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Add new SentenceTransformer model

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1_Pooling/config.json ADDED
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+ {
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+ "word_embedding_dimension": 768,
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+ "pooling_mode_cls_token": false,
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+ "pooling_mode_mean_tokens": true,
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+ "pooling_mode_max_tokens": false,
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+ "pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens": false,
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+ "pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens": false,
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+ "pooling_mode_lasttoken": false,
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+ "include_prompt": true
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+ }
README.md ADDED
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1
+ ---
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+ tags:
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+ - sentence-transformers
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+ - sentence-similarity
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+ - feature-extraction
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+ - dense
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+ - generated_from_trainer
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+ - dataset_size:17793
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+ - loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
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+ base_model: allenai/specter2_base
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+ widget:
12
+ - source_sentence: Achieving high cell transfection efficiency is essential for various
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+ cell types in numerous disease applications. However, the efficient introduction
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+ of genes into natural killer (NK) cells remains a challenge. In this study, we
15
+ proposed a design strategy for delivering exogenous genes into the NK cell line,
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+ NK-92, using a modified non-viral gene transfection method. Calcium phosphate/DNA
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+ nanoparticles (pDNA-CaP NPs) were prepared using co-precipitation methods and
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+ combined with low-voltage pulse electroporation to facilitate NK-92 transfection.
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+ The results demonstrated that the developed pDNA-CaP NPs exhibited a uniform diameter
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+ of approximately 393.9 nm, a DNA entrapment efficiency of 65.8%, and a loading
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+ capacity of 15.9%. Furthermore, at three days post-transfection, both the transfection
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+ efficiency and cell viability of NK-92 were significantly improved compared to
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+ standalone plasmid DNA (pDNA) electroporation or solely relying on the endocytosis
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+ pathway of pDNA-CaP NPs. This study provides valuable insights into a novel approach
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+ that combines calcium phosphate nanoparticles with low-voltage electroporation
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+ for gene delivery into NK-92 cells, offering potential advancements in cell therapy.
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+ sentences:
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+ - ZEISS Airyscan is an advanced imaging technology that enhances traditional confocal
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+ microscopy by using a 32-channel detector to capture more light with higher resolution
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+ and sensitivity. Unlike standard confocal systems that rely on a single pinhole,
31
+ Airyscan collects the entire Airy disk pattern and reconstructs images for super-resolution
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+ clarityâ down to 120 nm laterally. This results in significantly improved signal-to-noise
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+ ratio and reduced photodamage, making it ideal for detailed imaging of live cells
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+ and biological samples. It's compatible with ZEISS LSM systems like the LSM 880
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+ and 900, offering researchers a powerful tool for high-precision fluorescence
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+ microscopy
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+ - 'the zeiss lsm 900 with airyscan 2 is a compact confocal microscope designed for
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+ high-quality imaging and intelligent analysis of biological samples, supporting
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+ a wide range of research applications from resolving nanoscale structures to observing
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+ dynamic processes in living systems. its key technologies enable researchers to
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+ acquire detailed and quantitative data while maintaining sample integrity and
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+ maximizing experimental efficiency. key research and application areas: - super-resolution
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+ imaging: investigating the ultrastructure of biological specimens by achieving
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+ resolution beyond the diffraction limit (down to 90 nm laterally) through airyscan
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+ 2 and joint deconvolution (jdcv). this allows for the detailed visualization of
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+ cellular and molecular architecture. - gentle live cell imaging: studying biological
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+ processes in living organisms with minimized phototoxicity and photobleaching
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+ due to optimized components and sensitive detectors. this facilitates long-term
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+ observation of cellular dynamics and molecular interactions without disturbing
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+ the sample. - fast multiplex imaging: acquiring data from multiple fluorescent
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+ labels or large fields of view rapidly using multiplex modes of airyscan 2, enabling
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+ the study of dynamic events and efficient screening of samples. - enhanced confocal
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+ imaging: improving the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of standard confocal
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+ imaging through lsm plus, allowing for better data quality in multi-color and
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+ live cell experiments with minimal user interaction. - molecular dynamics analysis:
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+ determining molecular concentration, diffusion, and flow in living samples using
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+ the zeiss dynamics profiler, which leverages the unique capabilities of the airyscan
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+ 2 detector for advanced spatial cross-correlation analyses. this enables the study
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+ of molecular behavior in various biological contexts, including flow in microfluidic
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+ systems and blood vessels and asymmetric diffusion in cellular condensates. -
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+ automated and reproducible experiments: streamlining complex imaging workflows
62
+ with zen microscopy software, including features like ai sample finder for rapid
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+ region of interest identification and smart setup for automated application of
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+ optimal imaging settings. the experiment designer module allows for the creation
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+ of sophisticated, repeatable imaging routines. - correlative microscopy: integrating
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+ data from different imaging modalities and sources using zen connect to provide
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+ a comprehensive understanding of the sample, from overview to high-resolution
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+ details, including the possibility of correlative cryo microscopy workflows. typical
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+ sample types: - cultured cells and cell lines: for studying subcellular structures,
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+ dynamics, and responses to stimuli. - tissues and tissue sections: to investigate
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+ cellular organization, protein localization, and interactions within a complex
72
+ environment. - small model organisms and embryos: such as drosophila and zebrafish
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+ for in vivo studies of development, physiology, and disease. - organoids and 3d
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+ cell cultures: for studying tissue architecture and development in vitro. - plant
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+ samples: such as pollen grains, for investigating cellular structures. - samples
76
+ requiring correlative microscopy: like yeast cells for cryo-em workflows. - microfluidic
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+ systems: for controlled studies of fluid dynamics and molecular flow. commonly
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+ performed tasks: - confocal laser scanning microscopy: obtaining high-resolution
79
+ optical sections of samples to visualize internal structures and create 3d reconstructions.
80
+ - super-resolution imaging with airyscan: resolving nanoscale details beyond the
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+ limits of conventional light microscopy. - live cell imaging: capturing time-lapse
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+ sequences of living samples to study dynamic biological processes. - multi-color
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+ fluorescence imaging: simultaneously detecting multiple fluorescent probes to
84
+ study the co-localization and interactions of different molecules. - spectral
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+ imaging and unmixing: separating the signals of spectrally overlapping fluorophores
86
+ for accurate multi-target analysis. - quantitative image analysis: extracting
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+ meaningful data from images, including measurements of intensity, area, distance,
88
+ and co-localization, using tools within zen software and the bio apps toolkit.
89
+ - automated sample identification and imaging: utilizing ai sample finder to quickly
90
+ locate and image regions of interest on various sample carriers. - analysis of
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+ molecular dynamics: measuring parameters such as diffusion coefficients, flow
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+ speeds, and molecular concentrations using the dynamics profiler. - creating 3d
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+ and 4d visualizations: reconstructing volumetric datasets and generating animations
94
+ to understand spatial and temporal relationships within samples. - correlating
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+ light and electron microscopy data: combining functional light microscopy data
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+ with ultrastructural details from electron microscopy. - performing bleaching
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+ experiments: such as frap, to study molecular mobility within cellular compartments
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+ (although frap is mentioned in the software features , no specific application
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+ examples are provided in the excerpts). - tiling and multi-position imaging: acquiring
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+ large datasets by automatically imaging and stitching together multiple adjacent
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+ fields of view or imaging multiple regions of interest.'
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+ - 'the zeiss sigma family of field emission scanning electron microscopes (fe-sems)
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+ offers versatile solutions for high-quality imaging and advanced analytical microscopy
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+ across a multitude of scientific and industrial domains. these instruments are
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+ engineered for reliable, high-end nano-analysis, combining fe-sem technology with
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+ an intuitive user experience to enhance productivity. key research and application
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+ areas: - advancing materials science: facilitating the development and understanding
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+ of novel materials by enabling the investigation of micro- and nanoscale structures.
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+ this includes characterizing metals, alloys, polymers, catalysts, and coatings
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+ for various applications such as electronics and energy. - driving innovation
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+ in nanoscience and nanomaterials: providing capabilities for the analysis of nanoparticles,
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+ thin films, 2d materials (like graphene and mos2), and other nanostructures to
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+ understand their properties and potential applications. - supporting energy research:
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+ enabling the study of materials and devices relevant to energy storage and conversion,
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+ such as battery components, to improve their performance and longevity. - enabling
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+ life sciences investigations: allowing for the exploration of the ultrastructural
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+ details of biological samples, including cells, tissues, spores, and diatoms,
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+ often utilizing low voltage to minimize beam damage. - contributing to geosciences
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+ and natural resources: supporting the characterization of rocks, ores, and minerals
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+ for improved understanding, processing, and modeling in geology and related fields.
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+ - ensuring quality in industrial applications: serving as a vital tool for failure
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+ analysis of mechanical, optical, and electronic components, as well as for quality
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+ inspection of particles and materials to meet defined standards. typical sample
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+ types: - a wide variety of materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites,
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+ thin films, and coatings. - nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires,
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+ and 2d crystals. - biological specimens encompassing cells, tissues, bacteria,
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+ fungi (e.g., spores), and diatoms. - geological samples including rocks, minerals,
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+ ores, and thin sections. - particulates for quality inspection and technical cleanliness
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+ analysis. - non-conductive samples such as polymers, biological tissues, and ceramics,
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+ often analyzed without coating using variable pressure modes. - beam-sensitive
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+ samples like biological materials and some nanomaterials, which can be imaged
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+ at low voltages to prevent damage. commonly performed tasks: - high-resolution
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+ imaging of sample surfaces and internal structures, often at low accelerating
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+ voltages (e.g., 1 kv and below) to enhance resolution and contrast, especially
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+ on challenging samples. - material contrast imaging to visualize different phases
136
+ or compositions within a sample using backscattered electron (bse) detectors.
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+ - elemental analysis and mapping using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (eds)
138
+ to determine the chemical composition and distribution of elements in a sample.
139
+ - variable pressure (vp) imaging and analysis of non-conductive and outgassing
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+ samples without the need for conductive coatings, often utilizing nanovp lite
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+ mode to minimize the skirt effect and enhance image quality and analytical precision.
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+ - crystallographic orientation imaging using techniques like electron backscatter
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+ diffraction (ebsd) to study the microstructure of crystalline materials. - transmission
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+ imaging of thin samples using scanning transmission electron microscopy (stem)
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+ with dedicated detectors. - correlative microscopy by combining sem imaging with
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+ other techniques such as raman spectroscopy (rise microscopy) to gain complementary
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+ chemical and structural information. - automated workflows for imaging, analysis
148
+ (e.g., particle analysis, non-metallic inclusion analysis), and in situ experiments
149
+ to increase productivity and ensure reproducible results. - surface topography
150
+ and 3d reconstruction using techniques like the annular bse detector (absd) and
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+ dedicated software to obtain quantitative information about the sample surface.
152
+ - in situ experiments such as heating and tensile testing within the sem chamber
153
+ to observe material behavior under controlled conditions. - failure analysis to
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+ investigate fractures, defects, and corrosion in various materials and components.
155
+ - particle analysis for technical cleanliness and material characterization, including
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+ automated detection, measurement, counting, and classification of particles based
157
+ on morphology and elemental composition. - quantitative mineralogy using automated
158
+ sem and eds to classify mineral phases based on their chemical composition and
159
+ provide detailed information on their properties.'
160
+ - source_sentence: Spinally projecting serotonergic neurons play a key role in controlling
161
+ pain sensitivity and can either increase or decrease nociception depending on
162
+ physiological context. It is currently unknown how serotonergic neurons mediate
163
+ these opposing effects. Utilizing virus-based strategies and Tph2-Cre transgenic
164
+ mice, we identified two anatomically separated populations of serotonergic hindbrain
165
+ neurons located in the lateral paragigantocellularis (LPGi) and the medial hindbrain,
166
+ which respectively innervate the superficial and deep spinal dorsal horn and have
167
+ contrasting effects on sensory perception. Our tracing experiments revealed that
168
+ serotonergic neurons of the LPGi were much more susceptible to transduction with
169
+ spinally injected AAV2retro vectors than medial hindbrain serotonergic neurons.
170
+ Taking advantage of this difference, we employed intersectional chemogenetic approaches
171
+ to demonstrate that activation of the LPGi serotonergic projections decreases
172
+ thermal sensitivity, whereas activation of medial serotonergic neurons increases
173
+ sensitivity to mechanical von Frey stimulation. Together these results suggest
174
+ that there are functionally distinct classes of serotonergic hindbrain neurons
175
+ that differ in their anatomical location in the hindbrain, their postsynaptic
176
+ targets in the spinal cord, and their impact on nociceptive sensitivity. The LPGi
177
+ neurons that give rise to rather global and bilateral projections throughout the
178
+ rostrocaudal extent of the spinal cord appear to be ideally poised to contribute
179
+ to widespread systemic pain control.
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+ sentences:
181
+ - 'the zeiss stemi 508 is an apochromatic stereo microscope with an 8:1 zoom range,
182
+ designed for high-contrast, color-accurate three-dimensional observation and documentation
183
+ of diverse samples. its ergonomic design and robust mechanics support demanding
184
+ applications in laboratory and industrial settings. key research and application
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+ areas: - biological research: suitable for observing the development and growth
186
+ of model organisms like spider crabs, chicken, mouse, or zebrafish, including
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+ the evaluation, sorting, selection, or dissection of eggs, larvae, or embryos.
188
+ it is also used in botany to observe changes in plant organs, diseases, and root
189
+ development, in entomology for insect observation, documentation, and identification,
190
+ in marine biology to study the life and reproduction of fish, and in parasitology
191
+ for detecting and identifying the spread of parasites. the microscope is valuable
192
+ for forensic analysis of ammunition parts, tool marks, documents, fibers, coatings,
193
+ glass, textiles, or hair, and in art restoration for analyzing and conserving
194
+ artworks layer by layer. - industrial inspection and quality control: applied
195
+ in printed circuit board (pcb) inspection to check for contact quality, wiring,
196
+ residues, and solder joint faults. it is also used in failure search and analysis
197
+ to identify reasons for faulty circuits, in the diamond industry for quality evaluation
198
+ and impurity detection, and in the assembly of small, high-precision components
199
+ in medical devices, sensor manufacturing, and the clocks and watches industry.
200
+ the microscope is also relevant for evaluating the surface quality in printing
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+ and engraving and for inspecting minted coins and medals. - geology and paleontology:
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+ used for collecting and investigating assemblages of fossil foraminifera to determine
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+ rock age. typical sample types: - biological specimens: eggs, larvae, embryos
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+ of various organisms, plant organs, insects, fish, parasites, tissues, hairs,
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+ fibers. - industrial components: printed circuit boards, electronic contacts,
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+ wiring, solder joints, metal parts, small mechanical components (e.g., in medical
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+ devices, sensors, watches), optical fibers, diamonds, paper, engravings, minted
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+ coins, medals. - forensic evidence: ammunition parts, tool marks, documents, fibers,
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+ coatings, glass, textiles, hair. - artworks: paintings, sculptures, various materials
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+ used in art. - geological samples: fossil foraminifera. - transparent and semi-transparent
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+ materials: may be analyzed using transmitted light techniques. commonly performed
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+ tasks: - detailed observation and examination: utilizing the 8:1 zoom to transition
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+ from large overviews (up to 122 mm object field) to high magnification (up to
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+ 50x with basic system, or 2x to 250x with interchangeable optics) for minute structural
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+ analysis. the apochromatic correction ensures distortion-free and color-fringe-free
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+ imaging. - three-dimensional viewing: leveraging the greenough stereoscopic design
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+ with twin body tubes inclined by 11deg to achieve a strong spatial impression
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+ and depth perception, essential for understanding sample morphology. the precise
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+ zoom adjustment maintains a well-balanced 3d impression for relaxed viewing. -
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+ specimen manipulation and preparation: the long working distances (up to 287 mm
221
+ with specific optics) provide ample space for easy specimen handling, dissection,
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+ and manipulation using tools or micromanipulators. - illumination and contrast
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+ optimization: employing a variety of reflected and transmitted light techniques,
224
+ including brightfield, darkfield, polarization, and oblique illumination, facilitated
225
+ by interchangeable led illuminators (spot, double spot, segmentable ringlight)
226
+ and fiber optic light sources. these techniques enhance the visibility of specific
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+ features like surface structures, defects, or internal details in diverse sample
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+ types. - image acquisition and documentation: integrating with zeiss axiocam cameras
229
+ and other digital cameras via interchangeable camera adapters to capture high-resolution
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+ images and videos for documentation, archiving, and sharing. software like zen
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+ lite and labscope facilitates image processing and analysis. - ergonomic operation:
232
+ maintaining a comfortable posture during extended use due to the low 35deg viewing
233
+ angle. optional accessories like hand rests further enhance user comfort. - reproducible
234
+ settings: utilizing the optional zoom click stops to easily reproduce magnification
235
+ levels for consistent observation and documentation. the memory function in stand
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+ m led allows storing and recalling illumination settings. - customizable configurations:
237
+ adapting the microscope to specific application needs by choosing from a wide
238
+ range of stands, interchangeable optics (eyepieces and front optics), and illumination
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+ systems. various stages (gliding, tilting, rotating polarization) enable precise
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+ specimen positioning.'
241
+ - 'the zeiss lsm 990 is a versatile confocal microscope system offering a wide range
242
+ of multimodal imaging options for advanced biological research. its capabilities
243
+ extend beyond traditional confocal microscopy, enabling intricate investigations
244
+ into cellular structures, molecular dynamics, and physiological processes in various
245
+ biological samples. key research and application areas: - high-resolution imaging
246
+ of biological structures: investigating subcellular details and resolving fine
247
+ structures down to 90 nm using super-resolution techniques like airyscan. this
248
+ allows for the detailed study of components like the synaptonemal complex and
249
+ sperm flagella. - live cell imaging and dynamics: observing dynamic biological
250
+ processes in living cells and organisms, including molecular dynamics, protein
251
+ interactions, flow in microfluidic systems, and developmental processes. the system
252
+ supports high-speed volume acquisition up to 80 volumes per second for capturing
253
+ fast events like the beating of a zebrafish heart. - advanced spectral imaging
254
+ and multiplexing: identifying and separating multiple fluorescent labels across
255
+ a broad emission wavelength range (380 to 900 nm), enabling the simultaneous study
256
+ of over 10 labels in a single scan. this facilitates in-depth understanding of
257
+ spatial biology through techniques like lambda scans and spectral unmixing. -
258
+ deep tissue imaging: recovering information from deep within tissues, organoids,
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+ and spheroids using multiphoton excitation (690 - 1300 nm). this is crucial for
260
+ studying complex biological systems in a more native context. - molecular dynamics
261
+ and interaction studies: gaining insights into protein concentrations, movement,
262
+ and interactions using techniques like fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (fcs)
263
+ and spectral rics. the system also supports fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
264
+ (flim) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to investigate physiological
265
+ parameters and molecular proximity. - volumetric imaging of living organisms:
266
+ studying the dynamics of entire living organisms and tissues in 3d over time using
267
+ lightfield 4d microscopy, capturing up to 80 volumes per second. this is beneficial
268
+ for visualizing development and other dynamic processes in intact animals and
269
+ organoids. - correlative microscopy: combining light microscopy with electron
270
+ microscopy under cryogenic conditions to study cellular structures in a near-to-native
271
+ state. - imaging of cleared samples: achieving increased optical penetration depth
272
+ in cleared biological samples like brains, organoids, and spheroids, allowing
273
+ for imaging up to 5.6 mm deep with specialized objectives. typical sample types:
274
+ - live cells and cell cultures: including various cell lines and primary cells.
275
+ - tissues and tissue sections: from various organs and organisms, both fixed and
276
+ live. - whole organisms and embryos: such as zebrafish larvae and drosophila pupae.
277
+ - organoids and spheroids: including 3d cell cultures and tissue models. - cleared
278
+ biological samples: such as whole mouse brains, tissue sections, organoids, and
279
+ spheroids rendered transparent for deep imaging. - microfluidic systems: for studying
280
+ flow and molecular dynamics in controlled environments. - yeast cells: for advanced
281
+ spectral multiplexing experiments. commonly performed tasks: - confocal microscopy:
282
+ high-resolution optical sectioning of various samples. - super-resolution imaging:
283
+ resolving structures beyond the diffraction limit down to 90 nm. - live imaging:
284
+ capturing dynamic events in living samples over time. - volumetric imaging: acquiring
285
+ 3d datasets of biological samples. - spectral imaging and unmixing: separating
286
+ and analyzing the emission spectra of multiple fluorescent labels. - multiphoton
287
+ microscopy: deep tissue imaging using longer excitation wavelengths. - fluorescence
288
+ correlation spectroscopy (fcs) and spectral rics: investigating molecular concentrations,
289
+ diffusion, and interactions. - fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (flim):
290
+ analyzing fluorescence decay to gain information on molecular interactions and
291
+ environmental parameters. - fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret): studying
292
+ protein interaction and distance. - fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
293
+ (frap) and photomanipulation: investigating molecular and cellular dynamics through
294
+ targeted laser manipulation. - image analysis and processing: utilizing software
295
+ like zen and arivis pro for visualization, segmentation, tracking, and quantification
296
+ of imaging data. - correlative light and electron microscopy (clem): combining
297
+ light and electron microscopy data for comprehensive ultrastructural analysis.
298
+ - imaging of cleared samples: deep imaging of transparent biological specimens
299
+ for 3d structural analysis.'
300
+ - 'the zeiss lsm 910 is a compact confocal microscope designed for innovative imaging
301
+ and smart analysis, enabling a broad spectrum of biological research applications.
302
+ its core capabilities facilitate the detailed visualization and analysis of diverse
303
+ biological specimens, ranging from subcellular structures to dynamic processes
304
+ in living organisms. key research and application areas: - high-resolution structural
305
+ imaging: achieving super-resolution down to 90 nm laterally using airyscan technology
306
+ to resolve fine details of cellular and molecular structures. this enables the
307
+ investigation of intricate biological organization. - live cell and high-speed
308
+ imaging: capturing dynamic processes in living samples with high temporal resolution,
309
+ including 4d imaging at up to 80 volumes per second using lightfield 4d. this
310
+ allows for the study of rapid biological events such as zebrafish heartbeats and
311
+ intracellular movements. - advanced spectral analysis: employing spectral flexibility
312
+ with nanometer precision for multi-color imaging and efficient spectral unmixing
313
+ of multiple fluorescent labels, facilitating the detailed study of spatial biology.
314
+ - gentle imaging for sensitive samples: utilizing an efficient beam path and sensitive
315
+ detectors (gaasp-pmts and ma-pmts) to achieve high signal-to-noise ratios while
316
+ minimizing phototoxicity, crucial for long-term live cell imaging. - quantitative
317
+ molecular dynamics studies: investigating molecular concentration, diffusion,
318
+ and flow dynamics in living samples using the dynamics profiler based on airyscan.
319
+ this allows for the analysis of molecular behavior in various biological contexts.
320
+ - deep tissue imaging with clearing: integrating with clearing techniques and
321
+ specialized objectives to significantly increase optical penetration depth in
322
+ samples like brains, organoids, and tissues, enabling the visualization of structures
323
+ in deeper layers. - correlative cryo microscopy: facilitating workflows that combine
324
+ light and electron microscopy under cryogenic conditions to study cellular structures
325
+ in a near-to-native state, bridging the gap between functional and ultrastructural
326
+ information. typical sample types: - cells and cell cultures: including various
327
+ cell lines for studying subcellular structures and dynamics. - tissues and tissue
328
+ sections: allowing for the investigation of cellular organization and molecular
329
+ distribution within complex environments. - organoids and spheroids: enabling
330
+ the study of 3d tissue models and their development using various imaging modalities,
331
+ including high-speed volume acquisition. - whole organisms and embryos: such as
332
+ zebrafish embryos, for observing developmental processes and physiological functions
333
+ in vivo with high spatiotemporal resolution. - cleared biological samples: including
334
+ whole brains, tissue sections, organoids, and spheroids made transparent to enable
335
+ deep optical imaging. - microfluidic devices: for controlled studies of flow and
336
+ molecular dynamics. - plant tissues: such as arabidopsis thaliana stems, for investigating
337
+ protein behavior in response to environmental stimuli. commonly performed tasks:
338
+ - confocal imaging: high-resolution optical sectioning to visualize specific planes
339
+ within a sample and generate 3d reconstructions. - super-resolution microscopy:
340
+ resolving structures beyond the diffraction limit to visualize nanoscale details
341
+ of cellular components. - live cell imaging: capturing time-series data of living
342
+ cells and organisms to study dynamic processes and cellular behaviors over time.
343
+ - high-speed volumetric imaging: acquiring 3d datasets at rapid frame rates to
344
+ visualize fast biological events in their entirety. - spectral imaging and unmixing:
345
+ separating the contributions of multiple fluorescent probes based on their emission
346
+ spectra to allow for simultaneous multi-target analysis. - fluorescence recovery
347
+ after photobleaching (frap): investigating molecular mobility and dynamics within
348
+ cellular compartments. - fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (fcs) and dynamics
349
+ profiling: measuring molecular concentrations, diffusion coefficients, and flow
350
+ velocities in living samples. - image processing and analysis: utilizing software
351
+ tools like zen and arivis pro for image enhancement, quantification, segmentation,
352
+ tracking, and 3d visualization of complex datasets. - correlative light and electron
353
+ microscopy (clem): combining light microscopy for functional identification with
354
+ electron microscopy for ultrastructural details. - imaging of large volumes and
355
+ tiled acquisitions: acquiring data from large samples or multiple regions of interest
356
+ and stitching them together for comprehensive analysis. - automated imaging workflows:
357
+ setting up and executing complex imaging experiments with automation features
358
+ for reproducible data acquisition. - advanced image analysis using ai: employing
359
+ artificial intelligence-assisted features for sample finding, setup optimization,
360
+ and image analysis.'
361
+ - source_sentence: In Arabidopsis thaliana, the asymmetric cell division (ACD) of
362
+ the zygote gives rise to the embryo proper and an extraembryonic suspensor, respectively.
363
+ This process is controlled by the ERECTA-YODA-MPK3/6 receptor kinase-MAP kinase-signaling
364
+ pathway, which also orchestrates ACDs in the epidermis. In this context, the bHLH
365
+ transcription factor ICE1/SCRM is negatively controlled by MPK3/6-directed phosphorylation.
366
+ However, it is unknown whether this regulatory module is similarly involved in
367
+ the zygotic ACD. We investigated the function of SCRM in zygote polarization by
368
+ analyzing the effect of loss-of-function alleles and variants that cannot be phosphorylated
369
+ by MPK3/6, protein accumulation, and target gene expression. Our results show
370
+ that SCRM has a critical function in zygote polarization and acts in parallel
371
+ with the known MPK3/6 target WRKY2 in activating WOX8. Our work further demonstrates
372
+ that SCRM activity in the early embryo is positively controlled by MPK3/6-mediated
373
+ phosphorylation. Therefore, the effect of MAP kinase-directed phosphorylation
374
+ of the same target protein fundamentally differs between the embryo and the epidermis,
375
+ shedding light on cell type-specific, differential gene regulation by common signaling
376
+ pathways.
377
+ sentences:
378
+ - 'the zeiss evo family of scanning electron microscopes offers a modular and versatile
379
+ platform for a wide range of scientific and industrial investigations, combining
380
+ high-performance imaging and analysis with intuitive operation for users of varying
381
+ experience levels. key research and application areas: - materials science: characterizing
382
+ the morphology, structure, and composition of diverse materials, including metals,
383
+ composites, polymers, ceramics, and coatings, for research and development. this
384
+ includes investigating surface structures, fractures, inclusions, and grain boundaries.
385
+ the evo supports advanced material analysis through techniques like energy dispersive
386
+ spectroscopy (eds) and electron backscatter diffraction (ebsd). - life sciences:
387
+ enabling the examination of biological specimens in their native or near-native
388
+ hydrated states using variable and extended pressure modes. applications include
389
+ imaging cells, tissues, plants, and microorganisms for structural and morphological
390
+ studies. the system facilitates correlative light and electron microscopy for
391
+ comprehensive biological investigations. - industrial quality assurance and failure
392
+ analysis: providing solutions for routine inspection, quality control, and failure
393
+ analysis across various industries. this includes cleanliness inspection, morphological
394
+ and chemical analysis of particles, and the examination of electronic components.
395
+ automated workflows and reporting tools enhance efficiency in industrial settings.
396
+ - semiconductors and electronics: supporting the visual inspection and analysis
397
+ of electronic components, integrated circuits, and mems devices. the evo''s capabilities
398
+ include high-contrast imaging of non-conductive semiconductor materials and cross-sectional
399
+ failure analysis. - raw materials and earth sciences: facilitating the morphological,
400
+ mineralogical, and compositional analysis of geological samples and raw chemicals.
401
+ this includes imaging core samples and performing automated mineral analysis for
402
+ resource characterization. - forensics: providing tools for the analysis of forensic
403
+ evidence such as gunshot residue, paint, glass, fibers, and biological traces
404
+ with minimal sample preparation. the system supports consistent imaging and high-throughput
405
+ chemical analysis. typical sample types: - conductive materials: metals, alloys,
406
+ and coated samples examined under high vacuum. - non-conductive materials: polymers,
407
+ ceramics, composites, uncoated geological samples, and biological tissues imaged
408
+ using variable pressure modes to neutralize charging. - hydrated and contaminated
409
+ samples: biological specimens, wet materials, and uncleaned industrial parts imaged
410
+ in extended pressure mode with water vapor to maintain their native state and
411
+ prevent contamination of the electron column. - large and challenging samples:
412
+ industrial parts and geological cores accommodated by various chamber sizes and
413
+ stage options, with weight capacities up to 5 kg and dimensions up to 300 mm wide
414
+ and 210 mm high. - coated and uncoated samples: the evo offers imaging capabilities
415
+ for both prepared and unprepared samples, catering to diverse analytical needs.
416
+ commonly performed tasks: - high-resolution imaging: acquiring detailed images
417
+ of sample surfaces and microstructures using secondary electrons (se) and backscattered
418
+ electrons (bse) detectors in various vacuum modes. the lab6 emitter enhances resolution
419
+ and contrast. - elemental analysis: determining the chemical composition of specimens
420
+ using integrated energy dispersive spectroscopy (eds) systems. - automated workflows:
421
+ implementing predefined or user-defined automated routines for image acquisition,
422
+ particle analysis, and routine inspections, enhancing throughput and reproducibility.
423
+ - variable pressure imaging: investigating non-conductive samples without coating
424
+ by utilizing gas ionization to dissipate charge build-up. - extended pressure
425
+ imaging: examining hydrated and sensitive samples in a water vapor environment
426
+ to preserve their natural state and prevent artifacts. - correlative microscopy:
427
+ combining data from the evo with light microscopes or other analytical techniques
428
+ to gain multi-modal insights into samples. - particle analysis: automatically
429
+ detecting, characterizing, and classifying particles based on morphology and chemical
430
+ composition for applications in industrial cleanliness, material analysis, and
431
+ environmental monitoring. - automated mineralogy: performing quantitative mineral
432
+ analysis on geological samples for geometallurgy, ore characterization, and reservoir
433
+ analysis. - beam deceleration imaging: enhancing surface sensitivity and reducing
434
+ charging artifacts on delicate non-conductive samples by controlling the electron
435
+ landing energy. - navigation and sample management: using navigation cameras and
436
+ software tools to easily locate regions of interest and manage large sample arrays.
437
+ - data management and reporting: utilizing software like zeiss zen core for image
438
+ processing, analysis, data connectivity, and generating reports, including options
439
+ for gxp compliance in regulated industries.'
440
+ - 'the zeiss crossbeam family of focused ion beam scanning electron microscopes
441
+ (fib-sems) provides a powerful platform for high-throughput 3d analysis and advanced
442
+ sample preparation across diverse scientific and industrial fields. combining
443
+ the high-resolution imaging of a field emission sem with the precise processing
444
+ of a next-generation fib, crossbeam instruments enable intricate manipulation
445
+ and detailed characterization of materials. key research and application areas:
446
+ - high-resolution imaging and surface analysis: - applications: obtaining detailed
447
+ 2d and 3d images of various samples, including conductive and non-conductive specimens.
448
+ investigating surface details and material contrast. - sample types: a wide range
449
+ of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, biological samples, and electronic
450
+ components. - commonly performed tasks: high-resolution sem imaging at various
451
+ accelerating voltages, including low voltage for surface sensitivity and beam-sensitive
452
+ samples. utilizing inlens detectors (se and esb) for topographical and material
453
+ contrast. imaging non-conductive samples using variable pressure or local charge
454
+ compensation. large area mapping. surface sensitive imaging using tandem decel.
455
+ - 3d volume analysis and tomography: - applications: reconstructing the 3d microstructure
456
+ and composition of materials. morphological analysis of biological samples. correlative
457
+ multi-scale, multi-modal imaging using atlas 5. - sample types: diverse materials
458
+ requiring volumetric analysis, including solid oxide fuel cells, metallic alloys,
459
+ biological tissues (cells, organisms, brain sections), and geological samples.
460
+ - commonly performed tasks: serial sectioning using the fib for 3d reconstruction.
461
+ automated tomography data acquisition. 3d eds and 3d ebsd analysis during tomography
462
+ runs. precise and reliable results with leading isotropic voxel size. tracking
463
+ voxel sizes and automated image quality control. - focused ion beam milling and
464
+ nanofabrication: - applications: precise cross-sectioning to reveal subsurface
465
+ information. preparation of specimens for further analysis (e.g., tem lamellae).
466
+ nanopatterning and creation of micro/nanostructures. fast material removal for
467
+ accessing buried structures. - sample types: wide variety of materials requiring
468
+ targeted modification, including semiconductors, metals, ceramics, polymers, and
469
+ biological samples. - commonly performed tasks: high-precision milling with the
470
+ ion-sculptor fib column, minimizing sample damage. fast and precise material removal
471
+ with high beam currents (up to 100 na). low voltage fib performance for delicate
472
+ samples. automated milling of cross-sections and user-defined patterns. fastmill
473
+ strategy for enhanced milling speed. utilizing a femtosecond laser for rapid ablation
474
+ of large volumes to access deeply buried regions. - tem sample preparation: -
475
+ applications: preparing high-quality, ultra-thin lamellae for transmission electron
476
+ microscopy (tem) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (stem) analysis.
477
+ preparing batches of tem lamellae automatically. - sample types: diverse materials
478
+ requiring tem analysis, including semiconductors, metals, polymers, and biological
479
+ tissues. - commonly performed tasks: guided, semi-automated tem lamella preparation
480
+ workflows. automated chunk milling, in situ lift-out, and thinning. utilizing
481
+ the low voltage performance of the ion-sculptor fib for high-quality lamellae
482
+ with minimal amorphization. live monitoring of lamella thinning using sem. quantitative
483
+ thickness determination with smartepd. preparation of ultra-thin lamellae using
484
+ the x2-holder for challenging samples. fully automated tem preparation with crossbeam
485
+ 550 samplefab. - advanced analytical techniques: - applications: analyzing the
486
+ elemental and isotopic composition of surfaces. performing analytical mapping
487
+ and depth profiling. correlating structural and chemical information. - sample
488
+ types: various solid surfaces requiring detailed compositional analysis, including
489
+ batteries, polymers, and semiconductors. - commonly performed tasks: time-of-flight
490
+ secondary ion mass spectrometry (tof-sims) for parallel detection of atomic and
491
+ molecular ions. 3d eds and ebsd analysis integrated with tomography. the zeiss
492
+ crossbeam family offers modularity and customization options, including various
493
+ detectors, gas injection systems (gis), manipulators, and software packages like
494
+ atlas 5, enabling researchers to tailor the instrument to their specific application
495
+ needs and achieve high-impact results. the gemini electron optics ensure excellent
496
+ image quality and long-term stability, while the ion-sculptor fib column provides
497
+ superior processing capabilities with minimal sample damage.'
498
+ - ZEISS Airyscan is an advanced imaging technology that enhances traditional confocal
499
+ microscopy by using a 32-channel detector to capture more light with higher resolution
500
+ and sensitivity. Unlike standard confocal systems that rely on a single pinhole,
501
+ Airyscan collects the entire Airy disk pattern and reconstructs images for super-resolution
502
+ clarityâ down to 120 nm laterally. This results in significantly improved signal-to-noise
503
+ ratio and reduced photodamage, making it ideal for detailed imaging of live cells
504
+ and biological samples. It's compatible with ZEISS LSM systems like the LSM 880
505
+ and 900, offering researchers a powerful tool for high-precision fluorescence
506
+ microscopy
507
+ - source_sentence: 'The identity and source of flexible, semi-transparent, vascular-like
508
+ components recovered from non-avian dinosaur bone are debated, because: (1) such
509
+ preservation is not predicted by degradation models; (2) taphonomic mechanisms
510
+ for this type of preservation are not well defined; and (3) although support for
511
+ molecular endogeneity has been demonstrated in select specimens, comparable data
512
+ are lacking on a broader scale. Here, we use a suite of micromorphological and
513
+ molecular techniques to examine vessel-like material recovered from the skeletal
514
+ remains of six non-avian dinosaurs, representing different taxa, depositional
515
+ environments and geological ages, and we compare the data obtained from our analyses
516
+ against vessels liberated from extant ostrich bone. The results of this in-depth,
517
+ multi-faceted study present strong support for endogeneity of the fossil-derived
518
+ vessels, although we also detect evidence of invasive microorganisms.'
519
+ sentences:
520
+ - 'ZEISS ZEN is a comprehensive microscopy software platform designed to streamline
521
+ the entire imaging workflow from acquisition to analysis and data management.
522
+ It offers a modular structure with specialized toolkits for image acquisition,
523
+ processing, and analysis, allowing users to tailor the software to their specific
524
+ experimental needs. ZEN supports advanced features such as smart microscopy with
525
+ feedback experiments, GPU-powered 3D visualization, and machine learning-based
526
+ image analysis, facilitating efficient handling of complex, multidimensional datasets.
527
+ The software''s intuitive interface ensures ease of use across various microscopy
528
+ modalities, especially in light microscopy, making it suitable for both routine
529
+ laboratory tasks and advanced research applications. '
530
+ - 'ZEISS ZEN is a comprehensive microscopy software platform designed to streamline
531
+ the entire imaging workflow from acquisition to analysis and data management.
532
+ It offers a modular structure with specialized toolkits for image acquisition,
533
+ processing, and analysis, allowing users to tailor the software to their specific
534
+ experimental needs. ZEN supports advanced features such as smart microscopy with
535
+ feedback experiments, GPU-powered 3D visualization, and machine learning-based
536
+ image analysis, facilitating efficient handling of complex, multidimensional datasets.
537
+ The software''s intuitive interface ensures ease of use across various microscopy
538
+ modalities, especially in light microscopy, making it suitable for both routine
539
+ laboratory tasks and advanced research applications. '
540
+ - 'the zeiss lsm 910 is a compact confocal microscope designed for innovative imaging
541
+ and smart analysis, enabling a broad spectrum of biological research applications.
542
+ its core capabilities facilitate the detailed visualization and analysis of diverse
543
+ biological specimens, ranging from subcellular structures to dynamic processes
544
+ in living organisms. key research and application areas: - high-resolution structural
545
+ imaging: achieving super-resolution down to 90 nm laterally using airyscan technology
546
+ to resolve fine details of cellular and molecular structures. this enables the
547
+ investigation of intricate biological organization. - live cell and high-speed
548
+ imaging: capturing dynamic processes in living samples with high temporal resolution,
549
+ including 4d imaging at up to 80 volumes per second using lightfield 4d. this
550
+ allows for the study of rapid biological events such as zebrafish heartbeats and
551
+ intracellular movements. - advanced spectral analysis: employing spectral flexibility
552
+ with nanometer precision for multi-color imaging and efficient spectral unmixing
553
+ of multiple fluorescent labels, facilitating the detailed study of spatial biology.
554
+ - gentle imaging for sensitive samples: utilizing an efficient beam path and sensitive
555
+ detectors (gaasp-pmts and ma-pmts) to achieve high signal-to-noise ratios while
556
+ minimizing phototoxicity, crucial for long-term live cell imaging. - quantitative
557
+ molecular dynamics studies: investigating molecular concentration, diffusion,
558
+ and flow dynamics in living samples using the dynamics profiler based on airyscan.
559
+ this allows for the analysis of molecular behavior in various biological contexts.
560
+ - deep tissue imaging with clearing: integrating with clearing techniques and
561
+ specialized objectives to significantly increase optical penetration depth in
562
+ samples like brains, organoids, and tissues, enabling the visualization of structures
563
+ in deeper layers. - correlative cryo microscopy: facilitating workflows that combine
564
+ light and electron microscopy under cryogenic conditions to study cellular structures
565
+ in a near-to-native state, bridging the gap between functional and ultrastructural
566
+ information. typical sample types: - cells and cell cultures: including various
567
+ cell lines for studying subcellular structures and dynamics. - tissues and tissue
568
+ sections: allowing for the investigation of cellular organization and molecular
569
+ distribution within complex environments. - organoids and spheroids: enabling
570
+ the study of 3d tissue models and their development using various imaging modalities,
571
+ including high-speed volume acquisition. - whole organisms and embryos: such as
572
+ zebrafish embryos, for observing developmental processes and physiological functions
573
+ in vivo with high spatiotemporal resolution. - cleared biological samples: including
574
+ whole brains, tissue sections, organoids, and spheroids made transparent to enable
575
+ deep optical imaging. - microfluidic devices: for controlled studies of flow and
576
+ molecular dynamics. - plant tissues: such as arabidopsis thaliana stems, for investigating
577
+ protein behavior in response to environmental stimuli. commonly performed tasks:
578
+ - confocal imaging: high-resolution optical sectioning to visualize specific planes
579
+ within a sample and generate 3d reconstructions. - super-resolution microscopy:
580
+ resolving structures beyond the diffraction limit to visualize nanoscale details
581
+ of cellular components. - live cell imaging: capturing time-series data of living
582
+ cells and organisms to study dynamic processes and cellular behaviors over time.
583
+ - high-speed volumetric imaging: acquiring 3d datasets at rapid frame rates to
584
+ visualize fast biological events in their entirety. - spectral imaging and unmixing:
585
+ separating the contributions of multiple fluorescent probes based on their emission
586
+ spectra to allow for simultaneous multi-target analysis. - fluorescence recovery
587
+ after photobleaching (frap): investigating molecular mobility and dynamics within
588
+ cellular compartments. - fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (fcs) and dynamics
589
+ profiling: measuring molecular concentrations, diffusion coefficients, and flow
590
+ velocities in living samples. - image processing and analysis: utilizing software
591
+ tools like zen and arivis pro for image enhancement, quantification, segmentation,
592
+ tracking, and 3d visualization of complex datasets. - correlative light and electron
593
+ microscopy (clem): combining light microscopy for functional identification with
594
+ electron microscopy for ultrastructural details. - imaging of large volumes and
595
+ tiled acquisitions: acquiring data from large samples or multiple regions of interest
596
+ and stitching them together for comprehensive analysis. - automated imaging workflows:
597
+ setting up and executing complex imaging experiments with automation features
598
+ for reproducible data acquisition. - advanced image analysis using ai: employing
599
+ artificial intelligence-assisted features for sample finding, setup optimization,
600
+ and image analysis.'
601
+ - source_sentence: We previously demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs)
602
+ were induced within and around the ischemic areas in a mouse model of ischemic
603
+ stroke. These injury/ischemia-induced NSPCs (iNSPCs) differentiated to electrophysiologically
604
+ functional neurons in vitro, indicating the presence of a self-repair system following
605
+ injury. However, during the healing process after stroke, ischemic areas were
606
+ gradually occupied by inflammatory cells, mainly microglial cells/macrophages
607
+ (MGs/MΦs), and neurogenesis rarely occurred within and around the ischemic areas.
608
+ Therefore, to achieve neural regeneration by utilizing endogenous iNSPCs, regulation
609
+ of MGs/MΦs after an ischemic stroke might be necessary. To test this hypothesis,
610
+ we used iNSPCs isolated from the ischemic areas after a stroke in our mouse model
611
+ to investigate the role of MGs/MΦs in iNSPC regulation. In coculture experiments,
612
+ we show that the presence of MGs/MΦs significantly reduces not only the proliferation
613
+ but also the differentiation of iNSPCs toward neuronal cells, thereby preventing
614
+ neurogenesis. These effects, however, are mitigated by MG/MΦ depletion using clodronate
615
+ encapsulated in liposomes. Additionally, gene ontology analysis reveals that proliferation
616
+ and neuronal differentiation are negatively regulated in iNSPCs cocultured with
617
+ MGs/MΦs. These results indicate that MGs/MΦs negatively impact neurogenesis via
618
+ iNSPCs, suggesting that the regulation of MGs/MΦs is essential to achieve iNSPC-based
619
+ neural regeneration following an ischemic stroke.
620
+ sentences:
621
+ - ZEISS Airyscan is an advanced imaging technology that enhances traditional confocal
622
+ microscopy by using a 32-channel detector to capture more light with higher resolution
623
+ and sensitivity. Unlike standard confocal systems that rely on a single pinhole,
624
+ Airyscan collects the entire Airy disk pattern and reconstructs images for super-resolution
625
+ clarityâ down to 120 nm laterally. This results in significantly improved signal-to-noise
626
+ ratio and reduced photodamage, making it ideal for detailed imaging of live cells
627
+ and biological samples. It's compatible with ZEISS LSM systems like the LSM 880
628
+ and 900, offering researchers a powerful tool for high-precision fluorescence
629
+ microscopy
630
+ - 'the zeiss geminisem family of field emission scanning electron microscopes (fesems)
631
+ provides versatile solutions for advanced imaging and analysis across a wide range
632
+ of scientific and industrial disciplines. these instruments are designed to meet
633
+ the highest demands in sub-nanometer imaging, analytics, and sample flexibility.
634
+ key research and application areas: - advancing nanoscience and nanomaterials:
635
+ enabling the visualization, characterization, and manipulation of nanoscale structures
636
+ and materials for applications in electronics, catalysis, sensing, and medicine.
637
+ this includes analyzing the structure and integrity of nanoelectronic and photonic
638
+ devices, imaging sensitive 2d materials, and investigating nanomagnetism and nanomechanics.
639
+ - innovating energy materials: providing insights into the microstructure of materials
640
+ and devices critical for batteries, solar cells, and fuel cells, aiding in the
641
+ development of more efficient energy solutions. this encompasses microstructure
642
+ and device evaluation, defect analysis, and the quantification of phases, pores,
643
+ and fractures. - engineering next-generation materials: supporting the development
644
+ and improvement of advanced alloys, composites, coatings, and additively manufactured
645
+ parts by detailed characterization of their properties. this involves high-resolution
646
+ imaging with superior contrast, metallography, fracture analysis, and in situ
647
+ material behavior studies. - exploring bio-inspired materials, polymers, and catalysts:
648
+ facilitating the design, optimization, and functional characterization of these
649
+ often non-conductive and beam-sensitive materials for diverse applications. key
650
+ tasks include surface evaluation, structural analysis, correlative multiscale
651
+ characterization, and failure analysis. - ensuring industrial quality and reliability:
652
+ serving as a crucial tool for failure analysis in mechanical, optical, and electronic
653
+ components, helping to identify root causes and improve manufacturing processes.
654
+ - driving innovation in electronics and semiconductors: addressing the increasing
655
+ complexity of semiconductor devices by providing high-resolution imaging and analysis
656
+ techniques essential for process control and failure analysis of nanoscale features.
657
+ this includes construction analysis, passive voltage contrast imaging, and subsurface
658
+ analysis. - unveiling the complexity of life sciences: enabling detailed characterization
659
+ of biological samples, from ultrastructural investigations of cells and tissues
660
+ to large-area imaging for statistical analysis in various fields like neuroscience,
661
+ cell biology, and developmental biology. typical sample types: - a wide array
662
+ of nanostructured materials, including nanoparticles, nanowires, thin films, and
663
+ 2d materials. - components and materials used in energy storage and conversion,
664
+ such as battery electrodes and separators, solar cell layers, and fuel cell membranes.
665
+ - various engineering materials, including metals, alloys, ceramics, polymers,
666
+ composites, and coatings, often analyzed in cross-section or after mechanical
667
+ failure. - bio-inspired and soft materials, such as polymer scaffolds, biological
668
+ tissues, and catalysts, often imaged without conductive coatings. - industrial
669
+ components from diverse sectors, including electronics, mechanics, and optics,
670
+ analyzed for defects, composition, and structural integrity. - semiconductor devices
671
+ at various stages of fabrication, including transistors, interconnects, and integrated
672
+ circuits. - a broad spectrum of biological samples, including cells, tissues,
673
+ bacteria, viruses, and whole organisms, prepared using various techniques like
674
+ fixation, staining, and embedding. commonly performed tasks: - high-resolution
675
+ imaging to reveal nanoscale details of material surfaces and internal structures,
676
+ often utilizing low accelerating voltages to minimize sample damage. - detailed
677
+ surface characterization to understand topography, roughness, and the presence
678
+ of specific features or defects. - compositional analysis using various detectors
679
+ to identify and map different material phases and elemental distributions. - crystallographic
680
+ investigations to determine grain orientations and crystalline structures within
681
+ materials. - correlative microscopy by integrating data from multiple imaging
682
+ modalities (e.g., light and electron microscopy) to obtain a more comprehensive
683
+ understanding of samples. - automated large-area imaging and data acquisition
684
+ to enable statistical analysis and the study of heterogeneous samples. - three-dimensional
685
+ reconstruction of sample volumes using techniques like serial sectioning and tomography
686
+ to visualize internal structures in detail. - in situ experimentation to observe
687
+ dynamic processes and material behavior under controlled environmental conditions
688
+ such as temperature changes, mechanical stress, or vacuum levels. - analysis of
689
+ challenging samples, including non-conductive and beam-sensitive materials, using
690
+ specialized modes like variable pressure to mitigate charging artifacts and beam
691
+ damage. - failure analysis to identify the root causes of material and device
692
+ malfunctions in industrial and research settings. - subsurface imaging and electronic
693
+ property analysis of semiconductor devices to aid in design and failure diagnostics.'
694
+ - ZEISS Airyscan is an advanced imaging technology that enhances traditional confocal
695
+ microscopy by using a 32-channel detector to capture more light with higher resolution
696
+ and sensitivity. Unlike standard confocal systems that rely on a single pinhole,
697
+ Airyscan collects the entire Airy disk pattern and reconstructs images for super-resolution
698
+ clarityâ down to 120 nm laterally. This results in significantly improved signal-to-noise
699
+ ratio and reduced photodamage, making it ideal for detailed imaging of live cells
700
+ and biological samples. It's compatible with ZEISS LSM systems like the LSM 880
701
+ and 900, offering researchers a powerful tool for high-precision fluorescence
702
+ microscopy
703
+ pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
704
+ library_name: sentence-transformers
705
+ metrics:
706
+ - cosine_accuracy@1
707
+ - cosine_accuracy@3
708
+ - cosine_accuracy@5
709
+ - cosine_accuracy@10
710
+ - cosine_precision@1
711
+ - cosine_precision@3
712
+ - cosine_precision@5
713
+ - cosine_precision@10
714
+ - cosine_recall@1
715
+ - cosine_recall@3
716
+ - cosine_recall@5
717
+ - cosine_recall@10
718
+ - cosine_ndcg@10
719
+ - cosine_mrr@10
720
+ - cosine_map@100
721
+ model-index:
722
+ - name: SentenceTransformer based on allenai/specter2_base
723
+ results:
724
+ - task:
725
+ type: information-retrieval
726
+ name: Information Retrieval
727
+ dataset:
728
+ name: ir eval
729
+ type: ir-eval
730
+ metrics:
731
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@1
732
+ value: 0.12841253791708795
733
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@1
734
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@3
735
+ value: 0.29322548028311424
736
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@3
737
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@5
738
+ value: 0.416582406471183
739
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@5
740
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@10
741
+ value: 0.6476238624873609
742
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@10
743
+ - type: cosine_precision@1
744
+ value: 0.12841253791708795
745
+ name: Cosine Precision@1
746
+ - type: cosine_precision@3
747
+ value: 0.09774182676103807
748
+ name: Cosine Precision@3
749
+ - type: cosine_precision@5
750
+ value: 0.0833164812942366
751
+ name: Cosine Precision@5
752
+ - type: cosine_precision@10
753
+ value: 0.06476238624873609
754
+ name: Cosine Precision@10
755
+ - type: cosine_recall@1
756
+ value: 0.12841253791708795
757
+ name: Cosine Recall@1
758
+ - type: cosine_recall@3
759
+ value: 0.29322548028311424
760
+ name: Cosine Recall@3
761
+ - type: cosine_recall@5
762
+ value: 0.416582406471183
763
+ name: Cosine Recall@5
764
+ - type: cosine_recall@10
765
+ value: 0.6476238624873609
766
+ name: Cosine Recall@10
767
+ - type: cosine_ndcg@10
768
+ value: 0.3461514728879504
769
+ name: Cosine Ndcg@10
770
+ - type: cosine_mrr@10
771
+ value: 0.2550883127096472
772
+ name: Cosine Mrr@10
773
+ - type: cosine_map@100
774
+ value: 0.27654953235702057
775
+ name: Cosine Map@100
776
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@1
777
+ value: 0.12891809908998988
778
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@1
779
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@3
780
+ value: 0.30940343781597573
781
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@3
782
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@5
783
+ value: 0.4398382204246714
784
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@5
785
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@10
786
+ value: 0.6926188068756319
787
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@10
788
+ - type: cosine_precision@1
789
+ value: 0.12891809908998988
790
+ name: Cosine Precision@1
791
+ - type: cosine_precision@3
792
+ value: 0.10313447927199192
793
+ name: Cosine Precision@3
794
+ - type: cosine_precision@5
795
+ value: 0.08796764408493427
796
+ name: Cosine Precision@5
797
+ - type: cosine_precision@10
798
+ value: 0.0692618806875632
799
+ name: Cosine Precision@10
800
+ - type: cosine_recall@1
801
+ value: 0.12891809908998988
802
+ name: Cosine Recall@1
803
+ - type: cosine_recall@3
804
+ value: 0.30940343781597573
805
+ name: Cosine Recall@3
806
+ - type: cosine_recall@5
807
+ value: 0.4398382204246714
808
+ name: Cosine Recall@5
809
+ - type: cosine_recall@10
810
+ value: 0.6926188068756319
811
+ name: Cosine Recall@10
812
+ - type: cosine_ndcg@10
813
+ value: 0.36461949198838806
814
+ name: Cosine Ndcg@10
815
+ - type: cosine_mrr@10
816
+ value: 0.2654840146371995
817
+ name: Cosine Mrr@10
818
+ - type: cosine_map@100
819
+ value: 0.2837399475240014
820
+ name: Cosine Map@100
821
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@1
822
+ value: 0.12740141557128412
823
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@1
824
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@3
825
+ value: 0.29221435793731043
826
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@3
827
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@5
828
+ value: 0.41304347826086957
829
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@5
830
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@10
831
+ value: 0.6354903943377148
832
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@10
833
+ - type: cosine_precision@1
834
+ value: 0.12740141557128412
835
+ name: Cosine Precision@1
836
+ - type: cosine_precision@3
837
+ value: 0.09740478597910346
838
+ name: Cosine Precision@3
839
+ - type: cosine_precision@5
840
+ value: 0.08260869565217391
841
+ name: Cosine Precision@5
842
+ - type: cosine_precision@10
843
+ value: 0.06354903943377148
844
+ name: Cosine Precision@10
845
+ - type: cosine_recall@1
846
+ value: 0.12740141557128412
847
+ name: Cosine Recall@1
848
+ - type: cosine_recall@3
849
+ value: 0.29221435793731043
850
+ name: Cosine Recall@3
851
+ - type: cosine_recall@5
852
+ value: 0.41304347826086957
853
+ name: Cosine Recall@5
854
+ - type: cosine_recall@10
855
+ value: 0.6354903943377148
856
+ name: Cosine Recall@10
857
+ - type: cosine_ndcg@10
858
+ value: 0.34256937669879595
859
+ name: Cosine Ndcg@10
860
+ - type: cosine_mrr@10
861
+ value: 0.2537997335772863
862
+ name: Cosine Mrr@10
863
+ - type: cosine_map@100
864
+ value: 0.27475648035535954
865
+ name: Cosine Map@100
866
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@1
867
+ value: 0.179474216380182
868
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@1
869
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@3
870
+ value: 0.43073811931243683
871
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@3
872
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@5
873
+ value: 0.6061678463094035
874
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@5
875
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@10
876
+ value: 0.8473205257836198
877
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@10
878
+ - type: cosine_precision@1
879
+ value: 0.179474216380182
880
+ name: Cosine Precision@1
881
+ - type: cosine_precision@3
882
+ value: 0.1435793731041456
883
+ name: Cosine Precision@3
884
+ - type: cosine_precision@5
885
+ value: 0.12123356926188068
886
+ name: Cosine Precision@5
887
+ - type: cosine_precision@10
888
+ value: 0.08473205257836199
889
+ name: Cosine Precision@10
890
+ - type: cosine_recall@1
891
+ value: 0.179474216380182
892
+ name: Cosine Recall@1
893
+ - type: cosine_recall@3
894
+ value: 0.43073811931243683
895
+ name: Cosine Recall@3
896
+ - type: cosine_recall@5
897
+ value: 0.6061678463094035
898
+ name: Cosine Recall@5
899
+ - type: cosine_recall@10
900
+ value: 0.8473205257836198
901
+ name: Cosine Recall@10
902
+ - type: cosine_ndcg@10
903
+ value: 0.4739618595288823
904
+ name: Cosine Ndcg@10
905
+ - type: cosine_mrr@10
906
+ value: 0.3588527372526363
907
+ name: Cosine Mrr@10
908
+ - type: cosine_map@100
909
+ value: 0.3682285718046807
910
+ name: Cosine Map@100
911
+ ---
912
+
913
+ # SentenceTransformer based on allenai/specter2_base
914
+
915
+ This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [allenai/specter2_base](https://huggingface.co/allenai/specter2_base). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
916
+
917
+ ## Model Details
918
+
919
+ ### Model Description
920
+ - **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
921
+ - **Base model:** [allenai/specter2_base](https://huggingface.co/allenai/specter2_base) <!-- at revision 3447645e1def9117997203454fa4495937bfbd83 -->
922
+ - **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
923
+ - **Output Dimensionality:** 768 dimensions
924
+ - **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
925
+ <!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
926
+ <!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
927
+ <!-- - **License:** Unknown -->
928
+
929
+ ### Model Sources
930
+
931
+ - **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
932
+ - **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
933
+ - **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
934
+
935
+ ### Full Model Architecture
936
+
937
+ ```
938
+ SentenceTransformer(
939
+ (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
940
+ (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
941
+ )
942
+ ```
943
+
944
+ ## Usage
945
+
946
+ ### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
947
+
948
+ First install the Sentence Transformers library:
949
+
950
+ ```bash
951
+ pip install -U sentence-transformers
952
+ ```
953
+
954
+ Then you can load this model and run inference.
955
+ ```python
956
+ from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
957
+
958
+ # Download from the 🤗 Hub
959
+ model = SentenceTransformer("jagadeesh/zeiss-re-1757443344")
960
+ # Run inference
961
+ sentences = [
962
+ 'We previously demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) were induced within and around the ischemic areas in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. These injury/ischemia-induced NSPCs (iNSPCs) differentiated to electrophysiologically functional neurons in vitro, indicating the presence of a self-repair system following injury. However, during the healing process after stroke, ischemic areas were gradually occupied by inflammatory cells, mainly microglial cells/macrophages (MGs/MΦs), and neurogenesis rarely occurred within and around the ischemic areas. Therefore, to achieve neural regeneration by utilizing endogenous iNSPCs, regulation of MGs/MΦs after an ischemic stroke might be necessary. To test this hypothesis, we used iNSPCs isolated from the ischemic areas after a stroke in our mouse model to investigate the role of MGs/MΦs in iNSPC regulation. In coculture experiments, we show that the presence of MGs/MΦs significantly reduces not only the proliferation but also the differentiation of iNSPCs toward neuronal cells, thereby preventing neurogenesis. These effects, however, are mitigated by MG/MΦ depletion using clodronate encapsulated in liposomes. Additionally, gene ontology analysis reveals that proliferation and neuronal differentiation are negatively regulated in iNSPCs cocultured with MGs/MΦs. These results indicate that MGs/MΦs negatively impact neurogenesis via iNSPCs, suggesting that the regulation of MGs/MΦs is essential to achieve iNSPC-based neural regeneration following an ischemic stroke.',
963
+ "ZEISS Airyscan is an advanced imaging technology that enhances traditional confocal microscopy by using a 32-channel detector to capture more light with higher resolution and sensitivity. Unlike standard confocal systems that rely on a single pinhole, Airyscan collects the entire Airy disk pattern and reconstructs images for super-resolution clarityâ down to 120 nm laterally. This results in significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio and reduced photodamage, making it ideal for detailed imaging of live cells and biological samples. It's compatible with ZEISS LSM systems like the LSM 880 and 900, offering researchers a powerful tool for high-precision fluorescence microscopy",
964
+ "ZEISS Airyscan is an advanced imaging technology that enhances traditional confocal microscopy by using a 32-channel detector to capture more light with higher resolution and sensitivity. Unlike standard confocal systems that rely on a single pinhole, Airyscan collects the entire Airy disk pattern and reconstructs images for super-resolution clarityâ down to 120 nm laterally. This results in significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio and reduced photodamage, making it ideal for detailed imaging of live cells and biological samples. It's compatible with ZEISS LSM systems like the LSM 880 and 900, offering researchers a powerful tool for high-precision fluorescence microscopy",
965
+ ]
966
+ embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
967
+ print(embeddings.shape)
968
+ # [3, 768]
969
+
970
+ # Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
971
+ similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
972
+ print(similarities)
973
+ # tensor([[1.0000, 0.6498, 0.6498],
974
+ # [0.6498, 1.0000, 1.0000],
975
+ # [0.6498, 1.0000, 1.0000]])
976
+ ```
977
+
978
+ <!--
979
+ ### Direct Usage (Transformers)
980
+
981
+ <details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>
982
+
983
+ </details>
984
+ -->
985
+
986
+ <!--
987
+ ### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)
988
+
989
+ You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
990
+
991
+ <details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
992
+
993
+ </details>
994
+ -->
995
+
996
+ <!--
997
+ ### Out-of-Scope Use
998
+
999
+ *List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
1000
+ -->
1001
+
1002
+ ## Evaluation
1003
+
1004
+ ### Metrics
1005
+
1006
+ #### Information Retrieval
1007
+
1008
+ * Dataset: `ir-eval`
1009
+ * Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
1010
+
1011
+ | Metric | Value |
1012
+ |:--------------------|:-----------|
1013
+ | cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.1284 |
1014
+ | cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.2932 |
1015
+ | cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.4166 |
1016
+ | cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.6476 |
1017
+ | cosine_precision@1 | 0.1284 |
1018
+ | cosine_precision@3 | 0.0977 |
1019
+ | cosine_precision@5 | 0.0833 |
1020
+ | cosine_precision@10 | 0.0648 |
1021
+ | cosine_recall@1 | 0.1284 |
1022
+ | cosine_recall@3 | 0.2932 |
1023
+ | cosine_recall@5 | 0.4166 |
1024
+ | cosine_recall@10 | 0.6476 |
1025
+ | **cosine_ndcg@10** | **0.3462** |
1026
+ | cosine_mrr@10 | 0.2551 |
1027
+ | cosine_map@100 | 0.2765 |
1028
+
1029
+ #### Information Retrieval
1030
+
1031
+ * Dataset: `ir-eval`
1032
+ * Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
1033
+
1034
+ | Metric | Value |
1035
+ |:--------------------|:-----------|
1036
+ | cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.1289 |
1037
+ | cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.3094 |
1038
+ | cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.4398 |
1039
+ | cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.6926 |
1040
+ | cosine_precision@1 | 0.1289 |
1041
+ | cosine_precision@3 | 0.1031 |
1042
+ | cosine_precision@5 | 0.088 |
1043
+ | cosine_precision@10 | 0.0693 |
1044
+ | cosine_recall@1 | 0.1289 |
1045
+ | cosine_recall@3 | 0.3094 |
1046
+ | cosine_recall@5 | 0.4398 |
1047
+ | cosine_recall@10 | 0.6926 |
1048
+ | **cosine_ndcg@10** | **0.3646** |
1049
+ | cosine_mrr@10 | 0.2655 |
1050
+ | cosine_map@100 | 0.2837 |
1051
+
1052
+ #### Information Retrieval
1053
+
1054
+ * Dataset: `ir-eval`
1055
+ * Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
1056
+
1057
+ | Metric | Value |
1058
+ |:--------------------|:-----------|
1059
+ | cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.1274 |
1060
+ | cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.2922 |
1061
+ | cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.413 |
1062
+ | cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.6355 |
1063
+ | cosine_precision@1 | 0.1274 |
1064
+ | cosine_precision@3 | 0.0974 |
1065
+ | cosine_precision@5 | 0.0826 |
1066
+ | cosine_precision@10 | 0.0635 |
1067
+ | cosine_recall@1 | 0.1274 |
1068
+ | cosine_recall@3 | 0.2922 |
1069
+ | cosine_recall@5 | 0.413 |
1070
+ | cosine_recall@10 | 0.6355 |
1071
+ | **cosine_ndcg@10** | **0.3426** |
1072
+ | cosine_mrr@10 | 0.2538 |
1073
+ | cosine_map@100 | 0.2748 |
1074
+
1075
+ #### Information Retrieval
1076
+
1077
+ * Dataset: `ir-eval`
1078
+ * Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
1079
+
1080
+ | Metric | Value |
1081
+ |:--------------------|:----------|
1082
+ | cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.1795 |
1083
+ | cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.4307 |
1084
+ | cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.6062 |
1085
+ | cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.8473 |
1086
+ | cosine_precision@1 | 0.1795 |
1087
+ | cosine_precision@3 | 0.1436 |
1088
+ | cosine_precision@5 | 0.1212 |
1089
+ | cosine_precision@10 | 0.0847 |
1090
+ | cosine_recall@1 | 0.1795 |
1091
+ | cosine_recall@3 | 0.4307 |
1092
+ | cosine_recall@5 | 0.6062 |
1093
+ | cosine_recall@10 | 0.8473 |
1094
+ | **cosine_ndcg@10** | **0.474** |
1095
+ | cosine_mrr@10 | 0.3589 |
1096
+ | cosine_map@100 | 0.3682 |
1097
+
1098
+ <!--
1099
+ ## Bias, Risks and Limitations
1100
+
1101
+ *What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
1102
+ -->
1103
+
1104
+ <!--
1105
+ ### Recommendations
1106
+
1107
+ *What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
1108
+ -->
1109
+
1110
+ ## Training Details
1111
+
1112
+ ### Training Dataset
1113
+
1114
+ #### Unnamed Dataset
1115
+
1116
+ * Size: 17,793 training samples
1117
+ * Columns: <code>anchor</code> and <code>positive</code>
1118
+ * Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
1119
+ | | anchor | positive |
1120
+ |:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
1121
+ | type | string | string |
1122
+ | details | <ul><li>min: 2 tokens</li><li>mean: 283.9 tokens</li><li>max: 512 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 91 tokens</li><li>mean: 465.57 tokens</li><li>max: 512 tokens</li></ul> |
1123
+ * Samples:
1124
+ | anchor | positive |
1125
+ |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
1126
+ | <code>Nutrition and resilience are linked, though it is not yet clear how diet confers stress resistance or the breadth of stressors that it can protect against. We have previously shown that transiently restricting an essential amino acid can protect Drosophila melanogaster against nicotine poisoning. Here, we sought to characterize the nature of this dietary-mediated protection and determine whether it was sex, amino acid and/or nicotine specific. When we compared between sexes, we found that isoleucine deprivation increases female, but not male, nicotine resistance. Surprisingly, we found that this protection afforded to females was not replicated by dietary protein restriction and was instead specific to individual amino acid restriction. To understand whether these beneficial effects of diet were specific to nicotine or were generalizable across stressors, we pre-treated flies with amino acid restriction diets and exposed them to other types of stress. We found that some of the diets th...</code> | <code>the zeiss stemi 508 is an apochromatic stereo microscope with an 8:1 zoom range, designed for high-contrast, color-accurate three-dimensional observation and documentation of diverse samples. its ergonomic design and robust mechanics support demanding applications in laboratory and industrial settings. key research and application areas: - biological research: suitable for observing the development and growth of model organisms like spider crabs, chicken, mouse, or zebrafish, including the evaluation, sorting, selection, or dissection of eggs, larvae, or embryos. it is also used in botany to observe changes in plant organs, diseases, and root development, in entomology for insect observation, documentation, and identification, in marine biology to study the life and reproduction of fish, and in parasitology for detecting and identifying the spread of parasites. the microscope is valuable for forensic analysis of ammunition parts, tool marks, documents, fibers, coatings, glass, textiles...</code> |
1127
+ | <code>The controlled supply of bioactive molecules is a subject of debate in animal nutrition. The release of bioactive molecules in the target organ, in this case the intestine, results in improved feed, as well as having a lower environmental impact. However, the degradation of bioactive molecules' in transit in the gastrointestinal passage is still an unresolved issue. This paper discusses the feasibility of a simple and cost-effective procedure to bypass the degradation problem. A solid/liquid adsorption procedure was applied, and the operating parameters (pH, reaction time, and LY initial concentration) were studied. Lysozyme is used in this work as a representative bioactive molecule, while Adsorbo ® , a commercial mixture of clay minerals and zeolites which meets current feed regulations, is used as the carrier. A maximum LY loading of 32 mg LY /g AD (LY(32)-AD) was obtained, with fixing pH in the range 7.5-8, initial LY content at 37.5 mg LY /g AD , and reaction time at 30 min. A ful...</code> | <code>the zeiss evo family of scanning electron microscopes offers a modular and versatile platform for a wide range of scientific and industrial investigations, combining high-performance imaging and analysis with intuitive operation for users of varying experience levels. key research and application areas: - materials science: characterizing the morphology, structure, and composition of diverse materials, including metals, composites, polymers, ceramics, and coatings, for research and development. this includes investigating surface structures, fractures, inclusions, and grain boundaries. the evo supports advanced material analysis through techniques like energy dispersive spectroscopy (eds) and electron backscatter diffraction (ebsd). - life sciences: enabling the examination of biological specimens in their native or near-native hydrated states using variable and extended pressure modes. applications include imaging cells, tissues, plants, and microorganisms for structural and morpholog...</code> |
1128
+ | <code>Amorphous potassium sodium niobate (KNN) films were synthesized at 300 °C through the radio frequency magnetron sputtering method and subsequently crystallized by post-annealing at 700 °C in various alkali element atmospheres (Na and K). The as-deposited film is notably deficient in alkali metal elements, particularly K, whereas the loss of alkali elements in the films can be replenished through annealing in an alkali element atmosphere. By adjusting the molar ratio of Na and K in the annealing atmosphere, the ratio of Na/K in the resultant film varied, consequently suggesting the efficiency of this method on composition regulation of KNN films. Meanwhile, we also found that the physical characteristics of the films also underwent differences with the change of an annealing atmosphere. The films annealed in a high Na atmosphere exhibit large dielectric losses with limited piezoelectric vibration behavior, while annealing in a high K atmosphere reduces the dielectric losses and enhances...</code> | <code>the zeiss sigma family of field emission scanning electron microscopes (fe-sems) offers versatile solutions for high-quality imaging and advanced analytical microscopy across a multitude of scientific and industrial domains. these instruments are engineered for reliable, high-end nano-analysis, combining fe-sem technology with an intuitive user experience to enhance productivity. key research and application areas: - advancing materials science: facilitating the development and understanding of novel materials by enabling the investigation of micro- and nanoscale structures. this includes characterizing metals, alloys, polymers, catalysts, and coatings for various applications such as electronics and energy. - driving innovation in nanoscience and nanomaterials: providing capabilities for the analysis of nanoparticles, thin films, 2d materials (like graphene and mos2), and other nanostructures to understand their properties and potential applications. - supporting energy research: enab...</code> |
1129
+ * Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
1130
+ ```json
1131
+ {
1132
+ "scale": 20.0,
1133
+ "similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
1134
+ "gather_across_devices": false
1135
+ }
1136
+ ```
1137
+
1138
+ ### Training Hyperparameters
1139
+ #### Non-Default Hyperparameters
1140
+
1141
+ - `eval_strategy`: steps
1142
+ - `per_device_train_batch_size`: 64
1143
+ - `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 64
1144
+ - `num_train_epochs`: 5
1145
+ - `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
1146
+ - `fp16`: True
1147
+ - `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
1148
+
1149
+ #### All Hyperparameters
1150
+ <details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
1151
+
1152
+ - `overwrite_output_dir`: False
1153
+ - `do_predict`: False
1154
+ - `eval_strategy`: steps
1155
+ - `prediction_loss_only`: True
1156
+ - `per_device_train_batch_size`: 64
1157
+ - `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 64
1158
+ - `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
1159
+ - `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
1160
+ - `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
1161
+ - `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
1162
+ - `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
1163
+ - `learning_rate`: 5e-05
1164
+ - `weight_decay`: 0.0
1165
+ - `adam_beta1`: 0.9
1166
+ - `adam_beta2`: 0.999
1167
+ - `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
1168
+ - `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
1169
+ - `num_train_epochs`: 5
1170
+ - `max_steps`: -1
1171
+ - `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
1172
+ - `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
1173
+ - `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
1174
+ - `warmup_steps`: 0
1175
+ - `log_level`: passive
1176
+ - `log_level_replica`: warning
1177
+ - `log_on_each_node`: True
1178
+ - `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
1179
+ - `save_safetensors`: True
1180
+ - `save_on_each_node`: False
1181
+ - `save_only_model`: False
1182
+ - `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
1183
+ - `no_cuda`: False
1184
+ - `use_cpu`: False
1185
+ - `use_mps_device`: False
1186
+ - `seed`: 42
1187
+ - `data_seed`: None
1188
+ - `jit_mode_eval`: False
1189
+ - `use_ipex`: False
1190
+ - `bf16`: False
1191
+ - `fp16`: True
1192
+ - `fp16_opt_level`: O1
1193
+ - `half_precision_backend`: auto
1194
+ - `bf16_full_eval`: False
1195
+ - `fp16_full_eval`: False
1196
+ - `tf32`: None
1197
+ - `local_rank`: 0
1198
+ - `ddp_backend`: None
1199
+ - `tpu_num_cores`: None
1200
+ - `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
1201
+ - `debug`: []
1202
+ - `dataloader_drop_last`: False
1203
+ - `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
1204
+ - `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
1205
+ - `past_index`: -1
1206
+ - `disable_tqdm`: False
1207
+ - `remove_unused_columns`: True
1208
+ - `label_names`: None
1209
+ - `load_best_model_at_end`: False
1210
+ - `ignore_data_skip`: False
1211
+ - `fsdp`: []
1212
+ - `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
1213
+ - `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
1214
+ - `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
1215
+ - `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
1216
+ - `parallelism_config`: None
1217
+ - `deepspeed`: None
1218
+ - `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
1219
+ - `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
1220
+ - `optim_args`: None
1221
+ - `adafactor`: False
1222
+ - `group_by_length`: False
1223
+ - `length_column_name`: length
1224
+ - `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
1225
+ - `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
1226
+ - `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
1227
+ - `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
1228
+ - `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
1229
+ - `skip_memory_metrics`: True
1230
+ - `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
1231
+ - `push_to_hub`: False
1232
+ - `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
1233
+ - `hub_model_id`: None
1234
+ - `hub_strategy`: every_save
1235
+ - `hub_private_repo`: None
1236
+ - `hub_always_push`: False
1237
+ - `hub_revision`: None
1238
+ - `gradient_checkpointing`: False
1239
+ - `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
1240
+ - `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
1241
+ - `include_for_metrics`: []
1242
+ - `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
1243
+ - `fp16_backend`: auto
1244
+ - `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
1245
+ - `push_to_hub_organization`: None
1246
+ - `mp_parameters`:
1247
+ - `auto_find_batch_size`: False
1248
+ - `full_determinism`: False
1249
+ - `torchdynamo`: None
1250
+ - `ray_scope`: last
1251
+ - `ddp_timeout`: 1800
1252
+ - `torch_compile`: False
1253
+ - `torch_compile_backend`: None
1254
+ - `torch_compile_mode`: None
1255
+ - `include_tokens_per_second`: False
1256
+ - `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
1257
+ - `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
1258
+ - `optim_target_modules`: None
1259
+ - `batch_eval_metrics`: False
1260
+ - `eval_on_start`: False
1261
+ - `use_liger_kernel`: False
1262
+ - `liger_kernel_config`: None
1263
+ - `eval_use_gather_object`: False
1264
+ - `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
1265
+ - `prompts`: None
1266
+ - `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
1267
+ - `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional
1268
+ - `router_mapping`: {}
1269
+ - `learning_rate_mapping`: {}
1270
+
1271
+ </details>
1272
+
1273
+ ### Training Logs
1274
+ | Epoch | Step | Training Loss | ir-eval_cosine_ndcg@10 |
1275
+ |:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:----------------------:|
1276
+ | -1 | -1 | - | 0.1872 |
1277
+ | 0.0898 | 100 | 2.488 | 0.2632 |
1278
+ | 0.1797 | 200 | 2.321 | 0.3059 |
1279
+ | 0.2695 | 300 | 2.0777 | 0.3453 |
1280
+ | 0.3594 | 400 | 1.8331 | 0.3041 |
1281
+ | 0.4492 | 500 | 1.7476 | 0.2957 |
1282
+ | 0.5391 | 600 | 1.636 | 0.3263 |
1283
+ | 0.6289 | 700 | 1.6187 | 0.3007 |
1284
+ | 0.7188 | 800 | 1.4823 | 0.3403 |
1285
+ | 0.8086 | 900 | 1.3278 | 0.2555 |
1286
+ | 0.8985 | 1000 | 1.3049 | 0.2055 |
1287
+ | 0.9883 | 1100 | 1.2643 | 0.2498 |
1288
+ | 1.0782 | 1200 | 2.0728 | 0.3045 |
1289
+ | 1.1680 | 1300 | 2.0786 | 0.3186 |
1290
+ | 1.2579 | 1400 | 1.949 | 0.3343 |
1291
+ | 1.3477 | 1500 | 1.7133 | 0.3402 |
1292
+ | 1.4376 | 1600 | 1.6963 | 0.2970 |
1293
+ | 1.5274 | 1700 | 1.5702 | 0.2728 |
1294
+ | 1.6173 | 1800 | 1.5279 | 0.2667 |
1295
+ | 1.7071 | 1900 | 1.3978 | 0.2342 |
1296
+ | 1.7969 | 2000 | 1.2756 | 0.2354 |
1297
+ | 1.8868 | 2100 | 1.1746 | 0.2236 |
1298
+ | 1.9766 | 2200 | 1.2698 | 0.2443 |
1299
+ | 2.0665 | 2300 | 1.8099 | 0.3395 |
1300
+ | 2.1563 | 2400 | 1.8809 | 0.3456 |
1301
+ | 2.2462 | 2500 | 1.826 | 0.3316 |
1302
+ | 2.3360 | 2600 | 1.5636 | 0.3375 |
1303
+ | 2.4259 | 2700 | 1.529 | 0.2894 |
1304
+ | 2.5157 | 2800 | 1.4501 | 0.2816 |
1305
+ | 2.6056 | 2900 | 1.3876 | 0.2782 |
1306
+ | 2.6954 | 3000 | 1.3273 | 0.2772 |
1307
+ | 2.7853 | 3100 | 1.1583 | 0.2810 |
1308
+ | 2.8751 | 3200 | 1.1515 | 0.2856 |
1309
+ | 2.9650 | 3300 | 1.1539 | 0.2849 |
1310
+ | 3.0548 | 3400 | 1.5729 | 0.3380 |
1311
+ | 3.1447 | 3500 | 1.6835 | 0.3462 |
1312
+ | 3.2345 | 3600 | 1.5857 | 0.3533 |
1313
+ | 3.3243 | 3700 | 1.4443 | 0.3462 |
1314
+ | -1 | -1 | - | 0.3661 |
1315
+ | 0.0898 | 100 | 1.7025 | 0.3527 |
1316
+ | 0.1797 | 200 | 1.6829 | 0.3600 |
1317
+ | 0.2695 | 300 | 1.6242 | 0.3649 |
1318
+ | 0.3594 | 400 | 1.5047 | 0.3614 |
1319
+ | 0.4492 | 500 | 1.4711 | 0.3793 |
1320
+ | 0.5391 | 600 | 1.4528 | 0.3646 |
1321
+ | -1 | -1 | - | 0.3183 |
1322
+ | 0.3584 | 100 | 1.823 | 0.3093 |
1323
+ | 0.7168 | 200 | 1.8014 | 0.3297 |
1324
+ | 1.0753 | 300 | 1.8726 | 0.3504 |
1325
+ | 1.4337 | 400 | 1.7708 | 0.3233 |
1326
+ | 1.7921 | 500 | 1.5537 | 0.3210 |
1327
+ | 2.1505 | 600 | 1.6994 | 0.3996 |
1328
+ | 2.5090 | 700 | 1.3569 | 0.3240 |
1329
+ | 2.8674 | 800 | 1.369 | 0.3325 |
1330
+ | 3.2258 | 900 | 1.3097 | 0.4251 |
1331
+ | 3.5842 | 1000 | 1.1224 | 0.3971 |
1332
+ | 3.9427 | 1100 | 1.2093 | 0.4377 |
1333
+ | 4.3011 | 1200 | 1.012 | 0.4723 |
1334
+ | 4.6595 | 1300 | 1.0207 | 0.4740 |
1335
+
1336
+
1337
+ ### Framework Versions
1338
+ - Python: 3.11.11
1339
+ - Sentence Transformers: 5.1.0
1340
+ - Transformers: 4.56.1
1341
+ - PyTorch: 2.8.0.dev20250319+cu128
1342
+ - Accelerate: 1.10.1
1343
+ - Datasets: 3.6.0
1344
+ - Tokenizers: 0.22.0
1345
+
1346
+ ## Citation
1347
+
1348
+ ### BibTeX
1349
+
1350
+ #### Sentence Transformers
1351
+ ```bibtex
1352
+ @inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
1353
+ title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
1354
+ author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
1355
+ booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
1356
+ month = "11",
1357
+ year = "2019",
1358
+ publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
1359
+ url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
1360
+ }
1361
+ ```
1362
+
1363
+ #### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
1364
+ ```bibtex
1365
+ @misc{henderson2017efficient,
1366
+ title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
1367
+ author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
1368
+ year={2017},
1369
+ eprint={1705.00652},
1370
+ archivePrefix={arXiv},
1371
+ primaryClass={cs.CL}
1372
+ }
1373
+ ```
1374
+
1375
+ <!--
1376
+ ## Glossary
1377
+
1378
+ *Clearly define terms in order to be accessible across audiences.*
1379
+ -->
1380
+
1381
+ <!--
1382
+ ## Model Card Authors
1383
+
1384
+ *Lists the people who create the model card, providing recognition and accountability for the detailed work that goes into its construction.*
1385
+ -->
1386
+
1387
+ <!--
1388
+ ## Model Card Contact
1389
+
1390
+ *Provides a way for people who have updates to the Model Card, suggestions, or questions, to contact the Model Card authors.*
1391
+ -->
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