13 - Object-oriented programming/004 Interfaces_en.srt

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Hello, dear students, in this lesson, we are going to talk with you about interfaces from this lesson,

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you learn what interfaces are and what do they consist of.

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Also, we'll discuss what is the difference between abstract class and interface.

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And at the end of the lesson, I will tell you what is the difference between such terms as interface,

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class and time.

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Let's go as I just start and look at examples to understand what interfaces are.

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First of all, let's come up with a definition of an interface interfaces, an abstraction which defines

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a behavioral contract that must be followed by every class that implements this interface.

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In other words, you specify a set of expected behavior which should be present in each class that implements

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this interface.

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But it don't specify how exactly this behavior will be implemented.

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For example, have interface here for payment processor.

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I need to have some type in my program that will be able to process payment and send information about

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our payment to Payment Gateway.

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That's why I want to declare what method with the name process payment, the text payment data object

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as an argument.

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Payment data is simple project loss that has the payment amount tax amount idea of a user who wants

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to make a payment and currency.

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The rest of the message here I just getters and setters.

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Now let's get back to our interface.

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You see that I declared method without body and without any other modifiers.

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Why?

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Because invisibly, all matters in interface have modifiers, public and abstract.

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So in case I will add here public and abstract modifier, nothing will change.

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But there is no sense in any public abstract modifiers because all methods and interfaces by default

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are public and abstract.

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I can say that this interface said the contract on the process payment behavior by same contract.

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I mean, this interface clearly defines what a return type will be, how method will be called and what

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parameters will be in it, period.

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But this interface doesn't bother about what exact code will be written.

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And now when I have such interface in my program, I can create time that will implement this contract.

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I have changed payment processor and PayPal payment processor both implements payment processor interface.

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That means these classes are obligated to implement process payment methods.

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Since this method is abstract in the interface in our concrete class, we must implement this method.

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If only our class will be abstract.

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There is no need to implement this method.

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Let me call on this method and at absolute keyword before class.

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You see, there is no compilation error.

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But since this class is not abstract, there will be compilation error.

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In case we won't implement this method, you can press control plus one and select and implemented methods

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to generate stop method.

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I will just on existing one.

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This method will work differently.

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For example, chase payment processor.

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Because of the specifics of Payment Gateway, it should obtain security token first for authorization

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and only after that we can initialize payment page with secure token and the amount of money to pay.

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On the other hand, let's pretend that PayPal payment processor needs to request payment for by using

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a specific application key.

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And after that we have to fill out this form of payment details and submit it.

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You can notice that in both cases we have override annotation here.

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This notation exists for the sake of a successful compilation.

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Do not switch the topic.

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Let's keep focus on our interfaces.

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I will tell you more about overwrite annotation in our detailed lesson about polymorphism.

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Do we see these two examples?

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The behavior is the same both classes, protests, payment data.

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But they do this in different ways.

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What do all this look like exactly?

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This look like implementation of polymorphism principle, one of the main or P principle?

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Why else?

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We need interfaces to build our application was dependency on the obstruction types, but not on the

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concrete classes.

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Let me show you this example.

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You mentioned we have some client of our code.

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It could be some other class so-called facade class or controller class.

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That doesn't matter.

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And this class can simply rely on the interface of payment processor type.

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We can say that by default, variable of payment processor reference to PayPal payment processor.

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But in fact, this client doesn't bother with implementation of payment processor.

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We will use PayPal payment processor or chase payment processor.

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Moreover, somebody can use Setar and that is a chase or PayPal payment process during the runtime.

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The good thing about interfaces and they define level of abstraction and we can build our program relying

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on this abstraction.

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They see this method and location and checkout method no matter what implementation of payment.

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Sir, I will have here during Zeron time, I don't need to change this code and also pay attention to

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one more thing here.

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I can initialize variable of interface type with a reference to an object of any other class which implements

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this interface.

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OK, Holmes, this is clear.

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Now, let's take a look what our interface can contain.

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As you already understand, our interface can contain abstract methods.

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It can have as many methods as you wish.

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But later we will learn other object oriented principles and you will understand that it is better to

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have a lot of small interfaces rather than one.

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And besides abstract methods, our interface can contain default methods.

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Default methods are methods that have body so you can treat them like regular methods in concrete glass.

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But the Java syntax wouldn't allow you to declare a method with body and interface without default.

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Keyword in case iRace the default keyword compiler tells me that abstract methods don't have money because

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compiler treats this method as abstract.

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Also, our interface may contain static methods.

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We are going to have a separate lesson about static keywords, but right now you can remember the static

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methods can be called without any object.

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So you don't need to write newcomer's and create objects.

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You can just write type name and column method like I did here.

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For example, I wrote the name of the interface and invoke static method on this interface.

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Notice I didn't use variable of payment processor type.

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I use interface.

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It is not very object oriented approach.

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Why wait for the in the most cited keywords and I will tell you more about it.

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So far, you know that interface can contain abstract default and static methods.

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What else interface can have constants.

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For example, imagine the real life scenario in case our payment failed.

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We need to retrieve a few more times.

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I create variable of type retry attempts and you probably noticed that the clips for months, this variable

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name like a constant I'm in cursive and another color.

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That is because by default, all fields and interfaces have public static.

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Final modifiers like all constants have public so that everyone could access it static because constant

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should exist in a single copy and final so that nobody could override it.

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We will talk more about constants in the lesson about static keywords.

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And even if I would add these modifiers here, nothing will change.

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But usually developers give this modifiers in interfaces.

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Let me also removed important things that we didn't discuss yet.

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If the fact that class can implement multiple interfaces at once, I'm not sure whether you notice that

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our chase payment processor implements two interfaces, the one we discussed already, and another one

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is payment for the data.

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If this class implements payment for the data interface, that means this class should implement validate

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payment methods which will validate payment to be sure that it has all necessary information for payment

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processing.

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In this payment gateway in Java, it is allowed to implement multiple interfaces.

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But in one specific case, this can lead to compilation error.

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And I want you to know this case.

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Let's discuss it.

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For example, in payment processor interface, you have some default method and in payment for the data,

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you also have default method with the same signature.

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Here it this this can lead to compilation error in chase payment processor class, because during the

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runtime it will be unclear which default method should be used.

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The one from payment for the data was the one from payment processor.

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That's why it doesn't allow us to compile this code until we resolve issue was duplicated default methods.

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So now you know really a lot about interfaces.

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It is time to understand how good you learned interfaces and ask you what is the difference between

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abstract classes and interfaces.

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Absolute class we can extend with extensive keyboard interface.

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We can implement using implements, keyboard apps.

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A class can have properties with all possible modifiers.

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On the other hand, all properties interfaces have public static final modifiers.

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You can extend only one class in Java, but you can implement multiple interfaces.

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You remember that example when our PayPal payment processor implemented two interfaces at a time?

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Basically that the most significant difference between abstract classes and interfaces.

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It is also worth to mention that the introduction of default and static methods and interfaces made

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it harder to distinguish interfaces from abstract classes.

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Based on the difference which we discussed, you can select whether you need to use abstract class or

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interface.

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For example, if you know that you need to list properties with private or protected access modifiers

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that are not static, you already know that you need to use abstract class instead of interface.

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And if you need to be able to implement specific interface together with other ones, you know that

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you need to use interfaces.

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Last but not the least question for today and our agenda is to define the difference between such terms

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as class type and interface, you already know what a class is.

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Ensure that class is a template for your future.

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Object's interface is an abstraction which defines application programming interface and contract for

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behavior.

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But what is a type probably you heard during the lessons that I use type word as a synonym when I reference

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to class interface because class is a type interface is also a type.

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That means every type is also is a class and interface and enumeration or an array.

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Also, each object has a time and every expression has a type.

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If during that interview you will be asked what a typist you can answer something like this type summarizes

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the common features of a set of objects with the same characteristics.

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Class is a concrete data structure and group of methods that represents an implementation of the type.

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Let's look at this example one more time attentively.

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Payment processor variable has payment processor type, but this variable reference to the PayPal payment

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processor object.

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So we can say that the object has a payment processor type.

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And you see here in the method parameters, this sector can accept any object of type payment processor.

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That means this method can work with any object that implements this interface doesn't make sense.

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Hope with this examples, things become clearer.

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Let's recap what we have learned today.

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In this lesson, we learned what interfaces are, what interfaces can contain inside, how to implement

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interface, what default methods and interfaces are, what static methods interfaces are.

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Now, you know what the difference between abstract class and interface is.

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And you also learn the difference between type and object.

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That's all what we have for today.

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Thanks a lot for your attention and see you in the next lesson.