 2016, after inflation surged to a 6-year high, the Kazakhstan central bank governor"}, {"text": "stated that it is a necessity to kickstart dedollarisation. Russia. In June 2021, Russia stated it will eliminate the dollar from its National Wealth Fund to reduce vulnerability to international sanctions just two weeks before Russia's president Vladimir Putin held his first summit meeting with U.S. leader Joe Biden. Russia had been planning to buy more yuan in the foreign exchange market in 2023 for trade settlements. The Russian Finance Ministry and Central Bank of Russia stated that it would sell around 54.5 billion rubles in foreign currency from January 2023. Bilateral trade agreements. India-Russia. During the Cold War, and ending in 1991, the Soviet Union and India traded in a rupee-ruble exchange. Mutual trading between India and Russia is done mostly in rubles and rupees instead of dollars and euros. In March 2022, India and Russia entered for a RupeeRuble Trade Arrangement, In which India buys Russian oil in UAE dirham and also in rubles. Pakistan. The power minister of Pakistan announced that the country is considering using yuan to pay for its imports of Russian crude oil. India-UAE. India and the UAE are in talks to apply rupees in order to trade non-oil commodities in a shift away"}, {"text": "from the dollar. Australia/Russia/Japan/Brazil/Iran. It made agreements with Australia, Russia, Japan, Brazil, and Iran to trade in national currencies. It has been reported that in the first quarter of 2020 the share of the US dollar in the bilateral trade between China and Russia fell below 50 percent for the first time. In 2011, Japan made an agreement with China to trade in national currencies. Sino-Japanese trade had a value of US$300 billion. Brazil-China. In March 2013, during the BRICS summit, Brazil made an agreement with China to trade in Brazilian real and Chinese yuan. Australia-China. In 2013, Australia made an agreement with China to trade in national currencies. France-China. In a significant development, it has been reported that a French company has conducted a transaction with China National Offshore Oil Corporation recently, exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) and accepting payment in Chinese yuan. The mentioned transaction highlights the growing trend of de-dollarization, which is also making its way into the European Union. INSTEX. In 2015, China launched CIPS, a payment system which offers clearing and settlement services for its participants in cross-border renminbi payments and trade as an alternative to SWIFT. Since the end of 2019, the EU countries"}, {"text": "established INSTEX, a European special-purpose vehicle (SPV) to facilitate non-USD and non-SWIFT transactions with Iran to avoid breaking U.S. sanctions. On 11 February 2019, Russian deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov stated that Russia would be interested in participating in INSTEX. Iran-EU. In March 2020, the first Iran-EU INSTEX transaction was concluded. It covered an import of medical equipment to combat the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. European countries said in March 2023 they had decided to end the scheme put in place in 2019 to allow trade with Iran and protect companies doing business with it from US sanctions, although only a single transaction was conducted through the system. Russia-Iran. In July 2022, Russia and Iran made modifications in their bilateral trade to reduce the dependency on the US dollar. The new monetary system could mean the debts may be settled in their own countries and could reduce the demand for US dollars by 3 billion a year. In January 2023, Russia and Iran were planning to trade with gold-backed cryptocurrencies as an alternative to the US dollar. Southeast Asian. A group of Southeast Asian countries in the region, such as Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, and Thailand, are currently contemplating the"}, {"text": "process of de-dollarization in order to diminish their dependence on the US dollar within their economies. These nations have voiced apprehensions regarding the volatility of the dollar's value and the American government's utilization of the dollar embargo mechanism. Consequently, they have developed a keen interest in mitigating their vulnerability to the dollar and exploring alternative currencies. Others. In December 2022, Sri Lanka and Mauritius started using the rupee for international trade. Tajikistan, Cuba, Luxembourg and Sudan have also shown interest to use this mechanism. Also, the same month, Argentina and Brazil proposed a common currency for trade which is termed as sur. Sur combines the currency of Argentina's peso and Brazil's real. The same month, Brazil and China entered into a preliminary agreement to trade in national currencies instead of US dollars. In May 2023, South Korea and Indonesia signed a memorandum of understanding to promote bilateral trade in national currencies, moving away from the US dollar as an intermediary. In early May 2023, the central banks of South Korea and Indonesia entered into a memorandum of understanding aimed at fostering collaboration in advancing the utilization of their respective currencies for bilateral transactions. This includes promoting the use of their"}, {"text": "currencies for activities like current account transactions and direct investment between the two countries. India and Bangladesh have a plan to open letters of credit for import and export, using the Indian rupee and Bangladeshi taka. Dollar-denominated assets. As academic Tim Beal summarizes, many commentators view the United States' overly broad imposition of financial sanctions as a factor increasing dedollarisation because of responses like the Russian-developed System for Transfers of Financial Messages (SPFS), the China-supported Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS), and the European Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) that followed the United States' withdrawal of from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran. Russia. The Russian Federation accelerated the process of dedollarisation in 2014 as a result of worsening relations with the West. In 2017, SPFS, a Russian replacement of the SWIFT financial transfer system, was developed by the Central Bank of Russia. The system had been in development since 2014, after the United States government threatened to disconnect Russia from the SWIFT system. Lukoil, a state-owned company, had announced that it will find a replacement for the dollar. On March 17, 2022, Anatoly Aksakov, Chairman of the State Duma Committee on the Financial Market, announced"}, {"text": "that the Central Bank of Russia and the People's Bank of China are working on connecting the Russian and Chinese financial messaging systems. He also pointed to the beginning of the development of information transfer schemes using blockchains, including the digital ruble and the digital yuan. On March 31, 2022, \"The Economic Times\" published information that India has offered Russia a new transaction system with the transfer of trade to the ruble and SPFS, which will work through the Reserve Bank of India and Russia's Vnesheconombank. According to the same data, the system will be put into operation within a week. On March 30, 2023, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Alexander Babakov on the sidelines of the Russian Indian Business Forum in New Delhi stated that the BRICS countries can create a new currency that will be backed not by gold but by real resources, including land and rare-earth metals. Zimbabwe. After a year of the RTGS Dollar having been the only legal tender, Zimbabwe adopted dollarization due to hyperinflation. In June 2019, it also reduced the usage of a multicurrency system and preferred to switch to the US dollar. In an interview with former Finance Minister Tendai Biti,"}, {"text": "he pointed out that dedollarisation has failed dismally. In 2022, Zimbabwe introduced a new form of currency made with gold, the Mosi-oa-Tunya, to reduce inflation since the local currency had considerably weakened. The governor of the Reserve Bank John Mangudya said that the gold coins will contain one troy ounce of 22-carat gold, and that trade could be carried out both locally and internationally. Other countries. Chile has focused its efforts on introducing indexed instruments to attract investors' attention away from dollar-denominated assets. The majority of these instruments have been linked to the consumer price index (CPI) by establishing a unit of account known as the 'Unidad de Fomento' (UFs). Reaction. Evidence from economics researcher Jonathan Hartley published in June 2023 shows that the US dollar share of central bank reserves, global debt securities, and foreign exchange trading are unchanged since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and sanctions of Russian reserve assets. In the case of central bank reserves, the US dollar share of central bank reserves is 10% higher as of July 2023 than it was in the early 1990s. In April 2023, Brazilian President Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva strongly criticized the prevailing dominance of the dollar."}, {"text": "In a speech delivered from a podium adorned with the flags of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, collectively known as the BRICS nations, he urged the largest developing economies to collaborate and propose an alternative currency to replace the greenback in international trade. President Lula da Silva questioned the decision-making process that led to the dollar becoming the primary trade currency after the abandonment of the gold standard. On May 24, 2023, IMF Managing director Kristalina Georgieva stated that \"We don't expect a rapid shift in reserves because the reason the dollar is a reserve currency is because of the strength of the US economy and the depth of its capital markets.\" On June 6, 2023, JP Morgan stated that \"De-dollarization is evident in FX reserves where USD share has declined to a record as share in exports declined, but it is still emerging in commodities.\" On July 11, 2023, S&P Chief Economist Paul Gruenwald stated that \"The U.S. (dollar) will continue to be a leading world currency, (but) it will no longer be the dominant world currency.\""}, {"text": "Rolf Rannacher (born 10 June 1948 in Leipzig) is a German mathematician and a professor of numerical analysis at Heidelberg University. Rannacher studied mathematics and physics at the Goethe University Frankfurt. There he received his doctorate in 1974 with dissertation \"Diskrete St\u00f6rungstheorie f\u00fcr das Punktsystem linearer Operatoren und Sesquilinearformen mit Anwendungen auf Operatoren vom Schr\u00f6dinger Typ\" (Discrete perturbation theory for the point system of linear operators and sesquilinear forms with applications to operators of the Schr\u00f6dinger type). From 1974 to 1980 he was an assistant to at the University of Bonn, where he habilitated in 1978 and after habilitation spent a year at the University of Michigan. He was from 1980 to 1983 a professor at the University of Erlangen\u2013Nuremberg and from 1983 to 1988 a professor at Saarland University. Since 1988 he is a professor in Heidelberg. His research focuses on the numerical analysis of the finite element method (FEM) in partial differential equations (PDEs) based on functional analytic methods, for example, error estimation in the formula_1-norm for FEM approximation in elliptic boundary value problems. His research also deals with numerical fluid mechanics, including high-performance computer software development with his long-time collaborator John Haywood. In the 1990s Rannacher dealt"}, {"text": "with adaptive mesh refinement in solving optimal control problems, often in collaboration with Claes Johnson and Endre S\u00fcli. At Heidelberg's \"Interdisziplin\u00e4ren Zentrum f\u00fcr Wissenschaftliches Rechnen\" (acronym IWR, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing), Rannacher was, in the early 1990s, one of the pioneers in the development of parallel computer algorithms for transputers. He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Berlin in 1998 and at the ICM in Beijing in 2002. In 2009 he was made an honorary doctor of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg."}, {"text": "Archery competitions at the 2015 Military World Games were held in Mungyeong, South Korea from 5 to 9 October 2015."}, {"text": "Alassane Meite (born 9 June 2000) is a French footballer who currently plays as a forward ."}, {"text": "Nina Sedano is a German author. She visited a total of 197 countries by 2011, of which 193 were sovereign states. She wrote a book about her travels. The book, entitled \"Die L\u00e4ndersammlerin: Wie ich in der Ferne mein Zuhause fand. Die meistgereiste Frau Deutschlands erz\u00e4hlt\" (\"\"'The Country Collector: How I found my home far away. The most traveled woman in Germany tells us\"')\", was a \"Spiegel\" bestseller in Germany. It was published in 2014 by Eden Books. She followed with another book, \"Fernweh in Herzen: Die L\u00e4ndersammlerin unterwegs zu neuen Abenteuern. Die meistgereiste Frau Deutschlands erz\u00e4hlt\" ('Wanderlust in the heart: The country collector on the way to new adventures. The most traveled woman in Germany tells us'), that was published in 2019 by Eden Books. She stated her travel experiences in the book \"Chasing 193: The Quest to Visit Every Country in the World\"."}, {"text": "The Anglican Church of the Holy Cross at Avening in the Cotswold District of Gloucestershire, England, was built in late 11th century. It is a grade I listed building. History. Outside the church is a stone coffin from before the Norman Conquest. Parts of the church date from the late 11th century. It was commissioned by Queen Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror. The tower, west bay of the chancel, north aisle, and north doorway were added in the 12th century. The transepts were added in the late 13th. The top storey of the tower was added in the 14th century. From the 11th to 14th century the church was the property of the Abbey of Sainte-Trinit\u00e9, Caen, although this was disputed by Tewkesbury Abbey. The building was restored in 1902, after part of the tower had collapsed causing damage to part of the nave and north aisle. The parish is part of the benefice of Avening with Cherington within the Diocese of Gloucester. Architecture. The Cotswold stone building is cruciform in layout. It has a two-bay north aisle with a porch. The nave has a 14th-century wagon roof. There are parts of the Norman architecture still intact"}, {"text": "including the doorway, arcade and chancel arch. The three-stage tower is supported by buttresses. The interior includes a table from 1657. There are several monuments and tablets along with a kneeling effigy of Henry Brydges of Avening Court. The stained glass of the East Window is by Clayton and Bell and two in the nave by Christopher Whall. The war memorial tablet commemorates villagers who died in the First World War, Second World War and the Iraq War."}, {"text": "Oocelyphus is a genus of beetle flies. It is known from the Oriental realm."}, {"text": "Marcus Vinicius Barbosa Meloni (; born 25 June 2000) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or full back for UAE Pro League club Sharjah. Born in Brazil, he represents the United Arab Emirates at international level. Honours. Sharjah"}, {"text": "Roman Ducksworth Jr. (May 26, 1934 \u2013 April 9, 1962) was a notable figure in American civil rights history, whose story reflects the struggle for racial equality during the violent era of the 1960s. He was shot and killed in a hate crime by Taylorsville, Mississippi police as he was heading to the hospital expecting his sixth child. His death is one of the many cases that exemplify the systemic racial violence and injustice prevalent in the United States, particularly in the South, during this period. Personal life. Roman Ducksworth Jr. was a military police officer stationed in Maryland, a few months short of finishing ten years service in the army. He was granted emergency leave by the Army after learning that his wife was having difficulties with the birth of their youngest daughter. During his time in service he would send gifts home to his children. Ducksworth had a wife and six children, one of which was born right after his death. Death and after. On April 9, 1962, Ducksworth was traveling to a hospital to visit his sick wife and newborn child. He was sleeping on the bus when a police officer escorted him off due to his"}, {"text": "race and mistaking him as a freedom rider. A small tussle broke out, the officer drew his gun, and fired into Ducksworth's chest. Ducksworth's sister-in-law and her son, Odell Ducksworth, were present as he was pronounced dead on the scene. Initial court proceedings attempted to label Roman as drunk, and the murder as self-defense. The murder was ruled a 'justifiable homicide', and no further justice has been taken upon the case ever since. As a result of the killing, Odell Ducksworth would lose his job at a laundromat a few days later. Following that a cross was seen burning across his street and Odell's family was forced to relocate. Upon his death Ducksworth received full military honors and a 16-gun salute. Roughly two thousand towns members attended his funeral. In 1989, the Southern Poverty Law Center has commemorated Roman Ducksworth as a civil rights martyr on a memorial designed by Maya Lin. The case was reviewed again by the FBI as a part of the Department of Justice's Cold Case initiative. In the FBI's investigation, a witness (identity redacted) reported their understanding that the involved officer boarded the bus and assaulted the victim with a blackjack, resulting in the loss"}, {"text": "of some of the victim's teeth. The situation escalated when the victim attempted to defend himself, leading to the officer shooting him. The witness also noted that TPD Officer Bernice Jones was there during the incident. Also, the witness mentioned that another African-American passenger on the bus provided a statement to civil rights activist Medgar Evers. However, after receiving life-threatening messages targeting them and their family, this individual had to relocate to Florida for safety reasons."}, {"text": "The 1st Middlesex Engineers was the senior engineer unit of Britain's Volunteer Force, raised in 1860 and originally recruited from the South Kensington Museum. It provided Royal Engineers (RE) units to the 47th (1/2nd London) Division, the 47th (London) Infantry Division, the 56th (London) Divisions, and the 60th (2/2nd London) Division during both World Wars. The engineers served on the First World War's Western Front from 1915 to 1918, and in a number of theatres during the Second World War. It also served in the postwar Territorial Army, until 1967. Volunteer Force. The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. Soon the need for military engineer ('Sapper') units to support the Rifle Volunteers was recognised, and a group from the South Kensington Museum, headed by Norman MacLeod of MacLeod, approached the War Office (WO) with an offer to raise two companies from the engineering and allied professions. The proposal was accepted in January 1860 and enlistment began on 6 February, creating the first Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC). MacLeod was appointed captain in command"}, {"text": "and a year later was promoted to major as the unit rapidly grew beyond its initial two companies. By November 1863 the 1st Middlesex EVC had 10 companies and was recruiting an 11th: Also from 1863 the new 1st Essex, 1st London and 1st Tower Hamlets EVCs were administratively linked to the 1st Middlesex (these units became independent from 1871, 1868 and 1868 respectively). The unit outgrew its headquarters (HQ) at the South Kensington Museum and moved a short distance to Whitehead's Grove in Chelsea (it dropped its '(South Kensington)' subtitle in 1862) and in 1865 opened a purpose-built drill hall in College Street (today's Elystan Street) in Chelsea, designed by Capt Francis Fowke, RE, who had designed the new South Kensington Museum (the V&A). MacLeod relinquished command in 1871 and was appointed honorary colonel of the corps. By the end of 1873 the corps had dwindled to 210 men in six companies and a recruiting campaign was held, which brought it back up to nine companies, including two (A and G) in Marylebone and one based at the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill, near Egham. When the 1st Sussex Engineers was raised in Eastbourne in 1890 it was"}, {"text": "attached to the 1st Middlesex until 1892 when it was transferred to the 1st Hampshire. The Tonbridge School Cadet Corps was affiliated with the 1st Middlesex in 1893. All the EVCs' titles were changed to simply 'Royal Engineers (Volunteers)' in 1896. Active service. In 1882 the 1st Middlesex offered a detachment for service in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882, which was accepted. After Black Week in December 1899, the Volunteers were invited to send active service units to assist the Regulars in the Second Boer War. The 1st Middlesex Engineers sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks (ORs) to work with the Royal Engineers (RE). They embarked at Southampton aboard the \"Tintagel Castle\" with similar sections from 11 other EVCs on 10 March 1900. The ship arrived at Cape Town on 31 March. The detachments returned home after a year's service, but the 1st Middlesex sent a second detachment in 1901. Members of the 1st Middlesex also volunteered for other active service units, bringing the total of those who served in South Africa to two officers and 100 ORs, of whom five died. Territorial Force. When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under"}, {"text": "the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Middlesex Engineers provided the divisional engineers for the TF's 2nd London Division with the following organisation: Nos 2\u20134 Sections of the Telegraph Company were attached to and largely manned by the 4th\u20136th infantry brigades of the division. It was termed a Signal Company from 1911. Tonbridge School Cadet Corps became part of the Junior Division of the Officers Training Corps, but the Royal Engineer Cadets (2nd London Division) continued to be affiliated to the unit. First World War. Mobilisation. When war was declared on 4 August 1914 most units of 2nd London Division had just reached camps at Perham Down to carry out annual training. They immediately returned to their HQs and mobilised. 3rd London Field Company went to Dover to carry out defence works, but by mid-August the whole division was concentrated at its war stations around St Albans. The Divisional Commander, RE (CRE) was Lieutenant-Colonel H.H. Taylor, who had his HQ at Gorhambury, 3rd Company was at Shafford's Farm, 4th Company at Gorhambury Park, and the Signal Company in billets in St Albans. On the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August 1914,"}, {"text": "the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. Later the 2nd Line were prepared for overseas service and 3rd Line units were raised. The WO also decided that each infantry division should have an additional RE field company, to allow one for each brigade. For 2nd London Divisional Engineers this should have been the 1/6th London Company, but the 2/3rd Field Company had already been formed at Chelsea in October, and this took the place, so the 1/6th Company joined the 2/2nd London Division when it was formed. 2/3rd Field Co trained with the rest of the 2nd Line at St Albans until it was ready to go overseas. 47th (1/2nd London) Divisional RE. Shortly after"}, {"text": "mobilisation, elements of 2nd London Division went to France independently to reinforce the BEF fighting on the Western Front: 1/3rd London Fd Co left for Winchester in January 1915 to join the newly formed 28th Division, composed mainly of Regular units brought back from Colonial garrisons. 28th Division embarked at Southampton 15\u201318 January and took its place in the line. The company suffered its first casualties, including the officer commanding (OC), Major S.D. Sewell, killed while working in the line in the Ypres Salient. However, 1/3rd London Fd Co returned to 2nd London Division on 6 April 1915, before 28th Division went into large-scale action. 1/2nd London Division was chosen as one of the first complete TF formations to join the BEF. It began its move on 8 March 1915 and by 22 March had concentrated in the B\u00e9thune area. From the formation of the 2nd Line, the 1st Line Signal Company was commanded by Major Sir Lionel Alexander, Bart, from 23rd Bn London Regiment (and originally the Grenadier Guards). Once in France, although 'vaguely' under the divisional CRE, the company usually came under the control of Corps HQ, while the sections were with their brigades. On 11 May the"}, {"text": "division was designated as 47th (2nd London) Division, and the RE as 47th (London) Divisional RE. The division took over a section of the line near Festubert, and its infantry played a part in the Battle of Festubert. The sappers were engaged in improving trench systems, and suffered a steady trickle of casualties, including the OC of 1/4th London Fd Co, Major H.H.S. Marsh. 2/3rd London Field Company left St Albans on 22 June, embarked on the SS \"City of Dunkirk\" for Le Havre, and joined the rest of the divisional RE at N\u0153ux-les-Mines. Loos. The division's first major offensive action was the Battle of Loos.The front lines were opposite Loos-en-Gohelle and on 27 August the divisional RE began work on a new start line. Each night an infantry battalion was brought up from N\u0153ux-les-Mines to dig under the supervision of the sappers, and of trenches were dug in three weeks, including special recesses for gas cylinders. At 06.30 on 25 September, after a 40-minute discharge of poison gas, the infantry of 47th Division 'went over the top' accompanied by parties of sappers. Two sections from 1/3rd Fd Co were with 140th (4th London) Brigade and two from 1/4th Fd"}, {"text": "Co were with 141st (5th London) Brigade; two more sections of 1/3rd Fd Co were with 142nd (6th London) Brigade, which was only to make a demonstration. The remainder of the Divisional RE was in reserve. Casualties in the attack were moderate, and the division's two attacking brigades took their objectives with the exception of one strongpoint where the Germans held out for 48 hours. Major E.B. Blogg, OC of 1/4th Fd Co, was awarded a Distinguished Service Order (DSO) after he went out under heavy shellfire to cut the electric leads to mines laid by the enemy under the church tower at Loos. However, the flanking divisions had not done as well, and 47th Division was forced to fight to hold onto its gains. After four days the frontline brigades were relieved, while 142nd Bde relieved part of the Guards Division, and in turn spent three days in the line. During this period the brigade signal office in a Loos cellar was blown in, causing casualties, but communication back to Divisional HQ was restored in about 10 minutes/ Once the front line had settled down, signal lines were quickly laid from brigade HQs to battalion HQs and in some"}, {"text": "cases company HQs, while the motorcycle despatch riders (DRs) did good work on the exposed road into Loos. Maintaining communication from divisional HQ back to corps HQ proved more difficult, because wagon movements after dar continually disrupted the signal cables. The division was engaged on 8 October when heavy enemy counter-attacks were repulsed. IV Corps used 9000 Grenades in two-and-a-half hours, all of which had to be fused by the RE working under great pressure. 47th Division spent the winter of 1915\u201316 in the Loos salient, with the REs attempting to shore up trenches collapsing under incessant rain. The divisional RE built a new fire trench using Russian saps, but this was damaged by German mining. On 23 January British tunnellers blew 'Harrison Crater', but this did much damage to the British trenches. In attempting to seize and consolidate the crater, 1/4th Fd Co suffered heavy casualties and had to be relieved by 2/3rd Fd Co. The crater was lost later after a German retaliatory mine was fired. On 15 February the division was relieved and went into GHQ Reserve. From March to July the division was in the Vimy area, where there was intensive mining by both sides and"}, {"text": "the sappers were employed in consolidating the craters. Major Blogg was mortally wounded by a sniper in March and his successor was killed within a few days. On 3 May the British fired four mines north of 'Ersatz Avenue' trench forming three big craters, which were seized and consolidated by the 1/21st Londons and 2/3rd London Fd Co. One of these craters was named 'Love Crater' after Major Love, OC 2/3rd Fd Co. The crater lips gave splendid observation over the German lines. On 21 May the Germans began an intensive bombardment of this area, extending into the British rear areas. The smoke and dust thrown up obscured observation for the British guns, and lachrymatory shells increased the confusion. After fours hours the Germans fired a mine and attacked in overwhelming numbers: they 'had little more to do that take possession of the 140th Brigade sector'. The situation was so critical for a while that all three companies of 47th Divisional RE were brought up under the CRE, Lieutenant-Colonel Sydney D'Aguilar Crookshank, to man the trenches. In June 1/19th Londons carried out a trench raid, accompanied by sappers from 1/4th London Fd Co carrying slabs of Gun-cotton to blow in"}, {"text": "dugouts. High Wood. In August the division moved to the Somme sector to join the British offensive, and began training for an attack at High Wood. This was made on 15 September, resulting in extremely heavy casualties; the RE went in with the attackers and 2/3rd London Fd Co were instrumental in consolidating the 'Starfish Line' after its capture on 18 September. 47th (2nd London) Division took part in further attacks on the Somme in October, capturing Eaucourt l'Abbaye before being relieved and sent to the Ypres Salient, where it spent the winter in trench warfare and raiding. On 1 February 1917 all TF RE companies received numbers; in 47th Divisional RE they were assigned as follows: On 20 February a party from 520th Fd Co and 2nd Australian Tunnelling Company accompanied 1/6th Londons in a successful trench raid near Hill 60, but a similar raid next month by 1/18th Londons and a detachment of 517th Fd Co turned into a pitched battle with heavy casualties. The division took part in the Battle of Messines in June, when a deep penetration was made into the enemy position and the signal company quickly established communications. 47th (2nd L) Division then remained"}, {"text": "in the Ypres Salient, with the sappers working under shellfire to prepare tracks and railways for the resumption of the Third Ypres Offensive (the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge) in September. Bourlon Wood. 47th (2nd London) Division left the Ypres Salient on 21 September and travelled south to hold the line around Oppy and Gavrelle until November, where the infantry carried out a major trench raid on 4 November with RE demolition teams and signal parties in support. It then went to take over positions in Bourlon Wood that had been captured during the Battle of Cambrai. The relief was carried out under gas shelling, and on 30 November the division was hit by a fierce German counter-attack. Some of the RE acted as infantry reinforcing the hard-pressed 1/15th Londons, others as stretcher-bearers. After bitter fighting and heavy casualties, the division was ordered to retreat on the night of 4/5 December while the RE destroyed dugouts and equipment that could not be withdrawn, and the signallers recovered their cables. They were the last to leave the wood, blowing up the captured enemy guns that had not been taken away, and destroying the catacombs under Graincourt. Spring Offensive. The German"}, {"text": "spring offensive broke on 47th Division's positions near Cambrai on 21 March 1918. Casualties were heavy, and the division was withdrawn that night, coordinated by the Signal Company's buried cable communications. It continued to be forced back the following day, and the field companies went into the line to reinforce the infantry, proving in the words of the divisional history 'that they were as good fighters as they were engineers'. On 24 March the Germans threatened the retreat of the divisional transport, but the divisional RE and pioneer battalion defended the road until it could withdraw, causing heavy casualties to the attackers. By now the division had no cable communications and had to rely on despatch riders: its OC, Major W.F. Bruce, took vital messages up to the brigade HQs in person, and was captured. The division crossed the Ancre on 25/26 March, and got one day's rest before going back to improve the defence line. On the night of 3/4 April a party of 518th Fd Co went out with an infantry fighting patrol to destroy Black Horse Bridge. On 5 April the Germans made a heavy attack on the division, but were held after desperate fighting. 47th Division"}, {"text": "was finally relieved on 8/9 April. Hundred Days. 47th (2nd London) Division occupied a quiet part of the line until August while it rested and absorbed drafts, though there was plenty of work for the sappers digging new trenches and constructing concrete machine gun positions and dugouts. The division joined in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive on 22 August, meeting strong opposition, but captured its objectives after a night attack on 23/24 August. The advance continued from 31 August to 2 September. The CRE had his sappers and pioneers hard on the heels of the advancing infantry, who ended this phase by constructing crossings over the Canal du Nord. By now the division was very weak, and it was withdrawn to prepare to relieve another division from the Italian Front. However, the Germans on the Western Front were retreating quickly, and 47th (2nd L) Division was brought back to the line to hasten their departure. The RE spent much time repairing roads and bridges to allow the transport to keep up with the advance. The division masked Lille for 10 days and then took the outer forts with little opposition on 16 October. It took part in the official entry"}, {"text": "into the city on 28 October. On 8 November the enemy evacuated Tournai, the sappers built footbridges over the Scheldt and began work on a heavy trestle bridge. The 1st Engineer Company of the Portuguese Army was attached to the division at this time. The Armistice with Germany took effect on 11 November, and the division concentrated round Tournai. While awaiting demobilisation, the division repaired the Tournai\u2013Ath railway, and then settled down into winter quarters around B\u00e9thune, where it had originally concentrated in 1915. The first parties left for England in early January, and by 28 March all the units had been reduced to cadre strength. 60th (2/2nd London) Divisional RE. Major R.Q. Henriques, OC of 4th London Field Company, was promoted to CRE of the 2/2nd Division and began recruiting at the Duke of York's HQ in early September 1914. The divisional RE particularly sought artisans and volunteers from various local engineering works and gained a number of recruits who had returned to the UK from engineering jobs overseas in order to volunteer. Training was carried out with borrowed tools and equipment. By November four companies each of 250 men had been enlisted: 2/3rd, 3/3rd, 2/4th and 1/6th, of"}, {"text": "which the 2/3rd was despatched as the third field company for the 47th Division at St Albans (\"see above\"). At the new year the division moved into billets in Surrey, with the RE companies at Nutfield, where they practised entrenching in a field. The whole division took part in digging anti-invasion defences along the Surrey Hills. In March 1915 the division had to send large drafts to bring the 1st Line division up to establishment before it proceeded overseas; a further vigorous recruiting campaign was therefore carried out. The 2/2nd London Division then took the place of the 1st Line in the St Albans area, with the RE at Radlett and Shenley. The division moved to Bishops Stortford in May, where training was pushed forward. In August 1915 the division was numbered as 60th (2/2nd London) Division. In January 1916 the 60th Division moved to the Warminster training area on Salisbury Plain, based at Sutton Veny. It built a complete trench system and practised trench warfare. On 24 April a warning order to proceed overseas was received, and on 21 June the division began embarking for Le Havre, concentrating near Arras on 29 June. From now on the field companies"}, {"text": "generally accompanied the infantry brigades: 2/4th with 179th (2/4th London) Brigade, 1/6th with 180th (2/5th London), and 3/3rd with 181st (2/6th London). The division was attached to 51st (Highland) Division for its introduction to trench warfare, and then took over the line on its on account in mid-July. The whole area was overlooked by the enemy on Vimy Ridge and was honeycombed with mine galleries and mine craters. Fresh mines were regularly blown, each followed by a fight over possession of the crater lips involving both infantry and sappers. The division was also active in trench raiding. Autumn rains damaged the trenches and created much work for the sappers. Salonika. 60th (2/2nd London) Division had been earmarked to join in the Somme Offensive, but instead was switched to the Macedonian front. This required the RE companies to reorganise with pack mule transport rather than horse-drawn wagons. The CRE and 2/4th Fd Co left in the first ship from Marseille, SS \"Translyvania\", and reached Salonika with 179th Bde on 30 November. The rest of the division followed by mid-December, while 179th Bde and 2/4th Fd Co were sent to guard the southwestern approaches to Salonika: the sappers had to repair the"}, {"text": "railway to allow their train to proceed. The company then spent the next three months constructing a pier at Skala Vromeria, defences to cover the Petra Pass, and the requisite roads including 'Chelsea Bridge' (built by 2/4th Fd Co and a working party of the 2nd London Scottish). At the end of 1916 the rest of the divisional RE moved up to the main line, 1/6th Fd Co joining 180th Bde south of Lake Doiran, 3/3rd Fd Co and 181 Bde arriving last, east of the Lake. The field companies in 60th Divisional RE were now assigned numbers as follows: On the Doiran front 60th Division began a policy of vigorous raiding of Bulgarian outposts. For example, on the evening of 17 February 181st Bde attacked the village of Brest, evicting the garrison and holding it all night while an RE demolition party rendered it untenable. Each time the Bulgarians repaired the defences, the brigade raided Brest and the Hodza Redoubt, taking prisoners and causing destruction. At the end of March 179 Bde and 521st Fd Co rejoined the division, which took up new positions for the opening of the Spring offensive. On 5 April German Gotha bombers raided Karasuli,"}, {"text": "catching a column of waggons waiting to load up with RE stores: only one man was wounded but all the waggons and mules were destroyed. The Allies launched their offensive (the Battle of Doiran at the end of April, with 60th Division carrying out a diversionary raid on the night of 24/25 April against 'The Nose'. The infantry of 2/20th Londons were accompanied by sappers of 519th Fd Co carrying Bangalore torpedoes to breach the barbed wire. They were caught by searchlights while negotiating the gaps in the wire, and only one party was able to dash through into the Bulgarian trenches. Here they fought off counter-attacks while the sappers carried out demolitions before withdrawing; casualties were severe. For the second phase of the battle on 8/9 May 179th Bde carried out a surprise attack accompanied by 521st Fd Co. All five objectives were taken without serious resistance, and the gains were extended the following morning and then counter-attacks were beaten back on 10 May while the sappers and pioneers consolidated the ground won. Palestine. The fighting died down in later May, and on 1 June 60th Division was given new orders: it was to re-embark on 12 June, bound"}, {"text": "for Egypt to reinforce the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF). After arriving in Alexandria on 3 July the engineers had to reorganise for wheeled and camel transport, followed by desert training. Lieutenant-Colonel C.B. Thomson took over as CRE on 27 August. On 30 October the 60th Division concentrated for the Third Battle of Gaza and took part in the attack on Beersheba the following day. The division advanced with two brigades (179th and 181st), each accompanied by its field company, the third field company being held ready to move into Beersheba at short notice. The town fell to the Desert Mounted Corps, and 519th and 521st Fd Cos entered the town to get the water supply going: only two of 17 wells had been destroyed, though the remainder were prepared for demolition. The Sheria position, with its water supply, was taken on 6\u20137 November after a march across the desert and a pre-dawn attack, and Huj was taken on 8 November. After a rest, the division marched again in the operation to capture Jerusalem, advancing on 8 December with 179th Bde and a section of 521st Fd Co leading the attack on the right, 180th Bde with 519th Fd Co on"}, {"text": "the left, and 181st Bde and 522nd Fd Co in reserve. As 179th Bde's columns advanced, RE parties with pioneers were dropped off at intervals to improve the muddy track and direct the follow-up troops. Despite bad weather, the attacks were successful in driving back the Turks, and on 9 December the city's civilian leaders surrendered it to two sergeants of 2/19th Londons. The division then had to defend its gains against fierce Turkish counter-attacks (22\u201328 December) before resuming its advance to positions from which it could cover the city during the next pause in operations. Early in February the division began advancing on Jericho, advancing as three independent brigade groups with their usual RE companies attached (the RE detachment with 180th Bde in the centre was specially tasked with repairing culverts). After preliminary moves on 14 February, the brigades attacked on 18 February and by 21 February had fought their way over very bad ground to within of Jericho, and the town was captured next day by the ANZAC Mounted Division. 60th Division was now tasked with crossing the River Jordan in order to raid the enemy's communications around Amman: it was to cross at Ghoraniyeh, one of two"}, {"text": "bridging sites that had been identified. 521st Field Co extemporised rafts of timber, wire netting and tarpaulin to get infantry across and then form the basis for an infantry assault bridge. However, the floodwater prevented them being launched on the nights of 21/22 or 22/23 March. The first infantry only got across on 23 March after the Anzacs had already crossed, 521st's assault bridge then being quickly followed by a barrel pier constructed by 519th Fd Co and by a pontoon bridge by the army's bridging train. 522nd Field Co then began to build a heavy timber trestle bridge on 25 March, but the rising floodwater caused this to be abandoned on 29 March. Instead 522 Fd Co built a suspension bridge between 1 and 18 April after cables had been brought from Egypt. A second raid lasting from 30 April to 4 May was launched from this bridgehead. The EEF now had to provide urgent reinforcements to counter the German Spring Offensive on the Western Front. 60th Division was 'Indianised' and about three-quarters of its London infantry battalions went to France, to be replaced with Indian Army units. In the Divisional RE, 522nd Fd Co went to 7th (Meerut)"}, {"text": "Division on 18 July 1918, and No 1 Company, King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners joined in exchange. Megiddo. The final offensive in Palestine (the Battle of Megiddo) began on 19 September, with 60th and 7th (Meerut) Divisions rapidly breaking through along the coastal plain to capture Tulkarm and Tabsor respectively, opening a gap for the cavalry to exploit. The pursuit after the battle was a cavalry affair, and 60th Division was left behind on battlefield salvage work, while 7th (Meerut) Division participated in the advance across the Jordan to Baalbek. The Armistice with Turkey came into force on 31 October. By 26 November the whole of 60th Division was back in Alexandria, where the RE carried out various engineering tasks while demobilisation got under way. At one point 519th Fd Co was put under orders to proceed to Russia, but these were cancelled. Units were progressively reduced to cadre, and the division was disbanded on 31 May 1919. 7th (Meerut) Division remained as part of the occupation force in Palestine until its units were dispersed in 1920. 3/2nd London Engineers. Once it became clear that the 2/2nd London Division would be sent overseas, its units began forming"}, {"text": "a 3rd Line to continue the role of training reinforcement drafts for overseas service and to take over the men who had enlisted for Home Service only. In mid-1915 the 3/2nd London Divisional Engineers came into being at Chelsea, with the 2/6th, 3/4th and 4/3rd London Field Companies and the 3/2nd London Signal Company. They moved for training to Sandown Park Racecourse, with the 3/1st London Divisional Engineers billeted nearby. 3/2nd Signal Company then moved a short way to join other signal units for specialist training at Oatlands Park, with Company HQ at Stafford Lodge and the cable wagons and horses in the stables of the Oatlands Park Hotel. Early on the strength of the 3rd Line units was fairly high, but significant numbers of officers and NCOs were detached on the staff, as clerks or as draughtsmen, and there was continual turnover of personnel as drafts were sent to the 1st and 2nd Lines and others posted back to Home Establishment. In February 1917, in common with the rest of the TF RE units, the field companies were numbered: At the end of 1917 Sandown Park was required for other purposes, so the units moved to houses nearby, and"}, {"text": "the sappers practised dry bridging and field works in Oxshott Woods, with attachments to Brightlingsea for wet bridging and pontoon work. By Christmas 1917 the demand for drafts had depleted the units, which were reduced to a single company (525th Reserve Fd Co). This in turn was disbanded in early 1918, with a final draft of 140 sappers being sent to France and all remaining horse transport drivers being sent to the RE depot at Aldershot. Interwar years. 47th (2nd London) Division began to reform at home on 16 February 1920. At first, the divisional RE was to reform as two battalions: 3 and 4 Bns (2 London), then only 3 Bn was proceeded with. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the battalion idea was dropped and the divisional RE adopted the following organisation: The signal company transferred to the new Royal Corps of Signals as 47th (2nd London) Divisional Signals. In the coal strike of April 1921 a Defence Force was formed, drawing its personnel from the TA, many of whom did not rejoin the unit after the political crisis had ended. Recruitment was also hampered by the migration of working Londoners away"}, {"text": "from Chelsea. Mechanisation of the unit began in 1934. To meet the growing threat of air attack, a number of TA units began to be converted to the anti-aircraft (AA) role during the 1930s. On 16 December 1935, 47th (2nd London) Divisional HQ was redesignated 1st AA Division, and a number of London infantry battalions were converted. The remaining battalions and the divisional assets were pooled under 56th (1st London) Divisional HQ, which became simply the London Division; 47th Division provided the divisional RE of the merged formation. Second World War. Mobilisation. Following the Munich Crisis, the TA was doubled in size. As a result, the London Division became the 1st London Division and created the 2nd London Division in August 1939. These two formations would be renumbered as the 56th (London) and 47th (London), respectfully. Their RE organised as follows: 1st London Divisional RE 2nd London Divisional RE Battle of France. 1st London Division was not sent to join the new British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France, but most of its divisional RE went independently and did serve in the Battle of France: 221 Fd Co joined I Corps Troops, Royal Engineers (I CTRE) and 222 Fd Co joined"}, {"text": "II CTRE, while 223 Fd Park Co (less its bridging section) was with Force X, a group of TA RE units working on the BEF's lines of communication. The three companies mobilised at Hurst Park Racecourse and then embarked for France in October 1939. The engineers spent the Phoney War period working on defensive positions. 223 Field Park Co with Force X was building reinforced concrete pillboxes along the Franco-Belgian frontier. I CTRE attached 221 Fd Co to 1st Division as an additional field company. Its role on the outbreak of hostilities, in conjunction with 1st Division's bridging section, was to open the road from Tournai to Brussels and maintain an important canal crossing. When the German offensive in the west opened on 10 May 1940, the BEF abandoned the frontier defences and advanced into Belgium in accordance with 'Plan D'. 221 Field Co found itself in the lead, advancing ahead of the scouting armoured cars. Similarly 222 Field Co had been assigned by II CTRE to assist 3rd Division and went forward to blow the Dyle bridges round Louvain. Shortly afterwards the German Army broke through the Ardennes to the east, forcing the BEF to withdraw again, and by"}, {"text": "19 May the whole force was back across the Escaut and then went back to the so-called 'Canal Line'. 221 Field Co was tasked with destroying bridges along a 10 km stretch of the Brussels\u2013Charleroi Canal to delay the German advance, then to prepare a 'stop line' on the La Bass\u00e9e Canal. 222 Field Co also fell back, destroying bridges as it went. During the retreat to the Escaut a dangerous gap opened up between the BEF and the French to the south. The GHQ assembled a scratch force at Orchies to fill this gap under the command of the Director of Military Intelligence, Major-General Noel Mason-MacFarlane, and known as 'Macforce'. It was formed around 127th (Manchester) Brigade with some artillery and supporting services; 223 Fd Pk Co was assigned from X Force to Macforce, working on emergency defences. By 23 May the French had filled the dangerous gap in the line, so Macforce was shifted north to the Forest of Nieppe to extend the Canal Line. By 26 May the BEF was cut off and the decision was made to evacuate it through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo), with II Corps acting as flank guard against the German penetration where the"}, {"text": "Belgian Army had surrendered, and I Corps acting as rearguard, its sappers blowing bridges and cratering roads to form a defensive perimeter 221 Field Co moved down to Dunkirk and destroyed its vehicles and stores before boarding a variety of vessels. One party was on the \"Queen of the Channel\", which was bombed and sunk on 28 May: the passengers and crew were picked up and taken to England aboard the \"Dorrien Rose\". Another party from the company arrived the following day on HMS \"Greyhound\". 222 Field Co reached Bray-Dunes on 30 May and also embarked on several vessels, most on HMS \"Calcutta\", which landed them at Sheerness next day, the OC's party and several field park personnel aboard HMS \"Halcyon\", which landed them at Dover. 223 Field Park Co was evacuated in small parties from the open beaches east of Dunkirk. 56th (London) Divisional RE. Apart from a composite section from 220 and 501 Fd Cos that saw action in the Norwegian Campaign, the divisional engineers had been training round Tunbridge Wells in Kent during the winter. They moved to Tenterden in May, and after the Dunkirk evacuation were engaged in constructing anti-invasion defences along the South Coast. 221"}, {"text": "Field Co reassembled under I CTRE at Newark, but in June was converted from a motor to an infantry division, and required a third field company, so 221 rejoined. 1st London Division held the critical south-east corner of England throughout the period of greatest invasion threat. The divisional engineers worked closely with the Petroleum Warfare Department, installing flame installations on beaches at Dumpton Gap and Deal. 563 Field Park Co built the first flame-projector mounted on a Universal Carrier, which was later developed into the 'Wasp' and the Churchill Crocodile. On 18 November 1st London Division was redesignated 56th (London) Division. From November 1940, 56th (L) Division alternated with 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, being based at Maidstone and the Medway towns until February 1941 and then again from June. In November 1941 the division drove through London to join XI Corps in East Anglia. The division was now fully equipped and undergoing intensive training. In May 1942 the divisional RE attended a bridging camp at Wallingford, Oxfordshire, and in June the division was ordered to mobilise for overseas service. Middle East. During August 1942 the division moved to the embarkation ports of Liverpool and Glasgow, and sailed for the Middle"}, {"text": "East on 25 August. The fast troop convoy reached South Africa safely, but the slow convoy carrying guns and vehicles was heavily attacked by U-boats off the coast of West Africa and lost several ships. From South Africa most of the troops sailed to Bombay, while the RE drivers were sent to Egypt to collect the vehicles that had escaped the U-boats, which arrived at Suez in December. The main. body sailed from Bombay to Basra in Iraq on 4 November and then by road and rail to Kirkuk where they were joined by the drivers who had brought the transport overland from Suez. 56th Divisional RE spent the spring of 1943 training for mountain warfare, particularly bridging ravines. In March, 168th (2nd London) Brigade accompanied by 501 Fd Co was detached to Palestine. Then the rest of the division began an overland drive to join Eighth Army in Tunisia, driving some between 18 March and 19 April. An advanced party of RE officers and NCOs had gone forward earlier (covering in four days) to be attached to 51st (Highland) Infantry Division for battle experience. Tunisia. On 22 April 201 Guards Motor Brigade joined the division as temporary replacement for"}, {"text": "168 Bde, bringing with it 42 Fd Co, which became part of divisional RE for the rest of the year. Next day 56th (London) Division went into action for the first time at Enfidaville. The infantry were roughly handled, and the divisional RE suffered its first casualties, from shellfire and mines. The final attack on Tunis (Operation Strike) began on 6 May, the division meeting strong resistance before the Germans surrendered on 12 May. 56th Divisional RE built its first operational bridge (a Small Box Girder (SBG) bridge) just before the end of the fighting. By the end of the month division had been pulled back to Tripoli to train for the invasion of Italy. Divisional RE lost 10 men to an accident with Bangalore torpedoes, while Sapper Robert Southall of 221 Fd Co won a George Medal for gallantry while clearing mines. Sicily. While the rest of 56th (London) Division trained for the assault on mainland Italy, 168 Bde and 501 Fd Co took a leading part in the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) with 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division. The company had trained at the Combined Operations Training Centre at the Great Bitter Lake in Egypt, then sailed"}, {"text": "in convoy from Alexandria. 168 Brigade Group landed on 13 July (D+3), after the rest of the division had taken its objectives; 501 Fd Co disembarked dryshod on the quay at Syracuse. The company was involved in 168 Bde's failed night attack beyond Primosole Bridge on 17/18 July, and later built a Folding Boat Equipment (FBE) bridge across the River Dittano there. It was then set to clearing mines and suffered several casualties. The retreating Germans had destroyed the cliff road at Taormina, and while XXX Corps Troops, Royal Engineers bridged the gap and a tunnelling company of the Royal Canadian Engineers excavated the cliff, 2 and 3 Platoons of 501 Fd Co were tasked with mine clearance on the beach below. While reconnoitring forward they became involved in a firefight with a German patrol. The other two platoons were landed north of Taormina to begin clearance from the other side. 50th (N) Division reached Messina on 17 August, when 168 Bde Group left the division. 501 Field Co constructed an SBG bridge and prepared launching points for the assault crossing of the Straits of Messina (Operation Baytown) on 3 September. After the beachhead had been secured and Eighth Army"}, {"text": "began driving north, 168 Bde and 510 Fd Co crossed over to travel overland to rejoin 56th (L) Division, which had landed at Salerno on 9 September. Operation Avalanche. 56th (London) Division landed as the right hand half of X Corps at Salerno before dawn on 9 September 1943 in Operation Avalanche. There were few beach defences, but once ashore there was plenty of work for the sappers. 503 (London) Fd Co (\"see below\") was also present with one of the beach groups landed immediately after the first infantry waves. Bulldozer drivers from 220 Fd Co towed out seven bogged-down Sherman tanks of the Royal Scots Greys on the first morning. 221 Field Co sent a party to Montecorvino Airfield to disarm suspected demolition charges, but got involved in a firefight: the airfield was not fully cleared for several days. 563 Field Park Co came ashore during the morning and had a stores dump organised by evening. Sapper F. Martin of 563 Fd Park Co won a Military Medal (MM) for his work with a D7 armoured bulldozer, during which he was badly wounded. There was bitter fighting for 10 days along the Salerno beachhead: on 12 September 220 Fd"}, {"text": "Co took up defensive positions with its brigade when a German counter-attack threatened to break through, and on 14 September both 220 and 221 Fd Cos acted as infantry and took heavy casualties. On 22 September the Allies broke out and X Corps headed north towards Naples. Meanwhile, the divisional reconnaissance unit (44th Reconnaissance Regiment) sent a mixed pursuit force, including a platoon of 220 Fd Co, eastward along Highway 18 to make contact with Eighth Army advancing from the south. It was held up by demolitions at Battipaglia, so 220 Fd Co built the first Bailey bridge on this front. There was another blown bridge further on, so 220 Fd Co constructed a bypass while 221 Fd Co began work on a second Bailey bridge. On X Corps' main axis of advance over the Sorrento Peninsula another platoon of 220 worked 'feverishly' to repair a damaged mountain road, and road clearance and repair became a major job as the force advanced across the plain of Naples. The retreating Germans had blown every bridge across the River Sarno for inland, but 56th Division captured an intact bridge at San Mauro and continued past Naples to Capua, where the Germans were"}, {"text": "making a stand on the River Volturno. Volturno and Garigliano. The attempt to cross the Volturno began with a feint attack at Capua by 201 Guards Bde using assault boats, which was repulsed, but the neighbouring divisions got across, and 56th (L) crossed by a US-built bridge. The RE then set to work to build additional bridges, the main one being a Class 30 (30 ton load) Bailey pontoon, the first of its kind to be built operationally under fire, and something 56th Divisional Engineers had never tackled before. It became a joint effort of 220 Fd Co, 270 Fd Co from 46th Division and a corps RE company. 168 Bde Group, including 501 Fd Co, rejoined 56th (L) Division at Caserta during these operations. After the Volturno, X Corps made rapid progress up Highway 6 until it reached the Bernhardt Line in the mountains round Monte Camino. The sappers built jeep tracks through the mountains, but there was bitter fighting on Monte Camino itself that lasted until its capture on 9 December, when the division was rested. The next obstacle in front of X Corps was the lower Garigliano river south of Monte Cassino. 56th (London) Division's attack on"}, {"text": "the night of 17 January launched the . Many assault boats were sunk in the crossing, but the divisional RE built and operated rafts of varying types: 501 Fd Co providing a Class 40 Bailey pontoon ferry powered by eight outboard motors, which operated for a week without being hit by the enemy's accurate mortar fire. Two nights later construction began on a Class 40 Bailey pontoon bridge, which was completed by the evening of 20 January. However, fierce counter-attacks prevented X Corps from advancing far beyond the river. Anzio. On 30 January 168 Bde (with 501 Fd Co) was about to resume the offensive on the Garigliano when it was hurriedly withdrawn to reinforce the landing further up the coast at Anzio, which had run into trouble. On 6 February the rest of 56th Division (less 201 Gds Bde and 42 Fd Co, which now left the division) was also withdrawn from the Gariglianao and landed as reinforcements at Anzio. Much of the work for the sappers consisted of repairing roads in the bridgehead, including quarrying the necessary stone, all under heavy artillery and air bombardment. There was also a programme of laying defensive wire and minefields. The infantry"}, {"text": "were continually engaged, and by 25 February were down to less than half strength, so the engineers had to go into the fighting line while enemy counter-attacks were repulsed. On 9 March the exhausted division and 501 Fd Co were evacuated from Anzio, but 220 and 221 Fd Cos remained behind working on roads and quarrying until 18 March. 56th Division now went back to Egypt for rest. While driving south to Taranto to embark, the divisional engineers spent a day bulldozing the road clear of volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. On arrival at Port Said the division went into camp, leave was granted, and RE training resumed at various locations in Palestine and Syria. On 10 July the refitted division left Port Said to return to Taranto, from where it was sent to join V Corps with Eighth Army on the Adriatic coast of Italy. Gothic Line. Massive engineering works were required in preparation for Eighth Army's assault on the Gothic Line (Operation Olive), including opening up two heavily demolished roads and erecting 40 separate Bailey bridges, of which 220 and 510 Fd Cos built one apiece near Pergola. V Corps opened the attack on 25"}, {"text": "August, and by 1 September the Gothic Line had been cracked open, but 56th (L) Division coming up from reserve still had hard fighting at Monte Capello, Montefiore Conca village and the Gemmano ridge. During the Battle of Gemmano one RE bulldozer was forced by a German counter-attack to retreat down the ridge at speed, towing out a bogged jeep ambulance as it went. Eventually, 56th (L) Division bypassed the Gemmano ridge and crossed the Conca river, and finally took Gemmano village on 9 September. After a short rest, the division advanced on 16 September and fought its way to the swollen Fiumicino river by the beginning of October. At Savignano 501 Fd Co built a major bridge nicknamed 'Itsonitsoff' because the operation was 'on' and 'off' so many times during the week of fighting to secure the bridging site. By 7 October 56th (L) Division was exhausted and withdrawn, together with 563 Fd Park Co, while the field companies and 563's bridging platoon remained working in the line a few days longer. Argenta Gap. In the middle of December the division returned to the line, moving via Forl\u00ec to Faenza, where it spent the winter months, divisional RE working"}, {"text": "on road maintenance, mine clearance, and repairing the floodbanks of the River Lamone. For 56th (L) Division the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy began on 5 April with an operation to clear a triangle of ground between the River Reno and the south-west corner of Comacchio Lagoon. 220 Field Co built a Class 40 and a Class 12 raft at dusk, ready to be towed into position, when No 1 Platoon would cross with the infantry. Then 221 and 501 Fd Cos were to build a Bailey pontoon bridge at dawn the following day. The infantry assault went in at 23.00 and early on 6 April a tug pulled the Class 40 raft up, to be loaded with a bulldozer. Unfortunately there were still Germans dug in on the far bank, who sank the raft with an anti-tank (A/T) rocket, the dozer driver being drowned. In the subsequent firefight and recovery attempts led by the CRE, Lieutenant-Colonel R.E.C. Hughes, the OCs of 220, 501 and 563 Cos, and the Regimental Sergeant Major all became casualties. After a tank shelled the Germans, the post surrendered to Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes. The sappers then cleared dozens of mines from the approaches to allow the"}, {"text": "pontoon bridge to be built. On the night of 10/11 April 56th Division launched Operation Impact Plain to widen the bridgehead and open the 'Argenta Gap', for which the divisional RE had been reinforced by a company of the African Pioneer Corps and by Royal Army Service Corps troops transporting bridging equipment and dozers, and driving tipper lorries. Prior to the assault 56th Divisional RE built two Bailey bridges to allow amphibious LVTs known as 'Fantails' to reach their assembly area, then following behind the advance built several bridges across the network of irrigation and drainage canals. On 15 April 501 Fd Co put up a FBE bridge and 221 Fd Co a Bailey. 56th Division renewed the attack that day, and on 16 April it took Bastia in Operation Impact Royal. However, it was held up at the Marina Canal. During 17 April 501 Fd Co was employed making a diversion route across country to the canal. Next day the divisional RE began to dam the canal, but handed the work over to 8th Army Troops RE in order to keep up with its division as the advance accelerated. On 25 April the division reached the River Po. This"}, {"text": "was a formidable obstacle, but 56th (L) Division planned to make an assault crossing that night using LVTs and storm boats, while 220 and 221 Fd Cos built and operated three Class 9 close support rafts and two Class 40 rafts; there was also a Class 50/60 raft built and operated by H Assault Squadron of 2nd Armoured Regiment, RE. 501 Field Co supported 169 Bde in the assault and built ramps for the LVTs. In the event the infantry got across by storm boat in the afternoon to occupy Crespino, and the river assault after nightfall was almost unopposed. The Class 50/60 raft had arrived without motors, so the engines from close support rafts had to be used for it, reducing the number available. The division pushed on to the Adige, where 501 Fd Co found a suitable bridging site near Rovigo and began a pontoon Bailey, which it then handed over to 221 Fd Co and 564 Fd Co of V Corps Troops RE for completion. 56th (London) Division and 2nd New Zealand Division were given the task of capturing Venice, which they did on 28 April after a brief action. The war in Italy ended on 2"}, {"text": "May with the Surrender of Caserta. 56th (London) Divisional RE remained in the area of Trieste and Pula, building camps, frontier posts and hospitals, until they were disbanded in the summer of 1946. 47th (London) Divisional RE. The 2nd Line divisional RE mobilised with its HQ at the Duke of York's HQ and its men scattered around houses in Cadogan Gardens, Chelsea. The recruits had at least benefited from attendance at the 1st Line's 1939 summer camp. Almost immediately, 501 Fd Co formed at Chelsea transferred to 1st London Division, the other 2nd Line companies forming at New Barnet. While under training there, 503 Fd Co laid a water main to nearby Hatfield House to allow it to be used as an emergency hospital. In January 1940 the companies moved to St Albans, and then each was given responsibility for bomb disposal across a county: 502 Cambridgeshire, 503 Northamptonshire, 504 Bedfordshire. They were then moved round the Midlands until June when they accompanied the division to South Wales on anti-invasion duty (HQRE at Hay-on-Wye, 502 at Carmarthen, 503 at Porthcawl and 504 at Skenfrith). The division was converted from a motor to an infantry division, requiring an additional field company,"}, {"text": "and was joined by 222 Fd Co. After Dunkirk, \"see above\" 222 Fd Co had reformed with the rest of II CTRE at Blandford Camp in Dorset, going into billets round Sutton Veny in Wiltshire; it now moved to a tented camp at Kington, Herefordshire, to join the 2nd London Division.) As part of the anti-invasion preparations, the companies were set to manufacturing 'Molotov cocktail' petrol bombs in large quantities for the Home Guard. In the autumn they were moved into winter quarters: 222 at Leominster, 502 at Stourbridge and 504 at Rugeley; 503 remained at Skenfrith with the field park under cover at Blackbrook House. On 21 November the 2nd London Division officially became 47th (London) Division. In February 1941 it moved to the South Coast of England, with HQRE at Hurstpierpoint and the companies with their brigade groups: 222 at Haywards Heath then Worthing, 502 at Chichester, 503 at Withdean and 504 at Billingshurst. The sappers were tasked with re-laying and plotting the minefields that had been hurriedly laid during the previous summer's invasion scare, and suffered some casualties from this dangerous work. They also demolished coastal bungalows to improve fields of fire, and installed hidden bridges round"}, {"text": "RAF Tangmere to allow for rapid counter-attack in case it was attacked by enemy paratroops. In July the division was moved back from the coast into reserve, with HQRE at West Hoathly, 222 at Cuckfield, 502 at Goodwood, 503 at Chelwood Gate, and 504 at Crawley with Three Bridges railway station yard as its stores depot. The sappers constructed a divisional battle HQ in the grounds of Knepp Castle near West Grinstead, while the field park set up a production line for blackout screens. The winter quarters that year were at Winchester (HQRE, with 222 at Cottesmore School), Sparsholt (502 at Northwood House), Sheffield Park (503) and Bishop's Waltham (504, with the station sidings for the RE dump). In December 1941 the division was placed on a lower establishment, though still with an operational role in Home Forces. 503 Field Co left on 29 November 1941 (\"see below\"), and 504 Fd Park Co was reduced to field stores section in January 1942. In January 1943 502 Fd Co moved to 80th Infantry (Reserve) Division in North Wales; it later transferred to 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division and remained with it in the UK until the end of the war. By now"}, {"text": "47th (London) Divisional RE consisted solely of 222 Fd Co. It was joined by a new 601 Fd Co on 5 February and by 179 Fd Co (which had served as a tunnelling company in Gibraltar) on 8 February. 179 Field Co left the division on 22 September 1943 and was replaced by 507 Fd Co from 148 Bde Group. On 2 October 1943 222 Fd Co left (\"see below\"), breaking the last link between the division and its original London engineers. In January 1944 the division was downgraded to reserve status, but it was given a third field company once more when 93 Fd Co (converted from a chemical warfare company) joined on 20 April 1944. However, on 30 July 1944 all three field companies (93, 507, 610) and the field stores section left (probably disbanded), and 47th (London) Division was dispersed in August 1944. 76th Infantry (Reserve) Division was redesignated 47th Infantry (Reserve) Division on 1 September, bringing with it 250 (East Anglian) Fd Co together with a field stores platoon. Finally, 507 Fd Co returned on 29 January 1945, together with 649 Fd Co. 222 Assault Squadron. In October 1943 222 Fd Co left 47th (L) Division"}, {"text": "and was converted into an Assault Squadron to join 42nd Assault Regiment, RE, in 1st Assault Brigade, RE, of 79th Armoured Division at Aldeburgh in Suffolk. The rest of the regiment comprised Lancashire RE squadrons from the disbanded 42nd Armoured Division. The regiment was to be equipped with the Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). 222 Assault Sqn was joined by about 40 tank drivers from the Royal Armoured Corps and began training at Orford Battle Area. Although the regiment trained hard in its new role, it was not until April 1944 that the first production Churchill AVREs arrived. 42nd Assault Rgt was not committed on D Day, and remained in reserve, with 222 Assault Sqn quartered at Woodbridge, moving in July 1944 to Worthing for final training before embarkation. It landed at Juno Beach on 17 August and for the next week the whole of 1st Assault Bde was concentrated at the River Orne for training on the new Class 50/60 tank raft. Le Havre. 42nd Assault Rgt went into action in Operation Astonia to capture Le Havre on the evening of 10 September. Each attacking infantry brigade was supported by an"}, {"text": "assault team from 79th Armoured Division: a mixed group of Churchill AVREs, Sherman Crab mine flails and Churchill Crocodile flamethrowing tanks. Part of 222 Assault Sqn provided AVREs for 56 Bde while 2 Troop was with 146 Bde, both of 49th (West Riding) Division. Three of the chosen lanes of attack crossed the fortress's A/T ditch. For these the regiment employed bridgelayer tanks and the AVRE 'Conger' mine clearance device (a flexible hose filled with liquid explosive) for its first use in action. An AVRE of 222 Assault Sqn deployed an older AVRE 'Snake' (utilising a rigid pipe instead of a flexible pipe), but this exploded as it was pushed across the ditch. The AVRE was then put out of action reversing over a mine, and the following bridgelaying AVRE also struck a mine. Thus the 'Hazel' lane through the defences had to be abandoned. In another lane the SBG bridge on the AVRE was hit and fell. A reserve bridge was brought up but was hit from the ditch. The AVRE crew dismounted and under heavy fire succeeded after 20 minutes in winching it into position. Several AVREs were knocked out by 88 mm A/T guns, but the remainder"}, {"text": "silenced enemy guns and used their Petard mortars against concrete positions. Once the town was entered, 2 Trp of 222 Sqn pushed on with 146 Bde to take Harfleur, destroying A/T guns and roadblocks as they went. At one point the AVREs used their petards to fell trees and fill in a ditch. The capture of Le Havre was completed on 12 September. Low Countries. 79th Armoured Division's squadrons with their varied equipment (the 'Funnies') were often widely scattered and rarely under regimental control. On 4 November 51st (Highland) Division attacked towards 's-Hertogenbosch with support from 79th Division, including a troop of 222 Assault Sqn, which transported an SBG bridge across of difficult terrain and laid it successfully over a ditch to allow armour to cross. Offensive operations came to a virtual halt during the winter, and 222 Aslt Sqn rested at Waterscheide. Early in 1945 the squadron took part in Operation Blackcock to clear the Roer Triangle. On 17 January a troop laid three bridges for 7th Armoured Division's attack on Susteren, while the other two troops operated with two columns formed by 8th Armoured Bde and 52nd (Lowland) Division. Captain Herbert Baynton-Jones of 222 Sqn supporting 4th/7th Dragoon"}, {"text": "Guards was awarded a Military Cross (MC) for dismounting to take control of an RE mineclearing detachment and then leading his troop of AVREs to attack a village with their petards. Germany. 42nd Assault Rgt next participated in the Battle of the Reichswald (Operation Veritable). On 8 February 222 Assault Sqn supported 51st (Highland) Division, which advanced down three lanes cleared by flails. In each lane the flails were followed by two AVRE bridgelayers and two carrying Fascines. In the right hand lane all went well; the centre lane was blocked by a knocked-out flail tank, but the AVREs completed a fascine crossing by the evening; the third lane was impassable due to mud. Captain D. Hamilton, OC 1 Trp, was awarded an MC for this operation. On 13/14 February 51st HD crossed the River Niers and took Heijin, where 222 Aslt Sqn bridged a crater and destroyed a roadblock, then laid a bridge that allowed the division to enter Hommersum. 222 Assault Sqn next helped 51st HD to capture Hervorst on 17 February; during the fighting 3 Trp attacked and destroyed a large pillbox with petards. Then on 19\u201320 March the squadron helped 51st HD capture Goch, penetrating the"}, {"text": "defences and reducing pillboxes. While Veritable continued, 42 Assault Rgt was withdrawn to Nijmegen to train for the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder), particularly operating Class 50/60 rafts. These consisted of five linked pontoons supporting a section of roadway to ferry a tank. For the final stretch of their journey to the riverbank, the heavy pontoons on sledges were towed by AVREs. Once launched, the ferries were hauled to and fro across the river by RAF Barrage balloon winches. For the crossing on the night of 23/24 March, 42nd Assault Rgt was assigned to 15th (Scottish) Division leading XII Corps' attack at Xanten. Having hauled their pontoons through the mud, 42nd Assault Rgt began assembling its rafts at 02.45 on 24 March, and had three operational by 21.00 that night. Two ferry points were used, each with two rafts; 222 Assault Sqn and half of 81 Assault Sqn operated the ferry point codenamed 'Abdullah'. The regiment ran its ferries until the afternoon of 26 March when a Bailey bridge was completed (by 503 Fd Co, \"see below\"), during which period it carried 311 tanks and self-propelled guns and a few wheeled vehicles. After the Rhine crossing, 21st Army Group fanned out"}, {"text": "over North Germany towards the River Elbe. 222 Assault Sqn was in Second Army Reserve, then supported 3rd Division in crossing the flooded approaches to Bremen, using their petards to flush defenders out of strongpoints, and skid Baileys to cross breaches in the causeways. Most of Bremen was in British hands by 27 April. 21st Army Group continued its advance until the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath on 4 May, when the squadron had reached Baden, Lower Saxony. It was intended to reorganise 42 Assault Rgt for service in the Far East, but this was cancelled after the Surrender of Japan, and 222 Aslt Sqn was disbanded at Garlstorf in Germany. 223 (London) Field Park Company. After evacuation from Dunkirk the scattered parties of this company were gathered at Ripon in Yorkshire and then reformed at Barnsley in late June. It was sent to Penge to work on the defences of London alongside civilian contractors and military labour. During the London Blitz the company also dealt with unexploded bombs and assisted the Civil Defence Service, Auxiliary Fire Service, police and Home Guard. In 1941 the company moved to Pinner and then Cockfosters in North London, where it was engaged in"}, {"text": "general works and training the Home Guard. It was disbanded in February 1942. 503 (London) Field Company. After 503 Fd Co left 47th Divisional RE on 29 November 1941 it joined London District Troops RE, and was billeted in St Aloysius College, Highgate. For a year it trained as a normal field company, affiliated to 32 Independent Guards Bde. In 1942 it accompanied the brigade to Saunton Sands in Devon for training. It then became a posting unit for RE personnel who were unable to go overseas with their units, but in December 1942 it received 60 per cent reinforcements and mobilised for overseas service itself as an independent field company. On 16 January 1943 it embarked at Glasgow aboard the RMS \"Arundel Castle\" for the Middle East. It disembarked at Port Tewfik in April and went into training in Egypt. While there it built a pontoon bridge in 24 hours to replace one damaged by a ship. Italy. The company next went to Gaza to join 35 Beach Group, in training as a reserve unit for Operation Husky. It was then assigned to Operation Avalanche, the landing at Salerno (\"see above\"). It was transported by road and sea to"}, {"text": "Algeria, concentrating at Bougie. Company Sergeant Major L.J. King was awarded a George Medal for rescuing some gunners from a vehicle whose ammunition was burning after a bombing raid. 35 Beach Group landed at Salerno on 9 September immediately after the leading infantry. The sappers' task was to lay Sommerfeld tracking and create roads across the beach to the intended supply dumps, as well as clear minefields. They suffered numerous casualties from shellfire, and won an MBE, two MCs and two MMs during the beachhead fighting. After the armies moved north, 503 Fd Co remained at Salerno for the rest of the year, carrying out municipal and civil engineering, repairing the sewer system and the airfield, and operating a stone quarry for the usual road repairs. Formally, 503 Fd Co was now part of 14th GHQ Troops RE.Early in January 1944 the company moved north to the Volturno, then to Teano near Naples. In early March the company was withdrawn and sailed from Naples to the UK Normandy. The company landed at Liverpool, and after leave and training joined 7th Army Troops RE. This group of sapper units was earmarked for Operation Overlord (\"see above\"). It landed in Normandy on"}, {"text": "D+6, and one of its first tasks was to construct a road to bypass the congested town centre of Bayeux. This was wide between side drains, with a roadway wide chiefly composed of Sommerfeld track and chestnut paling covered with sand and gravel. The company then moved to Caen on bridge and road maintenance, losing casualties to enemy snipers. After 21st Army Group's breakout from the Normandy beachhead 7th Army TRE went to bridge the Seine, but 503 Fd Co was not involved. Instead it went to camouflage the oil tanks erected for the Pluto oil pipeline at Boulogne and clear mines in the area. They also cleared beach obstacles at Ambleteuse and at Ostend once that port had been captured, losing further casualties in this dangerous work. Holland and Germany. 503 Field Co spent the winter of 1944\u201345 in South Holland on bridge and road maintenance. At Gennep in February it participated with 7th ATRE in building the longest Class 40 Bailey bridge yet constructed, ( including the approach viaducts across the floods at each end), followed in March by a Class 40 floating Bailey at Well, Limburg, and a Class 70 high level pontoon bridge at Venlo. For"}, {"text": "the Rhine crossing (Operation Plunder, \"see above\") 503 Fd Co and 7th ATRE built a Class 40 tactical pontoon Bailey at Xanten, utilising an existing ferry site. Craters in the ferry approach road had to be filled by tipper trucks before zero hour while the barrage was being fired, but the bridge was built in 31 hours, the first one completed during the operation. It carried 29,139 vehicles in the next six days as 21st Army Group advanced across Germany. 503 Field Co was then ordered to M\u00fcnster, but while the rest of 7th ATRE advanced to bridge the Elbe, the company was diverted back into Holland to join HQ Netherland Force, just before VE Day. Over the following months the company was engaged in rehabilitation work in the liberated area, principally bridging rivers and canals, installing Bailey bridges with lifting sections. It also trained 5 Engineer Company of the Royal Netherlands Army in Bailey bridging, and supervised German Prisoners of War clearing mines on the Frisian Islands. 503 Field Co remained in Holland until November 1945 and was eventually disbanded in Minden, Germany. Postwar. When the TA was reconstituted on 1 May 1947, the 56th (London) Divisional RE initially"}, {"text": "reformed as Y Regiment, RE, then taking its seniority (from 1st Middlesex Engineers) as the senior TA RE regiment, it was numbered 101 Field Engineer Regiment, RE, with HQ in a modern building at DOYHQ in Chelsea. It was the divisional engineer regiment for 56th (London) Division, which served as an armoured division from 1947 until 1956, and as an infantry division until disbandment in 1961. 101 Field Engineer Rgt received the 'London' designation in 1954. In addition, the former 47th (London) Divisional RE together with the former London Corps TRE (descended from the Tower Hamlets Engineers) formed 121 Construction Regiment, RE, based at Chelsea with the following organisation: The regiment became 121 Army Engineer Regiment in 1951 and was disbanded in 1961. Following absorption of part of 121 Construction Rgt on 1 July 1950, 101 Field Engineer Rgt had the following organisation: When the TA was reduced in 1961, 56th Division was disbanded and the regiment became 101 (London) Corps Engineer Rgt in 27 Engineer Group. It retained only a single squadron (222), but absorbed the remainder of the disbanded 121 Construction Rgt as 324 Field Sqn: When the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve"}, {"text": "(TAVR) in 1967 the regiment was disbanded and its personnel became C Company in 10th Battalion, Queen's Regiment (Middlesex), while 324 Fd Sqn's men joined the Surrey Yeomanry (Queen Mary's). However, a new 101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment formed in 1988 revived its name and heritage. In 1993, 590 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) Squadron in 101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment was redesignated 221 Field Squadron (EOD) to perpetuate one of the 47th's squadrons. Ceremonial. Uniforms and insignia. The 1st Middlesex EVC wore RE uniform \u2013 a Busby with white plume supported by a 'grenade' badge, scarlet tunic, and blue trousers with broad red stripe \u2013 but all badges, buckles, piping and lace were silver or white rather than gold or yellow. The 'RE' cipher on accoutrements was replaced by 'EV'; in 1871 the unit adopted a new 'grenade' badge with the Royal arms and '1 M.E.V.' lettering. A Kilmarnock Bonnet was worn instead of the busby in working dress. In 1880 the blue Home Service helmet replaced the busby, with silver helmet plate, spike and chains in place of the RE's brass. Khaki service dress was adopted for training after the Second Boer War. Until 1908 the RE cap"}, {"text": "badge with 'Royal Engineer Volunteers' on the lower scroll was worn by volunteer units; however, the unit's Boer War memorial shows a crowned grenade badge over the letters 'RE /(V)/1st Middlesex', with the scroll showing 'Pro Patria'. The TF units of the RE continued to wear silver badges and buttons in full dress, but 2nd London Divisional RE was granted the distinction of gold or gilt in 1909. During the First World War, sappers wore the formation signs of their divisions, the eight-pointed white star on a blue ground of the 47th, and the black bee on a yellow ground of the 60th. During the Second World War, the 1st London (56th) Division adopted a black silhouette of Dick Whittington's cat on a red ground as its formation sign, leading to its nickname of the 'Black Cats'. 2nd London (47th) Division used a bow of ribbon supporting two bells (for Bow Bells) in red on black, designed by Corporal Valder of 504 Fd Park Co (both badges appear on the war memorial in St Luke's Church). When 222 Assault Sqn joined 79th Armoured Division it not only adopted the divisional badge of a black and white bull's head on an"}, {"text": "inverted yellow triangle, but also the regimental sign of 42nd Assault Regiment: a red diamond with a white centre, derived from 42nd Armoured Division. From 1948 56th (London) Armoured Division wore a blue knight's helmet superimposed on the upright red sword of St Paul (from the Coat of arms of the City of London), which 56th Division had worn in the First World War, but in 1951 it resumed the black cat, now with the red sword superimposed. 101 Field Engineer Rgt wore this until the division was disbanded in 1961, thereafter it wore the gold grenade on blue ground of 27 Engineer Group. Affiliations. In 1951 the regiment was adopted by the Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea, 220 Fd Sqn by the Municipal Borough of Heston and Isleworth, and 221 Fd Sqn by the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell. The Freedom of the Borough of Chelsea was conferred on the regiment in 1960 and the subtitle 'Chelsea' was granted to 222 Sqn after the regiment was reduced in 1961. In 1962 the regiment was adopted by the Worshipful Company of Paviors, which supported the civil engineering industry. Commanders. Commanding Officers. The following officers commanded the 1st Middlesex Engineers: \"47th (2nd London)"}, {"text": "Divisional Engineers\"<br> The following served as Commanding Royal Engineer (CRE), of 2nd London Division (later 47th): \"60th (2/2nd London) Divisional Engineers\"<br> The following served as CRE of 2/2nd London Division (later 60th): \"56th (London) Divisional Engineers\"<br> The following served as CRE of 1st London Division (later 56th): \"47th (London) Divisional Engineers\"<br> The following served as CRE of 2nd London Division (later 47th): \"101 (London) Field Engineer Regiment\"<br> The following commanded the regiment: Honorary colonels. The following officers served as honorary colonel of the unit: Memorials. An incised stone memorial plaque surmounted by the then badge of the 1st Middlesex RE Volunteers, commemorating the five sappers who died during the Second Boer War, is fixed to the north interior wall of St Luke's Church, Chelsea. The 2nd London Divisional Royal Engineers are listed on the London Troops Memorial, erected after the First World War, in front of the Royal Exchange, London (an addition for the Second World War was made to this memorial in 1955). There was also a bronze memorial listing the unit's 1914\u201318 losses at its drill hall. Two wooden memorial crosses erected at High Wood and Eaucourt l'Abbaye by carpenters of 517th (1/3rd London) Field Company in February"}, {"text": "1918 were falling into disrepair by 1925, when they were replaced in stone. The restored wooden crosses were preserved at the Duke of York's Headquarters in London (the former divisional HQRE) until that building was sold in 2003, and are now at Connaught House, the HQ of the London Irish Rifles at Flodden Road, Camberwell. A stone plaque bearing the formation badges of 56th (1st London) and 47th (2nd London) Divisions and listing all the 1st and 2nd Line field companies that served in 1939\u201345 was unveiled in the inner porch of St Luke's Church in 1960."}, {"text": "Rafael dos Santos Resende (born 5 March 2000), commonly known as Rafael Resende, is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Auda. Honours. Calicut FC"}, {"text": "Dorothy May Pine (1920\u20132011) was an American woman who is likely the first woman in the world to travel to every country. She was born on April 24, 1920, in Lawrence, Kansas and in later life \"when asked what her favorite destination in the world was, her answer would always be Lawrence, Kansas\". She had a degree in nutrition from the University of Kansas and was a member of the Kappa Phi sorority. Her husband was a naval aviator, and the couple lived on many naval bases around the world. In retirement they traveled extensively and in 2006 they were recognised by the Colorado Senate and Colorado House of Representatives as the world's most traveled couple. She died on August 16, 2011, having suffered from Alzheimer's disease in her last years."}, {"text": "\"Satish\" is a song by American rapper Tee Grizzley, released on September 20, 2019, as the lead single from his album \"The Smartest\", through the label Grizzley Gang Music Group. Background. On August 20, 2019, Tee Grizzley's aunt and manager, Jobina Satish Brown was murdered in Detroit, Michigan when a gunman approached Grizzley's car and opened fire. Brown was sitting in the back seat. The name of the song, \"Satish\", comes from Brown's middle name. Throughout the song, Grizzley raps about his grief for the loss of his aunt and expresses his anger towards her killer."}, {"text": "Elidio De Paoli (born 26 August 1948 in Rezzato) is an Italian politician. Biography. De Paoli was elected Senator for the first time in 1992, among the ranks of the Lombard Alpine League, and re-confirmed in the 1994 general election too. In 1996, he was a candidate with the League for Autonomy \u2013 Lombard Alliance, but he failed in his bid to be elected. In the 1999 election, he was a candidate for the European Parliament for the Pensioners' Party. In 2001, he was elected to the Senate again and held office until 2006. On the occasion of the 2006 general election, he signed a pact with The Union, a political coalition led by Romano Prodi. De Paoli failed to be elected to the Senate, but his party was decisive for the electoral victory of the coalition, so he was appointed Undersecretary for Sport in the second Prodi government."}, {"text": "Louise Koppe, officially Catherine Laurence Koppe, was a 19th-century French feminist writer and journalist, and the founder of France's first maternity home. She was born on May 4, 1846 in the former 4th arrondissement of Paris and died on May 31, 1900 in the 19th arrondissement of Paris. Biography. Koppe was born into a modest family. Her father was a tailor and her mother died when Koppe was aged 8. Koppe was raised in a boarding school in the Oise department. At the age of 18, she married Louis Armand R\u00e9toux, with whom she had five children. She experienced the 1871 Paris Commune at the age of 20 and met author Victor Hugo and discovered his literature with emotion, which certainly influenced her social commitment. In 1894, Koppe joined the Masonic lodge \"Le Droit Humain\" that was founded in 1893. She was one of the first feminist members of the lodge. In 1878, she took part to the International Congress of Women's Rights in Paris. She enjoyed writing and founded several newspapers in which her poems, articles and theater plays were published. Maternity is a recurring theme in Koppe's work. In 1879, she founded the newspaper \"La Femme de France\""}, {"text": "that became \"La Femme dans la famille et dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9\" and then \"La Femme et l'enfant\" in 1882. Louise Koppe died in May 1900. Her three daughters Ang\u00e8le, Mathilde and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne-Victoria kept developing her work. Maternity home. In 1891, Koppe founded the first maternity home on in Paris, to host children of mothers in distress. In 1930, a silent short film was shot by anonymous Gaumont employees to present the home."}, {"text": "Harry Waldow (1887\u20131969) was an American artist who spent much of his professional life in Tran\u00e5s, Sweden. Born in Dayton, Ohio in 1887 to a British architect father and a Mexican mother, Waldow left his family home and the United States at age 15. He went first to England to seek out his paternal grandmother, but she rejected him. At 17, he began studying art in London, later continuing his studies in Amsterdam and Paris. He traveled around Europe and eventually ended up in Sweden, where he settled in the small town of Tran\u00e5s in 1923. Waldow was an active artist in southern Sweden and held solo exhibitions in Tran\u00e5s and Karlshamn. He participated in the 1914 Baltic Exhibition in Malm\u00f6 and in a few group exhibitions of provincial art. He gave one newspaper interview in his lifetime, for the \"\u00d6stg\u00f6ta Correspondenten\" in 1947. His art consists of symbolic figurative paintings, realistic still lifes and landscape paintings, particularly featuring Lake Sommen in oils, gouache, watercolors or sketches. A beloved Tran\u00e5s figure, Waldow's work is featured at the Tran\u00e5s health clinic and in several other places in the Municipality of Tran\u00e5s. References. Svenskt konstn\u00e4rslexikon volume V, pg 557, Allhems F\u00f6rlag, Malm\u00f6."}, {"text": "Libris 8390293"}, {"text": "Government Science College, Jabalpur is an educational institute situated in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. It was established in 1836, making it one of the oldest colleges in India. It has been accredited with grade 'A' by NAAC. The University Grants Commission (UGC) granted it autonomous status in 1990 and heritage status in 2015. Academics. Government Science College, Jabalpur (MP) India has undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programmes; offering Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Computer Applications,Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in natural sciences, formal sciences, exact sciences and applied sciences. Alumni. The notable alumni of the college include:"}, {"text": "John Popelard (born 24 November 1985) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Championnat National 2 club Chantilly. Career. Chambly. Popelard joined Chambly in 2010, when they were in the Championnat National 3 and helped them to repeated promotions until they reached the professional Ligue 2 in 2019. He made his professional debut with the club in a 0\u20130 Ligue 2 tie with Sochaux on 18 October 2019. After relegation from the Ligue 2 in the 2020\u201321 season, Popelard decided to quit Chambly, where he had spent his entire career. Beauvais. In June 2021, Popelard signed for Championnat National 2 club Beauvais."}, {"text": "Adel Wgdan Mahmood Al Chadli (; born 13 April 2000) is a Yemeni footballer who plays for Emirates as a winger. Early life. Al Chadli was born in Aden, Yemen, but moved to Switzerland as a child. He is the son of former South Yemen and Yemen international footballer Wagdan Shadli, while his brother, Wajd Al Chadli, also plays football, and formerly played for Sion. Club career. Al Chadli began his footballing career with Swiss side Montreux-Sports at the age of six, where he reportedly attracted offers from English side Manchester United, as well as French sides Olympique Lyonnais and Paris Saint-Germain. He spent a short period of time training with Lyon in 2012. In 2014, he moved to the United Arab Emirates to join Al Ahli. He returned to Switzerland and joined Lausanne-Sport for a short stint, before joining Sion, where he featured once for the club's reserve team in the 2017\u201318 season. He returned to the United Arab Emirates in 2018, joining UAE Pro League side Shabab Al-Ahli Dubai. After impressive performances with Al-Ahli's youth teams, scoring twenty goals in forty-four games, he was invited to trial with Spanish side Barcelona in 2019. The following year, after a"}, {"text": "handful of appearances for Al-Ahli, he suffered an injury to his right metatarsal, which required surgery in April 2021. In August 2022, he signed with fellow UAE Pro League side Ittihad Kalba on a season-long loan. International career. Al Chadli was called up to the Switzerland under-18 team in 2018. In doing so, he became the first Yemeni footballer to become naturalised and feature for a European team."}, {"text": "The Pak-Age-Car Corporation (originally Pac-Kar) was a Chicago-based company building a small walk-in delivery van from 1926 until 1941. The truck was designed to replicate what a horse-drawn delivery carriage could do, and looked a little like a horse-drawn wagon without the animal. The company belonged to the Mechanical Manufacturing Company of Chicago, and from 1927 on they were distributed through the Stutz dealer network. Stutz Motor Company took over the company wholesale in 1932, hoping that the truck would save the failing company. The Pak-Age-Car company was not enough for Stutz to pin their hopes on. After Stutz's bankruptcy Auburn Central Company took over the Pak-Age-Car rights in 1938, moving the production line to their underutilized plant in Connersville, Indiana. Within a year, Auburn transferred the sales and service to Diamond T while retaining the Pak-Age-Car manufacture. With Auburn Central Company as well as Diamond T focusing on wartime production, Pak-Age-Car manufacture was halted for good in 1941. Of the circa 3,500 built, only about ten Pak-Age-Cars are thought still to exist. Six are Stutz-made ones and the remaining four Diamond Ts. Working vehicles generally do not survive at the same ratio as passenger vehicles, and being built in"}, {"text": "an age before mechanical cooling systems Pak-Age-Cars delivering perishables were usually packed with ice to keep them cool. As a result of the melting ice, they quickly rusted away from the inside out. Early history. The concept was developed by two men named Oldfield and Rollston, both of Chicago, with the intent of providing a direct replacement for the horse. As late as 1933, Stutz's marketing material still contained a direct comparison with the horse. The first prototype was called the Pac-Kar, and was finished in 1925. Production commenced in 1926, on a small scale, but with very little financial backing the company did not build many vehicles in spite of continuous improvement and development. The company building these trucks changed names repeatedly, starting out as the Package Car Corporation, becoming the Mechanical Manufacturing Company, and finally Northern Motors, Inc. Several of these firms had connections with the Swift meatpacking empire, likely aiding the company in moving inventory. The original version was narrow, with a cab wide and a completely flat front end. The driver stood, there being no seat, and could exit either side of the doorless cab for speedy deliveries. Brakes, clutch, and throttle were all hand operated,"}, {"text": "with levers either side of the cab. The very square body was of a frameless steel and wood sandwich construction and sat on a wheelbase, with the front wheels projecting about halfway in front of the cabin. The engine was a 7-horsepower horizontally opposed two-cylinder made by the Hercules Engine Company. The entire drivetrain was designed as a quickly removable module for ease of repair. The manufacturer said it took only 15 minutes to swap the drivetrain package; this could be carried out with no effect on the payload. Stutz era. Stutz sales were stagnant through the 1920s; picking up the Pak-Age-Car distribution in 1927 added some much-needed business. Stutz sales collapsed entirely with the Depression and in an effort to stay afloat, on 15 November 1932 Stutz took a controlling interest in the troubled Pak-Age-Car company and promptly moved the manufacture to their Indianapolis plant, with manufacture beginning by March 1933. These were redesigned by Stutz: sitting on a wheelbase the sheet metal received rounded corners, it enclosed the rear wheels, and the front edge of the roof tapered down somewhat. The hand controls remained and the front wheels still acted in lieu of a front bumper. The overall"}, {"text": "effect was still that of a box with wheels. Instead of the early two-cylinder, the first Stutz Pak-Age-Car was now equipped with American Austin four-cylinder, engines (a change which may have taken place as early as 1930) and also facelifted. In January 1935, Stutz announced that they would no longer build passenger cars, focusing their efforts entirely on the Pak-Age-Car. Stutz believed it possible, even announcing new hiring in November 1935 to meet anticipated demand for the Pak-Age-Car. They also redesigned and reengineered it for the 1936 model year, giving it a new, more conventional look with a V-shaped front with a split windshield and attached front fenders. The engine, still in a convenient module, was switched to a four-cylinder Hercules IXA unit of . Weight for the new Model 90 was up from the original , with payload ranging from . The new design also offered the option of sliding side doors as well as different rear door layouts. Stutz also presented a long-wheelbase version at the 1936 National Bakers' Conference. The wheelbase was extended to and the provision of a driver's seat was made. On May 3, 1936, Stutz announced that ex-Marmon man George H. Freers was the"}, {"text": "Package Car Company's new Chief Engineer. His tenure was not long, as Stutz filed for bankruptcy in April 1937. With firm orders for over 400 vehicles and decent prospects for more, company management hoped that the Pak-Age-Car would be able to save the company. The courts disagreed, and liquidation plans were offered in August 1937. With the court's permission, another 100 Pak-Age-Cars were finished that November to fill standing orders. There were plans to form a new, separate company to continue manufacture in the old Stutz premises, but they came to nought. The rights to the Pak-Age-Car then reverted to Northern Motors of Chicago, who sold the company to Auburn in August 1938, transferring the rights and the tooling to Indiana. Stutz was liquidated in April 1939. Diamond T era. On August 25, 1938 the new Pak-Age-Car Corporation was formed by Auburn Central Manufacturing Corporation \u2014 what remained of the A-C-D empire. Auburn's vice-president, Roy H. Faulkner, was the president of the new company. After their own recent bankruptcy, Auburn did not have any sales network left to speak of, and in March 1939 they announced that service and distribution of the Pak-Age-Car would henceforth be carried out by Diamond"}, {"text": "T while the manufacture remained in their Connersville plant. The Auburn Central Manufacturing Corporation took over the Pak-Age-Car trademark in December 1938, stating that the company was in the business of manufacturing vehicles, excluding engines. Production had recommenced on October 15, 1938, along with some minor changes, including a switch to engines made by Auburn-owned Lycoming. These were the CT type L-head engine, although some sources indicate that the DC type was fitted. The rear axle was from the Columbia Axle Company, another Auburn subsidiary. The two wheelbases offered remained as before, and the Auburn-made cars can easily be recognized by having rounded corners and distinct rubber gaskets on the windshields. The Auburn-made cars also have different steel wheels with slightly larger hubcaps. They were marketed as the Model 91 and Model 117, respectively. Some period spare parts brochures list the Pak-Age-Car as having been available until 1946, but most sources do not support this. With Auburn converting their plant to focus on building Jeep bodies and B-24 Liberator wings for the war effort, Pak-Age-Car production was discontinued in March 1941."}, {"text": "Andrija Radovanovi\u0107 (born 31 May 2001) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Al-Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates."}, {"text": "Mark Katz may refer to:"}, {"text": "Montju\u00efc is a hill of the ancient Catalan city of Girona, Spain. Montju\u00efc is located just to the north of the old quarter of the city, near the confluence of the Onyar, Galligants, and Ter rivers. Montju\u00efc is also the name of the present-day neighborhood and district of Girona on the hill. The name \"Montju\u00efc\" translates from medieval Catalan as \"mountain of the Jews\". The hill has an altitude of 219 m. For much of Girona's history, Montju\u00efc was uninhabited, the site of only the medieval Jewish cemetery of the city and the 17th century Montju\u00efc Castle defensive bastion. Girona's Montju\u00efc parallels the better-known Montju\u00efc in Barcelona: a large hill adjacent to the city with a large castle fortress at the top dating to the mid-17th century and a medieval Jewish cemetery. Jewish Cemetery. The Jewish community of Girona was flourishing by the 12th century, with one of the most important Kabbalistic schools in Europe. Because Jews could not be buried in Christian cemeteries, the authorities of medieval Girona created a special place for Jewish burials outside the city, but close to the city walls. The Jewish cemetery was on the western slope of Montju\u00efc, and it existed as property"}, {"text": "of the Spanish crown. The earliest documentation of the cemetery occurs about the year 1200. From the Jewish Call of Girona, funeral processions would travel to the graveyard along a particular route. In 1492 all Jews were expelled from Spain by the Alhambra Decree. On July 14, 1492, the Jewish community gave the 400-year-old cemetery to the nobleman Joan de Sarriera, in gratitude for many favors he had done for them. In ensuing years, the gravestones of the cemetery, often large, shaped slabs of rock bearing a Hebrew inscription, were taken and used in construction projects around Girona. Some of these gravestones were recovered in the modern era and can be seen in the Museum of Jewish History in Girona. The cemetery was forgotten until 1862, when the railway line from Barcelona to France reached Girona. The railway path passed between the river Ter and the base of the west slope of Montju\u00efc, and the cemetery was discovered when the railway construction unearthed 20 tombstones with Hebrew inscriptions. The cemetery suffered further destruction in the 1960s. At the present time there are no obvious indications that the Jewish cemetery existed at the site. The cemetery is bounded to the north"}, {"text": "and south by two minor Montju\u00efc creeks. The southern creek is called Bou d'Or. This location is just to the east of the Pont Major neighborhood and the railroad line, and to the northwest of the Montju\u00efc neighborhood. Montju\u00efc Castle. Montju\u00efc Castle, located at the top of Montju\u00efc, was built by order of Philip IV of Spain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to protect the city of Girona. Construction of the castle began in 1653, consisting of a central fortification and four outlying defensive towers at about 500 m distance. The towers were named Sant Joan, Sant Daniel, Sant Narc\u00eds, and Sant Lu\u00eds. The general plan of the central fortification is square, encompassed by four corner bastions. The walls between the bastions are about 150 meters in length. An additional outlying defensive tower was built in 1812, named after its builder the French Marshal Louis-Gabriel Suchet. Montju\u00efc castle was used extensively in the Peninsular War (Spanish War of Independence) between Spain and France, 1808-1814. In particular, the castle was destroyed and fell to the French in August 1809 during the 7-month long Third siege of Girona. By order of Suchet, the castle was abandoned at the end of the"}, {"text": "war in 1814. In 1843, during the Catalan popular revolt \"Jam\u00e0ncia\", Montju\u00efc Castle and the Suchet tower were destroyed by artillery on the orders General Juan Prim. Montju\u00efc in the 20th century. The area around the fortress was undeveloped at the start of the 20th century. In the 1930s the City Council of Girona planned the first urbanization of the mountain, with a school and a city-garden for the working class. Planning was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), however. Under the Franco city councils, the project was abandoned. Although the mountain was declared a green zone in 1955, the Girona city council could not obtain the transfer of land from the castle, which was military property. Between 1950 and 1970 immigrants from elsewhere in Spain, mainly Andalusia and Extremadura, moved to Girona searching for better employment opportunities. Many built their own houses around the Castle forming a shanty town. By the late 1960s nearly 3000 immigrants had settled on the hill. In 1966 Ferran de Vilallonga bought the land and prepared a definitive urbanization. Between 1967 and 1971 the squatters were pushed out to other neighborhoods of Girona, and a suburb was built for middle- to upper-class residents"}, {"text": "on Montju\u00efc. Residential buildings ultimately covered the entire mountain, surrounding the ruins of the castle. In 1986 the population of Montju\u00efc was 1381 inhabitants."}, {"text": "Rome Independent Film Festival (or RIFF) is an annual film festival held every November in Rome, Italy to represent and promote independent filmmakers globally. The festival was started in 2001. The festival. Rome Independent Film Festival was first started in 2001 in Rome. In 2006's event \"Self Medicated\" by Monty Lapica was the winning film, in 2007 \"Punk Love\" by Nick Lyon, in 2008 \"The Class\" by Ilmar Raag, in 2009 \"Hunger\" by Steve McQueen, and in 2010's event \"Fish Tank\" by Andrea Arnold were among the major independent winners of the festival. At the 17th event in 2018, the festival's main focus was on screening films from Albania and Spain and also based on LGBT issues."}, {"text": "Bruised is a 2020 sports drama film starring and directed by Halle Berry in her directorial debut, who also served as the producer. It co-stars Shamier Anderson, Adan Canto, Sheila Atim, Stephen McKinley Henderson and Adriane Lenox. The screenplay was written by Michelle Rosenfarb. \"Bruised\" had its world premiere at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2020 and was later released in select theaters and on Netflix in November 2021. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Berry's directing and acting, but criticized the screenplay, and inconsistent tone of the film. Following its release, viewership on Netflix generated a multi-picture deal for Berry. Plot. Four years after forfeiting a major fight, former UFC fighter Jackie \"Pretty Bull\" Justice lives with her boyfriend and manager, Desi, in inner-city Newark. Earning a living as a housecleaner, Jackie relies on alcohol to cope with the tedium of her daily life. Desi pushes Jackie to start fighting again, but she refuses, angrily blaming him for mismanaging her career. Desi takes Jackie to an illegal underground match, hoping to sign a new fighter. Recognized, the \"Werewolf\" provokes her into fighting. When Jackie finally loses her temper, she pins the Werewolf"}, {"text": "down and headbutts her unconscious. Catching the eye of Immaculate, a local promoter of the all-female MMA league Invicta Fighting Championships, he recruits Jackie and sets her up with Bobbi \"Buddhakan\" Berroa and Pops, his best trainers, to get back into fighting shape. Heading home, Jackie and Desi are pulled over by Jackie's estranged mother Angel who has brought Manny, Jackie's six-year-old son who she has not seen since he was an infant. Manny has been placed into her custody after his father, Jackie's former boyfriend, was killed in a shooting. The trauma caused Manny to stop speaking entirely. Manny moves in with his mother, and Jackie, under Buddhakan's guidance, slowly gets back in shape. Immaculate convinces her to sign a contract with him excluding a manager; infuriating Desi, but they eventually patch things up. Growing closer to Buddhakan, Jackie learns she is also a mother, but has not seen her child in over two years following the breakdown of her marriage. Jackie enrolls Manny into school while learning to be a mother, even dumping all of her alcohol down the sink. However, Jackie's relationship with Desi deteriorates, until he finally snaps, smashing Manny's keyboard and hitting Jackie in the"}, {"text": "face when she tries to stop him. Jackie leaves him for good with Manny. Angel reluctantly allows them to move in with her until the fight. Jackie is pitted against Lucia \"Lady Killer\" Chavez, Invicta FC's flyweight champion, in an Atlantic City title bout. Immaculate claims the fight is to get Jackie back into the UFC, but he later angrily admits he recruited her as a can against Chavez. Jackie suffers a panic attack, reliving the memory of her last fight. Manny tries to comfort her, but she screams at him to go away. He runs off, and a stranger brings him to Angel. Already on bad terms with her daughter (as Jackie accused her of letting her boyfriends and Jackie's uncle rape her as a child), Angel scornfully tells Jackie she is an unfit mother and that she will take over caring for Manny. With no one else to turn to, Jackie starts living with Buddhakan, throwing herself into her training. Confessing her fears of returning to the ring, they kiss and become intimate. However, when Buddhaken asks her to consider becoming official, Jackie admits she is not ready and Buddhakan goes on a bender, ending up hospitalized the"}, {"text": "day before the fight. With only Pops in her corner, Jackie enters the fight against Chavez distracted, so the champion dominates the first round. In the second and third rounds, her confidence builds as she wears down Chavez and wins over the audience. In the fifth and final round, Jackie matches Chavez blow-for-blow, ending in a split decision, where Chavez narrowly retains her championship. Despite this, she and the audience celebrate Jackie's successful comeback. After reconciling with Buddhakan, Jackie goes back to Angel's, promising them she is going to get their own place. The women part on good terms. As they walk down the street, Jackie stops to help Manny tie his shoes and he speaks to her for the first time, accepting her as his mother. Cast. Additionally, MMA referee Keith Peterson cameos as himself for the referee of the final fight between Jackie and Lady Killer and UFC fighter Yves Edwards plays a commentator. Controversy. Reportedly, on August 16, 2021, the MMA star and former UFC fighter Cat Zingano filed a lawsuit against Berry, Bruised Film Productions LLC, Thunder Road Film Productions Inc. and Romulus Entertainment LLC in Los Angeles Superior Court, seeking damages based upon claims of"}, {"text": "promissory estoppel. Zingano states that Berry had offered her a role in the film during a meeting in July 2019. According to Zingano, after she was offered a UFC fight slated for October, which would put her in title contention, she was advised by Berry not to take it for insurance reasons. She turned down the fight and was subsequently released by UFC in August 2019. Zingano further alleged that Berry informed her shortly afterwards that she could not appear in the film, as only current UFC fighters were allowed to take part. The suit also states that Berry ceased all communication with Zingano following the incident. Court papers filed in November 2021, by Berry's attorneys, state that Zingano lost her UFC contract due to her poor record in the organization. The documents also allege that she made the decision to appear in the film without knowing what role she would play or how much would she be paid and did so based upon text message exchanges with Berry. According to Berry's attorneys, Zingano does not state what her damages are and that she is improperly seeking punitive damages. Production. Initially, Nick Cassavetes was slated to direct the mixed martial"}, {"text": "arts film \"Bruised\" written by Michelle Rosenfarb and produced by Guymon Casady, Basil Iwanyk, Linda Gottlieb, and Erica Lee. Blake Lively was originally cast as the main character in the film. On September 11, 2018, Halle Berry took over directing \"Bruised,\" making it her directorial debut, and replaced Lively as the main character in the film. On December 4, 2019, Shamier Anderson and Adan Canto were cast in the film. On December 16, 2019, Sheila Atim was cast in the film. Principal photography began in November 2019, in New Jersey. Filming locations included the Jim Whelan Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City and a boxing gym in Newark. During filming, Berry suffered a minor injury, with filming being suspended for a few days. Production resumed on November 27. Production concluded on December 20, 2019. The film's score was composed by Terence Blanchard and ASKA (Aska Matsumiya). Release. In September 2020, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film for around $20 million. The film's world premiere was held at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2020. The film also screened at AFI Fest on November 14, 2021. It had a limited theatrical release on November 17, 2021, prior to streaming"}, {"text": "on Netflix on November 24. Reception. Peter Hammond of \"Deadline Hollywood\" wrote that \"there is no question Berry has thrown it all against the wall with this one and acquitted herself admirably, not just as you might expect acting-wise from the Oscar-winning star of \"Monster's Ball\" but also behind the camera. She keenly navigates a female-driven story of a disgraced MMA fighting superstar trying to claw her way back to the top while putting the pieces of her shattered personal life back together.\" Filmmaker Gina Prince-Bythewood praised Berry's direction, saying \"Halle took her first shot in the chair and came out a winner, and though I know it was anything but effortless, that is the quality she achieved on screen. That's a tall order for even the most seasoned director.\""}, {"text": "Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa Institute (\"Polish\": Instytut Lecha Wa\u0142\u0119sy) is a non-governmental, non profit organization established in 1995 by Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and a first democratically elected President of the Republic of Poland. Founding. The Institute was formed and open on 22 December 1995, the last day of Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa's Presidency. Wa\u0142\u0119sa established the institute to follow the example of western politicians. His desire was to model the Institute after Carter Center open by Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States, who spent his post-presidency \u201cfinding peaceful solutions to international conflicts, advancing democracy and human rights, and promoting economic and social development\u201d, for which Carter, like Wa\u0142\u0119sa before him, was awarded Nobel Peace Prize. 1990's. In 1996 the organisation was a part of Akcja Wyborcza Solidarno\u015b\u0107 which allowed Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa to participate in 1997 Polish parliamentary election. Later it was used as a backbone to form Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa's own political party named Chrze\u015bcija\u0144ska Demokracja III Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Wa\u0142\u0119sa stood as the party's candidate in the 2000 presidential election but received only 1% of the vote. The \"ChDRP\" never gained substantial support. Since 2000. Since 2000 the role of institute changed to more educational approach. It mostly focuses on"}, {"text": "preserving the role of Solidarity movement and Polish political transition, as well as promoting knowledge about Poland's path to freedom on both the national and international levels. The institute also manages the Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa Library in the European Solidarity Centre in Gda\u0144sk, which is located in Gda\u0144sk Shipyard, in which Wa\u0142\u0119sa was a worker when he led the Gda\u0144sk shipyard strike in 1980. The European Solidarity Centre currently hosts the Institute's Headquarters."}, {"text": "The following is a list of squads for each national team competing at the 2019 Africa U-23 Cup of Nations. The tournament took place in Egypt, between 8\u201322 November 2019. It was the third U-23 age group competition organised by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The 8 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 21 players, including three goalkeepers. Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament. Players born on or after 1 January 1997 were eligible to compete in the tournament. On 5 November 2019, CAF published the final lists with squad numbers on their website. The full squad listings are below. The position listed for each player is per the official squad list published by CAF. The age listed for each player is on 8 November 2019, the first day of the tournament. The nationality for each club reflects the national association (not the league) to which the club is affiliated. A flag is included for coaches who are of a different nationality than their own national team. Players marked in boldface have been capped at full international level. Group A. Egypt. Coach: Shawky Gharieb The"}, {"text": "preliminary squad was announced on 23 October 2019. The final squad was announced on 29 October 2019. Mali. Coach: Fanyeri Diarra The final squad was announced on 26 October 2019. Cameroon. Coach: Rigobert Song The preliminary squad was announced on 2 October 2019. The final squad was announced on 29 October 2019. Ghana. Coach: Ibrahim Tanko The preliminary squad was announced on 9 October 2019. The final squad was announced on 1 November 2019. Group B. Nigeria. Coach: Imama Amapakabo The final squad was announced on 31 October 2019. Ivory Coast. Coach: Soualiho Ha\u00efdara The final squad was announced on 30 October 2019. South Africa. Coach: David Notoane The final squad was announced on 1 November 2019. Zambia. Coach: Beston Chambeshi The preliminary squad was announced on 5 October 2019. The squad was then trimmed-down on 21 October 2019. The final squad was announced on 29 October 2019."}, {"text": "Benjamin Brown (May 12, 1945 \u2013 May 12, 1967) was an African-American student at Jackson State University active in the civil rights movement, killed on campus during a standoff between law enforcement and students. Upon encountering the standoff (at the sidelines) after picking up a sandwich from a cafe to bring back to his wife, he was shot by two stray shotgun blasts from law enforcement firing into the crowd. No arrests were ever made. In 2001, a Hinds County grand jury reviewed the case and blamed two deceased officers: Jackson police officer Buddy Kane and Mississippi Highway Patrolman Lloyd Jones. The Brown family filed a lawsuit and settled for $50,000 from the city of Jackson. There has been no marker on the JSU campus recognizing the events that took place. The Southern Poverty Law Center memorialized Benjamin Brown as a civil rights martyr on a memorial designed by Maya Lin."}, {"text": "Joaqu\u00edn P\u00e9rez may refer to:"}, {"text": "A series of demonstrations, marches, sit-ins and civil disobedience took place in Iraq from 2019 until 2021. It started on 1October 2019, a date which was set by civil activists on social media, spreading mainly over the central and southern provinces of Iraq, to protest corruption, high unemployment, political sectarianism, inefficient public services and foreign interventionism. Protests spread quickly, coordinated over social media, to other provinces in Iraq. As the intensity of the demonstrations peaked in late October, protesters' anger focused not only on the desire for a complete overhaul of the Iraqi government but also on driving out Iranian influence, including Iranian-aligned Shia militias. The government, with the help of Iranian-backed militias responded brutally using live bullets, marksmen, hot water, hot pepper gas and tear gas against protesters, leading to many deaths and injuries. The protesters called for the end of the \"muhasasa\" system, existing since the first post-Saddam sovereign Iraqi government in 2006, in which government positions are being parceled out to the (presumed) ethnic or sectarian communities in Iraq like Shia, Sunni and Kurds, based on their presumed size, purportedly leading to incompetent and corrupt politics. The protests, which were the largest of their kind in Iraq"}, {"text": "since the 2003 American invasion, became known within Iraq as the October Revolution (), and gave rise to the October Protest Movement. Some called it the Tuk-Tuk Revolution, because protesters resisted in tuk-tuks. Background. In 2011, protests broke out in various provinces within Iraq demanding the end of corruption, nepotism, and unemployment, while also calling for increased wages and improved public services such as electricity, transportation, health care, education and municipal services. Protestors faced government suppression, police brutality and arrests. These reform demands in the six Sunni-dominant provinces escalated during the 2012\u20132013 Iraqi protests after Nouri al-Maliki's acts of persecution against Sunni political figures. This, in turn, led to protests calling for the overthrow of the sectarian government and redrafting the constitution, as well as a march into Baghdad to occupy the Green Zone. These protests were faced with even more government suppression, leading to clashes between security forces and local tribesmen who had alleged support from Ba'ath Party loyalists. After reports of the Sunni factions, which were part of the Iraqi insurgency against the American occupation, unifying their powers and taking control over Al Anbar Governorate, the government launched the 2013 Anbar campaign. By July 2014, these factions which"}, {"text": "merged with ISIL had occupied most of Al-Anbar, Ninawa, Salah ad-Din, Kirkuk and Diyala which ignited the War in Iraq (2013\u20132017). The U.S. Secretary of State pledged \"intense\" support to the Iraqi government while imploring the Government to rise above \"sectarian motivations\" but according to senior officials in the Department of Defense the U.S. was refraining from giving weapons to the Iraqi military \"because of lack of confidence in Iraqi troops\", while veteran U.S. journalists familiar with the situation claimed that Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki \"is not the answer and should step down\". Fueled by the lack of progress of Haider al-Abadi's government and state corruption, the leader of the Sadrist Movement, Muqtada al-Sadr, called for a sit-in within the Green Zone in Baghdad to force the government to find serious solutions for corruption. On 30 April 2016, thousands of Al-Sadr's followers breached the barricades of the Green Zone and stormed into governmental buildings, including the Iraqi parliament, chasing representatives out of the Green Zone before retreating the day after by the call of Al-Sadr. Another demonstration broke out in Basra and nearby cities in July 2018 due to deteriorating public utilities, water contamination and lack of electricity and"}, {"text": "continued for a few months. Protestors burned down a number of government buildings and parties' headquarters, blocked numerous main streets, tore and burned pictures of Khomeini and Khamenei and even occupied the Al-Najaf and Basra International Airports. They were faced with live bullets from security forces causing the death of at least 16 protestors. Remembering the rise of ISIS during the protests in 2012, these ones avoided sectarian rhetoric. Foreign intervention by the U.S. and Iran fuelled public anger, in a 2019 poll found that only 22% of Iraqis had a favorable opinion of the United States, 85% viewed the purpose of the 2003 invasion was to divide and plunder Iraq, while 16% had a favorable opinion of Iran. Prelude. On 20 June in Basra demonstrators gathered outside the city's new administrative headquarters to vent their anger about poor basic services and unemployment. The old headquarters were burnt down during 2018's months-long protest. Basra and the surrounding region produce about 90 percent of the country's oil wealth but most of its residents have not benefited from it. Protesters blamed Basra's authorities for the city's problems, from a lack of job opportunities to unreliable and poor public utilities. Riot police were"}, {"text": "deployed at the scene but the protest remained peaceful. Holders of higher degrees demonstrations. On 25 September 2019, a group of holders of higher degrees organized a protest in front of the Prime Minister's office in Baghdad, demanding their employment. The protest was faced with major suppression from security forces as armoured vehicles separated the demonstrators using hot water and police forces conducted random arrests among them which led to cases of fainting and injuries among the demonstrators. This incident was faced with country-wide anger because of the forceful methods that were used by the government towards intellectual demonstrators, along with the violence that was used against female protestors. Reactions included the Ministry of Interior forming a committee to investigate the incident and demonstrators organizing solidarity protests in many provinces to condemn these methods. The holders of higher degrees resumed their protests for three days after the incident, spreading over many southern provinces. Dismissal of Abdel-Wahab Al-Saedi. On 27 September 2019, Iraqi Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi issued a decision to transfer Abdel-Wahab Al-Saedi, a Lieutenant General at the time, from ICTS to the Ministry of Defence. Al-Saedi said the decision was an insult to his military rank and that he"}, {"text": "would rather go to jail than execute this decision. This decision caused political figures, including former prime minister Haider al-Abadi and many representatives, to criticize Abdul-Mahdi and call for him to back down from his decisions. According to VOA News, Al Saedi's transfer was influenced individually by pro-Iran factions within the Al-Shaabi paramilitary force, said a government official in Iraq who asked to be kept unknown. After the decision was made, social media was flooded with Al-Saedi's photos and achievements, calling for Abdul-Mahdi to back down from this injustice and accusing Iran of ordering the Iraqi government to replace every \"national hero\" in the army with Iranian loyalists. In response to this backlash, Abdul-Mahdi said he stands by his decision and that it is a normal routine decision with no political motivations. Furthermore, after calls for the unveiling of a statue of Al-Saedi in Mosul that was made to immortalize the commander's efforts in the city's liberation, security forces surrounded the statue, prohibiting its unveiling, before it was finally removed by them. On 30 September 2019, Al-Saedi announced that he executed Abdul-Mahdi's orders and joined the ministry of defence as \"a loyal soldier to serve my country and my beloved"}, {"text": "people.\" Causes, goals and methods. Starting on 25 October 2019, mass protests took place in many cities in Iraq, against corruption and a national government that protestors saw as unaccountable for its actions. After the U.S. occupation (2003\u201311), oligarchs and warlords were perceived to have taken control over Iraq. While the country produces more oil than the United Arab Emirates, the oil revenues were seen by protestors as failing to be spent on maintenance of hospitals and roads. A widely used slogan in this phase of the protests was: \"We want a homeland\"\u2014reflecting a longing both for a sense of unity and for a self-determined life in dignity. While at daytime protesters from all strata of Iraqi society peacefully took to the streets and squares of cities like Kerbala, later at night, youths from the suburbs sought violent confrontations, using molotov cocktails and burning car-tires, which was answered by the state security forces with tear gas, rubber bullets, deadly snipers and even patrol vehicles lethally ramming into crowds. Assassination and intimidation campaign. Hassan Wahab of the Amal Association human rights group said, \"Those [protestors] detained and released are only released on bail. Charges are not dropped so they face re-arrest"}, {"text": "and trial.\" As of 23 December 2019, there were 29 assassinated activists related to the protests, most of them were in Baghdad. On 10 January 2020, an Iraqi journalist, Ahmad Abdelsamad, of Dijlah TV and his cameraman, Safaa Ghali, were shot in their car by unidentified gunmen. On 21 January, the police stated that Janat Madhi, a 49-year old activist was gunned down by unknown gunmen as she came back home from protests in the southern city of Basra, according to the Urdu Point. On 14 August, an activist, Tahseen Osama Al-Shahmani, was shot 20 times at his internet service company in Basra. On 19 August, a female activist, Reham Yacoub, was killed and three others were wounded in the city of Basra, when unidentified gunmen opened fire on their car. Attack on the US Embassy in Baghdad. The US Embassy in Baghdad was attacked on the last day of 2019. The attack was organized and directed by Iran's proxy leaders Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, Qais al-Khazali, Hadi al-Amari, and Falih Al-Fayyadh. They are seen in the pictures taken on the scene. Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, one of the leaders of the attack on the US Embassy in Baghdad, was condemned and"}, {"text": "spent years in jail in Kuwait for directing the December 1983 attacks on the US and French embassies there. For a long time, Iraqi anti-government protestors tried to enter Green Zone and were brutally suppressed and held back. On 31 December, groups of Popular Mobilization Forces (\"al-Hashd al-Sha'abi\") entered the Green Zone and went directly toward the American Embassy without being blocked by security forces. US President Donald Trump accused Iran of \"orchestrating\" the attack on the embassy and added that they would be held \"fully responsible\". In the aftermath, the commander of Iran's Quds Force, Major General Qasem Soleimani, and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis were tracked down and assassinated in a U.S. drone strike near Baghdad International Airport. On 5 January in reaction to these airstrikes the Iraqi parliament called for the expulsion of US troops from the country. Timeline 2019. October. 1 October: Protests erupted in Baghdad in Liberation Square over high unemployment, poor basic services, and state corruption. These protests spread to the southern provinces. The authorities imposed an internet blackout and shut down 75% of the country's internet access. Protesters demanded the resignation of Adil Abdul-Mahdi and prepare for early elections. The protesters also began demonstrating against"}, {"text": "Iranian influence, and against the leader of Quds Force, Qasem Soleimani. At the beginning of the protests, the demonstrators were mostly young male, holding the government responsible for its many failures, according to vox. The Iraqi prime minister declared a curfew until further notice. 3 October: According to Amnesty International, 18 civilians and one police officer were killed and hundreds were injured after three days of protesting. 4 October: In Nasiriyah, many headquarters of political parties were burned down. 5 October: Unknown forces raided many TV channels such as Al Arabiya, Dijlah TV, NRT and Al Rasheed TV for airing the protests. The forces destroyed these channels' properties. 7 October: Dozens of protesters were killed and hundreds were injured in Sadr City. 8 October: Protests largely ceased due to Arba'een, a Shia religious holiday which occurred on 19 October. According to \"Arab News\", regardless of warnings from the Iranian authorities for the pilgrims to procrastinate going on the pilgrimage to Iraq, 3.5 million Shiites, mainly Iranians entered Iraq through land borders on Friday. 24 October: Thousands of protesters began to congregate at Liberation Square in Baghdad, protesting against the government and against the Iranian influence. Nearly 50 protesters were killed"}, {"text": "and injured after attempting to enter the Green Zone. 25 October: Protesting in Maysan Governorate began to turn into riots between Peace Companies led by Muqtada al-Sadr on one side and Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq and Badr Organization on another. Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq member Wisam Alyawi and his brother, both PMU commanders for the Maysan Governorate, were lynched by angry protesters who dragged them out of an ambulance and beat them to death. Qais Khazali, chief of all Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq, announced that nine PMU members had been killed in the recent protests, blamed Israel for their deaths, and stated he would take revenge \"four times over.\" Protesters burned down and destroyed many offices of political parties in the city of Samawah. Protesters in Karbala chanted against Iran, tearing up Ali Khamenei's pictures. They also attacked the Governorate Council building. They also burnt the Iranian consulate. In Al-Q\u0101disiyyah Governorate, protesters burned down the Governorate Council building. Administrative authorities declared a curfew in the province. In the city of Al K\u016bt, protesters attacked many of the political parties' offices and also attacked the house of former Minister of Interior, Qasim al-Araji. 26 October: 7 protesters were killed and 28 wounded after conflicts"}, {"text": "between Badr Organization and protesters in city of Hillah in Babil Governorate. The seven protesters died when members of the Badr organization opened fire at protesters assembled in front of their office, according to \"The Guardian\". 28 October: A top security authority for Baghdad declared an open-ended curfew on the capital, four days after the renewed protests against government killed more than 70 protesters. In Karbala, 14\u201330 people were killed in protests. Government officials denied any deaths occurred. 30 October: Iranian military officer Qasem Soleimani met with Hadi al-Amiri, one of Abdul-Mahdi's political opponents, and asked him to support Abdul-Mahdi. 31 October: President Barham Salih said in a televised address that the Prime Minister had agreed to resign, \"on the condition that a successor is agreed to replace him.\" November. 2 November: Protesters blocked Iraq's main port Umm Qasr. Oil exports from offshore platforms were not affected, but imports of staple food were. Iraq is heavily dependent on food import. 3 November: Protestors stormed the Iranian consulate in Karbala, where they set fires around the building and replaced the Iranian flag with an Iraqi one. According to Reuters, 3 protesters were killed when Iraqi security forces fired live ammunition at"}, {"text": "protesters gathered outside the Iranian consulate. However, the BBC was led to believe that the source of the gunfire was anonymous and it was aimed at both the security forces and protesters. 4 November: An internet blockage observatory, NetBlocks highlighted that the internet access in Baghdad and five other regions in Iraq were cut off on 4November, in wake of the continued rage in the country. Netblocks added that the new internet shut down is currently perceived to be the most extreme shut down experienced in Iraq. Iraqi authorities had taken a similar move in October, where social media and messaging remained highly restricted in several parts of the country. 8 November: Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, Iraq's most influential Shia cleric, called on the government to meet the demands of the protesters, and urged the security forces to avoid the use of violence. 10 November: The Iraqi Parliamentary Human Rights Committee reported that at least 319 people had been killed during the protests. According to the Independent High Commission for Human Rights of Iraq, an additional 15,000 were injured. 13 November: The Iraqi Parliament held a special session to discuss the crisis. Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert of the United Nations Assistance Mission"}, {"text": "for Iraq addressed the session to present her plan to resolve the crisis, which involves election reform and anti-corruption measures. 14 November: Four people were killed and 62 injured in Baghdad in clashes between security forces and protesters. 16 November: At least four protesters were killed and nearly 20 were injured as a car bomb attack took place at the Tahrir Square in Baghdad. No group claimed responsibility of the first explosion in the ongoing anti-government protests. 17 November: Documents leaked by \"The Intercept\" revealed details of Iranian influence inside Iraq. The Intercept was said to have received the documents from an unknown source and has since been unable to identify, according to the guardian. 19 November: Protesters blocked the entrance to the country's second largest commercial port, Khor al-Zubair port, halting the trade activity for oil and other tankers. Prior to that, the access to Umm Qasr Port was also cut off. 21 November: Al-Jazeera reported that at least seven protesters were killed and 78 wounded by security forces in Baghdad. 24 November: At least two protesters were shot dead in the southern city of Nasiriyah, as they shut down schools and blocked the Zaitoun and the Nasr bridges"}, {"text": "into the city center. Nearly 47 people were also wounded during the clashes with security forces. 27 November: Protestors attacked the Iranian consulate in Najaf for the second time, this time burning it down. Security forces fired tear gas into the crowd and injured some of them but had to escape when hundreds of protesters poured into the consulate and set it on fire. 29 November: 44 protestors were killed in southern Iraq. The prime minister announced his pending resignation on the same day. December. 1 December: Despite the resignation of Prime Minister Adel Abdel Mahdi, demonstrators in the Shi'ite populated city of Najaf set fire to the Iranian consulate, for the second time in a week. According to the BBC, reports showed that staff at the Iranian consulate were able to escape immediately before the demonstrators stormed the consulate. A police official said that when the police fired shots with live ammunition in order to stop the protesters from breaking into the consulate, one protester was killed and a minimum of 35 people were injured, according to Al Jazeera. 6 December: Unidentified gunmen in vehicles opened fire on protesters in Baghdad's al-Khilani Square, killing 25 (including three police officers)"}, {"text": "and injuring around 130 others.<ref name=\"AP (25/130)\"></ref> The attacks were said to have followed a day after a string of suspicious stabbings in Baghdad's Tahrir Square, leaving at least 15 wounded, according to the guardian. According to Aljazeera, some protesters blamed the Iraqi government of conspiring with the gunmen, indicating to a power outage that coincided with the time of the attacks. 8 December: An Iraqi civil activist, Fahim al-Ta'i was assassinated by unknown gunmen on motorcycle outside al-Ansar Hotel in the Baroudi area of Karbala. 12 December: A 16-year-old boy \u2013 falsely accused of shooting protestors \u2013 was dragged along the ground and lynched by protestors after security forces withdrew. The boy's deceased body was de-clothed apart from his underpants and was later hung from a traffic light. It was later removed by his family and taken to a forensic morgue. Muqtada al-Sadr's group stated that it would withdraw its \"blue helmets\" support for the protests unless the \"terrorists responsible\" for the lynching were identified. A protestor's group described the lynching as \"a Machiavellian plan aimed at tarnishing the reputation of the peaceful protesters\" and that the protestors \"had nothing to do with\" the lynching event. 24 December: The"}, {"text": "Council of Representatives passed a series of electoral laws to placate protestors. The laws transitioned elections to a single non-transferable vote system, which allowed voters to select individuals rather than use party lists, while the candidates would represent electoral districts rather than provinces. The new electoral law is expected to have representatives represent more local voices, as opposed to the entire governorate they were previously elected from, as well as stop infighting amongst list members and a myriad of small lists from siphoning off votes and failing to meet the electoral threshold. It would also prevent parties from running on unified lists, which had previously led some to easily sweep all the seats in a particular governorate. However, minority groups might end up being less represented, as they now have to obtain a plurality in the district they are running in, and the number of seats might not accurately reflect overall popular support. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy had previously endorsed this approach, although the Al-Bayan Center for Planning and Studies, an independent non-profit think tank in Baghdad, had proposed instead retaining the proportional system, but creating more districts so that each elected between three and eight seats"}, {"text": "each, which would retain the proportional aspect of seat allocation while binding representatives to more local areas. Most Kurdish legislators boycotted the meeting of the council, in opposition to changing the law. After its passage, legal experts, intellectuals, and some protestors suggested that the law as written might not work as intended, as there has not been a census to count population for the purpose of drawing districts in over two decades, and the parties might end up running candidates individually but then re-form parliamentary groups once the Council sits, effectively returning to the status quo. The new law apportions for the legislature to be shrunk to 251 seats (down from 329), says that the districts that are to be created must consist of over 100,000 people, and reduced the age of eligibility for candidacy to 25 from 30. One-quarter of seats would be reserved for women, and 9 would be reserved for national religious minorities. The law also established the Independent High Electoral Commission, which is to be composed of nine members, seven of whom would be judges from regular courts. In addition, there are two other judges from the State Council (administrative court). 26 December: President Barham Salih"}, {"text": "submits a letter of resignation after refusing to appoint Asaad Al Eidani as Prime Minister following the resignation of Adil Abdul-Mahdi. Salih stated that Al Eridani would not be approved by the demonstrators. President Salih added that since the constitution voids him of the right to refuse a nomination, he prefers to step down instead of accepting the nomination of a new prime minister that the protesters would reject. 29 December: The US bombarded Kata'ib Hezbollah positions in Iraq, killing 25 members of those Kataib forces and injuring 51 others. 31 December: Hundreds of anti-American protesters surrounded the US embassy in Baghdad in the Green Zone of the city where embassies and government buildings are concentrated, in protest over the US airstrikes in Iraq, two days earlier. Protesters elsewhere in Baghdad's Tahrir Square stated: \"demonstrations at the US embassy are a natural response to the US strikes over Hashd positions in Iraq\". However, they condemned the attack on the U.S. embassy by Iraqi supporters of the Hashd group saying, \"we are staying here in the hub of the peaceful protest movement \" and added that the \"crowds in the Green Zone do not represent us. We want peaceful change.\" Rumors"}, {"text": "speculated that on that day, some protesters had broken into the US embassy compound. However, sometime later the US Department of State announced that protesters had not entered the actual embassy building in Baghdad and that the US ambassador was still at his post. Timeline 2020. January. 4 January: A funeral procession for Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis and Soleimani was held in Baghdad with thousands of mourners in attendance, waving Iraqi and PMF flags and chanting \"No to America, \". The procession started at al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Baghdad. Iraq's prime minister, Adil Abdul-Mahdi, and leaders of the PMF attended the funeral procession. They were taken to the holy Shia cities of Najaf and Karbala were held funeral prayers on them. 5 January: Following the 3 January assassination by the United States (US) of Iranian major general Qasem Soleimani and of the head of the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, protests continued in Nassiriyah, Dewaniya, Kut, Amarah, Karbala and Baghdad with a deliberate shift to protesting against both the Iranian and US roles in Iraq. Earlier protests tended to mostly oppose Iranian influence in Iraq. The earlier slogan \"Out, out Iran\" was replaced by \"No to Iran, no to America\"."}, {"text": "Protestors in Basra and Nassiriyah blocked symbolic funeral processions for Soleimani and al-Muhandis. In Nasiriyah, protesters clashed with a funeral procession in honor of Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. The local headquarters of the PMF was set alight and protestors in Najaf burnt tires and blocked main roads to protest against Iran. In reaction to the airstrikes, the Iraqi parliament called for the expulsion of US troops from the country. 7 January After holding funeral processions across Iran, Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei held funeral prayers among hundreds of thousands of people and crying in front of the Iraqi flag-draped coffin for the deceased. Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis' body was returned to Iraq and transferred to his hometown of Basra. His burial was delayed because of the huge crowd at the funeral. On 8 January, al-Muhandis was buried in Iraq's Najaf where hundreds of mourners gathered to pay their final respects. Funeral processions were also held in several Iraqi cities prior to Najaf, including Baghdad and Karbala. 12 January: Hundreds of Iraqis in Basra mourned the death of the correspondent for local television station al-Dijla, Ahmad Abdessamad, and his cameraman Safaa Ghali. A mourner stated that the attack was obviously an attempt to"}, {"text": "keep people silent, France 24 reported. Iraq's Ministry of Interior invited journalists to a conference in Basra, in order to discuss the killings, as well as the security conditions of the city. However, the ministry was left with no choice but to cancel the conference because journalists refused to attend. 17 January: At least two people were killed and dozens injured after the security forces fire upon protesters at al-Sinak bridge in central Baghdad. In the southern city of Najaf, Iraqi protesters attacked the Kata'ib Hezbollah militia's center and set it afire. Next day protestors continued by burning posters of Qasem Soleimani. 20 January: Four protesters and two police officers were killed in fresh clashes in Baghdad. Medical sources disclosed that over 50 people were injured, according to Arab News. Iraqi security forces reportedly fired tear gas and threw stun grenades, in response to the petrol bombs thrown at them by protesters in Baghdad's Tayaran Square. In the southern parts of Iraq however, hundreds of protesters in Karbala, Amara and Nasiriyah shut down major roads and burned tyres. The protesters maintained that Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi has failed in nominating a new government that would be welcomed by Iraqis,"}, {"text": "among several other promises. On 21 January, Iraqi police confirmed that three Katyusha rockets landed inside the fortified Green Zone housing government buildings and foreign delegations in Baghdad, according to the guardian. No group has claimed responsibility for the attack, although Iranian-backed militias have been accused by the US of carrying out similar attacks on the Green Zone over the past few months. 22 January: Iraq's High Commission for Human Rights announced that at least 10 people have been killed in the violent unrest across the country within the last two days, Al Jazeera reported. Iraq's President Barham Salih, attended a meeting with US President Donald Trump at Davos 22 January, where they discussed the strategic foreign relations between Iraq and the US, which was perceived by Iran-backed militias as a clear indication that Salih wants the US military to remain in Iraq, despite warning him not to meet with Trump. 23 January: Amnesty International warned that Iraqi security forces have continued their series of operations involving the use of deadly violence against peaceful protesters, based on substantiating video analysis and eyewitness reports confirmed by the organization. According to the San Diego Union-Tribune, at least 8 people were believed to"}, {"text": "have been wounded when security forces used tear gas to disperse protesters on the Mohammed al-Qassim Highway. 24 January: Shia leader Muqtada al-Sadr; alongside Pro-PMF leaders' call for a \"million-man\" march was answered, as hundreds of thousands of Iraqis marched to the streets demanding the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq. The Green zone which houses the US embassy alongside the path of the march was heavily surrounded by security forces, CNN added. According to the BBC, among those protesting in the city of Baghdad are Iranian-backed militias, with many others carrying Iraq's national flags and placards criticizing the presence of US troops in the country. According to the Guardian, a statement by the influential Shia cleric Moqtada al-Sadr was read out by his representative on the stage at the place of the protest, calling for the closure of Iraqi airspace to US military and surveillance aircraft, the annulment of Iraqi's security agreement with the US, as well as the departure of all foreign forces from the country, and so on. A rough estimate suggested that the turnout of the protesters had reached 2.5 million. 25 January: Iraqi security forces raided a protest site in Baghdad and tried to remove"}, {"text": "protesters in southern cities, firing tear gas and live bullets, killing four and wounding dozens more. The raid came after Muqtada al-Sadr ordered his followers to withdraw. It was reported that al-Sadr's followers packed up their tents and departed the camps after the withdrawal of his support. The withdrawal of Iraq's Sadrists in their support for the anti-government protest movement has left many pondering, as to whether a government crackdown will follow. 26 January: In Baghdad rockets hit the United States embassy wounding at least one. One rocket was said to hit the embassy cafeteria, while two other rockets landed nearby, a security source was cited as saying by the AFP news agency. According to CNN, the wounded individual sustained a minor injury and had already resumed duty, a US official added. The Independent High Commission for Human Rights of Iraq stated that over the last three days, 9 protesters were killed in Baghdad and 3 others in Nasiriyah in the Iraqi protests, leaving 230 others wounded. 27 January: In the city of Nasiriyah, south of Iraq, security forces opened fire at a crowd of anti-government protesters and killed one person. US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo called on Iraqi"}, {"text": "PM Abdul Mahdi to uphold Iraq's sovereignty in light of attacks from Iran on US facilities in Iraq, including the rocket attacks against the US embassy in Baghdad the day before. 31 January: the Human Rights Watch urged the Iraqi authorities to investigate unlawful use of force and all killings at the hands of security forces, with the aid of international experts if need be. On Friday, security forces fired tear gas to disperse the crowd at Baghdad's Khilani and Wathba squares, leaving at least 11 protesters injured, medical and security officials stated. February. 1 February: Iraq's President Barham Salih, appointed a former Minister of Communications Mohammed Tawfiq Allawi, as the country's new Prime Minister. However, anti-government protesters promptly rejected the appointment of Mohammed Allawi as the new prime-minister designate, by holding rallies in Baghdad, as well as in cities across the country's southern provinces. Later in the evening, in an address to Iraqis on state television, Allawi pledged to form a representative government, hold early parliamentary elections, ensure justice for the unlawful acts against protesters, among all other claims by the protesters. 2 February: Protesters who were against Allawi's nomination started grouping their tents together away from the tents"}, {"text": "occupied by Sadrists in Baghdad's Tahir square. 3 February: Al Jazeera reported that since the onset of the protests, the death toll is now believed to have reached 536, alongside 13 members of the security forces, as announced by the Iraqi state television. Sadrists who were identified wearing \"blue hats,\" stormed an anti-regime rally which led to the demise of a protester who was stabbed to death, leaving three others injured, security and medical sources stated. 4 February: A day after a demonstrator was killed, tensions between Sadr supporters and protesters against Allawi's nomination increased, as the rift erupted into a fistfight between the two opposing groups in the southern city of Diwaniyah. According to Arab News, despite the interference of security forces, the young anti-regime protesters chanted against Sadr, Iraqi authorities, including Iran, which they blamed for supporting the government's harsh actions towards protesters. Furthermore, in order to ensure schools were fully reopened in Diwaniyah after sit-ins had forced them to shut down, security forces were sighted outside the schools, as well as government offices. 5 February: Violence erupted in the holy city of Najaf, as al-Sadr's followers tried to forcibly remove demonstrators from their protest camps. Medical sources"}, {"text": "stated that at least 8 people were killed during the clash, leaving at least 20 more injured, according to Reuters News Agency. Out of the 8 protesters who were killed, 7 of them were believed to have died as a result of bullets to either the chest or head, France 24 added. The number of injured people had reached 52, according to \"The New York Times\". Mohammed Allawi, Iraq's PM-designate, held a meeting with several representatives of the protest movement from the various provinces across the country. Similar clashes involving al-Sadr's followers attempting to suppress the protests were reported to have taken place across other parts of the country as well, including Karbala, Diwaniyah, Dhi Qar, Baghdad, among others, according to the Kurdistan 24. 6 February: Following the violence that erupted the day before between anti-government protesters and followers of Moqtada al-Sadr, hundreds of anti-government protesters returned to the site of the violence, as they rallied through the streets of the holy city of Najaf, in an attempt to rebuild their protest camp that was destroyed. In the evening, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, issued a statement condemning the killing of anti-government protesters in the city of Najaf and"}, {"text": "called on the Iraqi government to see to the need of protesters, as well as punish those responsible for the killings. 7 February: With Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani being one of the most powerful and influential figures in Iraq, several protesters and Iraqi activists were clinging on to him as their last beacon of hope, as they urged him to call for a million-strong march against the Iraqi government ahead of Friday's sermon. During the Friday sermon, in remarks presented by al-Sistani's representative in the holy city of Karbala, he denounced the clash with Sadrists in Najaf two days before and held security forces responsible for failing to prevent the death of 8 protesters. It was projected by the Iraqi Human Rights Commission on Friday that almost 550 people lost their lives since the beginning of the anti-government protests in Iraq, which started in October last year. Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani, further called on Allawi to create a government that will be trusted by the people, and represent them as well. Following the Friday sermon of influential Shia cleric Ali al-Sistani', a lot of anti-government protesters and activists are feeling hopeful and convinced that the protest movement which started in early"}, {"text": "October, will now regain its momentum, Al Jazeera reported. The president of the Kurdistan Regional Government Nechirvan Barzani, has issued a statement condemning the unlawful use of force against peaceful protesters on Wednesday, even though the Kurdish authorities have adopted similar approaches. 9 February: Moqtada Al-Sadr suggested in a tweet, 18 points which the Iraqi protesters should stick to during protests, including the avoidance of free mixing between men and women in protest sites. 10 February: A protester was shot dead near a protest site at the al-Ain University in the city of Nasiriyah, as Iraqi security forces fired live ammunition to break up a gathering of protesters, according to \"The New York Times\". The security forces were believed to have started shooting at the protesters when they attempted creating a blockage at the entrance of the university. American citizens living in Iraq have been advised by the U.S. embassy in Iraq, to remain vigilant ahead of huge protests that are expected to hold for the next three days in Baghdad, as well as Najaf. However, the Iranian consulate in Iraq that was set ablaze last year by protesters is now functional, as Visa operations continue, while regular consular services"}, {"text": "are expected to commence from next week, according to Bloomberg. The Najaf police have been charged with the responsibility of providing security and protection for the consulate after its reopening, Lieutenant Najm Al-Saadi added. 11 February: Influential Shia cleric Moqtada Al-Sadr, has dissolved the Blue caps unit which has been accused of violence that led to the death of anti-government protesters last week in Najaf, and also publicly rejected what is known as the Sadrist movement on Twitter. Member of the Iraqi Council of Representatives, Sarkawt Shamsulddin speaking at the Atlantic Council on 11 February, maintained that the huge protests that have been going on since October last year which ended the previous government, presents Mohammed Allawi with the golden chance of bringing about tangible transformation in Iraq. 12 February: Protest sites in Baghdad have been reopened by Iraqi security forces, allowing anti-government protests continue in al-Tahir square only on the condition that protection will be provided by the Iraqi security forces. Protesters were seen collaborating with security forces in order to ensure free movement across the Sinak bridge that has been closed down for months. 13 February: Iraqi women have come out in hundreds to criticize the use of"}, {"text": "force against protesters in Baghdad and the city of Nasiriyah, in order to challenge the call made by Moqtada al-Sadr against the mixing of men and women in protest sites. Male anti-government protesters also joined the rally, with some of the women seen wearing veils, while others had their faces wrapped in black and white scarves. A usual incident happened on the protest site, which involved both men and women setting their camps side by side one another. According to the Daily Sabah, several protesters carried Iraqi flags and roses, marching for over an hour, with the men linking their arms around the women to form a circle. Later in the evening, al-Sadr condemned the rally on his Twitter account, which he described as a sin and an attempt at compromising the righteousness of Iraq. 40 days after Iranian general Qasem Soleimani and Iraq's paramilitary leader were killed by US drones, hundreds of Iraqis in Baghdad came out to the site to mark 40 days remembrance of their death. 14 February: Haaretz disclosed that Iraqi security forces were preparing in anticipation of a violent clash between the protest movement and followers of al-Sadr the next day, as two large-scale protests"}, {"text": "were expected to take place 15 February: A 50-year-old Iraqi with German residence tried to set himself ablaze during the Munich Security Conference near Karlsplatz, Germany. The German police were able to prevent him as the man immersed himself in Petrol and attempted rushing into a gathering with a lighter in his hand, The Baghdad Post added. 16 February: Alaa al-Rikaby, the prominent activist in Nasiriyah was backed to replace the premier-designate Mohammed Allawi by Hundreds of protesters who demonstrated on the streets carrying al-Rikaby's photo. Meanwhile, shopkeepers in Al Rasheed Street, one of the oldest streets in Baghdad, have decried the lack of improvement in trade, regardless of the reopening of roads and bridges nearby. 17 February: Based on plausible accusations received by the United Nations envoy to Iraq, of peaceful protesters being fired at with hunting rifles, firebombs and stones last weekend, the Iraqi government has been urged to look into the matter to ensure the protection of peaceful protesters. In a statement issued by UNAMI, because of similar use of force, at least 150 people were wounded in the holy city of Karbala last month. Following a meeting between the speaker of the Iraqi parliament Mohammed al-Halbusi"}, {"text": "and a 13-year-old protester popularly known as Hamid Daghethoum, the speaker pledged his full backing for the demands made by protesters. 20 February: Protesters in the city of Nasiriyah, which has been a focal point of the anti-government protests in the south, were still demanding for one of their own to become the prime minister, regardless of the increasing force applied by security forces. According to Kurdistan24, a delegation of the Kurdistan Region has accused Allawi of not recognizing the political and legal position of the Kurdistan region, after its visit to the capital to hold talks with the Iraqi PM, which was abruptly shortened. 22 February: Iraqi protesters decided to move the center of their protests from Baghdad to Nasiriyah in Dhi Qar province, with hundreds of protesters arriving from Najaf and more expected from other cities as well. 23 February: New clashes erupted between anti-government protesters and security forces at Khilani Square in Baghdad central, where one person was killed and at least 6 others injured. Live ammunition was fired by Iraqi security forces to break up the crowd that was gathered close to Sinak bridge which was opened again recently by security forces after being closed down"}, {"text": "by protesters for several months. A commendable 24 -year-old Iraqi Nurse Hannah Jassem, was reported to have assisted in stitching up injuries in an open-fronted shack at the protest site in Tahrir Square over the weekend. Also, more than 1,000 students marched through Tahrir Square, holding up pictures of victims who they believed were martyred in the demonstrations. On the same day, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo called Mohammed Allawi to congratulate him on his appointment as the Prime Minister-designate, according to The Sun Herald. During the call, both parties assented to the significance of improving the conditions, well-being and security for the people of Iraq by the government. 25 February: Despite reports that five people tested positive for coronavirus, as well as heavy rainfall, thousands of anti-government protesters came out to protest in Baghdad, wearing face masks. According to the Middle East Monitor, the confidence vote for the newly formed cabinet of Prime Minister-designate Mohammed Allawi, which was planned for the day by the Iraqi parliament, was delayed by two days. 26 February: Prime Minister-designate Mohammed Allawi, disclosed that the Iraqi parliament tomorrow will hold a vote to confirm his new cabinet, which he maintained will consist of"}, {"text": "autonomous ministers. 27 February: Several lawmakers who were not satisfied with Allawi's ministerial list abstained from attending the session, which led to the postponement of the session by the Iraqi parliament. Prior to the vote, Mohammed Allawi reportedly sent a letter to the British embassy requesting the annulment of his British citizenship, the National added. There was anticipation that Iraq's speaker of parliament Mohammed Al-Halbousi, would bring up the issue of Mohammed Allawi's dual citizenship during the session, according to The New Arab. An official complaint has been filed with Iraq's attorney by the Iraqi parliament, following the accusation made by Muhammed Allawi, that lawmakers are collecting bribes in order to thwart his regime. March. 1 March: The Iraqi parliament for the second time this week, failed to endorse Mohammed Allawi's new cabinet. That left him with no choice but to step down as the Prime Minister-designate. According to The Jakarta Post, Allawi in a letter he sent to President Saleh stating the reason for his resignation, he accused some political factions of not having the will of the people at heart and neglecting the importance of the reform. He also urged the President to accept his apology for being"}, {"text": "unable to establish a new cabinet, while admitting that he is unfit for the role he has been tasked with. Following Allawi's proclamation, protesters in Tahrir Square showed excitement and joy, as they had already disapproved of his nomination and his entire cabinet, the BBC added. However, in accordance with the Iraqi constitution, President Barham Salih is expected to propose a new prime minister within the next 15 days. The governor of Basra province Asaad al-Eidani, is said to be one of the many names speculated to replace Mohammed Allawi, despite his objection by demonstrators prior to the appointment of Allawi, according to \"The New York Times\". 2 March: Early in the morning, just hours after Prime Minister Candidate Mohammad Tawfiq Allawi withdrew his nomination for the position, two Katyusha rockets reportedly struck the heavily fortified Green Zone in central Baghdad, leaving zero casualties, according to DW. One of the rockets was believed to have landed close to the US embassy, Reuters added. 3 March: The United Nations envoy for Iraq criticized the Iraqi parliament for failing to reach a quorum, which hampers the ability of the government to make decisions, hence, leading the Iraqi people into an unpredictable future."}, {"text": "5 March: Protesters took to the streets again early in the morning in Basra province, blocking vital roads, burning tires, as well as urging the immediate appointment of an independent to create a new government. 8 March: A clash erupted between Iraqi security forces and protesters, which left 16 protesters injured, when the security forces fired tear gas at the protesters in Baghdad's Al-Khilani Square, according to the MEM. 10 March: In Maysan province of Southern Iraq, unknown gunmen killed two anti-government activists, Abdel-Aaddous Qasim and Karrar Adil, according to a security source in Iraq. Shia armed groups linked with Iran have been blamed by some activists of being responsible for the attack, but the groups have falsified these claims. 17 March: Former governor of the holy city of Najaf Adnan al-Zurfi, was appointed by President Barham Salih, to succeed Mohammed Allawi as the new prime minister-designate of Iraq. Al-Zurfi, who was the parliamentary head of the Nasr coalition that was created by former PM Haider al-Abadi, also has 30 days to form a new cabinet that is subject to approval by the parliament. According to the BBC, larger groups were unable to concur on choosing Abdel Mahdi's successor, which"}, {"text": "subsequently led to the appointment of Zurif by President Saleh. However, Protesters in Tahrir Square turned down al-Zurfi's nomination, regarding him as part and parcel of the corrupt regime they've been trying to sweep away. The U.N. special envoy to Iraq Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, applauded Zurif's nomination, adding that the country requires a powerful and efficient PM. New evidence has come to light, as a result of an investigation conducted by Amnesty International and SITU Research which showed that Iraqi security forces have been intentionally using smoke grenades and heavy tear gas to kill protesters, instead of breaking up crowds since October last year when the protests commenced. The research encompassed thorough video analysis and a 3D reconstruction of incidents near Baghdad's Tahrir Square and Jimhouriya Bridge, according to Urdu Point News. Based on their findings, the grenades which were produced by Serbians and Iranians, saw to the fatal destruction of at least two dozen demonstrators in the place of the incident since October last year. 21 March: Protesters in Tahrir Square and other parts of Iraq disclosed that their anti-government protests had officially come to an end, as they have decided to go back to their homes until the coronavirus"}, {"text": "has been defeated. 29 March: Regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic and curfew in Iraq, few protesters in Baghdad have decided to adopt a systematic way of maintaining the protest camps while engaging the security forces, as well as the deadly virus. Prime Minister-designate Adnan al-Zurfi pledged to use all resources at his disposal within both the public and private sector, as he announces the initiation of a government program to effectively tackle the coronavirus outbreak. April. 4 April: Prime Minister-designate Adnan Zurfi handed over his plans to the Iraqi parliament as demonstrators refused to obey curfew imposed by the government, leading to the eruption of violence with security forces. Several Iraqi security forces were reported to have sustained injuries in the process of firing tear gas at protesters in Nasiriya, who responded by throwing gasoline bombs at them, according to The Baghdad Post. Despite anti-government protests having been officially put on hold earlier last week in order to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, protesters continue to remain in major protest sites, as they claim that the killings of activists are yet to stop. 6 April: The American oil company located in the oil-rich Basra province of southern Iraq, came under"}, {"text": "attack as five rockets were reportedly fired close to the site, Iraqi military confirmed. The Security forces added that at least three Katyusha missiles were fired, leaving zero casualties, according to the MEM. Following the attack, a rocket launcher with 11 unused missiles was also discovered by the Iraqi security forces along the Zubair-Shuaiba road, but they were able to defuse them. However, no group has been linked to the attack yet. 7 April: A strategic dialogue between Washington and the Iraqi government is scheduled to take place in June, the US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo disclosed. He added that several issues are expected to be ironed out, including the position of US military forces currently staying in Iraq. Considering the growing tensions in the region, Prime Minister Adel Abdul-Mahdi has also expressed his support for the initiation of a dialogue between the two countries, according to The Jerusalem Post. 9 April: Prime minister-designate Adnan al-Zurfi tendered his resignation, which a few hours later led to the nomination of Intelligence chief Mustafa Al-Kadhimi as his successor, by President Barham Saleh. According to Zurfi's statement, his country's best interests are what prompted his decision to resign, including internal and external"}, {"text": "reasons. Zurfi further extended his sincere apologies to all Iraqis that invested their trust in him. After al-Kadhimi's nomination, he assured Iraqis that he would primarily ensure that he meets their demands and also establish a well functioning government. Considering that Kadhimi has the support of several political parties in Iraq, he is predicted to not suffer the same fate as his former predecessors, according to VOA News. 10 April: Prime Minister-designate Mustafa al-Kadhimi was officially congratulated on his new appointment, when he received a phone call from top Kurdish officials, according to the Middle East Monitor. Although Kadhimi is the third candidate within the last 10 weeks, he is most likely to flourish in establishing a new government seeing that he was presented by President Salih at a formal ceremony in the midst of many high profile and famous politicians. According to Aljazeera, al-Khadhimi has maintained that he will be able to form a new government by 25 April, which is two weeks earlier before the 30 days given to him to form a new cabinet as stipulated in the constitution. 11 April: In an effort to begin the formation of a new cabinet, Iraqi Prime Minister-designate Mustafa al-Kadhimi"}, {"text": "held a meeting with the Minister of Finance Fuad Hussein. Kadhimi emphasized during the meeting that his new government would be that which caters for the needs of the general public, by providing essential services. According to Kurdistan 24, the finance minister revealed that his meeting with al-Kadhimi was a friendly one, as they talked about the specific steps to be taken regarding the formation of his new government and the problems Iraq is facing. 15 April: Turkey reportedly violated Iraq's airspace when Turkish drones and airplanes carried out an airstrike near the Makhmour Refugee Camp, according to \"The Jerusalem Post\". Two women in the refugee camp were said to have lost their lives during the incident, according to the air defense command in Iraq. 16 April: The Iraqi foreign ministry reacted to the attack carried out near a refugee camp in Iraq by Turkish drones on Wednesday evening, as the foreign minister Muhammad Al-Hakim summoned the Turkish ambassador to Iraq. Furthermore, the foreign ministry called on Turkey to recognize Iraq's sovereignty, collaboration in enforcing border security and putting a stop to the attacks on Iraqi regions. 21 April: A few hours after the restrictions regarding coronavirus were slightly relaxed,"}, {"text": "at least one protester was reportedly killed during violence with protesters who took to the streets near Tahrir Square in Baghdad by unidentified gunmen, leaving many others injured. The restrictions were relaxed due to the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, which is expected to last until 22 May at the end of the holy month, The Jerusalem Post added. In Baghdad, movements will only be permitted from 6 am to 7 am from Sundays to Thursdays and all day long on Friday-Saturday. However, schools and universities are not expected to reopen and all flights will stay shut down, according to Reuters. Government buildings will only keep up the capacity of their staff to a maximum of 25%. May. 7 May: The newly formed cabinet of Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi was confirmed by the Iraqi parliament. 266 members of parliament out of a total of 329 members were present for the session, seeing to the approval of the majority of ministers submitted by al-Kadhimi. According to Kurdistan 24, only 5 out of 22 ministerial nominees were rejected by the parliament. The ministers rejected included those for agriculture, trade, culture, migration and justice. Since the resignation of the previous PM amidst large"}, {"text": "anti-government protests in November 2019, al-Kadhimi is regarded as the first real prime minister in Iraq. The new PM affirmed that his primary focus as prime minister would be to fight the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as bringing those responsible for the unlawful killing of protesters in anti-government protests to justice. The U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo expressed his support for the new cabinet during a call with al-Kadhimi, according to Reuters. 9 May: After the assumption of office on Thursday, the new Iraqi prime minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi presided over his first cabinet meeting. During the meeting, al-Kadhimi emphasized that his top priority as PM is to hold early parliamentary elections, by backing the Independent High Electoral Commission of Iraq (IHEC). Other vital issues such as health, security and economic situation were also addressed in the meeting. Kadhimi also reportedly held meetings with the ambassadors of both US and Iran, Matthew H. Tueller and Iraj Masjedi, VOA News added. Furthermore, with the exception of those accused of killings during the anti-government protests that lasted for several months, al-Kadhimi has promised that his cabinet will see to the release of innocent protesters that have been in detention. 10 May: Following"}, {"text": "the promise made by the new Iraqi prime minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi to free protesters that have been detained during the anti-government protests which began in October 2019, protesters gathered in hundreds in Baghdad's Tahrir Square. Despite the firm security put in place, several protesters also gathered in the streets of cities such as Diwaniyah, Muthanna, Wasit, Dhi Qar, according to the MEM. During the demonstration, the protesters called for immediate reforms by the government, prosecution of those accused of being responsible for the unlawful killings of hundreds of protesters. Meanwhile, protesters in the southern province of Basra called for governor Asaad al-Eidani's dismissal from office, alongside his two deputies, according to Kurdistan 24. The calls for the removal of the Basra governor were made after armed men opened fire at the building of Iranian-backed militia Thaa'r Allah, leaving one protester dead and four others wounded. Amidst the renewal of fresh anti-government protests in Iraq, the Supreme Judiciary Council on Sunday, issued a statement ordering courts to see to the release of protesters that were arrested since protests began last year. The release of the protesters by the Iraqi judiciary was ordered based on demands made by the new prime minister"}, {"text": "al-Kadhimi, the Washington Post added. Also, Mustafa al-Kadhimi promoted the Iraqi general Lt. Gen. Abdul Wahab al-Saadi who played a vital role in the war against Islamic State and was subsequently demoted last year by Abdul-Mahdi. 11 May: Following the killing of one protester outside the building of a local party's headquarters in Basra on Sunday, Iraqi security forces raided the building, detaining at least five men accused of carrying out the shootings. Prime minister Al-Kadhimi confirmed that the raid by the security forces was carried out based on his orders in accordance with judicial warrants, Al-Monitor added. A statement from the White House revealed that President Trump spoke with the new Iraqi prime minister over the phone, in order to congratulate him on the endorsement of his new cabinet by the Iraqi parliament, according to Reuters. During the call, Trump pledged the support of the U.S. in assisting Iraq in their fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as combating ISIS. However, according to Kurdistan 24, a strategic dialogue between the US and Iraq is scheduled to hold in June, in order to strengthen their relationship. 18 May: The building of the Saudi-owned MBC channel in Baghdad was swamped"}, {"text": "by disgruntled protesters in response to the documentary broadcast by the channel, regarding the bombing of French and U.S. embassies in 1983. The angry protesters portrayed the documentary as an insult to the late Shia leader Abu Mahdi al Muhandis, which depicted him as a terrorist. Photos of al-Muhandis and Iraqi flags were waved by the protesters, demanding for the closure of the channel, as well as chanting slogans against Saudi Arabia during the protest. The MBC channel disclosed that no injuries were recorded during the demonstration, according to the Daily Star. According to Anadolu Agency, In an attempt to control the protest, security forces were dispatched to the site even though the demonstrators had already made their way into the building, severely damaging all equipment inside. However, there are no certainties as to whether the protesters who stormed the building are associated with any Iranian-backed organisation in Iraq. 23 May: A report from the Human Rights office of the UN Assistance Mission in Iraq, revealed the disappearance of over 100 people, with several others tortured by armed groups since protests began in October last year. All of the tortured or abducted victims were either involved in the anti-government protests"}, {"text": "or had provided a form of assistance to protesters, the UNAMI added. According to Kurdistan 24, the report showed that 123 people went missing between 1 October 2019, and 21 March 2020, while 98 of them have been found, 25 others are yet to be found. The male victims confirmed that they were tortured, beaten and electrocuted, whereas the female victims also confirmed being tortured and even molested or compelled with rape. 26 May: After revising the report provided by the United Nations Human Rights Office in Iraq on Saturday, the new government of Mustafa al-Kadhimi has promised to launch an investigation into the incidents covered in the report thoroughly. The office of the new PM added that the investigations will be absolutely independent, without any bias. The UN Security Council has urged the Iraqi government to ensure that the investigations are as accurate as possible. June. 15 June: Human Rights Watch (HRW), a US-based rights group, released a 42-page document which suggested that the previous Iraqi government had denied activists and journalists their right to critics, as well as free speech. The group has called on both the Iraqi and Kurdistan Region to enforce reforms of its penal code"}, {"text": "including other laws, such that they will be in accordance with international law. July. 6 July: The renowned Iraqi expert on armed groups Hisham al-Hashimi was reportedly shot dead in the capital Baghdad. The incident took place near Hashimi's residence in the district of Zayouna, when two armed men riding a motorbike shot him, after which he sustained grave injuries and was taken to the Ibn Al-Nafees Hospital in Baghdad where he died. The CCTV footage of the incident suggested that Hashimi's killers were highly trained professionals, as they shot him several times at a point-blank distance, Arab news added. Iraqi security officials stated that prior to al-Hashimi's assassination, he was believed to have received threats from Iran-backed militias, according to the guardian. Also, a source told TRT World that a month ago, Hashimi revealed the amount of Iraq's revenue that was absconded by Iran-backed militias. 7 July: Following the assassination of al-Hashimi, Iraqi protesters on Tuesday, criticized Iran's supreme leader al-Khamenei, describing him as a killer and blaming Iran-backed groups for the death of al-Hashimi. 12 July: A protest spokesman disclosed that Iraqi security forces killed two people and injured several others when they opened fire on a gathering"}, {"text": "of protesters in southern Baghdad, Rudaw reported. Thousands of protesters gathered in Baghdad from different provinces of southern Iraq, in order to reject the termination of a government-allocated compensation which was declared by the Iraqi PM Mustafa al-Kadhimi, as part of an economic reform package. However, the Iraqi army has denied using live ammunition on protesters, claiming that no one was killed, and that they only turned the protesters away when they attempted to attack security forces, according to army spokesman Yehya Rasoul. 21 July: German art curator and activist Hella Mewis was reportedly abducted in Baghdad, according to the Euro News. She was said to have been kidnapped outside her office in central Baghdad by unknown militants. However, it is not yet clear as to who is responsible for her abduction, The Times reported. 24 July: Iraqi forces reportedly rescued the kidnapped German art curator Hella Mewis, spokesman of Iraq's military Yahya Rasool, confirmed in a statement. No further comments were given, as no group has claimed responsibility for the abduction. The overnight operation was said to have been supported by an investigative court in Baghdad, while investigations are still ongoing, according to Abdelsattar Bayraqdar, the spokesman for Iraq's"}, {"text": "Supreme Judicial Council. According to Iraq's interior ministry, the operation in east Baghdad was conducted by a joint task force composed of anti-crime units, federal police, as well as the elite Falcons intelligence forces. Subsequently, in the afternoon, Mewis was handed over to the German embassy in Baghdad and the German foreign minister Heiko Maas, hailed the efforts made by both the Iraqi government and security forces. In the first rallies since Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi was elected, at least two protesters were killed in Baghdad during overnight demonstrations on 26 July. In addition, dozens of people were wounded after officials fired live rounds at the demonstrators who were assembled in Tahrir Square. Several members of the security forces were also said to have sustained minor injuries, according to the police. Al-Kadhimi said his administration would investigate Sunday's events and prosecute the guilty party. A medical source disclosed on Monday that out of the two protesters who died, one was killed after being shot with a tear gas canister in the head, while the other was shot in the neck, according to Arab News. Yehia Rasool, spokesman of the Iraqi military revealed in a statement that precise instructions had been"}, {"text": "issued regarding the unlawful use of force by security forces against demonstrators, except when absolutely necessary. 30 July: The Iraqi government announced its decision to treat those killed during protests as martyrs and compensate each family with 10 million dinars ($8,380). Also, the committee that was tasked with looking into the death of two protesters on Sunday, disclosed that three policemen had been suspended for the use of hunting rifles against demonstrators and are currently awaiting trial. The Interior Minister Othman Al Ghanimi who made the announcement, also added that the issue had been handed over to the Judiciary, with arrest warrants sent out to the three perpetrators. During the press conference, the minister stated that the suspects included two majors and a lieutenant and also revealed the arms and ammunition used by them. Meanwhile, protesters have declared that they would not stop the demonstrations, maintaining that the investigation into the violence does not offer a solution to the country's numerous grievances, according to The Independent. 31 July: Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi announced that legislative elections would be held early, and scheduled them for 6 June 2021. There has not been any confirmation though, on whether al-Kadhimi would seek for"}, {"text": "a second term despite holding early elections. August. 11 August: A drone attack was reportedly launched in the Kurdish region in northern Iraq which claimed the lives of two top officers of the Iraqi military forces. Following the attack, the 13 August scheduled visit by the Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar to Baghdad was said to have been called off by Iraq. Also, the Turkish ambassador was summoned for the third time over Turkey's military actions in the country, Arab News added. Despite the drone attack, Turkey has maintained that it would not stop its cross-border operations against the PKK fighters in the region and has further called on the Iraqi authorities to extend their cooperation. 19 August: Unknown gunmen reportedly shot and killed a female anti-government political activist in Iraq's southern city Basra. Three others were said to have been injured when the gunmen on a motorcycle opened fire on their vehicle, with the victim Reham Yacoub inside. According to Al Jazeera, the three others injured were all women, although one of them died. 21 August: In Basra protesters set fire to a local parliament office after gathering to demand the resignation of governor Asaad Al Eidani for the"}, {"text": "killing of two activists the previous week. The protesters were able to set the outer gate of the parliament building ablaze, as they clashed with security forces. At least 8 security personnel were believed to have been wounded during the violence, according to Al Jazeera. Following the clashes, Iraqi PM Mustafa al-Kadhimi reportedly visited Basra late on Saturday, 22 August and assured that the perpetrators will face punishment over the killings. He also sacked Basra's police chief in response to the continued unrest, the National added. Separately, protesters in the southern city of Nasiriyah were said to have destroyed the offices of Shiite parties, in response to an explosion that left 11 protesters injured in Nasiriyah's Haboubi Square. Eyewitnesses on the scene confirmed that the protesters used bulldozers to demolish the offices of the Dawa Party and Badr Organization, although they had already set the buildings on fire. September. 20 September: Several Iraqi protesters reportedly gathered overnight in the city of Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar province to criticize the abduction of a renowned activist, including the injury of another activist. Three main bridges, alongside roads were said to have been shut down by the protesters as they burnt down tires. Two"}, {"text": "pick up vehicles were used by unidentified persons to abduct the young activist Sajjad al-Iraqi, while leaving the other activist Basim Falaih wounded, after shooting him, according to eyewitnesses. Members of the tribe of deputy leader of the Popular Mobilization Forces, Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis who was killed by an American drone attack in January, are being held responsible by some activists in Nasiriyah for Sajjad's abduction. However, security forces have managed to ID the location of the abducted anti-government activist by tracking phone calls, the state media disclosed. 21 September: Following the kidnapping of prominent Iraqi activist Sajjad al-Iraqi, Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi on Monday directed a joint operation consisting of a special anti-terror force and the army's air force to search for the activist who was taken by unknown gunmen in the southern city of Nasiriyah on Saturday. Apart from rescuing the pro-demonstration activist, the units of the Counter-Terrorism Service have also being instructed by the PM to ensure that the kidnappers are captured and brought to face punishment. Subsequently, two people from Sayed Dakhil district in Dhi Qar province were charged with the abduction of Sajjad al-Iraqi, as their arrest warrants were issued by the Iraqi authorities. In"}, {"text": "spite of issuing arrest warrants for the two suspects, the Iraqi counter-terrorism service (ICTS) is yet to make any success in finding Sajjad al-Iraqi even though they have continued their search. 28 September: Iraq's Defense Ministry disclosed that a rocket attack close to Baghdad's airport, claimed the lives of five civilians. Two Katyusha rockets were said to have been fired by armed groups which killed three children and two women, leaving two other children injured. The rockets which landed at a house in Baghdad were initially targeted for the Baghdad airport, according to Police sources . Reports suggested that the rockets were fired from the Al-Jihad neighborhood of Baghdad, Arab News added. Following the unfortunate incident, Iraqi PM Mustapha al-Kadhimi gave a directive suspending security forces from duty at the airport, according to BBC. The US State Department criticized the attack which was launched just after giving out a warning regarding shutting down its embassy in Baghdad, if the Iraqi government is unable to curb attacks against US and other Coalition members. The department has also called on the Iraqi authorities to take prompt response and ensure that the perpetrators are brought to face justice. October. 1 October: Iraq's protest"}, {"text": "reached its one-year mark, as thousands of protesters took to the streets in Baghdad, including the southern part of the country to honor the anniversary of protests which began in October 2019. Several protesters waved the Iraqi flag, chanted and sang songs of patriotism by clapping and pledged to follow the path of revolutionaries. Protesters who gathered in Tahrir Square were sighted raising pictures of more than 600 people who died since the beginning of the protests last year in Baghdad and across southern Iraq. According to the Middle East Eye, protesters have issued a deadline to the Iraqi government to meet their demands by 25 October, or they embark on a nationwide strike. 11 October: A faction of Iraqi militia groups which are backed by Iran, have presented the Iraqi government with the option of a ceasefire agreement against assault on US forces. The ceasefire option provided by the groups was based on the stipulation of a timeframe for the retreat of US troops being provided by the government. No specific deadline has been issued by the groups, but they have threatened to continue carrying out attacks if the US forces refuse to withdraw, according to a spokesman of"}, {"text": "one of the strongest Iran-backed militia groups in Iraq, Kataib Hezbollah. The spokesman Mohammed Mohi, also added that the ceasefire would consist of the entire factions of the (anti-U.S.) resistance, as well as other groups that have been attacking US troops. A few hours prior to the announcement of the temporary ceasefire deal by the groups, a convoy that was carrying equipment for the U.S.-led coalition, was reportedly targeted with a roadside bomb, according to the Associated Press. During the attack which occurred in southern Iraq, one vehicle in the convoy was damaged, Iraq's military disclosed. However, no casualties were reported, or those responsible for the attack. 17 October: Several supporters of the Popular Mobilization Forces reportedly set the Kurdish party's headquarters in Baghdad ablaze following criticisms from a Kurdish former minister. The protesters of the Iran-backed Shia militia group were frustrated with the remarks made by the former minister Hoshyar Zebari that the Iraqi government should steer clear Baghdad's Green Zone of PMF militias. They also burned down Kurdish flags, with others holding pictures of the slain Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, including that of Iraqi lieutenant Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. Iraqi high-ranking officials have criticized the attack by the Hashd"}, {"text": "al-Shaabi protesters and called for an investigation into the attack. Also, President Barzani has criticized the attack on the KDP offices and urged the Iraqi government to carry out a comprehensive probe into the incident. 25 October: Thousands of Iraqi protesters took back to the streets of Baghdad, as the anti-government protests reached its one-year mark. At least 42 security personnel, including about a dozen protesters were said to have been wounded after the peaceful protests turned violent when protesters attempted to break through a barricade set up by the security forces, according to \"The Washington Post\". Security forces responded with tear gas after the anti-government protesters threw Molotov cocktails and rocks at them. Demonstrations also reportedly took place in several other cities such as Nasiriyah, Basra and Najaf, with protesters decrying the level of corruption in the country. 26 October: The protests which started on Sunday, entered its second day with several protesters clashing with Iraqi security forces again. Demonstrators shifted to the highly fortified Green Zone in Baghdad, where government offices, parliament building and US embassy are located. Also, security forces under the Baghdad Operations Command, stopped several protesters coming from Babylon and Diwanieh provinces from making their"}, {"text": "way into Baghdad, by mounting checkpoints on the roads, AP News added. November. 6 November: In the city of Basra, student anti-government protests kicked off. According to Al Jazeera, one anti-government demonstrator was killed by a bullet during rubber bullet firing many police in demonstrators. 17 November: Following the announcement made by the US to decrease the number of its troops from 3,000 to 2,500, four rockets were believed to have been fired on Iraq's heavily fortified Green Zone in Baghdad. During the attack which was launched just an hour after the announcement made by the US, at least one child was killed, leaving five other civilians wounded, the Iraqi military disclosed. The rockets were reportedly fired from the al-Amin al-Thaniyah neighborhood of Baghdad, the VOA News added. Although, the C-RAM air defense system which was set up by the US earlier in 2020, managed to intercept the rockets. Despite the US accusing Iran-backed militia for attacks in the past, no Iran-backed militia has taken responsibility for the attack yet. 27 November: Protests in the city of Nasiriyah began in support of Shia popular leader Muqtada al Sadr and demanded that the government should resign. Anti-government demonstrations spread nationwide, according"}, {"text": "to Al Jazeera. Police has been accused of using live ammunition and shooting as a tactic against the demonstrators. Mass protesters rallied in their thousands and then, chaos and clashes between security forces and protesters left four protesters dead and several demonstrators injured. According to a hospital source, there was indication of protesters dying as a result of bullet wounds. However, with early elections being one of the biggest demands of the anti-government protesters, the Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi has planned for elections to hold next June, which is a year earlier than the initial date. 28 November: Following the overnight killing of protesters, several people reportedly returned to the sites of the anti-government sit-ins, in order to show their support for those killed. As other cities across Iraq take security measures in the deadly clash between anti-government protesters and Sadr supporters, the death toll in the city of Nasiriyah had reached six, according to Al Jazeera. December. 2 December: Several Iraqi civil servants reportedly took to the streets of the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq, to protest over the delay in payment of salaries. The protesters were said to have gathered at the epicenter of Sulaimani's anti-government protests"}, {"text": "of 2011, the Saraa square. Water cannons, tear gas, rubber bullets, including live rounds was believed to have been used by security forces to break up the gathering of protesters, according to the Middle East Eye. 7 December: Following days of protests in the northern Kurdish region of Iraq, a protester was said to have been killed by armed men who were protecting the headquarters of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP). Two other protesters were also wounded during the unrest. According to a statement by the spokesman of the Chamchamal Health Directorate in Sulaymaniyah district, Sherif Rahim, the protester who was killed was a 16-year-old teenager. 8 December: As of Wednesday, the death toll was reported to have reached eight people, since the beginning of the protests against delayed payment of salaries in Kurdish Iraq. In an effort by the Iraqi Kurdish authorities to prevent the violence from extending, a 24-hour ban on movement was imposed in Sulaymaniyah and other nearby towns, which was expected to last until Wednesday midnight. The demonstrations had already extended across six towns surrounding Sulaymaniyah on Tuesday, with disgruntled protesters setting government offices and political parties' headquarters on fire. Iraq's president, Barham Salih has urged"}, {"text": "security forces to adhere to the law and avoid applying unlawful use of force against peaceful protesters. The Iraqi president further called on the demonstrators, including the security forces to conduct themselves peacefully and not resort to violence. Also, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI criticized the unlawful use of force that was applied against the demonstrators in Sulaymaniyah district, as the citizens' right to peaceful protest must be ensured. 9 December: According to the Oil Ministry, two explosions hit an oil field in northern Kirkuk province on Wednesday, which they described as a terrorist attack. Despite two small oil wells being set on fire, there was no impact on the entire production from the oil field, VOA News added. However, no casualties have been reported during the blast so far. Meanwhile, the Kurdish Prime Minister Masrour Barzani, has blamed Baghdad for the ongoing violence which erupted due to the delay in payment of salaries in Iraq's northern Kurdish region. Barzani added that the Iraqi government failed to carry out the budget transfers which were required to make the payments of salary possible. 15 December: Salah al-Iraqi, a notable Iraqi activist was reportedly killed by unknown gunmen in"}, {"text": "Baghdad, according to Al Jazeera. Local media reports suggested that Salah was shot five times by the unknown assailants who were in masks, in the suburb of Baghdad al-Jadeed. Salah al-Iraqi was said to have played a vital role in anti-government protests that began last year against deteriorating economic conditions, corruption and massive unemployment rate. According to the Iraqi Network for Social Media (INSM), prior to al-Iraqi's killing on Tuesday, he had already been targeted twice. 20 December: Just two weeks to the one-year anniversary of the killing of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, reports have shown that the US Embassy in Baghdad's heavily fortified Green Zone has been under a rocket attack. At least eight Katyusha rockets were said to have been fired at the Green Zone on Sunday, which led to a few damages on the compound, the US embassy and Iraqi military disclosed. According to CNN, at least one Iraqi soldier was wounded when one of the rockets landed close to a security checkpoint. Although, the U.S. Embassy's C-RAM defense system was said to have been activated during the attack in order to intercept the rockets, the ABC News added. However, in a statement made by the U.S."}, {"text": "Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, revealed that there had been at least one Iraqi civilian that was injured. Meanwhile, the US embassy has urged all Iraqi leaders to ensure that the perpetrators face justice and also take preventive measures from these kinds of attacks. Timeline 2021. January. Thousands of Iraqis demanded United States armed forces pull out of the country in protests in Liberation Square, Baghdad, one year after the American drone strike which killed Qasem Soleimani and Iraq's militia commander, Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. The anniversary of their deaths in Baghdad was also marked in Iran and by supporters in Syria, Lebanon, Yemen and elsewhere in the Middle East. The place where both Soleimani and al-Muhandis were killed became a shrine-like area which was sealed off by red ropes, including their pictures in the center by the protesters. 8 January: Just a day after a massive crackdown against activists in Nasiriyah's Habboubi Square, Iraqi security forces clashed with protesters, as they fired tear gas and bullets to disperse the crowd. A day prior to the clashes, Ali al-Hamami, a lawyer and local activist was said to have been killed in his home by unidentified assailants, according to Kurdistan 24. 10"}, {"text": "January: As the protest in the southern city of Nasiriyah entered its third day, a policeman was reportedly killed by gunshot to the head, with 33 other policemen wounded, according to the Iraqi army. Additionally, medical sources confirmed that 7 protesters were also injured during the clashes with security forces. It was not immediately clear who was behind the killing of the policeman, as the army did not provide further details on the incident. Despite the ongoing violence between the protesters and security forces, protesters who are currently occupying Haboubi Square have maintained not leaving the site until one of their major demands, which is releasing all those who have been detained is met. However, reports have shown that all the detainees have now been released, the Iraqi High Commission for Human Rights (IHCHR) confirmed. 19 January: Following the request made by Iraq's Independent High Electoral Commission for additional to prepare for the polls which are supposed to hold on 6 June, the Iraqi cabinet voted unanimously to move the general elections to 10 October 2021. Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi explained in a statement that the postponement was to allow the IHEC adequate time to ensure the conduct of a"}, {"text": "free and fair election. Nevertheless, there are growing concerns among activists and protesters who see the postponement of the elections as a move to overlook their major demands. 21 January: A twin explosion reportedly hit a commercial street close to Tayaran Square in Baghdad. At least 28 people were killed during the attack, with 73 other people wounded, according to the Deutsche Welle. The first suicide bomber was said to have detonated his explosives after convincing people to gather around him as he rushed into the market claiming to be sick. Subsequently, the second bomber set off his explosives, as people gathered around the victims of the first attack, the interior ministry disclosed. There haven't been any immediate claims of responsibility by any group yet, for the deadly attack. Medics have expressed their concerns over the possibility of a drastic increase in the death toll from the initial figures, as security forces continue to guard the site of the blast. February. 14 February: Four suspects were detained in southern Iraq's Basra by security forces, on the allegation of killing protesters and activists. According to Al-Monitor, the four suspects have already confessed to the killing of two journalists, Jinan Madhi Al-Shahmani"}, {"text": "and Ahmad Abdessamad. They are also said to be members of a 16-person network, as the Iraqi intelligence is still trying to identify the rest of the members of the network. However, it was not made clear as to whether the four suspects who have been apprehended are linked with any paramilitary force or political party. 15 February: An airport in the city of Erbil, in northern Iraq was hit by a rocket which claimed the life of a civilian contractor with the American-led military coalition forces. At least nine people were wounded during the attack, according to the Guardian. A US service member was also reported to have been among the wounded victims. Subsequently, after the rocket attack, the airport was reportedly closed. 16 February: The US alongside its various European counterparts, criticized the attack on the US airbase and assured to assist Iraq with the investigation, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken revealed in a statement. 18 February: Protests reportedly erupted near the Turkish embassy in Baghdad, to condemn the Turkish military intervention in the northern region of Iraq. Roads leading to the Turkish embassy had to be shut down by the Iraqi security forces, according to Arab"}, {"text": "News. April. 1 April: Three oil facilities in southern Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate were reportedly shut down by protesters, due to the federal budget that was approved by the Iraqi parliament on Wednesday. The protesters believed that the new budget did not address the protesters' urgent need for employment opportunities. 4 April: Just a few days ahead of strategic Iraq-U.S. talks, two rockets landed close to the Balad airbase in northern Baghdad. There were no immediate reports of casualties, damage of properties, or claims of responsibility for the attack. 7 April: Five policemen were reportedly charged by an Iraqi investigative committee, in connection to the unlawful discharge of firearms on protesters in the last week of February in Nasiriyah. 12 April: Iraqi President Barham Salih revealed the signing of a decree which is supposed to ensure that early elections are conducted on 10 October. According to Iraq's Independent High Electoral Commission, more than 25 million Iraqis are qualified to vote in the upcoming October elections, with the exception of those staying overseas. 18 April: An Iraqi air base north of Baghdad was targeted by several rockets, according to an Iraqi military commander. According to the Times of Israel, five rockets"}, {"text": "were fired at the Balad air base housing US troops, with two of them hitting a dormitory and canteen inside the airbase. At least five people were injured during the attack, three of which were Iraqi soldiers and two other foreign contractors. There was no immediate claim of responsibility for the attack by any group, although Iranian-backed armed groups have claimed responsibility for similar attacks in the past. Also, no casualties were recorded during the incident, Al Jazeera added. 22 April: Another rocket attack was launched close to the Baghdad International Airport, the Iraqi military revealed. At least three rockets were said to have landed near the perimeter of the airport. Also, Iraqi security forces were able to defuse pre-launched rockets which were kept on the rooftop of an unoccupied building that was used for the rocket launch. There were no immediate reports of casualties or property damages, according to Reuters. May. 9 May: An Iraqi activist Ihab Al-Wazni who had survived an assassination attempt which killed Fahim al-Ta'i in December 2019, was shot dead outside his home by armed men on motorbikes in Karbala. Following his death, protests erupted in Iraq's Karbala, as protesters went on to burn tires"}, {"text": "and shut down roads in the city. Trailers of the Iranian consulate in the city were also set ablaze by the protesters, VOA News added. Protests were also held in the capital Baghdad, including other cities in southern Iraq, with protesters setting the headquarters of Iran-backed militias and government offices ablaze. The Iraqi police have assured that they will leave no stone unturned, as they are determined to bring the perpetrators behind the killing of Ihab al-Wazni to justice. 10 May: An Iraqi journalist, Ahmed Hassan, was entered into intensive care receiving two bullets in the head and one in the shoulder, as he got out of his car in Al Diwaniyah. According to BBC News, brain surgery was performed on Hassan after being admitted into the intensive care at a hospital in Baghdad. Both Hassan and Wazni were said to have played a vital role during the protest against the Iraqi government in October 2019, France 24 added. 15 May: Several Iraqi demonstrators gathered in Baghdad, to show support for Palestinians, over the Israeli airstrikes on Gaza. The rallies were said to have been in response to calls made by influential cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, including other parliamentary leaders. Sadr"}, {"text": "was also said to have pledged his support to Palestinian armed groups in Gaza, the Euronews added. Palestinian flags were waved by the protesters, as they were shouting anti-Israel slogans and condemning Israel and America. 25 May: One protester was killed and dozens were injured when police attacked protesters gathered at Baghdad's Tahrir Square in the evening, where hundreds marched to demand the end of targeted killings of prominent journalists and activists. Five policemen were also reported to have been among those who were injured when protesters hurled stones at the security forces. Among the protesters who gathered at the Tahrir's Square, several of them came from across southern Iraqi cities where several deaths had been recorded. Tear gas and live ammunition were said to have been used by the Iraqi security forces, in an attempt to disperse the gathering of protesters. 26 May: Iraqi security forces arrested the head of the Al-Anbar faction of the Popular Mobilization Forces, Qasim Muslih, for his role in the killing of two civil activists, including Al-Wazni's. Musleh has also been linked with attacks on bases hosting coalition forces, Al-Monitor added. However, a government source revealed that a military and security committee has been"}, {"text": "established to carry out the investigation into the case. The Iraqi PM Al-Kadhimi was also reported to have held a meeting with top Shiite political leaders, prior to ordering the formation of an investigative committee. A report by Human Rights Watch has suggested that there's a possibility of Iraqis being unable to vote in the upcoming 2021 elections, due to the ongoing impunity. Meanwhile, as a show of force, unknown gunmen were said to have driven vehicles around Baghdad's fortified Green Zone, following the arrest of Qasim Muslih. As a security measure to protect the government and diplomatic missions, the elite Counter-Terrorism Service, including Iraqi security forces were deployed to the Green Zone. 27 May: The US has expressed its anger over the use of force that was applied against peaceful protesters who were demanding reforms. They also encouraged the Iraqi government to bring the perpetrators behind the attacks against peaceful demonstrators to justice, the US State Department spokesman stated. 30 May: The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) disclosed that over 1,000 cases concerning the use of force against protesters in Iraq were closed, mostly as a result of threats issued to the families of the victims. June."}, {"text": "2 June: The threats by the Iran-aligned armed militias against the fortified Green Zone were condemned by the UK, the foreign minister of UK Dominic Raab revealed in a tweet. 6 June: Iraq's air defenses managed to intercept and shot down two drones at the Ain al-Asad air base housing US troops, the Iraqi military disclosed. In order to bring down the drones, the US military's C-RAM defense system which is situated in western Iraq had to be launched, Al-Jazeera added. There wasn't any immediate claim of responsibility by armed groups regarding the attack, despite that Iran-backed groups have claimed responsibility in the past for similar attacks. Separately, hours prior to the shooting down of the two drones that targeted Ain al-Assad base, a rocket that was fired over Baghdad's airport was also said to have been shot down. There were no casualties or damages recorded, the U.S.-led military coalition's spokesperson in Iraq revealed. 9 June: Two Iraqi military bases housing US-led coalition troops, including foreign contractors, came under multiple rocket attacks. The Balad airbase was said to have been targeted by three rockets, although there were no damages or casualties recorded. Just a few hours following the attack on"}, {"text": "the Balad airbase, at least one missile also hit near a military base that is next to the Baghdad International Airport. An anonymous security source claimed that five rockets were launched from the nearby Khalis District along the banks of the Tigris River, according to Kurdistan 24. However, no immediate claim of responsibility for both attacks was made. Separately, Iran-backed militia commander Qassem Musleh was released after being arrested for two weeks on terrorism allegations and violations against protesters. Musleh was released by the judiciary, as there wasn't enough evidence to implicate him on the terrorism charges. His release was also said to have followed the arrival of Iranian Gen. Esmail Ghaani, head of the expeditionary Quds Force in Baghdad. Musleh received a warm welcome from his supporters at Baghdad's Jadriya Bridge upon his release, as they snapped pictures and rejoiced together. July. 2 July: With the temperature reaching more than 50 degrees across some parts of Iraq amid deteriorating power and water cuts, several Iraqi protesters reportedly took to the streets of Baghdad. Particularly the southern provinces of Iraq and most of Baghdad were said to have faced more of the effects of the power cuts. Local media reports"}, {"text": "blamed Friday's power cut on the failure of a major power line, BBC added. In the city of Kut, the protesters gathered outside the closed gates of an electricity substation, to condemn the power cuts that have left them with only several hours of electricity in a day. Also on Friday, a statement from the office of the Iraqi PM Mustafa al-Kadhimi revealed that the director of Iraq's national electricity company had been fired and that the PM has reassured the restoration of electricity. 8 July: Widespread protests over power cuts have continued across Iraq, including Basra whose temperature has exceeded 50 degrees. The protesters maintained that the power outages were a result of rampant corruption, as well as the inadequacy of infrastructure. Meanwhile, three rockets targeted the US embassy in Baghdad's heavily fortified Green Zone, despite earlier attacks on bases housing US troops. According to the Iraqi military, the US embassy was not hit during the attack, but three places close to the Green Zone were hit. The embassy's defense system, managed to divert one of the rockets that were fired, according to Reuters. One of the rockets landed on the outskirts of a residential area, one was close"}, {"text": "to the headquarters of the National Security Agency, and the other was at a public square. 16 July: The Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa al-Kadhimi, revealed that arrests have been made, regarding the killing of renowned analyst Hisham al-Hashimi in early July 2020. One of the suspects who were arrested, Ahmed al-Kenani, was said to have been connected with Kata'ib Hezbollah, which Hashimi criticized in the past, according to a security source. 18 July: Several Iraqi protesters took to the streets of Baghdad, calling for justice, over the killings of activists, since the beginning of the anti-government protest movement in 2019. Protests were also said to have been held in southern Iraq's Nasiriyah. 24 July: Just a day after the son of a renowned Iraqi activist went missing, he was reportedly found shot dead in the southern Iraqi city of Basra. 26-year-old Ali Karim, son of Basra activist Fatima al-Bahadly was said to have been abducted on 23 July, by unknown assailants. According to a medical source, Karim was shot twice, once in the head and the other in his chest. Haider al-Abadi, former Iraqi PM criticized the incessant killing of activists, as he mourned the death of Fatima al-Bahadly's son."}, {"text": "November. Hundreds were injured and two people were killed in violent clashes in Baghdad after the parliamentary elections. These protests had demanded the election results be recounted after alleging election fraud."}, {"text": "Attila P\u00e9terffy (born February 26, 1969) is a Hungarian politician and mechanical engineer. In the 2019 Hungarian local elections, he was elected as the Mayor of P\u00e9cs."}, {"text": "Xiao Han may refer to:"}, {"text": "is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Early baseball career. Matsumoto participated in the 2nd grade spring 85th Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament and the 3rd grade summer 96th Japanese High School Baseball Championship as a pitcher at the University of Morioka Affiliated High School. Professional career. On October 23, 2014, Matsumoto was drafted by the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks first overall pick in the 2014 Nippon Professional Baseball draft. He spent the 2015 season on right elbow rehabilitation. On September 30, 2016, he pitched his debut game against the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. From 2016 season to 2019 season, he recorded with a 29 Games pitched, a 4\u20137 Win\u2013loss record, a 4.29 ERA, a 96 strikeouts in 121 2/3 innings. Matsumoto recorded the Hold for the first time in the match against the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters on August 29. In 2020 season, he recorded with a 25 Games pitched, a 0\u20131 Win\u2013loss record, a 3.49 ERA, a 6 Holds, a 27 strikeouts in 28.1 innings. In the 2020 Japan Series against the Yomiuri Giants, Matsumoto pitched after starter Tsuyoshi Wada in Game 4, became the first Winning pitcher in the"}, {"text": "Japan Series, and contributed to the team's fourth consecutive Japan Series champion. On December 16, Matsumoto underwent surgery for a Spinal disc herniation. In 2021 season, he pitched in a career-high 33 games, going 3\u20133 with a 3.79 ERA, four holds, and 59 strikeouts in 73.2 innings. In 2022 season, Matsumoto was undergoing acupuncture treatment on March 23 when the treatment needle broke and the procedure caused him to miss the opening game. However, he won as a relief pitcher on May 25, and from then on he contributed to the team as a setup man who pitched in the 7th inning. In 44 appearances, he went 5\u20131 with a 2.66 ERA, 15 holds, and 60 strikeouts in 50.2 innings pitched. In 2023 season, Matsumoto was used as a setup man midway through the season when Liv\u00e1n Moinelo left the team to undergo surgery on his left elbow. He continued to contribute to the team as a setup man and finished the regular season with a career-high 53 games pitched, a 2\u20132 Win\u2013loss record, a 2.68 ERA, a 25 holds, and a 60 strikeouts in 47 innings."}, {"text": "Nicholas Selson Gioacchini (born July 25, 2000) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward or winger for Greek Super League club Asteras Tripolis. Early life and youth soccer. Gioacchini was born in Kansas City, Missouri, to an Italian father and Jamaican mother. He played for Blue Valley Soccer Club when he was young as well as for the Orange Stars. He moved to Parma, Italy at the age of 8. He returned to the United States at the age of 12. The family settled in Bethesda, Maryland, and he played for Bethesda Soccer Club, Cerritos Soccer Academy, D.C. United Academy, Olney Soccer Club, and ESSA Soccer Academy. Club career. At the age of 15, Gioacchini moved with his family to France. He joined Paris FC in 2015. On May 14, 2018, Gioacchini signed a two-year contract with Caen. He made his debut for Caen in a 4\u20132 Ligue 2 win over his former club Paris FC on October 25, 2019, scoring his side's first goal in the 25th minute. He scored another goal against Nancy on December 2, 2019. On July 20, 2022, it was announced Gioacchini had signed a two-and-a-half-year contract, plus an option for"}, {"text": "another year, with Orlando City of Major League Soccer. On November 11, 2022, Gioacchini was selected by St. Louis City in the 2022 MLS Expansion Draft ahead of their inaugural season in MLS. On January 24, 2024, Gioacchini joined Italian club Como for an undisclosed fee, signing a three-year-and-a-half contract. On August 15, 2024, Gioacchini was loaned to FC Cincinnati throughout the rest of the 2024 MLS season. On January 26, 2025, Gioacchini signed with Asteras Tripolis in Greece. International career. Before being cap-tied to the United States, Gioacchini was also eligible to play for Italy and Jamaica. He received his first call up to the senior United States squad for matches against Wales and Panama in November 2020. Gioacchini made his debut for the senior team as a late substitute against Wales on November 12, 2020. He started the next match which was against Panama on November 16, scoring two goals despite missing a penalty in a 6\u20132 friendly victory. Gioacchini was named to the United States roster for the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup. \"Scores and results list United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Gioacchini goal.\" Honors. Orlando City St. Louis City SC United"}, {"text": "States"}, {"text": "Gardiner High School, also known as Gardiner Area High School (GAHS), is a public school serving grades 912 in Gardiner, Maine in the United States. Tigers are the school mascot. In 2016, the school had a graduating class of 136. The Old Gardiner High School building was designed by Francis H. Fassett and built in 1870. Bobby Messenger, Major League Baseball player and sheriff of Sagadahoc County, was a mainstay on Gardiner's sports teams in the first decade of the 20th century. The Maine Ornithological Society met at the high school in 1907. The school has a rivalry with Cony High School. Alumni. Alumni of the school include Stanford University professor David Nivison who was valedictorian at the high school in 1940 and Poet Edward Arlington Robinson who graduated from the school when ceremonies were held at the Gardiner Coliseum. Vivian Blanche Small graduated from Gardiner High School in 1892. College basketball coach Max Good graduated from Gardiner High School. The school has been mentioned numerous times on the HGTV program Maine Cabin Masters, as several cast members attended the school. One program project involved the crew constructing an outdoor earth science building for the school."}, {"text": "Ceratogyrus marshalli, also known as Straight Horned Baboon or Great Horned Baboon Tarantula, is a species of tarantula from the genus \"Ceratogyrus\". It is found in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It was first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1897, as half of the \"Ceratogyrus\" genus, they own a impressive horn in the carapace. Description. Females live from 8 to 10 years, while males only live 3 to 4. With a body length of 6 cm and a 15 cm legspan it is a fairly large species of Ceratogyrus. Their carapace is black with some light brown striping, of course their being their namesake straight black horn. Their opisthosoma is light brown, covered in black spotting, although sometimes a fishbone pattern is apparent. Their legs are a light brown, or grey depending on visible conditions. Habitat. They can be found in Harare, Zimbabwe, where this section will be referring to. This area is considered to have a subtropical highland climate. The average temperature here is 19\u00b0C, with average yearly rainfall of 805mm, since it is found 1500m above sea level, it has a surprisingly stable temperatures. Behavior. They are a very defensive spider, as most tarantulas it will first try to"}, {"text": "flee, if unable it will result in stridulation or a bite. They are burrowing and will make a vertical tunnel leading to a burrow in the end. At daytime they will most likely be in said burrow, and at night she will stay vigilant at the edge of her tunnel."}, {"text": "The 2019 Canadian federal election was held on October 21, 2019, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 43rd Canadian Parliament. The Liberal Party of Canada, having previously held a majority of the seats in the House, was returned with a minority of the seats, while the Conservative Party of Canada gained fewer seats than expected and the Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois saw its standing revived in Quebec. In this election there were 18,170,880 valid votes cast with 179,479 votes rejected, for total voter turnout of 67 percent of the 27,373,028 registered voters. Summary. Campaign strategy was weak in most of the political parties. As one commentator remarked, \"Never before have both major parties taken such a small share of the vote. Never before, in my memory, have both declined steadily and together throughout a campaign.\" While the Conservative share of the vote rose from 31.9 percent in 2015 to 34.4 percent in 2019, and saw its share of the popular vote rise in 194 of the ridings, its share of the vote fell In the remaining 144. The Liberals emerged from the election with a strategic advantage in seats in both Ontario and Quebec, and the Conservatives' weakness"}, {"text": "on election day may lead to questions about the future of its leader Andrew Scheer, but there is also discussion as to whether the Tories' shortfall is due to more systemic reasons, especially with respect to the urban/rural divide in the electorate. Opinion polling was generally accurate, although in most polls support for the Liberals and Conservatives was mildly understated, while that for the Bloc and the Greens was overstated. Seats won fell within poll projections, but it was noted that at least eight seats expected to go to the NDP actually went Liberal, leading to the conjecture that the prior departure of their long-time NDP MPs revealed the underlying weakness of the party brand. Seats won and lost by party. The following 62 seats (representing 18.34 percent of seats in the House of Commons) changed allegiance from the 2015 election: The reasons for the changes were: Open seats that changed hands. Of the 44 seats that were open at dissolution, 11 were won by candidates of non-incumbent parties: Vacancies filled in earlier byelections. Three open seats were filled in earlier byelections, retained by the winners in the ensuing general election: Two vacancies were filled in earlier byelections, but the"}, {"text": "winners failed to keep them in the general election. They were both upset votes in favour of the Liberals, where one subsequently returned to the previous party, while the other went to a third party. MPs standing under a different political affiliation. Leona Alleslev had previously crossed the floor from the Liberals to the Conservatives in 2018, and was subsequently re-elected as a Conservative. Jody Wilson-Raybould contested her seat as an Independent and won, after having been expelled from the Liberal caucus. Voter demographics. Post-election analysis from Elections Canada. Elections Canada reported the following general characteristics of voter turnout in the election, compared to 2015: Canadian Election Study. The 2019 CES included two survey components. Both included two waves of questions, one in the campaign period (CPS) and a recontact wave after the election (PES). The non-probability online survey included a sample of Canadians from across the country (CPS n=37,822; PES n=10,337). The goal was to gather enough data to allow for constituency-level analysis as well as proper subgroup analysis of populations that are typically underrepresented in the CES. The RDD internet survey largely replicated the larger online study, although it contained fewer questions and has a smaller sample (CPS"}, {"text": "n=4,021; PES n=2,889). In both surveys, the core questions were drawn from previous CES (to preserve continuity) on key issues such as vote intentions, issue positions, partisanship, and political engagement. The 2019 Canadian Election Study was led by Laura Stephenson, Allison Harell, Daniel Rubenson and Peter Loewen. The table below is the indicated vote choice in the 2019 election from the PES, cross-tabbed with demographic questions. The weights have been adjusted to match the actual results of the election. Strategic voting and vote splitting. Strategic voting may have played a significant part in determining the results. A survey by Angus Reid, issued several days after the election, revealed that 23% of undecided voters did not make up their mind until election day. Of that number, 52% voted for the candidate and party they liked, while 48% voted based on who they disliked the least. Of all undecided voters, 45% cast their vote for the Liberals, while 25% supported the Conservatives. NDP voters were the least likely group to have made up their mind early on in the campaign. An Ipsos-Reid exit poll conducted on election day found that 26% of all voters made their choice as to try to ensure"}, {"text": "which party did not win, and the Liberals were the main beneficiary of such activity. (Apparently these decisions were based on perception of the local situation so the vote was used - when used strategically - to try to produce the election of a local candidate not so well liked but definitely more liked than a competitor in that same district.) Vote splitting skewed the results in many ridings. Vote splitting did not arise from multiple candidates of the same party running in a district (as that did not happen anywhere in Canada in this election) but from like-minded candidates of different parties running in the same district. Thus this analysis is based on somewhat arbitrary grouping of votes of like-minded parties despite different party labels into single voting blocks. Vote-splitting mainly benefited the Conservatives in Ontario and Metro Vancouver, the Liberals in Quebec and the Maritimes, and the NDP in BC and Ontario outside the GTA, while the Bloc benefited from multiple splits in the federalist parties, a wide group of all the nation-wide parties that ran candidates in Quebec. The seats affected (where 2nd and 3rd place votes combined were greater than what the 1st place candidate received)"}, {"text": "are summarized thus: Closest victories and greatest landslides. The total of the nine close results where Liberal were elected means a shift of just slightly more than 3205 voters away from Liberal candidates in those ridings would have lost the Liberals nine seats and given the Conservatives nine more, making the Liberal minority government weaker than it already was. Approximately 3000 votes is already anything at all when the votes are counted in the millions. Significant results among independent and minor party candidates. Those candidates not belonging to a major party, receiving more than 1,000 votes in the election, are listed below:"}, {"text": "Evan Weaver (born August 11, 1998) is an American former college football player who was a linebacker for the California Golden Bears. He was selected by the National Football League's (NFL) Arizona Cardinals in the sixth round of the 2020 NFL draft. Early life. Weaver was born and raised in Spokane, Washington and attended Gonzaga Preparatory School, where he played baseball and football. He attended grade school at Cataldo Catholic School, located in South Spokane. He was named first-team All-State and the Inland Northwest Defensive MVP after making 123 tackles, 36 for a loss, with 14 sacks and six forced fumbles. Rated a three-star prospect by most recruiting services, Weaver committed to play college football at California over offers from Arizona, Boise State, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Washington State. As a senior, Weaver was named the State Defensive Player of the Year after recording 125 tackles, 1 int, 5 forced fumbles, 37 tackles for loss, 24 sacks, and two safeties. He finished his high school career with 393 tackles, 78.0 tackles for loss, 45.0 sacks, and 14 forced fumbles. Weaver also played as a running back his senior year in the 2015 season, and scored the third and fourth touchdown"}, {"text": "for Gonzaga Prep in the WIAA 2015 Championship against Skyline, where he rushed for a net gain of 133 yards, with his longest run being 24 yards. Although he played baseball in high school, he opted out his senior year once he made his college commitment. College career. Weaver played in 11 games as a true freshman as a reserve defensive end, making 16 tackles with 1.5 sacks. Weaver moved from defensive end to outside linebacker during spring camp and then moved to inside linebacker going into his sophomore year. He became a starter midway through the season and finished with 55 tackles, two for loss, and two passes broken up. As a junior, Weaver started all 13 of the Golden Bears games and led the Football Bowl Subdivision with 159 tackles (9.5 for loss) with 4.5 sacks, two interceptions, and six passes broken up. He was named the Pac-12 Conference player of the week on October 29, 2018 for an 11-tackle (one for loss) performance with a pass broken up and an interception return for a touchdown in Cal's 12-10 upset of #15 Washington. Weaver was named a second-team All-American by Pro Football Focus, first-team All-Pac-12 by the Associated"}, {"text": "Press (AP) and second-team All-Pac-12 by the league's coaches. Weaver entered his senior season on the watchlists for the Butkus Award and the Bronko Nagurski Trophy. He was named a midseason All-American by the AP and CBS Sports. At the end of the season, Weaver was named the Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year and earned first-team All-Pac-12 honors after leading the nation with a school-record and Pac-12-record 182 tackles. He also became the first Cal player to earn unanimous first-team All-American honors since Daymeion Hughes and DeSean Jackson in 2006. Professional career. Weaver was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the sixth round with the 202nd overall pick of the 2020 NFL draft. He was waived on September 5, 2020. He was re-signed to the practice squad a day later. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 5, 2021. He was waived on August 30, 2021."}, {"text": "Tekchand Shrawan Sawarkar is an Indian politician who won the 14th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He represents Kamthi (Vidhan Sabha constituency). He was elected in 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. Sawarkar is from the Bharatiya Janata Party."}, {"text": "Fitchburg High School is a public high school in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. The school is part of the Fitchburg Public Schools district. History. Fitchburg High School has existed in some capacity since 1830, when its first schoolhouse was constructed. However, the school was officially established in 1849 under the leadership of its first principal, Anson S. Marshall. Fitchburg High is recorded as the seventy-third oldest active public high school in the United States. Due to ever growing enrollment, a new structure was built in 1869 and was designed by a local architect named Elbridge Boyden. Notably, in the 1874\u20131875 school year, Henry P. Armsby taught at Fitchburg High. In 1937, the longest-lasting Fitchburg High School building was erected at 98 Academy Street. This new building was designed by the firm of Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch and Abbott to replace the previous high school which had burned down in 1934. Charles Wilson Killam, a professor at Harvard University, was hired as consulting architect for this project. The school operated there until the 1999\u20132000 academic year. That building was converted into use for Longsjo Middle School in 2009. Fitchburg High then moved the northern part of town, near its border with Ashby. In 1962,"}, {"text": "the Fitchburg High Marching Band participated as one of a select few high school bands in the Rose Parade, an annual parade following the Rose Bowl Game. It is the only time the school has participated. Athletics. Known as the Red Raiders, athletic teams of Fitchburg High School don the colors of red and gray. The school primarily uses Crocker Field for football and track and field, while the Wallace Civic Center is used for ice hockey games. The Doug Grutchfield Field House, named after a former athletic director of the school, hosts basketball, volleyball, and indoor track and field events. Fitchburg High has one of the longest-standing high school football rivalries in the United States with nearby Leominster High School, known as \"The Rivalry.\" The first game between the two teams was played on October 20, 1894, and has since played annually on Thanksgiving. The match is also referred to by locals as the \"Turkey Bowl.\" As of 2021, the series record is 69\u201361\u201310, in favor of Leominster. Notable coaches of the Fitchburg High football team history include Walt Dubzinski, Dennis Gildea, and Cleo A. O'Donnell. Demographics. According to \"U.S. News & World Report\" in 2021, the Fitchburg High"}, {"text": "School student body is nearly half Hispanic and nearly a third White, with smaller percentages of African American and Asian students."}, {"text": "The castle known as Gadgirth Old Ha' or Gadgirth Old Hall, was the first castle at Gadgirth, held by the Chalmer family, standing on a whinstone promontory overlooking the River Ayr in the Parish of Coylton, the old district of Kyle, now part of South Ayrshire, Scotland. Location. This archaeological site lies on the southern side of the River Ayr near the B742 road that crosses the River Ayr at Gadgirth Bridge and runs up to Annbank. The castle jutts into the river on a rocky promontory with an islet located within the river at this point. Description. The Gadgirth Old Ha' consists of a section of masonry held together with lime mortar set against the crag and another small section, circa 2.3m long and a maximum height of 1.5m high enclosing the area of circa 8.7m by 6m, apparently a corner of the building. On the sides not protected by the river are the remnants of a fosse, moat or ditch and a drawbridge is said to have been located here. The approximate dimensions of the main wall are 5.5m in length and 3.5m height. The historian John Smith in the 1890s visited the site and stated that only"}, {"text": "a short stretch of wall could be traced. The other castle in the district was at Martnaham. History. Little is known of the history of this castle site, once held by the ancestors of the Chalmer, originally the De Camera family, which was replaced by their later 14th century Gadgirth Castle that stood around 500 metres or a quarter of a mile upstream on the same southern side of the River Ayr until demolished in 1808. Reginaldus de Camera (Chalmer) is recorded to have held the Barony of Gadgirth during the reign of William the Lion (1165-1214). References. Notes;"}, {"text": "Boston Uprising is an American esports team founded in 2017 that competes in the Overwatch League (OWL). The Uprising began playing competitive \"Overwatch\" in the 2018 season. All rostered players during the OWL season (including the playoffs) are included, even if they did not make an appearance."}, {"text": "Bzigo is a technology startup company that develops autonomous devices for pest control. The company was founded by Nadav Benedek and Saar Wilf, who are both alumni of the Israel Defense Forces' intelligence Unit 8200. Technology. The Bzigo device scans a room for mosquitoes using specialized optics and computer vision algorithms to identify flight patterns. Once it detects that a mosquito has landed, the device marks its location with a pointer and sends a message to a phone application, allowing the recipient to locate the pest and kill it."}, {"text": "Leitner & Kraus is a German clarinet manufacturer based in Neustadt an der Aisch, Bavaria. Overview. The company was founded in 1993 by Josef Leitner and Wolfgang Kraus. In 2001 the company expanded its production and moved to new facilities. As of 2019, Leitner & Kraus employs 15 people. Products. Clarinets of different moods are produced with the German and the French fingering system as well as those with the Reform Boehm system. With German system (Oehler) 10 models in Bb and A, of which one is a Viennese model with further bore, three models in C, and four in D and high-Es are offered. The lower section is covered by three basset horns in F and three long bass clarinets ranging to low-C. With the French system (Boehm) the company manufactures four models in Bb and A, with the reform Boehm system six models in Bb and A, a Bassett clarinet in Bb and A and three models in C, D and Es, as well as a basset horn in F. The instruments are made to order, using grenadilla wood, on special request also from cocobolo. For the German models the company developed a new patented A-Bb-Enhancement. For the"}, {"text": "Bb-Clarinet with German System, Model 250, the company received the 2016 German Musical Instrument Award. While some clarinet makers dispense with the production of mouthpieces, Leitner & Kraus devotes special attention to this important part and offers a configurator for the right choice of mouthpiece on its website. There are mouthpieces for German and French clarinets, with different track lengths and web openings, made of \u201cZelltec\u201d, a composite material, and of \"cast wood\" (linea verde), a material developed by the company. The instruments of Leitner & Kraus are mainly sold in Germany. 20 to 25% of the production is spread over several European countries, the US and China."}, {"text": "Gotoda (\u5f8c\u85e4\u7530) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "\"Final Girl\" is the ninth and final episode of the of the anthology television series \"American Horror Story\". It aired on November 13, 2019, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Crystal Liu, and directed by John J. Gray. Plot. In 2019, Richter's now-adult son Bobby returns to a decrepit Camp Redwood looking for answers, having been sent checks from an unknown benefactor since childhood. He is met by Montana and Trevor, who explain that Richter disappeared after being dragged into the lake and never returned. They reveal what happened in 1989: to prevent further deaths, Trevor blocks traffic to the Camp Redwood entrance. Margaret shoots him off camp property and leaves him to die, but Brooke appears and helps him onto the grounds so he can return as a ghost. Trevor's ghost then attacks Bruce and kicks him off the grounds to die. The dead counselors determine that the only way to stop Ramirez is to kill him over and over, which they do for thirty years. Back in 2019, Ramirez awakens once again and attacks Bobby; Montana ushers Bobby off the grounds and directs him to the asylum. There he meets Donna, now the director"}, {"text": "of the asylum, who further elaborates that in 1989, the ghosts brutally murdered Margaret, but not before Brooke seemingly died in a struggle with her. Donna and Bobby trace Bobby's money to a still-alive Brooke, who survived and escaped Camp Redwood with Ray's help. Bobby again returns to Camp Redwood where Margaret's ghost repeatedly attempts to kill him, but he is saved by Richter, Lavinia, and the counselors. Bobby shares a tearful farewell with his family and departs. Reception. \"Final Girl\" was watched by 1.08 million people during its original broadcast, and gained a 0.5 ratings share among adults aged 18\u201349. This episode had the fewest viewers of any finale in the entire series. The episode received positive reviews from critics, with some considering it to be the series' best finale in years. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, \"Final Girl\" holds an 88% approval rating, based on 16 reviews with an average rating of 8.33/10. Ron Hogan of \"Den of Geek\" gave the episode a 4/5, saying, \"Moments of sweetness aside, \"1984\" is a dark comedy at its heart, and like the best '80s slashers, there's no shortage of dramatic practical gore effects and dismemberments. Witness the first time"}, {"text": "the ghosts fall on Richard Ramirez to hack him to death, or when the ghosts catch up to Margaret and dismember her before throwing her pieces into a wood chipper. [...] All the ghosts wanted, and all anyone wants, is a reason to keep on going, to not sink into malaise and longing. Keeping the devil's personal blade man trapped, watching over Bobby, working to undo the mistakes of the past and build towards a better future? [...] A bloody, nihilistic show about a bloody, nihilistic decade still ends with a little positivity and love.\" He praised the director of the episode, commenting that \"John J. Gray has a little fun with the ghosts this week, having them pop in and out of scenes, and appear in the middle of scenes just off-screen, and by having them move in between Bobby and harm as they chase down an escaped Ramirez\", but also Wittrock's performance as he wrote \"Credit to Finn Wittrock, who's not given a lot to do in the episode, but when he's called on for the father-son scenes, it's very touching, and his relationships feel honest with the well-meaning ghosts.\" Kat Rosenfield of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the episode"}, {"text": "an A\u2212 rating. She first mentioned how she was pleased by the appearance of Finn Wittrock, saying that \"our favorite and most chiseled horror story alum is here to explore the secrets of Camp Redwood.\" She then wrote and commented how pleased she was by the fates of the final girls, Donna and Brooke, calling them \"the finest of the final girls\". She also enjoyed the multiple twists of the episode, especially the last one where the Richters appear and save Bobby from Margaret. Rosenfield noted the positive evolution of Montana's character, and the ghosts' attitude in general, noticing that they were \"a much friendlier bunch\" than before. Overally, Rosenfield really enjoyed the episode, and the season as a whole, commenting that \"It\u2019s been a long, strange, exceptionally stabby ride on this season of \"American Horror Story\", but it all ends here.\""}, {"text": "Bobby Brooks Kramer (December 1, 1913 \u2013 January 5, 2005), was a hall of fame equestrian and rodeo performer. She was one of the earliest bronc riders who competed for money. She had a successful rodeo career. After that, she and her husband formed the Diamond A Horse Ranch. She won many awards and trophies in cutting, trail, reining, and pleasure riding. She was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in 2000. Life. Bobby Brooks Kramer was born Bobby Brooks on December 1, 1913, in Terry, Montana. Kramer and her two brothers were raised on the family ranch in Prairie County, Montana, which was located near Big Sheep Mountain. All three children worked the ranch with their parents. Kramer made significant equestrian contributions in Montana in her lifetime. She started riding at the age of 3. She continued the traditions of ranching taught her by her parents and grandparents. On July 24, 1943, while Corwin \"Bud\" Kramer was still in the Army, he and Bobby got married. Kramer worked their ranch and competed in rodeo until he came home. Once he returned, they began building \"one of the greatest horse ranches in the nation\". Career. Kramer"}, {"text": "attended several technical schools and got her pilot's license. The Kramers purchased a ranch near Billings. In 1968, Gary Crowder became a partner, starting the Kramer Crowder Horse Ranch. Kramer received a long list of accomplishments and awards during her lifetime. Many were from the American Quarter Horse Association, the Montana Quarter Horse Association, and the National Cutting Horse Association. After she and her husband retired from successful rodeo careers, they formed the Hanging Diamond A Horse Ranch. Kramer produced horses on the ranch who won awards in cutting, trail, reining, and pleasure riding. Legacy and death. Kramer remained known for being one of the earliest women bronc riders who competed for prize money. She won several trophies and awards. Many of these came from cutting competition and horse shows. In the 1950s, she completed an endurance race from Billings to Miles City. In 1989, she rode with the drovers in a roundup on the Great Montana Centennial Cattle Drive. Kramer also appeared in two documentaries: \"I'll Ride That Horse\" and \"The Last Stronghold\u201d, featuring the Miles City Bucking Horse Sale. In her old age, she continued to show her American Quarter Horse Association gelding, Red. At age 90 she"}, {"text": "won one of four high-point awards at the Billings Saddle Club. Kramer was 91 years old when she died on January 5, 2005, in her home near Billings, Montana. Her husband, Corwin Kramer, preceded her in death in 1979."}, {"text": "Jake Brian Tench (born 14 September 1992), known professionally as THRDL!FE (pronounced \"third life'), is a British record producer, DJ, and songwriter. He is known for his singles \"Hear Me Tonight\" with Alok, \"Wrong Move\" with R3HAB & Olivia Holt, \"For Love\" with Mario and Kelli-Leigh among others. He has also written, produced and remixed records for numerous other notable artists including Marshmello, Jess Glynne, Twice, and more."}, {"text": "The list of Olympic men's ice hockey players for the Czech Republic consisted of 103 skaters and 9 goaltenders. Men's ice hockey tournaments have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1920 (it was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and was permanently added to the Winter Olympic Games in 1924). The Czech Republic has participated in seven tournaments, the first in 1994 and most recently in 2018, though from 1920 until 1992 they participated as part of Czechoslovakia. The Czech Republic has won two medals: a gold in 1998 and a bronze in 2006. Jarom\u00edr J\u00e1gr has played in the most Olympic tournaments, 5, and also played in the most games, with 28. J\u00e1gr has scored the most goals, 9, assists, 14, and points, 23. Seven players \u2014 Dominik Ha\u0161ek, Milan Hejduk, J\u00e1gr, Robert Lang. Martin Ru\u010dinsk\u00fd, Jaroslav \u0160pa\u010dek and Martin Straka \u2014 were on both of the Czech Republic's medal-winning teams. Ha\u0161ek has been inducted into both the Hockey Hall of Fame and International Ice Hockey Hall of Fame, the only player from the Czech Republic in either."}, {"text": "Hassan Maatouk is an association football player who played as a forward for the Lebanon national football team between 2006 and 2024. He is the country's all-time top goalscorer and most-capped player, with 26 goals in 123 international appearances. Maatouk's first international goal came in his 20th appearance on 23 July 2011, in a 2014 World Cup qualification game against Bangladesh. His last goal for Lebanon was also against Bangladesh in a 2026 World Cup qualification game, in his 123rd and final international game on 11 June 2024. Maatouk surpassed Vardan Ghazaryan's record of 21 goals by scoring against Bangladesh in the 2023 SAFF Championship on 22 June 2023. Maatouk scored one hat-trick for his national team, netting three goals against Bangladesh in a 4\u20130 win during a 2026 World Cup qualifier on his last cap for Lebanon. He also scored two braces for his national team: once against Kuwait in a 2\u20132 draw in a 2014 World Cup qualifier, and once against Thailand in a 5\u20132 win in a 2015 Asian Cup qualifier. Maatouk scored more goals against Bangladesh than any other team, totaling five goals against them. Half of his goals were scored at home, with ten at"}, {"text": "the Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium, two at the Saida Municipal Stadium, and one at the Tripoli International Olympic Stadium. The majority of Maatouk's goals came in qualification matches, with 11 goals scored in World Cup qualifiers and eight in Asian Cup qualifiers. He led his team to the 2019 edition unbeaten in the qualifiers, scoring five goals in six games. Additionally, he scored four goals in friendlies, two goals in the SAFF Championship, and one goal in the Asian Cup. International goals. <onlyinclude> \"Scores and results list Lebanon's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Maatouk goal\". </onlyinclude>"}, {"text": "Aminjan Shokuhi was a Tajik poet (1923\u20131979). He is known for poems such as \"Maktab\" and \"My Beloved City\"."}, {"text": "Robert H. Robinson Library was one of the earliest libraries for Colored People in the United States, during the Jim Crow laws era. Robert Robinson Library was located at 902 Wythe St., Alexandria, Virginia, and was operated since 1940 by the City of Alexandria. History. The library was named in honor of Rev. Robert H. Robinson, an African American minister, educator, and activist. He was the grandson of Caroline Branham, an enslaved women held by George and Martha Washington. In 1939 sit-in at the new and \"whites only\" Alexandria, Virginia public library (Kate Waller Barret branch) organized by the lawyer Samuel Wilbert Tucker since the library's budget was collected from the taxes paid by every American citizen. The original goal of Lawyer Samuel Wilbert Tucker was to allow African Americans to use Virginia's Public Library, but instead of it was built a small and segregated library\u2014Robert Robinson Library. Its construction was completed in 1940 and functioned as the first \"separate but equal\" library for African Americans in the segregated city. Librarians and collection. Since the time of its foundation, its staff was formed by professional librarians who graduated from many American universities and the books were served to students of"}, {"text": "different levels from kindergarten up to university. Importance. The city's project followed a 1939 sit-in by African Americans and arrests at the whites-only Alexandria Library. The 1939 event is commonly cited as the first non-violent protest by African Americans against racial segregation. Current status. Since the libraries were desegregated, Robert H. Robinson Library became part of the Alexandria Black History Museum. The museum has changing exhibitions on local and national topics related to African Americans. The museum also operates the Alexandria African American Heritage Park, a park at 500 Holland Lane, which contains a nineteenth-century African-American cemetery that was buried under a city landfill in the 1960s."}, {"text": "HMS \"Dunvegan Castle\" was a UK ocean liner that was converted into an armed merchant cruiser (AMC) in the Second World War. Harland and Wolff built her and her sister ship in Belfast in 1936. Union-Castle Line operated \"Dunvegan Castle\" on scheduled service between Southampton and South Africa until 1939. When war broke out she was requisitioned by the Admiralty and commissioned as HMS \"Dunvegan Castle\". She escorted Allied convoys from Sierra Leone to Britain from January 1940. In August 1940\",\" she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine \"\" in the Western Approaches, killing 27 of her crew. The vessel's commander and 249 of his crew were resuced. Building and civilian service. In 1935 Union-Castle ordered a pair of \"intermediate\" passenger liners for its service between Tilbury and South Africa. Harland and Wolff laid down the two ships with the consecutive yard numbers 959 and 960. Union-Castle policy was to name its ships after British castles. Hull 959 was launched on 25 January 1936, taking its name from Dunnottar Castle in Aberdeenshire. Hull 960 was launched on 26 March, taking its name from Dunvegan Castle on the Isle of Skye. She was completed on 18 August 1936. She"}, {"text": "was the scene of an attempted murder in August 1937, when Antonio Mifsud, a Maltese kitchen porter, stabbed the former cricketer Ernest Hayter. \"Dunvegan Castle\" was a motor ship with two-stroke marine diesel engines. They developed a total of 1,931 NHP and drove twin screws, giving her a speed of . She had accommodation for 258 first class and 250 tourist class passengers. Except for her after hold, her cargo holds were refrigerated. \"Dunvegan Castle\" began her maiden voyage on 18 September 1936. It was a circuit of Africa including passage through the Suez Canal. She then settled down to scheduled services between Southampton and ports in South Africa. Armed merchant cruiser. On 3 September 1939, the day the UK entered the Second World War, \"Dunvegan Castle\" was in East London in South Africa. The Admiralty requisitioned her there and sent her to the UK to be converted into an AMC. She called at Cape Town, and then at Freetown in Sierra Leone where she joined Convoy SL 2F to be escorted to home waters. \"Dunvegan Castle\" was back in Belfast from 16 to 25 December to be converted into an AMC. BL 6 inch Mk XII naval guns were"}, {"text": "fitted as her primary armament. Her secondary armament included QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft guns. \"Dunvegan Castle\" left Belfast on Christmas Day 1939. In January 1940 she briefly visited the Royal Navy bases at Portland Harbour, Portsmouth and HMNB Devonport. On 17 January she reached Autonomous Port of Dakar in French Senegal. The first convoy she escorted was SL 18F, a \"fast\" convoy that left Freetown on 28 January. On 8 February SL 18F joined the main part of Convoy SL 18 and \"Dunvegan Castle\" detached to return independently to Dakar. The ship next escorted Convoy SL 22, which left Freetown on 27 February and joined SL 22F on 11 March. Again \"Dunvegan Castle\" detached to patrol and then return to Dakar. For subsequent SL convoys \"Dunvegan Castle\" was an escort all the way to UK home waters. She was an escort of Convoy SL 26, which left Freetown on 30 March and reached Liverpool on 15 April. Then she was in Belfast from 14 April to 2 May. From May to July 1940 \"Dunvegan Castle\" escorted convoys SL 32, SL 36 and SL 39 from Freetown to Liverpool. \"Dunvegan Castle\"s final visit to Dakar was on 8\u201310 June,"}, {"text": "between escorting convoys SL 32 and SL 36. France capitulated on 22 June, when \"Dunvegan Castle\" was escorting Convoy SL 36 to Liverpool, so when she returned to West Africa she went straight to Freetown to await Convoy SL 39. Final voyage and loss. \"Dunvegan Castle\"s final voyage was with Convoy SL 43, which left Freetown on 11 August 1940. It included 45 merchant ships, but for its first fortnight at sea it had only three escorts: \"Dunvegan Castle\", the sloop and the Ellerman Lines cargo steamship \"Corinthian\", which had been converted into an ocean boarding vessel. In the Western Approaches, SL 43 was reinforced by the sloop and corvette on 26 August, and the destroyer and corvette \"Primrose\" on 27 August. On the evening of 27 August, attacked \"Dunvegan Castle\". She was about 120 miles southwest of Cape Clear Island in southwest Ireland when the first torpedo struck her aft of her bridge at 2147 hrs. \"Dunvegan Castle\" kept under way, steaming north. At 2212 hrs \"U-46\" torpedoed her again, hitting her in the engine room. At 2231 hrs a second u-boat, , attacked the convoy, torpedoing and sinking the Greek merchant steamship \"Theodoros T\". At 2251 hrs \"U-46\""}, {"text": "torpedoed \"Dunvegan Castle\" a third time, hitting her just forward of her bridge. \"Dunvegan Castle\" caught fire and stopped. By now she was northwest of Erris Head in the west of Ireland. Three officers and 24 ratings were killed. The destroyer and one of the convoy escorts, the corvette \"Primrose\", rescued \"Dunvegan Castle\"s commander and 249 of his crew. \"Dunvegan Castle\" sank the next day at ."}, {"text": "Shi Danai (\u53f2\u5927\u5948), also known by his former name Ashina Danai (\u963f\u53f2\u90a3\u5927\u5948), was a Turkic prince and the first foreigner to be a general in the Tang army. He was probably the eldest son of Chuluo Qaghan. Career under Sui dynasty. Shi Dinai submitted to Chinese rule as early as reign of Emperor Yang of Sui in 611. He and his followers were granted Loufan County in the northern province of Shanxi. He took part in the Goguryeo\u2013Sui War from 612 to 614. Career under Gaozu of Tang. He later joined Emperor Gaozu of Tang in his campaign against the Sui dynasty's region of Guanzhong in 617. His 500-strong Turkic cavalry was instrumental in defeating Sui general Sang Xianhe (\u6851\u986f\u548c) during the Battle of Yinma Spring from an attack on his rear, for which he was rewarded with the honorific title \"Grand Master for Splendid Happiness\" (). He was bestowed a Chinese surname Shi (\u53f2) after Li Yuan entered Chang'an same year. Following the establishment of the Tang dynasty, he participated in battles against Xue Ju, Wang Shichong, Dou Jiande and Liu Heita under the command of Emperor Taizong. Later life. He retired in the early reign of Emperor Taizong"}, {"text": "and was appointed Right Wuwei General of the Tang army. He was also granted governorship of Fengzhou and named Duke Dou (\u7ac7\u570b\u516c) by Taizong with 300 people assigned to his household. He died in 638 and was buried in the Zhao Mausoleum. Family. He had two sons. Shi Renbiao (\u53f2\u4ec1\u8868) married Princess Pu'an (\u666e\u5b89\u516c\u4e3b), the eighth daughter of Taizong of Tang. The other was Shi Renji (\u53f2\u4ec1\u57fa)."}, {"text": "Louisiana's 38th State Senate district is one of 39 districts in the Louisiana State Senate. It has been represented by Republican Barry Milligan since 2020, following Milligan's 2019 defeat of Democratic incumbent John Milkovich. Geography. District 38 covers all of DeSoto Parish and southern parts of Caddo Parish in Ark-La-Tex, including the towns of Greenwood, Keithville, Stonewall, and Mansfield, as well as a small portion of southern Shreveport. The district is located entirely within Louisiana's 4th congressional district, and overlaps with the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 23rd districts of the Louisiana House of Representatives. Recent election results. Louisiana uses a jungle primary system. If no candidate receives 50% in the first round of voting, when all candidates appear on the same ballot regardless of party, the top-two finishers advance to a runoff election."}, {"text": "Wall of Flowers is an album by Mike Baggetta featuring Mike Watt and Jim Keltner. The album has been described as \"post-genre-improv-jazz-rock\". The album was largely improvised even though the trio of musicians had never played with each other before recording in 2017. A conversation with Chris Schlarb of Big Ego Studios led to a discussion about the David Torn album \"Cloud About Mercury\" which Baggetta admired. Baggetta learned that the artists on the album had not worked together previously and were simply \"cold-called\" by Torn so he jokingly suggested Schlarb call Watt and Keltner to join him for an album. Schlarb made some calls and soon Baggetta was joined by Watt and Keltner to record his \"Wall of Flowers\". Following the release of the album, Baggetta and Watt embarked on a ten-date March tour with Stephen Hodges substituting for Keltner. The tour resulted in the formation of mssv, a live album (\"Live Flowers\") and a studio album scheduled for 2020 release."}, {"text": "The Red Deer Lumber Company was a forestry company that had approximately 10 logging operations along the Red Deer River, and owned and operated a sawmill on the south shore of Red Deer Lake. The Red Deer Lake sawmill was one of Manitoba's three largest sawmills, with the other two being those at Grandview and The Pas. History. The company began operations in 1901, and was founded by the following people: All five of the above became the first directors of the company, with Robertson being the President, and Lynch being the Secretary. The initial investments were used to build a sawmill on the south shore of Red Deer Lake. From the sawmill, a rail spur was also built to connect the mill to the Canadian Northern Railway line to the south, which had been built to Erwood in 1900 from Swan River. The company also created two settlements to serve the mill: the community of Red Deer Lake was built near the mill on the lakeshore, and the community of Barrows was built at the railway junction. By 1907, a controlling interest in the company was owned by Union Lumber Company from Chicago. The sawmill closed in 1926, and"}, {"text": "the company was then sold to The Pas Lumber Company, who received their permit to operate and restarted the Red Deer Lake Mill in 1928. Operations. Wood for the sawmill was cut along the Red Deer River, and the logs were floated down the river to the lake when they were caught and then processed in the mill. Logs were also floated down the Etomami, Little Swan, and North Armit Rivers, which all eventually flowed into the Red Deer River. In the late summer and fall, an emphasis was put on getting logs cut. In the winter, once a snowpack was established, horse-drawn sleighs could be used to transport the cut logs from the fall down to piles on the nearest riverbanks. In the early summer, once the ice cleared on the rivers, the logs would be set in the river and the log drive would begin. Some of the logging areas had work camps where workers could live, and these camps could accommodate around 200 people per camp. Approximately 2000 people were employed by the company in total. The company owned a steamboat for transporting workers around the lake, and up and down the river, and various other barges"}, {"text": "known as \"wangans\" or \"wannigans.\" The wannigans had flat bottoms for navigating shallow rivers, and a house in the centre with a kitchen and storage. Most of the lumber produced at Red Deer Lake was exported to the United States, but this practice stopped once the US closed their border to Canadian lumber, and this border closure was one of the factors that eventually led to the downfall of the company."}, {"text": "The Wallace Oak was an oak tree that stood in Elderslie, Renfrewshire. It is reputed to have seeded around 1100 and by the late 13th century grew on the estate of Scottish independence leader William Wallace's father. Wallace is reputed to have hidden himself within the tree to escape from English soldiers. The tree was damaged by the removal of wood to make souvenirs in the 19th century and it fell during a storm in 1856. Association with Wallace. The oak is described as being at least 700 years old in a book of 1838, giving an approximate seeding date of 1100 AD. The tree stood at the west end of the village of Elderslie in Renfrewshire, to the north of the turnpike road. By the late 13th century the tree came into the ownership of the father of Scottish independence leader William Wallace. William Wallace himself is said to have been born on the estate associated with the oak. In legend, Wallace is said to have used the branches of the tree to hide from an English patrol. This legend later became more outlandish, with it being stated that the tree hid 300 of Wallace's men. Its canopy has"}, {"text": "been variously described as covering and a Scottish acre (). The tree was well known by the 14th century and the Wallace Yew later grew next to it. 19th century. In 1825 the trunk was measured at in circumference at ground level, reducing to at a height of from the ground. It measured in height with branches extending up to to give a canopy covering 19 English square poles of land (). After this time the tree declined, partly due to age and partly due to parts of it being removed as souvenirs. By the mid-19th century it had become common for Scottish men to own a snuff box that incorporated a fragment of the Wallace Oak together with part of a tree said to have been planted by Mary, Queen of Scots at Holyrood Palace, part of another tree under which she is said to have watched the Battle of Langside and a portion of the rafters of Alloway Auld Kirk (made famous by Robert Burns). By 1851, Jacob George Strutt drew it for his \"Sylva Britannica\", many of its branches had been removed and it was described as \"a melancholy torso, bald and frail, with its limbs hacked"}, {"text": "off by relic hunters, like Wallace's by the hangman\". The tree fell during a storm in 1856. Its timber was reputedly used to make two regency-style tables. John McAdam commissioned an elaborate frame made from the oak in 1867 which he intended to be used to contain letters about Wallace at the National Wallace Monument. Acorns from the Oak were raised to saplings by Daniel Johnston Baron Officer at the Elderslie Estate; one of the saplings was planted at Fountain Gardens in Paisley where it still stands."}, {"text": "VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) is a lunar rover which was developed at the NASA Ames Research Center. Before the project was cancelled in 2024 the rover would have been tasked with prospecting for lunar resources in permanently shadowed areas of lunar south pole region, especially by mapping the distribution and concentration of water ice. The mission built on a previous NASA rover concept, the Resource Prospector, which had been cancelled in 2018. \"VIPER\" was to be carried aboard Astrobotic's Griffin lander as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative. In 2025, NASA released an Announcement for Partnership Proposal seeking U.S. companies to deliver and operate the completed VIPER rover on the Moon. Cancellation in 2024. Amidst cost growth and delays to readiness of the rover and the Griffin lander, the VIPER program was ended in July 2024, with the rover planned to be disassembled and its instruments and components reused for other lunar missions. Before commencing disassembly, NASA announced they would consider \"expressions of interest\" from industry to use the \"VIPER rover system at no cost to the government.\" At the time of the announcement NASA expected to save $84 million by canceling the mission, which"}, {"text": "has cost $450 million so far. The budgeted cost to build VIPER was $433.5 million, with $235.6 million budgeted to launch the lander. The agency still plans to support the Griffin lander to arrive on the Moon in fall of 2025, though with a mass simulator in place of the VIPER rover. NASA expects the primary objectives of VIPER to be fulfilled by an array of other missions planned for the next several years, but these may eventually become overshadowed and forgotten over time. Response to cancellation. VIPER's abrupt cancellation was received poorly by the scientific community. At the time of its cancellation, VIPER had been fully assembled and completed vibration testing. In response, a letter opposing the cancellation was circulated and garnered over 2500 signatures by the end of July 2024. In August 2024, The Planetary Society published a statement calling for the program to be reconsidered. On September 6th 2024, the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology published a letter requesting additional information as to why NASA cancelled the mission. Post-cancellation developments. In February 2025, NASA announced a new approach to potentially revive the VIPER mission through an industry partnership. The agency released an Announcement for Partnership"}, {"text": "Proposal seeking U.S. companies to deliver and operate the completed VIPER rover on the Moon. Under the proposed partnership, NASA would provide the already-built VIPER rover while the selected company would be responsible for the launch, landing, and surface operations, including data collection and dissemination, as well as all mission costs. As of May, 2025, discussions are still ongoing. With the potential cuts from the second Donald Trump administration looming, the future of VIPER remains unclear. It is possible that the VIPER mission could be scrapped, and the team behind it face dismissal, and the VIPER name to be reused in unrelated contexts. Objectives. The \"VIPER\" rover has a size similar to a golf cart (around 1.4 \u00d7 1.4 \u00d7 2 m), and would have been tasked with prospecting for lunar resources, especially for water ice, mapping its distribution, and measuring its depth and purity. The water distribution and form must be better understood before it can be evaluated as a potential resource within any evolvable lunar or Mars campaign. The \"VIPER\" rover was to operate on the western edge of Nobile crater on Mons Mouton in the Moon's south pole region. The first ever rover with its own lighting"}, {"text": "source, it was planned to rove several kilometers, collecting data on different kinds of soil environments affected by light and temperature\u2014those in complete darkness, occasional light and in constant sunlight. In permanently shadowed locations, it would operate on battery power alone and would not be able to recharge them until it drives to a sunlit area. Its total operation time was planned to be 100 Earth days. Project management. The \"VIPER\" rover was part of the Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program managed by the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters, and was meant to support the crewed Artemis program. NASA's Ames Research Center was managing the rover project. The hardware for the rover was designed by the Johnson Space Center, while the instruments were provided by Ames, Kennedy, and Honeybee Robotics. The project manager was Daniel Andrews, and the project scientist was Anthony Colaprete, who was implementing the technology developed for the now cancelled Resource Prospector rover. The estimated cost of the mission was US$250 million in October 2019. NASA said on 3 March 2021 that the new lifecycle cost for the mission was US$433.5 million. Both the launcher and the lander were competitively provided through Commercial Lunar Payload Services"}, {"text": "(CLPS) contractors, with Astrobotic providing the Griffin lander to deliver the rover, and SpaceX providing the Falcon Heavy launch vehicle. NASA was aiming to land the rover in September 2025 until the mission was canceled on 17 July 2024. Rover assembly and preparation for launch. In February 2024 the final instrument, the TRIDENT drill, was installed into the rover. Later on 28 February 2024, VIPER Project Manager Dan Andrews announced that all the rover's scientific instruments were installed, and that it was more than 80% built. Further progress was reported in April 2024, remaining on track for launch later in the year. The rover moved to the environmental testing phase in May. Science background. Data obtained by Lunar Prospector, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, and the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, revealed that lunar water is present in the form of ice near the lunar poles, especially within permanently shadowed craters in the south pole region, and present in the form of hydrated minerals in other high-latitude locations. Water may have been delivered to the Moon over geological timescales by the regular bombardment of water-bearing comets, asteroids and meteoroids, or continuously produced \"in situ\" by the hydrogen ions (protons) of"}, {"text": "the solar wind impacting oxygen-bearing minerals. The physical form of the water ice is unknown, but some studies suggest that it is unlikely to be present in the form of thick, pure ice deposits, and may be a thin coating on soil grains. If it is possible to mine and extract the water molecules () in large amounts, it can be broken down to its elements, namely hydrogen and oxygen, and form molecular hydrogen () and molecular oxygen () to be used as rocket bi-propellant or produce compounds for metallurgic and chemical production processes. Just the production of propellant, was estimated by a joint panel of industry, government and academic experts, identified a near-term annual demand of 450 metric tons of lunar-derived propellant equating to 2450 metric tons of processed lunar water, generating US$2.4 billion of revenue annually. Science payload. The \"VIPER\" rover will be equipped with a drill and three analyzers. The Neutron Spectrometer System (NSS), will detect sub-surface water from a distance, then, \"VIPER\" will stop at that location and deploy a drill called TRIDENT to obtain samples to be analyzed by its two onboard spectrometers:"}, {"text": "Peter Sterling (born June 28, 1940) is an American anatomist, physiologist and neuroscientist and Professor of Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He is the author of What Is Health? Allostasis and the Evolution of Human Design (2020), and with Simon Laughlin, is an author of Principles of Neural Design. Early life. Peter Sterling was born in 1940 in New York city to Phillip and Dorothy Sterling, writers and advocates for progressive causes. His sister is the noted researcher and professor Anne Fausto-Sterling. At the age of twenty, while a student at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, he was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi for participating in a Freedom Ride. He was set free after paying a fine and/or by mediation by Howard Allen Schneiderman, who recruited him to experimental biology. Career. Peter Sterling attended New York University Medical School for two years, but voluntarily dropped out in order to study neuroanatomy. He received his PhD from Western Reserve University, where he worked on the anatomical organisation of the spinal cord. Later he provided significant contributions to the knowledge about three-dimensional retinal microanatomy. In 1980 he was appointed professor of neuroscience at the Department of Neuroscience at"}, {"text": "the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Together with Joseph Eyer, Peter Sterling coined the term allostasis for \"stability through change\", which is now enjoying growing scientific attention, especially in the context of allostatic load."}, {"text": "John Christian Wiltberger Jr. (January 14, 1798 - August 12, 1855) was an American silversmith and religious activist, active in Philadelphia and Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Wiltberger was born in Philadelphia as a son of silversmith Christian Wiltberger, trained as apprentice under his father, and in 1819 was listed in Philadelphia directories. He did not finish his training, but instead turned to religious activities as a temperance activist, and in 1819 traveled to Liberia to establish a colony for ex-slaves. In 1821 he joined J.B. Winn, Ephraim Bacon, and Joseph R. Andrus aboard the vessel Nautilus on a voyage to carry a group of African Americans to Sierra Leone as part of the American Colonization Society's activities to establish a colony for ex-slaves. He married Maria Louise Powers on February 5, 1823, and became an ordained minister in Washington, DC, in 1831, then returned to Bucks County, Pennsylvania, from 1838-50+ as Rev. Christian Wiltberger, missionary at Yardley, Pennsylvania, and Centreville."}, {"text": "Choi Hyo-joo (, born 15 April 1998) is a Chinese-born South Korean table tennis player. Born in China as Yao Yao (), she became a naturalized South Korean citizen in November 2013. She represented South Korea at the team event in the 2020 Summer Olympics. Early life and move to Korea. A Jiangsu native, Choi (then known as Yao Yao) attended a table tennis school in Qingdao, Shandong at a young age. In 2009, she finished 8th in the national cadet tournament, behind the likes of Chen Meng, Gu Yuting, Shao Jieni, and Zhu Yuling. She was spotted by Choi Young-il, head coach of the Korean club Samsung Life, who persuaded her to go to South Korea and acquire Korean nationality. Several people helped out with her naturalization: the mother of Jeong Sang-eun, another Chinese-born South Korean player, and Coach Choi's older brother, a public employee, who volunteered to foster her. Later, when she became a naturalized Korean, she adopted the surname Choi. Achievements. ITTF Tours. \"Women's singles\" \"Women's doubles\""}, {"text": "Meomyia is a genus of flies belonging to the family Bombyliidae (bee flies)."}, {"text": "Unwilling to Explain is the fourth album by American improvisational band Unknown Instructors, featuring Mike Watt (The Minutemen, fIREHOSE), George Hurley (Minutemen, fIREHOSE), J Mascis (Dinosaur Jr.), and Dan McGuire. It was the first Unknown Instructors album that wasn't improvised and the first to feature Mascis on guitar instead of Baiza. The recording took quite some time with Watt recording bass tracks in 2011 and Hurley laying down the drums the following year. Mascis' guitar work was recorded three years after that with Dan McGuire's vocals following. Reception. David Arnson of \"Music Connection\" called it \"truly interesting\" but warned \"Your mileage may vary on the Tom Waits- and Bukowski-influenced bop narration. The real take- away is Mascis\u2019 fluid and expressive guitar work.\" \"Razorcake's\" Michael T. Fournier praised it saying it \"hangs together better than any of the group\u2019s other records I\u2019ve heard.\" Mark Hughson of \"Jersey Beat\" said \"If you\u2019re into on-the-fly jazz rock you\u2019ll be hard pressed to find better indie star power.\""}, {"text": "The Forest Guard (, is the name of the agency responsible for the protection of forests and implementation of the forestry law in Greece. History. The first agency for the protection of forests and fields was founded in 1836 as the Rural Police (\u0391\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae). In 1956, the Rural Police was organised along the standards of the Gendarmerie and became part of the Ministry of Public Order. In 2011, the Rural Police was disestablished and its services were passed to the various regional forest services. These various regional forest services, grouped as the \"Forest Command\", form part of the Ministry of Agricultural Development and provide services all over Greece (\"Dasarcheio\", \"Dasonomeio\", \"Dasofylakeio\"). In 2017, common uniforms were adopted for all members of the Forest Guard."}, {"text": "Robyn Michelle Mylett (born January 4, 1989) is a . She is best known for her role as Katy on the comedy series \"Letterkenny\" (2016\u20132023). Early life. Mylett was raised in Ladysmith, a town on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. She has an older brother, Richard, and a cousin, Mikayla Mary. Career. Her first professional acting job was in the 2013 film \"Antisocial\". She subsequently appeared in the films \"The Drownsman\" and \"She Stoops to Conquer\", as well as supporting roles in the television series \"Ascension\", \"The Strain\", and \"Lost Girl\". Later roles are: in the television series \"Four in the Morning\", \"Bad Blood\", and the films \"Kiss and Cry\", \"The Curse of Buckout Road\", \"El Camino Christmas\", and as Elle in \"Was I Really Kidnapped\". Mylett's most prominent role is as Katy, a leading character on the television series \"Letterkenny\". For her work on it, she was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020. Mylett has also starred in \"The Complex\", a video game in full-motion video, by Wales Interactive. In 2022 she joined Peter Dinklage and Shirley MacLaine in the dark comedy film,"}, {"text": "\"American Dreamer\". Personal life. Mylett resides in British Columbia with boyfriend Connor Head and her dog, Clementine."}, {"text": "So'oa'emalelagi Gr\u00e4fin von Ballestrem (n\u00e9e Solf, 31 August 1909 \u2013 14 September 1955) was a part of the German resistance to Nazism as a member of the Solf Circle. She was born in Vailima, German Samoa as the daughter of Wilhelm Solf, the German colonial governor, and Hanna Solf. Her Samoan birth name was typically abbreviated to Lagi. Biography. She lived in Shanghai with her first husband Wolfgang Mohr (married 1932) where she helped Jewish refugees. She returned to Berlin in 1938, at which time she was questioned by the Gestapo. Her first marriage ended in 1939; the following year she married Hubertus Graf von Ballestrem (1910-1995), son of Count Valentin Gustav Alexander Joseph Christian von Ballestrem (1860-1920) and his wife, Countess Agnes of Stolberg-Stolberg (1874-1940). Together with her mother Hanna, Lagi von Ballestrem planned escape routes for fleeing Jews and participated in secret meetings with other opponents of the Nazi regime. This group of intellectuals would later be known as the Solf Circle. In 1939 von Ballestrem helped the gynaecologist and intellectual Ferdinand Mainzer and his family to escape to England. The Solf Circle was betrayed to the Gestapo in late 1943, which led to its members being arrested."}, {"text": "Ballestrem and her mother were transferred to Ravensbr\u00fcck concentration camp. While many other members of the group were executed, Ballestrem and Solf were freed when the Red Army liberated Ravensbr\u00fcck. Her story in her own words is found in 's book \"\", first published in 1949."}, {"text": "Markquez Lao Santiago (born April 11, 1988), known professionally as Kid Buu, is an American rapper and singer based in South Miami, Florida. His career has been marked by his attempts to generate controversy as well as his run-ins with the law. Early life and career. Markquez Santiago was born on April 11, 1988, at St. Elizabeth Child Care Center in Jersey City, New Jersey. He later moved with his brother, Jason, and his mother to South Florida, specifically the Hialeah and Opa-locka areas, in search of a better life. He is of Sicilian and Puerto Rican descent. In late 2018, Santiago changed his stage name from \"Humongous The God\" to \"Kid Buu\", in reference to \"Dragon Ball Z\" character Majin Buu. Personal life. In 2019, Santiago was convicted on charges of child abuse following a domestic dispute with then girlfriend Blac Chyna. Santiago is a Ra\u00eblian, and claims that he is a clone."}, {"text": "The Chengdu Hunters are a Chinese esports team founded in 2018 that compete in the Overwatch League (OWL). The Hunters began playing competitive \"Overwatch\" in the 2019 season. All rostered players during the OWL season (including the playoffs) are included, even if they did not make an appearance."}, {"text": "Tuite is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "Tamara Grigorievna Abaeva (Russian: \u0422\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430; born 17 July 1927) was a Soviet Uzbek and Tajik historian, specializing in oriental studies. She was born in Khiva and studied at the National University of Uzbekistan in Tashkent (then known as SAGU ()). In 1961, she obtained her doctorate in history with a dissertation titled \"Essays on the history of Badakhshan\". She was an employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. She contributed to numerous historical works, her specialization being the history of the Pamir-Hindukush region of Afghanistan and that of Badakhshan."}, {"text": "Bastian Badu (born 2 February 2000) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for club N\u00eemes. Club career. On 25 October 2019, Badu signed his first professional contract with Montpellier. He made his professional debut with Montpellier in a 0\u20130 Ligue 1 tie with Angers on 26 October 2019. On 2 January 2020, Badu joined Ligue 2 club Chambly on loan for the rest of the season. The loan was renewed for the 2020\u201321 season. On 2 July 2021, Badu signed for Le Mans. On 1 February 2022, he returned to Chambly on a deal until the end of the season. In the beginning of February 2023, Badu signed with Moulins Yzeure. He left the club at the end of the season. International career. Born in France, Badu is of Congolese descent. He is a youth international for France."}, {"text": "The Allerton Oak is an Irish oak tree in Calderstones Park in Liverpool, England. It is thought to be around 1,000 years old and is described as the oldest oak in North West England. It is reputed to have been the setting for a medieval hundred court and said to have been damaged in an 1864 gunpowder explosion. The tree won the 2019 English Tree of the Year competition and had been entered into the 2020 European Tree of the Year competition. History. The Allerton Oak is around 1,000 years old and is thought to pre-date the 1066 Norman Invasion. The tree has a girth of and is thought to be in good health, producing some 100,000 acorns each year. The Allerton Oak is said to have been the site of a medieval hundred court that sat beneath its branches, though some believe that the nearby neolithic burial monument at Calderstones (demolished in the Victorian era) is the more likely site for the court. The tree is also reputed to have been damaged in 1864 when the merchant ship \"Lottie Sleigh\", carrying 11 tonnes of gunpowder, exploded on the River Mersey, some away. The detonation blew out the windows of"}, {"text": "the nearby Calderstones Manor and is said to have caused a large crack in the trunk of the tree which has weakened it structurally. The tree and the land it stands on was owned by Henry and Charles MacIver from 1875 until 1902 when they gave it to the Liverpool Corporation to form Calderstones Park. The tree became a landmark and during the Second World War local soldiers were sent acorns and leaves from the tree as good luck tokens from friends and family; as a result seedlings of the tree are thought to have been grown across the world. A report on the tree in 1970 suggested that it would be dead by 2020 due to rot in its trunk; despite this the tree as of 2014 was said to be thriving. In 2007, an acorn from the tree was planted as its successor and the new tree has become known as \"Allerton Oak the Younger\". The pair are the only two Irish oaks in the park. The branches of the Allerton Oak have been supported with metal props since 1907 and it is fenced off to protect it. As of 2019, Liverpool City Council and Mersey Forest are"}, {"text": "undertaking an \u00a380,000 project to replace the props with a modern support system that will be adjustable to accommodate the tree's growth. The Woodland Trust described the Allerton Oak as \"a spectacular example of a city tree\" and valued it at \u00a3500,000 in 2019. The Allerton Oak was entered into the Tree of the Year competition in 2019. The tree won the England category with 34% of the 11,000 votes cast and was selected from all the British national winners as the national entry into the 2020 European Tree of the Year competition. The tree won a \u00a31,000 grant from the People's Postcode Lottery to help pay for its maintenance."}, {"text": "Zvonimir Pospi\u0161il (9 June 1904 \u2013 17 June 1941) was a Yugoslav revolutionary of Croatian origin, known as one of the main Usta\u0161e terrorists who organised the assassination of King Alexander of Yugoslavia in 1934. Early life. Pospi\u0161il was born on 9 June 1904 in Vukovina, Austria-Hungary (modern-day Croatia) to Ladislav and Marija Kralj and was educated as a mechanic. Before World War II. On 22 March 1929, Pospi\u0161il, Mijo Babi\u0107, Marko Hranilovi\u0107, and Matija Soldin murdered Toni \u0160legel, the chief editor of newspaper Novosti from Zagreb and president of \"Jugo\u0161tampa\", which was the beginning of the terrorist actions of Usta\u0161e. Hranilovi\u0107 and Soldin were both arrested, convicted of murder, and executed by hanging. Stjepan Javor, the leader of the Croatian Rights Youth, the nationalist organization in which the assassins were members was sentenced to 20 years in prison. He died in prison in 1936. On 9 October 1934, Pospi\u0161il was involved in the assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in France. The assassin Chernozemski was killed, while Pospi\u0161il was arrested, along with Ivan Raji\u0107 and Milan Babi\u0107. All three men were found guilty of murder and sentenced to life in prison, albeit Yugoslav authorities had hoped they would"}, {"text": "be executed. Following the German invasion of France in 1940, the men were released from prison. Death. On 17 June 1941, during the battle in Pr\u017eine in the June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina, Pospi\u0161il was killed in a battle between 600 Usta\u0161e and rebels which lasted for two hours. Usta\u0161e retreated toward Gacko and Avtovac and burned the village of Zborna Gomila, after four died on the battlefield including Zvonimir Pospi\u0161il. During the uprising in eastern Herzegovina the other two conspirators of the assassination of King Alexander, Mijo Babi\u0107 and Antun Pogorelac, were also killed during their attacks on rebels."}, {"text": "Boris Nikolayevich Agapov (, Tbilisi \u2013 6 October 1973, Moscow) was a Soviet poet, journalist and screenwriter. He is best known for a 1950 article on cybernetics which proved influential for the early reception of cybernetics in the Soviet Union. Biography. Agapov was born on and spent his childhood in Tbilisi, where he graduated from the Department of Philology at Tbilisi State University in 1922. Having been secretary of the Caucaus Bureau of the Russian Telegraph Agency from 1921\u201322, Agapov moved to Moscow in 1922 to continue his career as a journalist. Agapov began his career here as the member of the group of constructivist poets, the , but soon moved on to less radical grounds. From the 1930s, the subjects of his works were mostly recent advances in Soviet science and Soviet construction works, though he also published articles on education and a travel journal. In 1950 he was the editor of the Soviet newspaper, \"Literaturnaya Gazeta\". In 1967, Agapov summarised his view of art as \"primarily a tool of communication\". One event in Agapov's career that has gathered much attention was the publication of an article on cybernetics in 1950. In the wake of the formation of NATO,"}, {"text": "Agitprop against American culture was ordered to be intensified, giving rise to a scramble among Soviet journalists to find more original ways to present anti-American views. On 4 May 1950, Agapov published \"Mark III, a Calculator\" in \"Literaturnaia gazeta\". This article ridiculed the interest in computers and cybernetics in post-war America, mocking American capitalists who \"love information as American patients love patented pills\" singling out Norbert Wiener (the founding thinker of cybernetics) for his support of American capitalists' \"sweet dream\" of replacing workers with robots. He commented on a recent issue of \"Time\" (23 January 1950), depicting the Mark III dressed in American military clothing on its cover, as making it \"immediately clear in whose service [it] is employed\". This issue of \"Time\" was Agapov's only source in writing the article, having never read any of Wiener's actual work. According to historian of science Slava Gerovitch, though it never mentioned cybernetics by name, this \"article had a profound impact on the reception of cybernetics in the Soviet Union\" and was \"evidently taken as a 'signal' of the official negative attitude toward cybernetics\", beginning a Soviet ideological campaign against cybernetics. It was not until the death of Stalin that the role"}, {"text": "of cybernetics would be reevaluated by Soviet scientists. Its significance has been questioned by scholar Valery Shilov, instead proposing 1952 article as the beginning of the campaign against Soviet cybernetics. Agapov was also a writer of several Soviet documentaries. In 1946, Agapov feared disapproval from Stalin over his role (though minor) as one of the writers of the prohibited film, \"Great Life\"; this fear dissipated, as Valery Shilov mentions he became, evidently, a \"man who could be trusted to fulfill important and responsible Party tasks\". Agapov was twice the recipient of the USSR State Prize for his scripts for these documentaries: first in 1946 for \"The Renaissance of Stalingrad\" (1944), then in 1948 for \"The Day of the Conquering Country\" (1947). Agapov died on 6 October 1973, in Moscow. Reception and legacy. The third edition of the \"Great Soviet Encyclopedia\" (1970\u201379) assessed Agapov favourably, citing him as \"one of the pioneers of the Soviet industrial sketch genre\", characterised by his \"broad generalizations and a poetic treatment of science\". Slavic studies scholar Wolfgang Kasack was less flattering, pithily summarising that \"he wrote uninteresting stories devoted to the socialism building [...] [and] was [a] popularizer of actual events in economics and science\"."}, {"text": "Prince Alexander Nikolayevich Golitsyn (December 19, 1773 \u2013 December 4, 1844) was a statesman of the Russian Empire, in 1803\u20131816 he served as Procurator of the Most Holy Synod, and in 1816\u20131824 he served as Minister of Education, an Active Privy Councilor of the 1st Class (1841). The confidant of Alexander I, who until the end of his life treasured him with \"closeness and advice\". Origin and youth. The only son of the captain of the guard, Prince Nikolai Sergeyevich Golitsyn (Alekseevich line), from his third marriage with Alexandra Alexandrovna Khitrovo (1736\u20131796), the grandson of the Moscow governor Sergei Alekseevich Golitsyn (1695\u20131758). Widowed two weeks after the birth of her son, the mother in 1776 married retired Major Mikhail Kologrivov. She treated her son strictly and coldly, but the influential court lady Marya Perekusikhina fell in love with the \"funny and pungent\" boy and, by order of Catherine II, in 1783 he was enrolled in the Page Corps moving from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. The main focus was on teaching secular communication, French, fencing, dancing and horseback riding. Thus, from infancy, Prince Golitsyn had access to the courtyard, where at first it was valued as a participant in the children's"}, {"text": "games of the Grand Dukes \u2013 Alexander and Constantine, and then \u2013 as a witty and clever gentleman. His brother (by father) Mikhail Golitsyn, who took the place of the Yaroslavl governor, built the estate of Karabikha (now a museum-reserve) under the city. Another brother (by mother), Dmitry Kologrivov, accompanied the undersized prince Golitsyn in his mischief. Both brothers very skillfully imitated the manners and reprimand of others. Count Fyodor Tolstoy wrote: Career. After graduating from the Page Corps in 1794, he was received as the lieutenant in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. But a year later he returned to the court and became a chamber junker of the small court of Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, and in 1796 he was transferred to the large imperial court. In 1799 he received the rank of chamberlain and in the same year became commander of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. He was expelled from Saint Petersburg by Emperor Paul I in the same year for an unknown reason. After the accession to the throne of Alexander I, Prince Golitsyn, as a person close to him, was appointed first as \"Procurator\" of the I and later III Departments of the Senate, and then"}, {"text": "on October 21, 1803, at the insistence of the emperor, assumed the post of Procurator of the Holy Synod. In 1810, while maintaining his former position, he became the head of the foreign confessions, in 1816 \u2013 the Minister of Education. Partly under the influence of Rodion Koshelev, this Epicurean and Volterian of Catherine's training, elected in 1806 as a member of the Russian Academy, turned to piety with a pronounced sentimental-mystical color. He easily undertook to explain to the emperor the most complex theological questions, although he knew the history of religion superficially and considered true Christianity \"foggy sentimental pietism mixed with Orthodox dogmas, various heretical and sectarian teachings\". Moscow Metropolitan Philaret recalled: Having proclaimed piety as the foundation of true enlightenment, Golitsyn headed for the clericalization of education, which under his leadership was zealously pursued by Mikhail Magnitsky and Dmitry Runich. He was suspicious of contemporary literature, which was expressed in the extreme censorship. After in 1817 the departments of spiritual affairs and public education were merged into one ministry \u2013 the Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education \u2013 Golitsyn became the head of the latter, but was relieved of the post of Procurator. Since 1810, Alexander"}, {"text": "Golitsyn was a member of the Council of State, and during 1839\u20131841 \u2013 Chairman of General Meetings. He was one of the few to whom the secret of the abdication of Konstantin Pavlovich was entrusted. He headed the Philanthropic Society, took part in the organization of the Guardians of Prisons Society and other philanthropic endeavors. In addition to the reform of theological schools, the establishment of the Russian Bible Society took place under Prince Golitsyn, which, under the presidency of the prince, translated the Bible into Russian and distributed more than 400,000 copies of it. The employees of this society, Popov, Magnitsky, Runich, and Cavelin, were appointed by Golitsyn to direct higher education, where they instilled clericalism; many professors were fired for lack of piety. Magnitsky demanded to completely close Kazan University ward to him. Although it was customary to associate the triumph of reaction with finding Golitsyn at the helm of the ministry, it was with him that the Saint Petersburg University and the Richelieu Lyceum were established. On August 9, 1821, the Russian Emperor Alexander I established the Siberian Committee and Count Golitsin was included in its first composition. To neutralize the influence of Alexander Golitsyn on the"}, {"text": "emperor, Aleksey Arakcheev led an intrigue under him with the participation of Metropolitan Seraphim and Archimandrite Photius, who convinced Alexander I that Golitsyn's administration was detrimental to the church and the state. His enemies triumphed on May 27, 1824, when Prince Golitsyn was to resign in both departments, retaining only the title of chief over the postal department. He held the last post under Nicholas I, who valued in Golitsyn \"the most faithful friend of his family\". Over the years, his religiosity only intensified. A contemporary recalls: In 1843, Count Golitsyn, due to visual impairment, left the capital and retired to Crimea, where he died in his estate of Gaspra. In the same Golitsyn Palace, Leo Tolstoy later wrote the novel \"Hadji Murad\". He was buried in the Balaklava Saint George Monastery. Personal life. Golitsyn spent his whole life a bachelor and was known for his intimate relationships with men. Nikolai Yazykov in a letter of 1824 cites an anecdote, \"as if the sovereign had called for the famous sodomite Bantysh-Kamensky and ordered him to compile a list of all his acquaintances on this part, that Bantysh-Kamensky presented him with such a list, starting with the Minister of Education, then"}, {"text": "there was the chancellor and so on... After that he had an audience with the emperor and certified him oath in the truth of his report\". Alexander Pushkin ridiculed Golitsyn in the epigram \"Here is the Tail Protector...\". The famous memoirist and homosexual Philip Vigel recalls Golitsyn even more biasedly: \"Without blushing, you can't talk about him, I won't say anything more: I'm not going to stain these pages with his stupidity, his baseness and vices\". Proceedings. Prince Alexander Golitsyn compiled for Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna \"Opinion on the Difference Between the Eastern and Western Churches, with the History of Their Separation\", which was published only in 1870. Encounter with Scottish Missionaries. Source: On May 26, 1818, Dr Robert Ross MD, newly ordained minister representing the Edinburgh (later Scottish) Missionary Society, sailed from Leith with his new wife and other missionaries, Messrs Gray and Liddell and Mr and Mrs Macpherson for St Petersburg, Russia. Robert Ross\u2019s commission was to go to the Kalmut (sic Kalmat) Tartars (sic Tatars), with the principal object being the translation of the Old Testament into the Tartar (sic) or Turkish language and the revising of the translation of the New Testament for a second edition. It"}, {"text": "was proposed to set up a printing press at Astrakhan for this purpose. They arrived in Astrakhan on 14 February 1821. The ultimate objective of Dr Ross going to Astrakhan was the eventual sortie into the Crimean Peninsula to take the good news of the Gospel of Christ into this area. A letter from Prince Galitzin (sic), Minister of State and Religion, and President of the Russian Bible Society, outlined their responsibilities and offered them full support and safe conduct, and also a letter of introduction to the Governor of the Crimea. In the Prince\u2019s letter, he writes: Further in his letter he wrote: He then goes on to ask as to what name they would call themselves and ends his letter with: As Prince Galitzin (sic) had given his approval for the Academy and the missionaries were under the security of the Russian Government, it was most necessary to adhere to the objects as laid down by the Prince in his letter. Dr Ross and the Rev. Glen and Mr Carruthers postponed their journey as long as they could, but they eventually arrived in Sympheropole (sic Simferopol) on 15 June 1821. By August 1824, the Academy had not been"}, {"text": "established and Dr Ross had never returned to Crimea. He wrote from Astrakhan of change, as the missionaries were no longer received there, and the people did not accept the printed books and tracts any more. There was change in the Government and in St Petersburg, as Prince Galitzin (sic) was no longer Minister of State or President of the Bible Society. Other churchmen were sent out of the Empire and in June 1825, the missionaries were all in Moscow, and four weeks later they departed from St Petersburg and sailed for Leith."}, {"text": "The Hotel Europa was a grand hotel located in Maracaibo, Venezuela. It opened in the late 19th century and served as the filming location for the first Venezuelan film, \"Un c\u00e9lebre especialista sacando muelas en el gran Hotel Europa\", in 1897. Later, it was converted into other hotels with different names, most notably the Hotel Zulia, before being demolished in 1956 for the construction of the Maracaibo municipal building. History. The Hotel Europa opened at the end of the 19th century. It was situated at the south corner of Plaza Bol\u00edvar in the center of Maracaibo, facing the square. The building it occupied had been standing for a long time; it was considered at its time \"the most beautiful\" in the city. It had previously been the home of the Italian Consul, Don Francisco Fossi. Hotel Europa. The hotel was reportedly popular because of its efficient service, comfort, and the respectable management. The hotel was also considered prestigious, as it had many modern amenities and guest rooms were spacious with \"all-American comfort\" pieces including full bathtubs and marble-tiled showers. There were also suites for family visitors. The restaurant was ventilated and offered live music; the menu reportedly offered an extensive"}, {"text": "selection of European dishes and had a well-stocked service of \"the most exquisite liquors\" available. The hotel was advertised to offer good service for a reasonable price; this countered the main concerns of visitors to the area, which were reported as typically expensive yet dirty. The location of the hotel was also prime, situated near the center of the city, as guests could listen to the military displays taking place in Plaza Concordia from their balconies on Thursdays and Sundays; this was seen as an exclusive attraction of the city. In 1897, the hotel was the filming location for the first Venezuelan-produced film, \"Un c\u00e9lebre especialista sacando muelas en el gran Hotel Europa\". Later reports state that an innovation of hotels at the time, particularly the more modern Hotel Europa and its similar Hotel Los Andes, was to have on-hand medical services for foreign guests. Later functions. The Hotel Europa became the Hotel Zulia in 1913, which was accessed from Calle de las Ciencias. This hotel was financed by Do\u00f1a Concha Iriarte, and had two storeys, with the guest rooms on the top floor. It was advertised as for \"families, tourists, traveling agents, [and] oil tycoons\". Typical rates at Maracaibo"}, {"text": "hotels in 1931 were $6 to $8 per day. The hotel was known as a meeting point for high society of the time, where guests and visitors could hear the music of Juan Delgado, Eduardo Perich, Mar\u00eda de \u00c1ngela, Carmelita Su\u00e1rez, and their students. It saw some refurbishment in 1928, opening the Zulia Tea Room on the ground level; this was a patisserie designed by Hermes Romero, a Zulian architect. However, by the 1930s, Do\u00f1a Concha had left the business and it had become the Hotel Am\u00e9rica. This hotel served largely traveling businessmen and baseball players from elsewhere, as it was close to both the city center and the Estadio del Lago in La Ciega. The building then passed to ownership by the municipal council and was retained as an administrative headquarters before being demolished in 1956 to construct a new Maracaibo municipal council building that would replace the entire block."}, {"text": "Cork Courthouse (\"\") is a judicial facility in Washington Street, Cork, Ireland. It serves as the Cork Court Office in civil and family related matters, while the courthouse on Anglesea Street handles criminal trials. It operates on the level of both the District and Circuit Courts. The courthouse occupies the entire block between Washington Street, Liberty Street, Cross Street and Courthouse Street. History. Much of the building's early history has been lost, due to the destruction of records in the great fires of 1891 (the courthouse itself) and 1920 (Cork City Hall). As a result, most surviving primary sources relating to the history of the courthouse tend to have partisan biases. 19th century. Prior to 1835, Cork was served by two courthouses: one for the city, and one for the county. Plans were made to build the courthouse because the old county courthouse was damaged by fire. This original courthouse was described as being in a \"decayed and perishing condition\" in 1827. Plans for the building of a new courthouse in Cork were being made as early as July 1827. It was the last assize courthouse to be planned in Ireland before Catholic emancipation was granted in 1829. In 1829,"}, {"text": "the Cork Corporation decided to merge the City and County courthouses, and have them both be serviced by a new development. A competition for design was held in 1830, which brothers James and George Richard Pain won \u2014 premiums of IR\u00a340, \u00a320, and \u00a310 were offered. They were awarded a \u00a316,000 contract. At the time of going to competition, no particular site had been chosen for the courthouse, but the three principal contenders were Nelson Place (now Emmet Place), St. Patrick's Street, and Great George's Street (now Washington street). By late 1829, it was confirmed that the courthouse would be built on Great George's Street. Construction began in 1831, and was completed between 1835 and 1836 at a cost of \u00a322,000 (equal to roughly \u20ac3.4 million in 2021). It is thought that James and Thomas Fitzgerald executed the stonework. Under pressure from the trades' council, the Corporation had included a stipulation in the contract which guaranteed the use of local work in regards to the plumbing and furnishing of the building. It was later revealed, however, that the plumbing contract had been awarded to a Scottish firm, and that many of the establishments providing furniture had evaded the local manufacture"}, {"text": "clause. While local plumbers failed to find redress, cabinet makers successfully picketed the courthouse and secured the removal of all imported furniture from the building, all of which were substituted with locally crafted items. The limestone used for the portico was cut from stone sourced from Carrigacrump, Cork, while the rest of the limestone was principally sourced from Beaumont and Gillabbey. The first sitting in this new courthouse was held on 12 March 1836. At this first sitting, the Hon. Justice Philip Crampton described the courthouse as a \"temple suitable to the solemn administration of justice\". However, he also complained about the interior design of the building, saying that he had exhausted himself addressing the Grand Jury, due to the distance between them. After it was mostly destroyed by fire in 1891, a town clerk described the courthouse as having been one of the worst of its kind in Ireland, citing in particular the quality of the accommodation and the draughtiness of the building. It was noted by the clerk that some judges preferred to make use of Model Schools, such as the one the Anglesea Street courthouse now occupies. After the fire on Good Friday, 27 March 1891, the"}, {"text": "building was \"almost a complete write-off\". In the immediate aftermath of the fire, it was suspected that it had been a deliberate act of arson committed by Irish nationalists, though it eventually transpired to have been an accidental fire, which started when the flue of the hot water furnace ignited. Many important historical documents relating to the city of Cork were lost in the blaze. Unlike the rest of the building, the original portico survived the fire. William Henry Hill won the competition for permission to rebuild the courthouse in 1891, with works being completed in 1895. Samuel Hill (no relation) served as the contractor for the reconstruction. While the fa\u00e7ade and portico of the exterior were retained, the interior was completely re-modelled. The copper dome on the top of the courthouse was added at this point. The eventual cost of rebuilding was \u00a327,000. 20th century. Following the implementation of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, which established county councils in every county, the rear of the upper floor of the building, previously used exclusively as a courthouse, also became the meeting place for Cork County Council. On 23 June 1917, 2,000 out of a crowd of 10,000 people escorted"}, {"text": "Cork's released Easter Rising prisoners from Glanmire railway station to Cork City. After speeches were given by released prisoners on the Grand Parade, a crowd of roughly 500 people went to the men's prison on the Western Road, and shouted encouragements to the inmates. They then proceeded to the courthouse, and one man climbed a ladder up to the roof of the building. He ran an Irish tricolour up the flagpole, before removing the bronze scales of justice from the statue of Lady Justice that crowns the building's portico. He threw the scales to the street, where they shattered, to the applause of the gathered crowd. After the county council moved to the County Hall in 1968, the building continued to function as a courthouse. After the Model School on Anglesea Street was converted to a courthouse in 1995, the courthouse on Washington Street began operating only at the level of the Circuit Court. Owing to its poor condition, the courthouse underwent major refurbishment between 1998 and 2005. During this period, a temporary facility was improvised in a refurbished warehouse on Camden Quay, and was rented at a cost of \u20ac760,000 per annum. After its closure, the courthouse underwent major"}, {"text": "refurbishments to save it from dereliction. The plans for the refurbishment were designed by Michael Russel of the Cork City Architect's Department. Construction took place over two phases, dealing with the interior and exterior respectively. The first phase took place in 1998, and involved retouching the stonework, roof, windows, and doors of the courthouse. The courthouse was closed in 1999 due to its poor condition. 21st century. The second phase of refurbishments began in 2003, and the interior design of the building was completely overhauled. The interior work was subcontracted to Conservation|Letterfrack. As part of their work, Conservation|Letterfrack restored over 200 pieces of furniture, restored and modified four of the seven courtrooms, restored the baldacchinos in the two primary courthouses, restored the main entrance door, repaired all of the fixed furniture, made the courthouse wheelchair accessible, re-upholstered all of the seating, provided custom made squab cushions, and improved upon existing varnishing of the courthouse interior. As part of these renovations, what had been an open courtyard in the centre of the courthouse was glazed over at roof level, a glass floor was inserted at the level of the first floor, and the ground floor was lowered by two feet, effectively"}, {"text": "adding an additional floor to the courthouse, as well as providing an atrium for the building. The exterior dome also underwent extensive restoration, including being refenestrated and reclad with copper. Also as part of these refurbishments, a basement corridor, designed to act as a prisoner tunnel, was excavated. As the building lies within the Zone of Archaeological Potential for Cork City, all excavation had to be monitored. The excavations were considered likely to penetrate medieval and post-medieval stratigraphy, in particular it was expected that part of the city's medieval wall would be encountered during excavation. It was discovered, however, that most of the medieval stratigraphy had been disturbed by the construction of the courthouse foundations in the 19th century, and no trace of the medieval wall was found. The courthouse reopened on 31 January 2005, though the official re-opening took place on 26 February. Michael Lowry, the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform officially reopened the courthouse. In total, \u20ac26 million was spent restoring the courthouse. The restorative works carried out on the courthouse were the most extensive in Ireland since the Four Courts was reconstructed following its near destruction during the Irish Civil War. After the re-opening of"}, {"text": "the courthouse, it was announced that it would begin hosting sessions of the Central Criminal Court. Although criminal cases have been heard at the new Anglesea Street courthouse since May 2018, civil cases continue to be heard in Washington Street. Architecture. The building measures 280 feet in length by 190 feet in depth and is 66 feet tall. It fills a one acre site, and has a basement, ground, and first floor. Railings once separated the courthouse from the street, though these were removed in the early 1960s. According to Dr. Richard Butler, author of \"Building the Irish Courthouse and Prison: A Political History, 1750\u20131850\", the courthouse on Washington Street represents the culmination of an architectural period \"marked by [William Vitruvius] Morrison's introduction of a new design in 1826\u20137, through to Westenra's excitement and anxiety in Monaghan in 1827, and to the design's full realisation at Tralee, Carlow, and finally Cork\". It is described by Frank Keohane, author of the Cork City and County edition of the Pevsner Architectural Guides, as \"the of Cork's Late Georgian golden age.\" Exterior. The exterior of the building was largely designed in the neoclassical style, and is built in ashlar limestone. There is a"}, {"text": "flight of steps on three sides leading up to a full Corinthian order octastyle portico, with two intercolumniations at each return. The only other example of an octastyle portico in Ireland is at Carlow Courthouse, which was designed by Morrison. There is a front range of columns which projects twenty feet from the building, and which support an entablature and a modillioned pediment. The building is circumscribed by a deep cornice. The columns themselves, being unfluted, are not of Corinthian order, but are more similar to Tuscan order columns. The columns are 30 feet high, and are built on a platform six feet above the level of the street. The platform is approached by a flight of eleven steps. Corinthian pilasters divide the recessed bays flanking the portico, as well at both the east and west side of the building, where the first two bays at either end are three storey. The north fa\u00e7ade breaks from the Corinthian style of the rest of the exterior, and is of no particular style. There is a group of sculptures by Thomas Kirk on top of the pediment, consisting of female representations of either Hibernia flanked by Justice and Commerce, or of Justice"}, {"text": "flanked by Law and Mercy. The pediment itself is inscribed with the words \"WILLIAM IV KING\". Behind the portico, there is a copper-coated dome which is set with windows. Subsidiary double-pitched slate roofs are set between the main blocks. Interior. After the fire in 1891, the interior was remodelled in an Early Renaissance style. The arcaded, three-storey foyer is crowned by the dome. It features both marble pilasters and marble piers at both the ground and first floor. On each floor stand pilasters of a different order: Doric on the ground floor, Corinthian on the first floor, and Ionic on the second floor. The main staircase is located in the inner hall, and gives access to the first floor. On the first floor are the two main courtrooms, originally hosting the City Court in the east wing and the County Court in the west wing. Both courtrooms are double height. These rooms retain some of the features of their 1890s construction, including wooden architraves and mouldings, along with cast-iron Ionic columns. Both have timber panelling to door height on three sides. The original timber, leather-upholstered seating has been kept, along with timber panelled doors, moulding, and architrave. Some of these"}, {"text": "have timber pediments."}, {"text": "Matthew F. S. Rushworth is Watts Professor of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford where his laboratory is funded by the Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council. Education. Rushworth studied Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford where he worked with Richard Passingham. He was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1994 for research on the parietal cortex and apraxia. Research and career. Rushworth's research has focussed on understanding brain circuits for learning, decision making, and social cognition. He developed methods for comparing brain circuits in humans and other animals and for manipulating the activity in one brain area and examining the impact on interconnected regions and on behaviour. He showed that prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex brain regions enable us to learn links between our choices and their consequences, make decisions on the basis of our expectations of the outcomes, and think about alternative and counterfactual choices. He has shown how brain activity changes in social contexts and when we learn not just by ourselves but from others. Awarded a Royal Society Locke Research Fellowship he began working with neuroimaging techniques at the Oxford centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Wellcome Trust Centre"}, {"text": "for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN). Awards and honours. Rushworth was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2019."}, {"text": "The Lefler-Woodman Building is a historic building in Salt Lake City, Utah. The building was first erected as the Lefler Flour Mill for John Marshall Lefler, an immigrant from Canada, and completed in 1878. It was later joined by the Woodman Building, built for John A. and Frank H. Woodman and completed in 1911. The structure was designed in the Late Victorian style by architect George S. Walker. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 17, 1992."}, {"text": "The 2019 Durham mayoral election was held on November 5, 2019, to elect the mayor of Durham, North Carolina. Steve Schewel was elected to a second term as mayor. The only other candidate to file to run before the deadline was Sylvester Williams, a pastor who also ran for mayor in 2011, 2013, and 2017. Because only two candidates filed to run, the October primary election was cancelled."}, {"text": "Jenny Pickerill (born 23 November 1973) is a Professor of Environmental Geography and Head of Department at the University of Sheffield. Her work considers how people value and use the environment, the impact of social justice on environmental policy and establishing ways to change social practise. Early life and education. Pickerill studied geography at the Newcastle University. She moved to Scotland for her graduate studies, where she specialised in geographic information systems at the University of Edinburgh. She returned to Newcastle for her doctoral degree, where she earned her PhD in geography in 2000. During her PhD, Pickerill worked briefly at Lancaster University where she worked on a project with Bronislaw Szerszynski. Research and career. Pickerill started her independent research career at Curtin University in Perth. Here she studied the internet activism of Australian environmentalists. Pickerill was made a lecturer in human geography at the University of Leicester in 2003. She spent 2008 as a visiting fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute. She moved to the University of Sheffield in 2014. Pickerill works on environmental geography, in particular, how people use and value the environment. This aspect of her work has involved the use of social science, investigating the complicated"}, {"text": "relationships between humans and the environment. Pickerill has explored grassroots initiatives that tackle environmental challenges. She has studied how environmental activists share their understanding of the environment using technology and how they frame their message. She is also interested in environmental activists who choose to protect one aspect of the environment whilst ignoring another. Her work recognises that environmental issues often overlap with other aspects of inequality; including racism, colonialism and neo-liberalism. Often activist movements incorporate populations of a range of social categories, and Pickerill has looked at its role in the Occupy movement, anti-war movement and the environmental movement in Australia. Pickerill has studied the impact of experimental solutions on environmental challenges and role of students in redesigning their future. This has included ways to self-build safe, environmentally friendly housing. She has revealed that women are not well represented in eco-building communities. She is currently investigating the potential for eco-communities in environmentally friendly, sustainable cities. Selected publications. Alongside her academic publications, Pickerill has written for \"The Conversation\"."}, {"text": "James Langdon may refer to:"}, {"text": "The 2015 Durham mayoral election was held on November 3, 2015, to elect the mayor of Durham, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Bill Bell. Results. Primary. The date of the primary was October 6, 2015."}, {"text": "What's Within is a 2014 Nigerian drama film produced, directed and written by Rukky Sanda. Plot. This movie is about two young men who have decided to sleep with many women in their youth which comes with its twists and turns."}, {"text": "The 2007 Durham mayoral election was held on November 6, 2007, to elect the mayor of Durham, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Bill Bell."}, {"text": "Final girl is a trope in horror films. Final girl or Final Girl may also refer to:"}, {"text": "An Artificial Lateral Line (ALL) is a biomimetic lateral line system. A lateral line is a system of sensory organs in aquatic animals such as fish, that serves to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in their environment. An artificial lateral line is an artificial biomimetic array of distinct mechanosensory transducers that, similarly, permits the formation of a spatial-temporal image of the sources in immediate vicinity based on hydrodynamic signatures; the purpose is to assist in obstacle avoidance and object tracking. The biomimetic lateral line system has the potential to improve navigation in underwater vehicles when vision is partially or fully compromised. Underwater navigation is challenging due to the rapid attenuation of radio frequency and Global Positioning System signals. In addition, ALL systems can overcome some of the drawbacks in traditional localization techniques like SONAR and optical imaging. The basic component of either a natural or artificial lateral line is a neuromast, a mechanoreceptive organ that allows the sensing of mechanical changes in water. Hair cells serve as the basic unit in flow and acoustic sensing. Some species (like arthropods) use a single hair cell for this function and other creatures like fish use a bundle of hair cells to"}, {"text": "achieve pointwise sensing. The fish lateral line consists of thousands of hair cells. In fish, a neuromast is a fine hair-like structure that uses transduction of rate coding to transmit the directionality of the signal. Each neuromast has a direction of maximum sensitivity providing directionality. Biomimetic features. Neuromast. In the artificial lateral line, neuromast's function is carried out by using transducers. These tiny structures employ various systems such as hot-wire anemometry, optoelectronics or piezoelectric cantilevers to detect mechanical changes in water. Neuromasts are primarily classified into two types based on their location. The superficial neuromast located on the skin is used for velocity sensing to locate certain moving targets, whereas Canal Neuromasts located below the epidermis enclosed in the canal utilize pressure gradient between the inlet and outlet for object detection and avoidance. Fishes use superficial neuromast for rheotaxis and station holding as well. Out of all the sensing techniques employed, only hot-wire anemometry is non directional. This technique can accurately measure the particle motion in the medium but not the direction of flow. However hot wire anemometer and the data collected is adequate to determine particle motion up to hundreds of nanometers and as a result is comparable with"}, {"text": "a neuromast in similar flow. The figure is a depiction of a simplified hot-wire sensor. Current carrying conductors undergo increases in temperature due to Joule heating. The flow around the current carrying wire causes it to cool and the change in current required to restore the original temperature is the output. In another variant, the change in resistivity of the material with respect to the change in temperature of the hot wire is used at the output. Division of labor. There is a division of labor technique employed in these systems wherein superficial neuromasts located on the epidermis senses low frequencies as well as direct current (flow) while the canal neuromast located beneath the epidermis enclosed in canals detect alternating current using pressure gradients. In these systems wherein superficial neuromasts located on the epidermis sense low frequencies as well as direct current while the canal neuromast located beneath the epidermis enclosed in canals detect alternating current using pressure gradients Cupula. Cupula is a gelatinous sack covering over hair like neuromast protruding from the skin. Cupula formed over neuromast is another feature that developed over time that provides a better response to the flow field. Cupular fibrils extend from the hair-like"}, {"text": "neuromast. Cupula helps attenuate low-frequency signals by virtue of its inertia and amplify higher frequency signals due to the leverage. In addition, these extended structures provide better sensitivity when the neuromast is submerged in the boundary layer. Recent studies uses drop casting, wherein dripping of HA-MA solution over the electrospun scaffolding to create a gravity driven prolate spheroid shaped cupula formation. Experimental comparison between the naked sensor and the newly developed sensor reveal positive results Canals. Canal Neuromasts are enclosed in canals that run across the body. These canals filter out low-frequency flow that could saturate the system. A certain pattern is found in the concentration of neuromasts along the body among of aquatic species. The canal system is found to be running along the body in a single line that tend to branch out near the head. In fishes, the canal location is suggestive of the hydrodynamic information that is available during swimming. The exact placement of canals varies across species, a suggestive sign of functional role rather than developmental constraint Canal distribution along the body. Commonly, the canal concentration peaks near the nose and drops significantly over the rest of the body. This trend is found in fish"}, {"text": "of varying sizes that occupy different habitats and across a variety of species. Some studies hypothesize the close connection between canal location and bone development and how they are morphologically constrained. The exact placement of canals varies across species and can be a suggestive sign of functional role rather than developmental constraint. Canal flexibility. The flexibility of the canal system has a significant effect on low-frequency signal attenuation. The flexibility of the sensing element placed in the canal system may add to the sensitivity of the Canal Artificial Line (CALL) system. Experimental data proves that this factor creates a significant jump in the sensitivity of the system. Geometric improvements in the canal system and optimizing the sensing equipment for better results. Constrictions in canals near neuromast. At higher pressure gradients, the voltage output of devices with wall constrictions near the sensors in the canal lateral line( CALL) were much more sensitive and according to Y Jiang, Z Ma, J Fu, \"et al\" their system could perceive a pressure gradient as low as 3.2 E\u22123 Pa/5 mm comparable to that of Cottus bairdii found in nature. Additionally, this feature attenuates low-frequency hydrodynamic signals. Applications. Navigation in shallow water bodies present a"}, {"text": "challenge especially for submersible vehicles. Flow fluctuations may adversely affect the trajectory of the craft making on-line detection and real time reaction an absolute necessity for adaptability. Progress in the field of artificial lateral line has benefited various fields other than underwater navigation. A major example is the field of seismic imaging. The idea of selective frequency response in superficial neuromast has encouraged scientists to design new methods to develop seismic images of features under the ocean using half the data to generate images with higher resolution compared to traditional methods in addition to saving time required for processing Similar systems. Electrosensory lateral line (ELL) employs passive electrolocation except for certain groups of freshwater fish that utilize active electrolocation to emit and receive electric fields. It can be distinguished from LLS based on the acute difference in their operation besides similar roles Integumentary Sensory Organs (ISO's) are other sensory dome-shaped organs found in the cranial region of crocodiles. It is a collection of sensory organs that can detect mechanical, ph and thermal changes. These mechanoreceptors are classified into two. The first of which is Slow Adapting receptors (SA) that sense steady flow. The second is Rapid Adapting receptors (RA) that"}, {"text": "sense oscillatory stimuli. ISO can potentially detect direction of disturbance with high accuracy in 3D space. Whiskers in harbor seal is another example. In addition some microorganisms use hydrodynamic imaging to predate."}, {"text": "Novaya Derevnya () is a rural locality (a village) in Chushevitskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 53 as of 2002. Geography. The distance to Verkhovazhye is 40.5 km, to Chushevitsy is 7.3 km. Kudrino, Dresvyanka, Zuyevskiye are the nearest rural localities."}, {"text": "Noginskaya () is a rural locality (a village) and the administrative center of Kolengskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 160 as of 2002. There are 3 streets. Geography. Noginskaya is located 51 km northeast of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fominskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Diego Star is a Canadian drama film, directed by and released in 2013. Set in L\u00e9vis, Quebec where a Russian cargo ship has been docked following a serious on-board accident, the film traces the journey of Traor\u00e9 (Isaka Sawadogo), the ship's Ivorian mechanic, through both his decision to blow the whistle on the crew's neglect of ship maintenance issues and his developing friendship with Fanny (Chlo\u00e9 Bourgeois), the local woman with whom he has been billeted during the ship's time in L\u00e9vis. The film premiered in the Bright Future program at the 2013 International Film Festival Rotterdam. It had its Canadian premiere at the Festival du nouveau cin\u00e9ma in September 2013, Awards. The film received five Prix Jutra nominations at the 16th Jutra Awards in 2014, for Best Film, Best Actor (Sawadogo), Best Actress (Bourgeois), Best Screenplay (Pelletier) and Best Art Direction (Marjorie Rh\u00e9aume). The film was shortlisted for the Prix coll\u00e9gial du cin\u00e9ma qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois in 2014. Release. \"Diego Star\" was released on DVD on April 1, 2014."}, {"text": "Olotinskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Morozovskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2002. Geography. Olotinskaya is located 27 km northwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fominskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Orekhovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhnekuloyskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 96 as of 2002. There are 7 streets. Geography. Orekhovskaya is located 39 km east of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bosyginskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Governor Thomson may refer to:"}, {"text": "Osnovinskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Verkhovskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 27 as of 2002. Geography. Osnovinskaya is located 33 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rodionovskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Ostashevskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Sibirskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 79 as of 2002. Geography. Ostashevskaya is located 42 km southeast of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Voronikha is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Ostrovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Morozovskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2002. Geography. Ostrovskaya is located 35 km west of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bushnitskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Governor Wilson may refer to:"}, {"text": "The 2013 Durham mayoral election was held on November 5, 2013, to elect the mayor of Durham, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Bill Bell. Results. Primary. The date of the primary was October 8, 2013."}, {"text": "Papinskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhne-Vazhskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2002. Geography. Papinskaya is located 30 km southeast of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Trutnevskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Parishchevo () is a rural locality (a village) in Chushevitskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2002. Geography. Parishchevo is located 47 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pukirevo is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Pakhomovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhne-Vazhskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2002. Geography. Pakhomovskaya is located 9 km south of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Klykovo is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Payus () is a rural locality (a village) in Chushevitskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 310 as of 2002. There are five streets. Geography. Payus is located 41 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shchekino is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Pezhma () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Morozovskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 383 as of 2002. There are 5 streets. Geography. Pezhma is located 34 km northwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Borovaya Pustosh is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Pestrukha () is a rural locality (a village) in Chushevitskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2002. Geography. Pestrukha is located 49 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Krasulino is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Petrakovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Shelotskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2002. Geography. Petrakovskaya is located 62 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Makarovskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Perfect Day, Inc. is a food technology startup company based in Berkeley, California, that has developed processes of creating whey protein by fermentation in microbiota, specifically from fungi in bioreactors, instead of extraction from bovine milk. The name Perfect Day is a reference to the Lou Reed song of the same name. History. The founders, Isha Datar, Ryan Pandya, and Perumal Gandhi applied for the Synbiota biotechnology accelerator. Winners would have access to laboratory space, mentorship, and $30,000 in initial funding. Since Isha Datar was the Director of New Harvest, they decided to apply as the \"New Harvest Dairy Project\", hoping that New Harvest\u2019s established network would help with the application. On April 22, 2014, their application was accepted. Perfect Day was incorporated on April 28, 2014, under the name \"Muufri\", and was re-named \"Perfect Day\" in 2016. The Bay Area company was originally focused on the production of dairy goods (such as cheese or yogurt) for direct retail sale to consumers. Bob Iger, former chairman of The Walt Disney Company, joined the management board in October 2020. The board consists of cofounders Ryan Pandya, Perumal Gandhi, as well as Iger, Aftab Mathur of Temasek Holdings and Patrick Zhang of"}, {"text": "Horizons Ventures. U.S. dairy farmers have asked the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to enforce the definition of milk in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations to prevent competition from Perfect Day products as well as plant milk, which can be labeled milk in the U.S. because FDA does not enforce the definition. Perfect Day announced in late 2017 that it had been negotiating with possible food industry partners to incorporate its manufactured protein into existing food production lines, becoming a business-to-business ingredient company and marking a change in its business strategy of targeting the end-user (consumer). In November 2018, the company announced a joint development agreement with Archer Daniels Midland to provide commercial-scale volumes of non-animal whey protein. Consumer products. On July 11, 2019, Perfect Day released its first product, an ice cream made from non-animal whey protein. The launch was limited to 1,000 3-pint bundles available for $60 and sold exclusively through the company's website. The production run sold out within hours. As of 2020, Perfect Day is commercializing its products through the Urgent Company, which sells the Brave Robot brand of vegan dairy ice cream. In November 2020, ice cream maker Graeter's began to sell"}, {"text": "vegan dairy ice cream based on Perfect Day products. Perfect Day also began supplying the company Smitten Ice Cream for its N'ice Cream products. In September 2021 Perfect Day started marketing an animal-free cream cheese under the brand Modern Kitchen. In November 2021, Perfect Day announced its entrance into the sports nutrition market, offering vegan whey protein powders under the California Performance Co. brand. In 2022, the company Tomorrow Farms launched Bored Cow, a brand of chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry milk made with Perfect Day's whey. Technology. To produce whey proteins from non-animal sources, Perfect Day bioengineered microbiota to include DNA sequences that instruct the cells to produce proteins that are conventionally found in cow's milk. The microbiota are then grown in fermentation tanks where they convert a carbohydrate source such as corn syrup into flora-based dairy protein. Similar recombinant technology is used elsewhere in the food industry, including to make rennet (a common cheesemaking enzyme) and heme. The resulting protein, once separated from the genetically modified microbiota, has the same organoleptic and nutritional properties as its animal-derived analog. After they are separated and dried into a powder, the proteins are used as ingredients in other foods that conventionally contain"}, {"text": "dairy protein. Backing. Perfect Day raised $61.5 million between 2014 and 2019, primarily supported by Horizons Ventures, a Hong Kong-based venture capital firm, and Temasek Holdings, the investment company that manages the government wealth of Singapore. For their Series C investment round, the company announced they had raised an additional $140 million in December 2019, and this amount was expanded to $300 million in July 2020. The CPP Investment Board has invested in Perfect Day. The total funding received was $360 million as of October 2020. The Postcode Lottery Green Challenge awarded the company a runner-up prize of \u20ac200,000 in September 2015 ()."}, {"text": "Petrovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhne-Vazhskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2002. Geography. Petrovskaya is located 11 km northeast of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Martynovskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Pisuninskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhne-Vazhskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2002. Geography. Pisuninskaya is located 14 km southeast of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Lymzino is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Dunfermline Upper railway station served the town (now city) of Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland from 1849 to 1968 on the Stirling and Dunfermline Railway. History. The station opened on 13 December 1849 by the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway. To the north was the goods yard which had a large goods shed and sidings. There was also a locomotive shed to the east which was later replaced. The station had two signal boxes, one to the east and the other to the west which were opened in 1880. The east signal box was replaced in 1916 and it replaced the west signal box in 1927. The station's name was changed to Dunfermline Upper on 2 June 1890 to distinguish it from Dunfermline Lower. The station closed on 7 October 1968."}, {"text": "Pikhtenik () is a rural locality (a village) in Chushevitskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2002. Geography. Pikhtenik is located 49 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ulyankovo is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Plyoso () is a rural locality (a village) in Lipetskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 28 as of 2002. There are 3 streets. Geography. Plyoso is located 53 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dubrova is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Ploskovo () is a rural locality (a village) in Chushevitskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 359 as of 2002. There are 10 streets. Geography. Ploskovo is located 45 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bereg is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Pogost Ilyinsky () is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhne-Vazhskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2002. Geography. Pogost Ilyinsky is located 18 km southeast of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Borisovskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Podsosenye () is a rural locality (a village) in Chushevitskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 35 as of 2002. Geography. Podsosenye is located 47 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kamenka is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Potulovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhne-Vazhskoye Rural Settlement, Verkhovazhsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 49 as of 2002. Geography. Potulovskaya is located 18 km southwest of Verkhovazhye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kostyuninskaya is the nearest rural locality."}, {"text": "Anna Laura Mazzucato is a professor of mathematics, distinguished senior scholar, and associate head of the mathematics department at Pennsylvania State University. Her mathematical research involves functional analysis, function spaces, partial differential equations, and their applications in fluid mechanics and elasticity. Education and career. Mazzucato earned a master's degree in physics in 1994 from the University of Milan, with a thesis on topological quantum field theory under the supervision of Paolo Cotta-Ramusino. However, during her studies she decided that she preferred the mathematics that she was studying to the physics, and took the advice of Cotta-Ramusino to switch to mathematics for her doctoral studies. She went to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for doctoral study, initially planning to work in quantum cohomology, but switched to functional analysis with Michael E. Taylor as her doctoral advisor. Her dissertation was \"Analysis of the Navier-Stokes and Other Nonlinear Evolution Equations with Initial Data in Besov-Type Spaces\"; it studied the Navier\u2013Stokes equations and other nonlinear partial differential equations. After postdoctoral research at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (supported by a Liftoff Fellowship from the Clay Mathematics Institute) and the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, and a term as Gibbs Instructor"}, {"text": "at Yale University, she became an assistant professor at Pennsylvania State University in 2003. She was promoted to full professor there in 2013. Recognition. Mazzucato was the winner of the Ruth I. Michler Memorial Prize of the Association for Women in Mathematics for 2011\u20132012, which she used to fund a research visit to Cornell University. At Cornell, she gave the Michler Lecture on \"The Analysis of Incompressible Fluids at High Reynolds Numbers\". She was named a SIAM Fellow in the 2021 class of fellows, \"for discerning analysis of fundamental problems in partial differential equations and mathematical fluid mechanics including boundary layers, transport, and mixing\"."}, {"text": "The 2011 Durham mayoral election was held on November 8, 2011, to elect the mayor of Durham, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Bill Bell. Results. Primary. The date of the primary was October 11, 2011."}, {"text": "The Boss Is Mine is a 2016 Nigerian comedy film directed Okechukwu Oku and written by Patrick Nnamani. Plot. A successful young man employs a cook and cleaner to ease the pressure on his wife and twist and turns happen."}, {"text": "Scleropogon is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:"}, {"text": "The Mind the Paint Girl is a 1919 American silent romantic drama film directed by Wilfrid North based upon the play of the same name by Arthur Wing Pinero and starring Anita Stewart. Stewart produced along with the Vitagraph Company and released through First National Exhibitors. Preservation. With no listings of \"The Mind the Paint Girl\" in any film archives, it is considered to be a lost film."}, {"text": "Giuseppe Maria Reina (born 23 October 1954 in Catania) is an Italian politician. Biography. Reina was a member of the Christian Democracy for a long time and later of the UDC; he served as municipal assessor and councilor of Misterbianco and as provincial assessor and councilor of the Province of Catania. He was also a member of the board of directors of the University of Catania and of the Chamber of Commerce of Catania. In 2006 he has been elected to the Chamber of Deputies among the ranks of the Northern League\u2013Movement for Autonomy list. In 2008 he was not re-elected, however he was appointed Undersecretary for Infrastructure and Transport in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet. On 15 November 2010, after the MpA left the governing coalition with PdL and LN, Reina resigned as undersecretary."}, {"text": "The Charles Baldwin House is a historic house in northeastern Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, that is located within the University Neighborhood Historic District, but is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Description. The house is located at 229 South 1200 East and what is today the \"East Central\" neighborhood. It was built in 1890 for Charles Baldwin, who served as United States Commissioner and Referee in Bankruptcy for the United States District Court from 1898 to 1921. Baldwin was also at one time the president of the Salt Lake City Board of Education and the Utah State Bar Association. His house was designed in the Victorian Eclectic style, with Queen Anne and Eastlake features. It was acquired in 1921 by Louis A. Thody, an immigrant from England who founded the X-Ray Department at the LDS Hospital and later co-founded the Coray-Thody X-Ray Laboratory. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since February 11, 1982."}, {"text": "The George W. Layton House, in Davis County, Utah near Layton, Utah, was built around 1897. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is a two-story red brick house with a stone foundation designed by architect William Allen. It was deemed \"significant as one of a very limited number of houses designed by the Kaysville architect William Alien, that is virtually unaltered. William Alien was the only architect in Davis County at the time that the Layton house was designed by, and he continued to be the leading architect in the county until the 1920s. The Layton house also documents the use of pattern book house types in the late nineteenth century, and it is the same pattern that Allen used in the John Henry Layton house in West Layton, and possibly in the Joseph Adams house in East Layton. Of the three houses, the George W. Layton house received the most ornate program of ornament, and thereby records one extreme of the stylistic possibilities of pattern book design. The complexity of the brick and wood ornamentation, and its unaltered and well preserved condition make the George W. Layton house one of the most"}, {"text": "distinctive Victorian pattern book houses in Utah. In addition, Layton, who is credited with the resident's actual construction, served in a number of capacities within the community.\" It is Late Victorian in style and is located at 2767 W. Gentile St. Its pattern book design has an \"impressive program of East lake and Queen Anne ornamentation. The pattern Alien chose for this house is almost exactly the same as the one he used for the John Henry Layton house which is several miles east on West Gentile Street. The John H. Layton house has longer proportions, but in general massing it is the mirror image of the George W. Layton house.\" In 2019 it was billed as The Grand Victorian and is available for weddings and receptions, having apparently served as a wedding venue since 2002. The venue includes a waterfall and bridge, despite the flat terrain."}, {"text": "Sean McNulty (born 10 July 1995) is a professional rugby union player who currently plays as a hooker for the Miami Sharks of Major League Rugby (MLR). He previously played as a hooker for the MLR's New England Free Jacks and Rugby United New York (RUNY) on loan for the 2019 Major League Rugby season. McNulty came through the Munster Rugby academy system before joining the Leinster Rugby Academy and playing for Leinster A in the British & Irish Cup. He signed with LA Giltinis prior to the 2021 MLR season and won the 2021 MLR championship with the team. During the 2022 season, he was traded to the Seattle Seawolves. Following the 2022 season, McNulty was traded by the Seawolves to the San Diego Legion in exchange for Ben Mitchell. Prior to the 2024 MLR season, San Diego Legion traded McNulty to Miami Sharks in exchange for 2024 salary cap considerations. Sean McNulty made his debut for the United States national rugby team against Canada on August 31st, 2024."}, {"text": "Van Cott is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:"}, {"text": "Vital Signs () is a Canadian drama film, directed by Sophie Deraspe and released in 2009. The film stars Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Bellavance as Simone, a young woman who responds to the death of her grandmother by abandoning her university studies to volunteer as a caregiver for the dying in a palliative care centre, while simultaneously juggling her casual relationship with musician Boris (Francis Ducharme). The cast also includes Marie Brassard, Suzanne St-Michel, Danielle Ouimet and Danielle Fichaud. The film was noted for the casting of Bellavance, a double leg amputee, in a role where her disability was part of the fabric of the character's life but not the primary narrative focus of the story, as well as for depicting Simone as a character who still had a sexual life instead of the more common film portrayal of disability as a barrier to sexuality. The film premiered at the Festival du nouveau cin\u00e9ma in October 2009. It was subsequently screened at the Whistler Film Festival, where it won the Borsos Competition for Best Canadian Feature Film and Bellavance won the award for Best Performance in a Canadian Film. It went into general theatrical release in 2010. The film received three Prix Jutra"}, {"text": "nominations at the 13th Jutra Awards in 2011, for Best Film, Best Supporting Actress (Brassard) and Best Make-Up (Joan-Patricia Parris)."}, {"text": "is a Japanese Professional baseball pitcher for the Yokohama DeNA BayStars of Nippon Professional Baseball. Early baseball career. Kasaya participated in the 2nd grade summer 95th Japanese High School Baseball Championship as an ace pitcher at the \u014cita Prefectural \u014cita Commercial High School with Hikaru Kawase and Masato Morishita. Professional career. On October 23, 2014, Kasaya was drafted by the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks in the 2014 Nippon Professional Baseball draft. In 2015 season, he played in the Western League of NPB's minor leagues and played in informal matches against Shikoku Island League Plus's teams. He spent the 2016 season on left elbow rehabilitation. On August 23, 2017, he debuted in the Pacific League against the Saitama Seibu Lions. he was selected as the Japan Series roster in the 2017 Japan Series. From 2017 season to 2019 season, he recorded with a 14 Games pitched, a 0\u20131 Win\u2013loss record, a 5.63 ERA, a one Holds, a 16 strikeouts in 16 innings. On July 17, 2020, Kasaya pitched in relief against the Orix Buffaloes and became his first Winning pitcher. And he became the winning pitcher on August 27 as the starting pitcher. In 2020 season, Kasaya recorded with a 20 Games"}, {"text": "pitched, a 4\u20134 Win\u2013loss record, a 2.84 ERA, a 67 strikeouts in 57 innings. In the 2020 Japan Series against the Yomiuri Giants, he was selected as the Japan Series roster. In 2021 season, Kasaya pitched a good game against the Orix Buffaloes on March 30 as a starting pitcher, allowing one run in six innings, but after that his pitching continued to suffer and he was reassigned to relief pitching in May 4. However, because he pitched well as a relief pitcher, he was used as a starting pitcher at the end of the season and finished the season with 16Games pitched, a 3-4 record, a 4.27 earned run average, and 67 strikeouts in 59 innings pitched. In 2022 season, he finished the regular season with a 16 Games pitched, a 0\u20130 Win\u2013loss record, a 6.35 ERA, and a 14 strikeouts in 17 innings. In 2023 season, Kasaya developed inflammation in his left elbow in May and spent a month in rehabilitation. As a result, he only pitched in eight games, but posted an ERA of 1.59."}, {"text": "Cooper Rollow (1925 in Wichita, Kansas \u2013 March 29, 2013 in Elmhurst, Illinois) was an American sportswriter for 35 years as a writer and sports editor (1965\u20131977) for the \"Chicago Tribune\", mostly on pro football. He was awarded the Dick McCann Memorial Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985. Rollow was a four-time winner of the Illinois Associated Press (AP) sports contest. Rollow won the AP competition in 1960 for a three-part series on the late Vince Lombardi, in 1964 for his coverage of the deaths of Willie Galimore and John Farrington of the Chicago Bears in a training camp auto accident, in 1973 for his portrayal of the dramatic and tragic events in the Munich Olympic Games and 1974 for his coverage of the Ali-Frazier fight in Madison Square Garden. In 1969, Rollow won the United Press International award for his coverage of the Green Bay Packers' climactic victory over the Chicago Bears. He served as President of the Pro Football Writers of America (PFWA) (1983\u201384). He also served as the former President of the Chicago Professional Football Writers Association, a director of the National College Football Writers Association and an elector in the Pro Football"}, {"text": "Hall of Fame. A Kansas native and 1949 graduate of the University of Kansas, Rollow held newspaper positions in Fort Scott, Kansas and Lincoln, Nebraska before he was hired by the late Arch Ward, the previous sports editor of The Chicago Tribune. Rollow also saw combat duty in Gen. Patton's Third Army in World War II. Rollow was described by author Jeff Davis as \"the leading journalist of his time concerning the relationship of [former Chicago Bears head coach and owner George] Halas and [Green Bay Packers head coach] Vince Lombardi.\" Rollow was also a posthumous winner of the 2020/2021 Ring Lardner Award for Excellence in Sports Journalism."}, {"text": "The Ruth I. Michler Memorial Prize is an annual prize in mathematics, awarded by the Association for Women in Mathematics to honor outstanding research by a female mathematician who has recently earned tenure. The prize funds the winner to spend a semester as a visiting faculty member at Cornell University, working with the faculty there and presenting a distinguished lecture on their research. It is named after Ruth I. Michler (1967\u20132000), a German-American mathematician born at Cornell, who died in a road accident at the age of 33. The award was first offered in 2007. Its winners and their lectures have included:"}, {"text": "\u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb al-Fihr\u012b (), called al-\u1e62iqlab\u012b (), was an Abbasid-appointed governor of al-Andalus (Spain) in the 770s. He was sent from Ifr\u012bqiya to oppose the Umayyad ruler \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n I. He landed in and demanded the submission of Sulaym\u0101n ibn Yaq\u1e93\u0101n al-Kalb\u012b al-A\u02bfr\u0101b\u012b, commander of Barcelona. When this was refused, he marched against him and was defeated near Valencia. Shortly afterwards he was assassinated by a Berber. His was the last effort by the Abbasids to assert their rule in al-Andalus. Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb was a member of the Fihrid family, which was prominent in Ifr\u012bqiya. A Fihrid, Y\u016bsuf ibn \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n al-Fihr\u012b, was the governor of al-Andalus deposed by \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n I in 756. According to some modern historians, Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb was also related by marriage to Y\u016bsuf, but this is not supported by any primary source. Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb's nickname, al-\u1e62iqlab\u012b, literally means \"the Slav\", but according to Ibn \u02bfIdh\u0101r\u012b it was given to him not on account of his origins but because of his tall height, fair complexion and blue eyes. The region of Tudm\u012br in southeastern Spain, which Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb made his base of operations, was originally an autonomous Christian tributary under Theodemir, who gave his"}, {"text": "name to the region. It was still under the rule of Theodemir's son Athanagild as late as 754. Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb's decision to target Barcelona when the centre of Umayyad power, C\u00f3rdoba, lay closer to Tudm\u012br is difficult to explain. Possibly Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb believed there was more support for the Abbasids among the Yemenis of the northeast and hoped by his challenge to Ibn al-A\u02bfr\u0101b\u012b to draw them to his following. The 11th-century \"Collection of Anecdotes on the Conquest of al-Andalus\" places Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb's arrival shortly after \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n I had defeated a Yemeni rebellion in Seville, so perhaps he judged that his base of support near C\u00f3rdoba had been too weakened for an immediate attack on the centre. The Arabic sources are inconsistent in dating Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb's arrival in Spain. The \"Collection of Anecdotes\" placed it around 775, but Ibn al-Ath\u012br writing in the 13th century placed it in 778. Collating the Arabic and Latin sources, Roger Collins places it in the early 770s. Antonio Ubieto Arteta, accepts a date of 161 AH, which fell between 9 October 777 and 27 September 778. Pierre Guichard, basing his conclusion on Ibn al-Ath\u012br and al-\u02bfUdhr\u012b, places Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb's arrival in 161 (777)."}, {"text": "Guichard believes he held out in Tudm\u012br for several months before being forced to hide out in \"the mountains of the land of Valencia\" until his assassination in 163 (779). According to the \"Collection of Anecdotes\", the Berber who assassinated him, S\u1e25a\u02bf\u0101n, had ingratiated himself with Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb for just that purpose. Having killed him, he led the pro-Abbasid cavalry over to \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n I. Some modern historians have linked Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb to the embassy sent by Sulaym\u0101n al-A\u02bfr\u0101b\u012b of Barcelona and \u1e24usayn of Zaragoza to Charlemagne, king of the Franks, in 777. This search for an alliance abroad against \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n I precipitated the Frankish campaign that ended in disaster at the battle of Roncevaux Pass. Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb's involvement, however, is chronologically impossible as well as incongruous with al-A\u02bfr\u0101b\u012b's cool reception to Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb's overtures."}, {"text": "The John Henry Layton House, at 683 W. Gentile St. in West Layton, Utah was built in 1898. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was designed by Kaysville, Utah architect William Allen and is related to the George W. Layton House a couple miles away, also on W. Gentile St. It is a two-story red brick house upon a stone foundation. The original outbuildings included a stone wellhouse (more commonly known as a cellar), a frame granary, and a large barn, all of which survive. Outbuildings also included an L-shaped shed for livestock, an elongated thatched shed, and an outhouse, which do not survive. \"The Layton house is of pattern book design, one which Allen may have used for the Joseph Adams house in East Layton, and again in the George W. Layton house in West Layton.\""}, {"text": "The Moab LDS Church is a historic church in Moab, Utah. It was built with adobe for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1888\u20131889, on land that belonged to Leonidas L. Crapo. The local bishop, Randolph H. Stewart, had acquired the land in 1884, and he later sold it to his second counselor, Orlando W. Warner. The church was designed in the Greek Revival style, and it was later stuccoed. The building was deeded to the Grand County School District in 1925. By 1937, the Daughters of Utah Pioneers began holding their meetings in the old church. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 28, 1980."}, {"text": "A chrysanthemum exhibition (\u83ca\u82b1\u5c55\u89a7\u4f1a \"Kikatenrankai\") is a flower show that takes place in various parts of Japan every autumn from October to November. Other terms used are also \u201cChrysanthemum Festival\u201d or \u201cChrysanthemum Competition\u201d. History. Chrysanthemums first arrived in Japan by way of China in the 5th century. By the Heian period, the flower was cultivated throughout Japan. It represented the noble class and the season of autumn, and the Japanese even had a Chrysanthemum festival. When the flower was adopted for the Imperial Seal of Japan some families also cultivated it to signal their support and good relationship with the Imperial family. These flowers are much esteemed by the Japanese, who pay more attention to size and brilliancy of colour than to perfume. Main exhibits. Exhibitions show works by individuals or groups. They tend to feature: Reviews and awards. The flowers and installations are comprehensively examined by their size, shape of flowers and leaves, and the harm of insects. Bonsai will be examined for roots and trunks, which should gradually become thinner from the roots. For other works, the balance, shape, etc. are examined based on certain standards. Various awards and prizes are given by the national and local government"}, {"text": "authorities, as well as private ones. Exhibitions. The national exhibition is the All Japan Chrysanthemum Federation National Convention. The Prince Takamatsu Cup was the highest award until the prince's demise, nowadays the highest award is the Prime Minister's Prize. Each time, a new variety is announced with a flower name associated with the venue and is designated as a designated competition flower. There are about 15 divisions and 50 categories according to color and genus. Any member of the All-Japan Kikuhana Federation can participate by paying the participation fee. Apart from the national exhibition various prefectures and cities have their own as well."}, {"text": "The 2018 election to the Grand Council was held in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland, on 15 April 2018. All 100 members of the Grand Council were elected for four-year terms. Results. ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;\" colspan=2 |Party ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;\" width=150px |Ideology ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" width=50px |Vote % ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" width=50px |Vote % \u00b1 ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" width=50px |Seats ! style=\"background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;\" width=50px |Seats \u00b1 ! style=\"text-align:left;\" colspan=3| Total ! style=\"text-align:left;\" colspan=3| Turnout"}, {"text": "SnipSnap is an app that will let you receive free coupons. \"SnipSnap\" may also refer to:"}, {"text": "Prinsesse Maries All\u00e9 is a street in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark, linking Gammel Kongevej in the south to Vodroffsvej in the north. History. A country house named Svanholm was from the 18th century located at the site. In 1853, Peter Andersen established an iron foundry on the property. Svanholm Brewery was at the same time established by Isaac Wulff Heyman to the rear of Andersen's iron foundry. Peter Andersen's iron foundry was later expanded with a machine factory. In 1869, he also established Frederiksberg's first waterworks on his property. In 1891, Svanholm Brewery merged with several other breweries under the name De Forenede Bryggerier (United Breweries). Prinsesse Maries All\u00e9 was established on the western part of the property in 1905. It was named after Princess Marie who had herself approved the name. The west side of the new street was lined with apartment buildings. The brewery building had been demolished to make way for apartment buildings at the northern and of the street but the industrial complex on the eastern corner with Gammel Kongevej was preserved. The buildings were acquired by the plumbing company Bang & Pingel in 1918 who occupied them until September 1958. They were demolished"}, {"text": "when the insurance company Codan constructed a new headquarters at the site."}, {"text": "The Secretary for Mines was a ministry first established in 1874 in the first ministry of Henry Parkes. It went through various title changes, becoming the Minister for Mines in 1959 then variations on Minister for Mineral Resources. Role and responsibilities. In 1872-3 there was a rush of application for mineral leases covering , which were required to be dealt with by the Secretary for Lands. The ministry was created from the responsibilities of the Secretary for Lands and the first minister, James Farnell, was also the Secretary for Lands. The initial tasks for the minister were establishing the Board of Mines, a school of mines and mineralogical museum. The minister was responsible for the department of mines, which included mining wardens, registrars, bailiffs and surveyors. The department also included agricultural regulation, including sheep and cattle inspectors and the registration of brands. The agricultural responsibilities were recognised from 1890 when the title was changed to Secretary for Mines and Agriculture, until 1907 when a separate Minister for Agriculture was created. In 1959 the ministry was renamed Minister for Mines. The resources portfolio was occasionally combined with the energy portfolio between 1984 and 2017. List of ministers. <section begin=Heading />"}, {"text": "The 2009 Durham mayoral election was held on November 3, 2009, to elect the mayor of Durham, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Bill Bell."}, {"text": "Ann Lewis (June 4, 1958 \u2013 October 2, 1968) was an American barrel racer. In December 1968, she won the barrel racing world championship posthumously, becoming the youngest barrel racing champion in the Girls Rodeo Association (now the Women's Professional Rodeo Association). Life. Ann Lewis was born on June 4, 1958, in Sulphur, Oklahoma. Career. Lewis was running barrels before she even started school. When she was five, she placed in her first open. She also won her first prize money at five when she competed in Atoka, Oklahoma. She was unable to sign her name to the receipt but offered to print it. Ann had a twin sister, Jan; they were seven when their parents got them their first barrel racing horse. When Lewis was eight, she was consistently winning ahead of more accomplished racers. She was often referred to as \"Annie the Okie\". In 1967, an eight-year-old, self-starter, Lewis and her partially feral bay horse Charlie Bay Dan starting winning amateur rodeos throughout the Midwest. Lewis turned professional in March 1968, her rookie year, before the GRA instituted a minimum age requirement. She had no issues signing her name for a prize check in February; a check for"}, {"text": "$1,064 in Houston, Texas. She promptly handed the check to her father, turned away and then back to ask for money for an ice cream cone. Lewis was finding herself the queen of the GRA as she kept winning more rodeos. In Shreveport, Louisiana, Lewis and Charlie Bay Dan set an arena record. They ran the barrels in 16 seconds flat and 15.8 seconds flat. They also won the average. By August, she was in first place for the world championship. Nine-time NFR qualifier Sissy Thurman, who was 34, was in second place. Lewis won $8,928 total for 1968, despite not attending the NFR. Her year-end total beat the second place Kay Whitaker by $656. Sissy Thurman won third place posthumously with $6,311 in total year winnings. Death. Lewis' family and fellow barrel racer Sissy Thurman were headed from a rodeo in Little Rock, Arkansas, to rodeo slack in Waco, Texas. On October 2, 1968, at 1:15 a.m, the Lewis vehicle rammed into an overturned 18-wheeler. The wreck killed Thurman, Ann and her twin Jan, and Ann's mother Rose, along with two barrel horses. Honors. Lewis was awarded the 1968 barrel racing world championship following her death. She won the"}, {"text": "Youngest NFR Qualifier at ten years, six months, old in 1968. In 1981, Lewis was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame."}, {"text": "Claude de l'Isle de Marivaux (d. 1598) was a French diplomat working for Henry of Navarre. Claude was a son of Jean de l'Isle de Marivaux and H\u00e9l\u00e8ne d'Aspremont, Lady of Tullin and Trassereux. They rebuilt the Ch\u00e2teau de Troissereux in renaissance style. Claude, who was governor of Laon and Lieutenant-general of the government of the \u00cele-de-France, Chamberlain to the king's brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, and Captain of the castle and town of Arques, was known as \"Marivaux le Sage\", the wise. Mission to Scotland. Claude came to Scotland in April 1588. His mission was concerned with a plan for James VI of Scotland to marry the sister of Henry of Navarre, Catherine de Bourbon. He was recommended for this role by the poet Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas, who was strongly in favour of the marriage and praised the qualities of the \"handsome, brave, eloquent, active, and discreet\" king of the Scots to Henry. In September 1588 Claude wrote two letters to James VI, one from Lennoxlove, then called Lethington, the home of John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane, the other from Edinburgh, to thank him for gifts. These included 200 French gold crowns and a diamond"}, {"text": "ring which were recorded in Maitland's accounts of money from the English subsidy. Claude wrote to the Laird of Wemyss, who was busy with hare and hound, to ask James to conclude their business and give him leave to go. James VI gave him a letter for Catherine de Bourbon, saying he would like to visit her and declare his intentions, and assured of his constant love. Claude carried a letter from the English diplomat in Edinburgh, William Ashby, to Francis Walsingham which mentions that he would tell him about the wreck of a ship from the Spanish Armada on Islay or Mull. Claude had heard this news at Stirling Castle from a letter sent to the king by Lachlan Mor Maclean. In London Claude gave James's letters to two envoys of Navarre, Paul Choart, Sieur de Buzenval, and Fran\u00e7ois de Quincampoix, Sieur de Moy, who sent to king a copy of his paper on the 'Spanish Army'. Claude wrote to James VI from London complaining because he did not have a letter of personal credit to Catherine to permit him to discuss James's letter with her. He wished James might spare an hour to have his portrait painted for"}, {"text": "him. Claude got an interview with Catherine, and she wrote to James, thanking him for the letter. Henry sent Claude on a mission to B\u00e9arn. English politicians remained in favour of the Navarre marriage, although James VI was negotiating for a Danish bride. William Cecil wrote in July 1589, \"The King of Scots is wooing the King of Denmark's daughter, but we could better like the match with the King of Navarre's sister\". Clermont d'Amboise. Another envoy Monsieur Clermont d'Amboise arrived in July 1588, pretending to have been driven to the west coast of Scotland by a storm. He was hosted by the town of Edinburgh for four days and there was a banquet at his departure involving claret, sweet wine, \"drogs and sweitt meitt.\" James VI gave him a jewel worth 200 French crowns. J\u00e9r\u00f4me Groslot. J\u00e9r\u00f4me Groslot, Sieur de l\u2019Isle was sent to Scotland in April 1589 to advocate the Navarre marriage. To avoid confusion with Claude, as both were called \"de l'Isle\", J\u00e9r\u00f4me was sometimes known as \"the son of the Baillie of Orleans\". He had been brought up with James VI at Stirling Castle. John Colville wrote to the Laird of Wemyss that James VI was"}, {"text": "set on the Danish marriage and l'Isle's efforts were likely to be in vain. When he left in July James gave him 200 French crowns to fund his journey to Navarre with James's answers. In March 1589 yet another envoy from Navarre, Fran\u00e7ois de Civille, arrived in Edinburgh, hoping to recruit troops. An English man at the Scottish court Thomas Fowler wrote that Civille and Groslot, Sieur de l\u2019Isle encouraged Edinburgh merchants who dealt with France to support the Navarre marriage. James VI decided to marry Anne of Denmark. Another diplomat in Scotland, Jean Hotman de Villiers, was with James VI at Falkland Palace in August 1589. The king gave him a ring with a diamond star and another jewel worth 100 gold crowns. Later life. Claude fought for Henry at the Battle of Ivry in March 1590. He died in 1598. Family. Claude married Catherine B\u00e9atrix du Moustier, the widow of Jean-Gal\u00e9as de Saint-S\u00e9verin, Count of Gayasse. They had seven children, five daughters were living at his death on 17 May 1598, Ren\u00e9e, Marguerite, and Catherine, and the nuns Leonore and Claude. Marguerite married Jean de Lameth, Seigneur de Bournonville. Ren\u00e9e married Fran\u00e7ois de Hallencourt, Seigneur de Drosmesnil. Catherine"}, {"text": "married Antoine de Senicourt, Seigneur de Saisseval et Warmoise. They feuded over their inheritance, and Fran\u00e7ois de Hallencourt was killed by a servant of Jean de Lameth in 1609."}, {"text": "Konstanty Korniakt of Bia\u0142obok or Konstantyn Franciszek Korniakt (1582-1624) was a Polish nobleman and soldier, the son of the noble Polish merchant Konstanty Korniakt (1520-1603) of Crete. Biography. Early life. Konstantyn Franciszek Korniakt was born in So\u015bnica in 1582, the son of the noble Polish merchant Konstanty Korniakt (the elder, b. 1520, h. Krucina) and Ruthenian noblewoman Anna Dzieduszycki h. Sas. Konstanty Korniakt (the elder) had moved to Lviv in 1554, inheriting the property of his elder brother Michael Kornakt. By 1566 the Polish king Sigismund II Augustus had granted him the privilege to import and sell Greek wines, cotton, Moldavian honey, cowhides and furs, and Western cloths. On 12 February 1571 the king ennobled Konstanty Korniakt (the elder) granting him the Krucina coat of arms. by which time he was the wealthiest inhabitant of Lviv, and one of the greatest patrons of Lviv Renaissance architecture. Konstantyn Franciszek had five siblings: Aleksander, Michal, Anna (m. Jan Tarnowski), Zofia (m. Abraham Herburt), and Katarzyna (m. Aleksander Chodkiewicz). Konstanty (the elder) was a ardent follower of the Eastern Orthodox Church but had good relations with the Jesuits. However the children became polonized, converted to Catholicism, and the sons studied at the University"}, {"text": "of Padua in Italy. By the time of his death Konstanty (the elder) had accumulated about 40 villages, 2 towns, and crown lands including estates in Lw\u00f3w Land and Przemy\u015bl Land. Establishment at Bialoboki. After his father's death on 1 August 1603, Korniakt sold his inherited Lw\u00f3w Land estates, including some left to his brother Aleksander. Konstantyn then consolidated and moved to the Przemy\u015bl Land of the Ruthenian Voivodeship where he owned three fortified estates at So\u015bnica, Z\u0142otowice and Bia\u0142oboki. Korniakt's large estate at So\u015bnica in the county of Jaros\u0142aw included a manor built around 1580 which was able to repel the frequent attacks of large bands which were common in the area. Korniakt added a residential wing with an entrance gate from the west to the old north wing. Security was improved by a 140 cm thick wall and vertical escarpment. Until 1605 the family kept their valuable items at this castle. Korniakt established his residence and family stronghold in the village of Bialoboki near Przeworsk. He assumed the name \"Konstanty Korniakt of Bia\u0142obok\" and by 1608 had built a small castle on a hill on the site of a former stronghold. The new castle was constructed of brick"}, {"text": "on a rectangular plan and was surrounded by a moat and swamps and could only be accessed via a drawbridge. The interiors were beautifully decorated and equally well equipped. The floors were made of white stone, as were the sides of the castle. Dispute with Stadnicki. Korniakt had inherited a mortgage of the town of Lancut which had been issued by his late uncle Michael Korniakt for 17,000 zlotys. This mortgage had been assumed by Stanis\u0142aw Stadnicki, \"the devil of \u0141a\u0144cut\", who had long contested the debt in the royal court. Stadnicki's debt had increased by another 30,000 zlotys for bail after he was sentenced for failure to appear in royal court. After the death of Konstanty Korniakt's father Stadnicki seized his opportunity and invaded the villages of Krzemienica, Czarna and Albigowa where he robbed the peasants and burned the farm estate. Stadnicki threatened the heirs if they didn't forgive the 47,000 zloty debt. So Korniakt transported the family treasury with a reserve of money and his mother's jewelry to his more fortified but unfinished castle in So\u015bnica. On the evening of 29 July 1605 this castle was attacked by Stadnicki with 1500 attackers who over two days captured and"}, {"text": "plundered the castle, kidnapping Konstanty, his wife and daughters. The building had been stripped of everything, including doors and windows. \"Infantry hit the castle gates, the riders launched an attack from the commons where there were neither moats nor walls. At the same time the cannonade was opened and a terrible shout was made in the wake of trumpets and war cauldrons. Soon the gates of the castle were assaulted with cannonballs and assault axes, the infantry invaded the castle and immediately hung its banner on the tower as a sign of triumph.\" \"In a moment the castle was full of Stadnicki's soldiers, who rushed to the shops, the caskets, the wardrobes, because the first main goal of such a mercenary party was to rob their own hand. Everything that could be found at home was robbed - says Korniakt - as in ready money, jewels, chains, canoes, crosses, wear, ignites, rings, manels, crowns, pontoons, ferets and various pieces, gemstones as diadems, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, general gold in subtle works made of gold, so in pearls made and not made of considerable size, very costly and expensive, so in portugal, duplon, triplon and other gold coin, also in silver and"}, {"text": "another coin ... The entire amount of Korniakt\u00f3w cash was plundered, and the sum was great, which was reported and kept intact during bad adventures, putting a hundred and forty thousand zlotys lightly in hiding\" The women were stripped of what they were wearing, earrings torn off, and two of Konstanty's mother's fingers cut off so they could take expensive rings including her wedding ring and signet ring. Stadnicki kidnapped and kept Konstanty Korniakt with his wife and daughters in the dungeon of his castle at \u0141a\u0144cut for 8 weeks where they were chained, mistreated and the women were raped. Stadnicki kept the family in the dungeon until Korniakt and his mother signed an agreement for waiver of debts, claims for stolen valuables and damages from the raid on Sosnica. After his release Korniakt took refuge behind the walls of Lviv and from there he filed new lawsuits for robbery and imprisonment. However this again raised Stadnicki's anger. Korniakt's lawyers Adam Zhidovsky and Andrei Svidnitsky, who were conducting the case, miraculously escaped from the city of Przeworsk with their lives. Then in 1606 Stadnicki, with his armed force of 1200-2000 freely entered Lviv and forced Korniakt to re-sign the waiver."}, {"text": "In 1608 Korniakt built the brick castle at Bialoboki. Stadnicki attacked the castle and there is a legend that after a long fight broke through. But Korniakt managed to escape through a tunnel leading from the castle to the village of Ga\u0107. There, a peasant helped him and in disguise he took him to a safe castle in Chodak\u00f3wka. Stadnicki became involved in wars with other neighbors and during this time the Kornyakts managed to win four court cases against him. Stadnicki's debt to Korniakt grew to 212 thousand zlotys, but the court reduced the amount of payments by half to encourage a settlement. After the death of Stanislav Stadnicki in August 1610 Korniakt continued to fight with Stadnicki's three sons and a brother - the Belgian governor Adam Alexander Stadnicki. Military career and private conflicts. During the Polish-Swedish war in Livonia (1600-1611) he participated in the Siege of Fellin (May 1602, Viljandi, Estonia), fought in the army of field crown hetman Stanis\u0142aw \u017b\u00f3\u0142kiewski at the Battle of Reval (June 1602, Tallinn, Estonia), and with Jan Karol Chodkiewicz at Battle of Weissenstein (September 1604, Paide, Estonia). Korniakt was also well known for his private wars with neighbors. In 1603 he"}, {"text": "wounded captain Stanis\u0142aw Branicki (d.1620) with a saber. From 1608 he attacked his neighbor Marcina of Goraja Czury\u0142\u0119j in , seized the estate of Ann\u0119 Jaksmanick\u0105 of Fredr\u00f3w, imprisoned nobleman Jaczewskiego, captured the marketplace Przemysl and with the help of Adam \u017bydowskiego, killed Marcina Sadowskiego. In 1609 he attacked and killed the chor\u0105\u017cy of Rudnitsky with his 16 servants, taking their property. Marriage and children. Konstantyn Franciszek Korniakt married El\u017cbieta Ossoli\u0144ska (d. 1646), the daughter of Jan Zbigniew Ossoli\u0144ski - the voivode of Sandomierz. Konstantyn and El\u017cbieta had the following children: Death and afterward. In June of 1624 the Tatars invaded the Przemysl region. As they destroyed the villages they established themselves in a ravine that would someday be called Wolica. Konstantyn Korniakt of Bia\u0142oboki died from wounds during this invasion as a defender of the Polish lands. He was buried in the . Although the Tatars captured most of the local population as jasyr, they were later intercepted and dealt a crushing defeat at the Battle of Martyn\u00f3w. When he died Konstanty Korniakt of Bia\u0142obok left the majority of his estates in the Przemy\u015bl region to his daughter Anna and son-in-law Miko\u0142aj Ossoli\u0144ski. This included 29 villages and one"}, {"text": "city including the key of Rybotycze, the castle near Przemy\u015bl, and the properties of Husak\u00f3w and Mi\u017anice. Rybotycze became the main residence from which Miko\u0142aj made trips to the surrounding area and maintained a regular army there, recruited from the surrounding villages. Konstanty's eldest son, owned 11 villages in the Przemy\u015bl region with his base at Bia\u0142oboki. In the summer of 1630 Karol enrolled at the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w and traveled extensively (Germany, Italy, France, Spain, England, Belgium, Holland). He studied military affairs and languages, notably at the University of Graz in Austria, and at University of Padua in Italy (1639). Karol participated in the Polish campaigns and battles and fought in many wars. He financed companies during the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648-1657). He commanded his own company at the Siege of Zbarazh in 1649, and the Battle of Berestechko in 1651."}, {"text": "The Channel Islands Post Offices were established in 1794. Thereafter cutters under contract to the Post Office Packet Service sailed weekly, and later twice-weekly, carrying mail between Weymouth, Dorset, and the Channel Islands. \"Royal Charlotte\" was the first to sail, on 13 February 1794. She and \"Rover\" were Dover packets on the Dover\u2013Calais run displaced by the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars. Two packets were lost to the perils of the sea, and one a French privateer captured. \"Hinchinbrook\" was the first government packet to be wrecked. The loss of \"Hinchinbrook\", followed by the loss later that year of \"Francis Freeling\", left the Weymouth packet service short two vessels of the three on the route. Because the Post Office was expecting to introduce steam packets within a year or so it decide to make do with temporary solutions. The Weymouth Packet Service borrowed \"Iris\", which had been a Milford packet but now was in reserve at Holyhead, and \"Dove\". It also employed a third. One account named the third as \"Samuel and Julia\". In a separate listing, the same author, named it as \"Queen Charlotte\". Steam service began on 7 July 1827 when \"Watersprite\" took out the first Channel"}, {"text": "mail to move by steam. \"Iris\" returned to Holyhead. Steam vessels replaced all the sailing vessels. In 1827 the Admiralty took over the packets. The service ended in 1845. The listing below has the packets in chronological order by time of service. The tonnages are all burthens (bm), with the first number coming from Lucking, and the second, if present, generally from Newport. Note: The Falmouth Post Office packet service also sailed vessels named \"Chesterfield\", \"Francis Freeling\", , and , but these sailed across the Atlantic and to the Mediterranean, and were more than twice the size of the Weymouth packets."}, {"text": "The Polish\u2013Bohemian War or Polish\u2013Czech War () was a conflict in Europe in 990 between the Polish duke Mieszko I of the Duchy of Poland and the Bohemian duke Boleslaus II of the Duchy of Bohemia. It ended with the Bohemians' defeat and with Poland conquering the territory of Silesia. Prelude. Bohemian\u2013Polish relations had worsened following the death of the wife of Mieszko and Bohemian princess Dobrawa in 977; this marked the end of the Polish-Bohemian alliance. Until the mid-980s the rulers of both the Polish and Bohemian states supported the Holy Roman Empire's Henry II, Duke of Bavaria, but their alliance did not last into the second half of that decade. The war. The war was fought likely for the purposes of territorial expansion, with Polish ruler duke Mieszko I taking over the lands of the Vistulan tribe (Lesser Poland area, with the major settlements of Sandomierz and Krak\u00f3w) in the years 998\u2013999. The Bohemian duke Boleslaus II contested Mieszko's actions, and their armies clashed in Silesia. The Bohemians received aid from the Veleti, while the Holy Roman Empire helped the Poles and after a short conflict the Bohemians were defeated, with Mieszko also acquiring Silesia for Poland (with"}, {"text": "territories around Krosno and Niemcza). There are relatively few accurate historical accounts from this period, and much of the account of the war is based on the chronicles of Thietmar of Merseburg and archaeological discoveries. Thietmar, however, while devoting some space to the conflict itself, did not discuss the reasons for it, which modern historians can only speculate about. There is also evidence that Mieszko might have controlled parts of Silesia as early as mid-980s, and it has been speculated that the reason for the war might have not been over Lesser Poland, but about the territorial disputes in Silesia itself. Aftermath. This conflict is the first recorded Polish\u2013Bohemian War; several others would follow in decades and centuries to come."}, {"text": "The 2005 Durham mayoral election was held on November 8, 2005, to elect the mayor of Durham, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Bill Bell. Results. Primary. The date of the primary was October 11, 2005. Candidate Vincent Brown formally withdrew before the election, thus no votes were counted for him."}, {"text": "Hinchinbrook was a cutter launched in 1811 that served the Post Office Packet Service from July 1811. She sailed between Weymouth, Dorset, and the Channel Islands until she was wrecked on 2 February 1826. \"Hinchinbrook\" was registered in Weymouth. Loss. Thomas Quirk was \"Hinchinbrook\"s master when she wrecked 2 February 1826 near Longy, Alderney. Her 23 crew and passengers and mails were saved. Another report states that she was carrying seven crew members and 17 passengers. She was sailing past Alderney towards Guernsey in fine weather when she struck a submerged rock and rapidly filled with water and sank. The mails and all 24 crew and passengers took to the ship's boats and landed safely in Alderney. A committee of inquiry absolved the crew but judged Captain Quirk responsible. He was 67 years old and was pensioned off two months later. \"Hinchinbrook\" was the first government packet to be wrecked. The loss of \"Hinchinbrook\", followed by the loss later that year of \"Francis Freeling\", left the Weymouth packet service short two vessels of the three on the route. Because the Post Office was expecting to introduce steam packets within a year or so it decide to make do with temporary"}, {"text": "solutions. The Weymouth Packet Service borrowed \"Iris\", which had been a Milford packet but now was in reserve at Holyhead, \"Samuel and Julia\", a local lugger, and \"Dove\". Steam service began on 7 July 1827 when \"Watersprite\" took out the first Channel mail to move by steam. \"Iris\" returned to Holyhead."}, {"text": "Monza Sobborghi railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Monza\u2013Molteno railway, it serves the municipality of Monza in Lombardy as its secondary station, in the \u201cSobborghi\u201d neighbourhood. The train services are operated by Trenord. Train services. The station is served by the following service(s):"}, {"text": "The John, Harriet, and Eliza Jennett Duncan House, at 445 N. 400 East in Centerville, Utah was built around 1873. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It is a stone house probably built around 1873, probably by Charles Duncan (stonemason) (1823-1891) and son John Samuel Duncan. Charles was a Scottish-born stonemason who helped build the Salt Lake Temple during the 1863-67 portion of its construction. \"In 1852 the entire family sailed across the ocean on the Kennebec; arriving in the Salt Lake valley in September 1853.6 When the Duncans first arrived in Utah they lived with friends in Centerville for a brief time. Charles soon purchased land in Kaysville, and he moved the family there in the spring of 1854. Charles built a log cabin where his twin sons, John Samuel and Charles Jr., were born on May 22. The crops failed, and the family returned to Centerville in July. Word of Charles skill as a stonemason spread quickly; he was hired to build homes throughout the Centerville and Farmington area. Charles' career in masonry spanned from 1853 to 1891. Charles taught the trade to his three sons, John, Charles and Archibald. Most of"}, {"text": "the early rock buildings and culverts in South Davis County were built by the Duncans. Additionally, Charles worked for many years cutting stone for the Salt Lake City L.D.S. Temple which was constructed during 1863-67. A common, 'trademark' feature of the rock homes built by the Duncans is frequent use of quoins made from granite or sandstone. Charles brought back to Centerville pieces of stone which had been discarded or deemed unsuitable for the L.D.S. Temple. He used these stones to add decoration, as well as religious symbolism, to the residences in Centerville. Charles and his wife Margaret lived in the seven room stone house at 558 N. 340 E. with his son Archibald.7 Charles passed away in April 1891.8 John Samuel worked with his father, Charles Duncan, in building the Classical style stone house c.1873. It reportedly was originally one large room with the adobe interior partitions added later. John bought the house from his father in 1888. According to the 1880 census records, John, age 26, lived with Harriet (Hattie) M., age 22, his wife, and Hattie M., age 2, and George W(alter) age 4/12, his two children, presumably in this house. In 1900 he was living with"}, {"text": "Eliza Jennett (Jennie), his second wife, and two children, Walter and Erma. Eliza Jennett was born in 1864 and died in August 1918. It appears that Harriet died prior to John's marriage to Eliza Jennett, however, it is unknown.9 In 1926 this house was sold to Harold Duncan, a son of John and Eliza Jennett born in 190410 . Little is known about Harold. The house was then sold to John and Harriet's son, George Walter, in ...\" Does it have Saltbox architecture, see \"The house is built of local stone which the pioneers of Centerville called 'mountain rock'.2 A brick chimney pierces the roof peak at the east end. There are asphalt shingles on the roof and there is a simple wood soffit and fascia. The facade of the house, or south elevation, is symmetrical with a door in the center and matching wood, two-over-two double hung windows on either side. The door and windows are constructed with sandstone lintels; there are sandstone and granite quoins on all four corners and on the corners of the north shed roof addition. The front porch is not covered, consisting only of a concrete slab at the threshold which is approximately eight"}, {"text": "inches high. There is a shed addition to the rear, or north, which was built very soon after the main block of the home. The shed roof extends out from the eaves of the main building, giving the house the appearance of a saltbox type residence. This addition contains a bathroom and a kitchen, and has a brick chimney at the west end.\" Other structures on the site include a second contributing building, located directly to the north of the main house, which was reportedly the first house here. It is a one-room rock building. Also a carport/open garage was added in 1932. And a rock-built shed/storage addition to its west has stonework not matching the Duncans', and was apparently built by a different mason."}, {"text": "The 2003 Durham mayoral election was held on November 7, 2003, to elect the mayor of Durham, North Carolina. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Bill Bell. Results. Primary. The date of the primary was October 7, 2003."}, {"text": "Villasanta Parco railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Monza\u2013Molteno railway, it serves the municipality of Villasanta in Lombardy. The train services are operated by Trenord. The original name was \"La Santa-Villa San Fiorano\". Until 11 December 2022 it was called \"Villasanta\". Train services. The station is served by the following service(s):"}]