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  license: apache-2.0
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  tags:
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  - chemistry
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- - pyrolysis
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- - biomass
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- - neural-network
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- - surrogate-model
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- - kinetic-modeling
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- - thermogravimetry
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- - matlab
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- - machine-learning
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  pretty_name: PyroBot Pyrolysis Foundation Models
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  ---
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  # PyroBot Pyrolysis Foundation Models (`bpDNN2Ea` & `bpDNN2Yield`)
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- This repository contains the core neural network surrogate models of **PyroBot**, an autonomous, agentic framework designed for interpreting, optimizing, and simulating biomass pyrolysis. These foundation surrogates are trained to predict the apparent activation energy ($E_a$) and three-phase product yields (Char, Liquid, Gas) directly from multi-dimensional feedstock properties and process state variables.
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  By utilizing these pre-trained Backpropagation Deep Neural Networks (BP-DNNs) as a fast and accurate surrogate "brain," PyroBot bypasses computationally expensive ab initio or multi-phase CFD simulations, enabling real-time closed-loop autonomous kinetic analysis and thermogravimetric (TG) curve reconstruction.
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@@ -45,23 +43,23 @@ Each `Results_trained.mat` file contains three core structures:
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  ## 🧠 Model Descriptions & Architectures
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  ### 1. `bpDNN2Ea` (Activation Energy Prediction)
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- * **Goal**: Predicts the Apparent Activation Energy ($E_a$, in $\text{kJ/mol}$) as a function of biomass feedstock composition and the instantaneous conversion level ($\alpha$).
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- * **Network Topology**: `256` (Input) $\rightarrow$ `42` (Hidden Layer 1) $\rightarrow$ `42` (Hidden Layer 2) $\rightarrow$ `1` (Output).
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  * **Input Features (256 Dimensions)**:
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- * **Basic Feedstock Characteristics (19 Dimensions)**: Includes proximate analysis (volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash), ultimate analysis (C, H, O, N, S), and detailed ash compositions ($SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, etc.).
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- * **Pyrolysis Progress State (1 Dimension)**: The instantaneous degree of conversion ($\alpha$), ranging from `0.01` to `0.999`.
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  * **Feedstock Blending/Mixing Features (236 Dimensions)**: Captures complex multi-component feedstock mixtures, geographic source classifications, and blending ratio parameters.
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- * **Output**: Apparent Activation Energy $E_a$ ($\text{kJ/mol}$).
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  ### 2. `bpDNN2Yield` (Product Yields Prediction)
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  * **Goal**: Predicts the ultimate three-phase pyrolysis yields (Char, Liquid, Gas) under high-temperature conditions.
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- * **Network Topology**: `259` (Input) $\rightarrow$ `45` $\rightarrow$ `45` $\rightarrow$ `45` $\rightarrow$ `45` $\rightarrow$ `45` $\rightarrow$ `3` (Outputs).
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  * **Input Features (259 Dimensions)**:
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  * **Basic Feedstock Characteristics (19 Dimensions)**
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  * **Detailed Feedstock Blending/Mixing Features (240 Dimensions)**
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  * **Outputs (3 Dimensions)**:
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  * Pyrolysis yields (expressed in weight percentages):
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- 1. **Char Yield (%)** (used directly as the ultimate residue $w_{\infty}$ for TG scaling).
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  2. **Liquid/Bio-oil Yield (%)**
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  3. **Gas Yield (%)**
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@@ -71,17 +69,20 @@ Each `Results_trained.mat` file contains three core structures:
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  In the PyroBot cognitive ecosystem, these two models are combined to reconstruct simulated Thermogravimetric (TG) curves with perfect physical and kinetic consistency:
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- 1. **Mass Loss Curve Platform ($w_{\infty}$)**:
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- The ultimate char yield predicted by `bpDNN2Yield` sets the lower boundary platform ($w_{\infty} = \text{Char Yield}/100$) of the mass-loss profile. For any degree of conversion $\alpha$, the remaining sample weight $w(\alpha)$ is calculated via mass balance:
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- $$w(\alpha) = 100 \times \bigl(1 - \alpha \cdot (1 - w_{\infty})\bigr)\%$$
 
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  2. **Kinetic & Temperature Integration**:
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- The conversion-dependent apparent activation energy profile $E_a(\alpha)$ predicted by `bpDNN2Ea` is mapped to an adaptive kinetic solver. The system compares a library of 130 mechanisms (such as diffusion, nucleation, geometrical, and reaction-order models in series/parallel/hybrid modes) and uses a **Genetic Algorithm (GA)** coupled with non-linear optimization (`fmincon`) to solve the Kissinger-Arrhenius equations:
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- $$G(\alpha) = \int_{T_{0}}^{T} \frac{A}{\beta} \exp\left(-\frac{E_a(\alpha)}{R T}\right) dT$$
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- Solving this equation gives the temperature trajectory $T(\alpha)$ and pre-exponential factor $A$.
 
 
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  3. **Synthesis**:
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- Combining $T(\alpha)$ (from the $E_a$ network + kinetic solver) and $w(\alpha)$ (from the Yield network) yields the completed, publication-quality TG curve ($w$ vs. $T$) without requiring numerical interpolation.
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  ---
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@@ -100,18 +101,18 @@ For reference, the 19 basic feedstock input characteristics representing the bio
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  | **7** | Oxygen (O) | Ultimate analysis of elemental Oxygen | wt.% (dry-basis) |
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  | **8** | Nitrogen (N) | Ultimate analysis of elemental Nitrogen | wt.% (dry-basis) |
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  | **9** | Sulfur (S) | Ultimate analysis of elemental Sulfur | wt.% (dry-basis) |
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- | **10** | $SiO_2$ | Silica percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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- | **11** | $Al_2O_3$ | Alumina percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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- | **12** | $Fe_2O_3$ | Iron oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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- | **13** | $CaO$ | Calcium oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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- | **14** | $MgO$ | Magnesium oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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- | **15** | $TiO_2$ | Titanium dioxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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- | **16** | $Na_2O$ | Sodium oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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- | **17** | $K_2O$ | Potassium oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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- | **18** | $P_2O_5$ | Phosphorus pentoxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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- | **19** | $SO_3$ | Sulfur trioxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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-
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- *Note: For the $E_a$ network, column 20 is the degree of conversion ($\alpha$), and columns 21–256 contain mixed feedstock attributes. For the Yield network, columns 20–259 contain mixed feedstock attributes.*
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  ---
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@@ -238,13 +239,11 @@ These models are distributed under the **Apache License 2.0**.
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  If you use **PyroBot** or these foundation pyrolysis surrogate networks in your scientific publications or research, please cite our corresponding work:
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  ```bibtex
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- @article{pyrobot2026,
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- title={PyroBot: An Autonomous Agent Framework powered by Foundation Surrogate Deep Neural Networks for Intelligent Biomass Pyrolysis Simulation},
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- author={Tang, Siqi and et al.},
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- journal={Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis / Fuel / Environmental Science},
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- year={2026},
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- volume={xx},
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- pages={xx},
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- doi={xx}
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  }
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  ```
 
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  license: apache-2.0
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  tags:
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  - chemistry
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+ - pyrolysis-thermochemistry
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+ - biomass-energy-feedstocks
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+ - thermodynamics-and-kinetic-modeling
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+ - physics-informed-neural-networks
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+ - monte-carlo-bootstrapped-uncertainty
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+ - autonomous-agent-precision-pyrolysis
 
 
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  pretty_name: PyroBot Pyrolysis Foundation Models
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  ---
13
 
14
  # PyroBot Pyrolysis Foundation Models (`bpDNN2Ea` & `bpDNN2Yield`)
15
 
16
+ This repository contains the core neural network surrogate models of **PyroBot**, an autonomous, agentic framework designed for interpreting, optimizing, and simulating biomass pyrolysis. These foundation surrogates are trained to predict the apparent activation energy (Ea) and three-phase product yields (Char, Liquid, Gas) directly from multi-dimensional feedstock properties and process state variables.
17
 
18
  By utilizing these pre-trained Backpropagation Deep Neural Networks (BP-DNNs) as a fast and accurate surrogate "brain," PyroBot bypasses computationally expensive ab initio or multi-phase CFD simulations, enabling real-time closed-loop autonomous kinetic analysis and thermogravimetric (TG) curve reconstruction.
19
 
 
43
  ## 🧠 Model Descriptions & Architectures
44
 
45
  ### 1. `bpDNN2Ea` (Activation Energy Prediction)
46
+ * **Goal**: Predicts the Apparent Activation Energy (Ea, in kJ/mol) as a function of biomass feedstock composition and the instantaneous conversion level (α).
47
+ * **Network Topology**: `256` (Input) `42` (Hidden Layer 1) `42` (Hidden Layer 2) `1` (Output).
48
  * **Input Features (256 Dimensions)**:
49
+ * **Basic Feedstock Characteristics (19 Dimensions)**: Includes proximate analysis (volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash), ultimate analysis (C, H, O, N, S), and detailed ash compositions (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, etc.).
50
+ * **Pyrolysis Progress State (1 Dimension)**: The instantaneous degree of conversion (α), ranging from `0.01` to `0.999`.
51
  * **Feedstock Blending/Mixing Features (236 Dimensions)**: Captures complex multi-component feedstock mixtures, geographic source classifications, and blending ratio parameters.
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+ * **Output**: Apparent Activation Energy Ea (kJ/mol).
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54
  ### 2. `bpDNN2Yield` (Product Yields Prediction)
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  * **Goal**: Predicts the ultimate three-phase pyrolysis yields (Char, Liquid, Gas) under high-temperature conditions.
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+ * **Network Topology**: `259` (Input) `45` `45` `45` `45` `45` `3` (Outputs).
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  * **Input Features (259 Dimensions)**:
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  * **Basic Feedstock Characteristics (19 Dimensions)**
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  * **Detailed Feedstock Blending/Mixing Features (240 Dimensions)**
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  * **Outputs (3 Dimensions)**:
61
  * Pyrolysis yields (expressed in weight percentages):
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+ 1. **Char Yield (%)** (used directly as the ultimate residue w_inf for TG scaling).
63
  2. **Liquid/Bio-oil Yield (%)**
64
  3. **Gas Yield (%)**
65
 
 
69
 
70
  In the PyroBot cognitive ecosystem, these two models are combined to reconstruct simulated Thermogravimetric (TG) curves with perfect physical and kinetic consistency:
71
 
72
+ 1. **Mass Loss Curve Platform (w_inf)**:
73
+ The ultimate char yield predicted by `bpDNN2Yield` sets the lower boundary platform (w_inf = Char Yield / 100) of the mass-loss profile. For any degree of conversion α, the remaining sample weight w(α) is calculated via mass balance:
74
+
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+ w(α) = 100 × [1 - α · (1 - w_inf)] %
76
 
77
  2. **Kinetic & Temperature Integration**:
78
+ The conversion-dependent apparent activation energy profile Ea(α) predicted by `bpDNN2Ea` is mapped to an adaptive kinetic solver. The system compares a library of 130 mechanisms (such as diffusion, nucleation, geometrical, and reaction-order models in series/parallel/hybrid modes) and uses a **Genetic Algorithm (GA)** coupled with non-linear optimization (`fmincon`) to solve the Kissinger-Arrhenius equations:
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+
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+ G(α) = (A/β) · exp(-Ea(α) / RT) dT
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+
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+ Solving this equation gives the temperature trajectory T(α) and pre-exponential factor A.
83
 
84
  3. **Synthesis**:
85
+ Combining T(α) (from the Ea network + kinetic solver) and w(α) (from the Yield network) yields the completed, publication-quality TG curve (w vs. T) without requiring numerical interpolation.
86
 
87
  ---
88
 
 
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  | **7** | Oxygen (O) | Ultimate analysis of elemental Oxygen | wt.% (dry-basis) |
102
  | **8** | Nitrogen (N) | Ultimate analysis of elemental Nitrogen | wt.% (dry-basis) |
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  | **9** | Sulfur (S) | Ultimate analysis of elemental Sulfur | wt.% (dry-basis) |
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+ | **10** | SiO₂ | Silica percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+ | **11** | Al₂O₃ | Alumina percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+ | **12** | Fe₂O₃ | Iron oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+ | **13** | CaO | Calcium oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+ | **14** | MgO | Magnesium oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+ | **15** | TiO₂ | Titanium dioxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+ | **16** | Na₂O | Sodium oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+ | **17** | K₂O | Potassium oxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+ | **18** | P₂O₅ | Phosphorus pentoxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+ | **19** | SO₃ | Sulfur trioxide percentage in biomass ash | wt.% of ash |
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+
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+ *Note: For the Ea network, column 20 is the degree of conversion (α), and columns 21–256 contain mixed feedstock attributes. For the Yield network, columns 20–259 contain mixed feedstock attributes.*
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117
  ---
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239
  If you use **PyroBot** or these foundation pyrolysis surrogate networks in your scientific publications or research, please cite our corresponding work:
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241
  ```bibtex
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+ @misc{tang2026pyrobot,
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+ author = {Tang, Siqi and others},
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+ title = {PyroBot_FoundationModel: Pre-trained Deep Neural Network Surrogate Models for Biomass Pyrolysis},
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+ year = {2026},
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+ publisher = {Hugging Face},
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+ howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/TANG-Research-Group/PyroBot_FoundationModel}}
 
 
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  }
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  ```