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Hello, dear students, in this lesson, we'll talk about encapsulation and we'll learn what is the

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role of encapsulation principle in the object oriented programming.

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In this lesson, we'll talk with you.

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Why do we need encapsulation and how we can implement encapsulation in our programs?

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We'll learn with your access modifiers and on real court examples, I will show you how you can use

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them.

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I will share with you my practical experience when to use which modifier and will learn the rules which

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we need to follow during overwriting.

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So let's jump to examples to understand this topic better.

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What is an observation?

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Encapsulation is a principle that teaches us to group data and behavior those our fields and methods

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together.

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As a single unit, we can control access to interfaces, classes, fields, methods to control access.

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We have four main access modifiers.

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They are public protected package, private or default private.

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Let's start one by one to understand the difference on the specific examples, to not show you how access

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modifiers work with classes, fields and methods.

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Separately, I will show you how Access Modifier works with methods, because these modifiers control

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access to elements and the way how they work are similar, no matter whether you're trying to get access

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for field or method.

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OK, so imagine we have some class, let's call it Class A. And inside this class we have the method

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with public access modifier.

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That means you can access it from any point of your program.

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For example, here you can see them a class which is outside of our package.

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No.

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One, I can create the instance of Class A and call the public method on it.

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Now imagine I have protected MassArt.

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Do something to will I be able to call it from them a class?

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Unfortunately, no way, because I can get access to protected entities only inside the same package

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or in a child class.

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If only I had them a class inside the package, no one I would be able to call method to do something

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to see here.

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I can call this method when demo class is in the same package with class A.

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Also here I have a class of the class A, package number two and inside the do something class B I can

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call protective measures.

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Do something too.

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So now you understand that I can access protected entities in case they're in the same package or in

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child classes.

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Our next modifier is package private.

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You can see that do something.

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Class B doesn't have any access modifier specified.

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That is not true.

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When we don't specify access modifiers, that means that access to this entity is a default.

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So usually absence of any keywords are associated with access.

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Modifier is called package primary or just default access.

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So let me get back to them.

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A class and package number one in scope of this package, I will create the object of the Class B type.

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And on this object I call do something Class B method and you see that I have a compilation error.

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But if I create object of Class B type inside the package number two and call the same method, it is

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possible because default access is only within the same package.

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Take into account this demo class and Class B in the same package.

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We don't have compilation error and last but not least, modifier is private modifier.

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Everything is easy here.

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You can access private entities only in scope.

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When it was declared, for example, I have private method declared in this class and I can call this

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private method wherever I want in this class, but I can't call this method outside of the class, even

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in the same package.

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If I will try to do so, I see compilation error.

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So now you understand the difference between modifiers.

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I believe you understood that encapsulation in all AP language can be implemented with the help of access

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modifiers and you know how they work.

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Knowing this during the planning of architecture, you can choose access modifier, which works the

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best for you.

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I want to share with you, which modifies you will use most of the times in 99 percent of cases you

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will use is a private or public.

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This is because you may have very few business cases when you want to keep something visible only in

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scope of the package or only in scope of the package and child class.

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Most likely you will implement interfaces and would like to keep the behavior public.

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Sometimes you will have methods which are needed only for this class and you will keep them private.

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Usually all fields have the private access modifier because you want to control interaction with your

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object.

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So now you understand that default and protected modifiers are not used very often.

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And last thing for the day, which I wanted to discuss with you, is the rules for access modifiers

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during that method.

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Overriding the rule is simple.

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When you override the method, you can't reduce the visibility of the inherited method.

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For example, in class a way of do something method.

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Class B extends class A and class C extends class B, is that clear?

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And now I want to do something method and I override it was protected to modify it just to recall it

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was public and parent class.

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And I have a compilation error here because we can't narrow access.

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On the other hand, in Class B, do something.

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Class B method has default access modifier.

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I can increase access level.

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And you can see here that I overwrite my head with public modifier and there is no compilation error

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because you can extend access now, that's it.

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Now, let's recall what we have learned today.

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Today, we learned what an encapsulation is.

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We know that access modifiers can help us to implement encapsulation.

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Principle in our code also will learn the difference between public protected default and private access

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modifiers.

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We discussed which modifiers developers use more often, and we saw specific rules which we need to

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follow during override.

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And that's all what I had in my agenda for today.

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Thanks a lot for your attention.

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And see you in the next lesson.