---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- dense
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:1496
- loss:LoggableMNRL
widget:
- source_sentence: According to the passage, why did the intellectual stagnation following
Aristotle's work persist for so long?
sentences:
- world in 587, the Chinese system was very enlightened. Europeans didn't introduce
formal civil service exams till the nineteenth century, and even then they seem
to have been influenced by the Chinese example. Before credentials, government
positions were obtained mainly by family influence, if not outright bribery. It
was a great step forward to judge people by their performance on a test. But by
no means a perfect solution. When you judge people that way, you tend to get cram
schools—which they did in Ming China and nineteenth century England just as much
as in present day South Korea. What cram schools are, in effect, is leaks in a
seal. The use of credentials was an attempt to seal off the direct transmission
of power between generations, and cram schools represent that power finding holes
in the seal. Cram schools turn wealth in one generation into credentials in the
next. It's hard to beat this phenomenon, because the schools adjust to suit whatever
the tests measure. When the tests are narrow and predictable, you get cram schools
on the classic model, like those that prepared candidates for Sandhurst (the British
West Point) or the classes American students take now to improve their SAT scores.
But as the te
- tter, but you had no choice in the matter, if you needed money on the scale only
VCs could supply. Now that VCs have competitors, that's going to put a market
price on the help they offer. The interesting thing is, no one knows yet what
it will be. Do startups that want to get really big need the sort of advice and
connections only the top VCs can supply? Or would super-angel money do just as
well? The VCs will say you need them, and the super-angels will say you don't.
But the truth is, no one knows yet, not even the VCs and super-angels themselves.
All the super-angels know is that their new model seems promising enough to be
worth trying, and all the VCs know is that it seems promising enough to worry
about. RoundsWhatever the outcome, the conflict between VCs and super-angels is
good news for founders. And not just for the obvious reason that more competition
for deals means better terms. The whole shape of deals is changing. One of the
biggest differences between angels and VCs is the amount of your company they
want. VCs want a lot. In a series A round they want a third of your company, if
they can get it. They don't care much how much they pay for it, but they want
a lot because the number of series A invest
- ' the wrong direction as well. [8] Perhaps worst of all, he protected them from
both the criticism of outsiders and the promptings of their own inner compass
by establishing the principle that the most noble sort of theoretical knowledge
had to be useless. The Metaphysics is mostly a failed experiment. A few ideas
from it turned out to be worth keeping; the bulk of it has had no effect at all.
The Metaphysics is among the least read of all famous books. It''s not hard to
understand the way Newton''s Principia is, but the way a garbled message is. Arguably
it''s an interesting failed experiment. But unfortunately that was not the conclusion
Aristotle''s successors derived from works like the Metaphysics. [9] Soon after,
the western world fell on intellectual hard times. Instead of version 1s to be
superseded, the works of Plato and Aristotle became revered texts to be mastered
and discussed. And so things remained for a shockingly long time. It was not till
around 1600 (in Europe, where the center of gravity had shifted by then) that
one found people confident enough to treat Aristotle''s work as a catalog of mistakes.
And even then they rarely said so outright. If it seems surprising that the gap
was so long, consider ho'
- source_sentence: What is the main reason why Google's headquarters has a unique
feel compared to a typical large company's headquarters?
sentences:
- ' his need. More or less. Higher ranking members of the military got more (as
higher ranking members of socialist societies always do), but what they got was
fixed according to their rank. And the flattening effect wasn''t limited to those
under arms, because the US economy was conscripted too. Between 1942 and 1945
all wages were set by the National War Labor Board. Like the military, they defaulted
to flatness. And this national standardization of wages was so pervasive that
its effects could still be seen years after the war ended. [1]Business owners
weren''t supposed to be making money either. FDR said "not a single war millionaire"
would be permitted. To ensure that, any increase in a company''s profits over
prewar levels was taxed at 85% And when what was left after corporate taxes reached
individuals, it was taxed again at a marginal rate of 93% [2]Socially too the
war tended to decrease variation. Over 16 million men and women from all sorts
of different backgrounds were brought together in a way of life that was literally
uniform. Service rates for men born in the early 1920s approached 80% And working
toward a common goal, often under stress, brought them still closer together.
Though strictly speaking World '
- 'iew: Red Rock.7. GoogleGoogle spread out from its first building in Mountain
View to a lot of the surrounding ones. But because the buildings were built at
different times by different people, the place doesn''t have the sterile, walled-off
feel that a typical large company''s headquarters have. It definitely has a flavor
of its own though. You sense there is something afoot. The general atmos is vaguely
utopian; there are lots of Priuses, and people who look like they drive them.
You can''t get into Google unless you know someone there. It''s very much worth
seeing inside if you can, though. Ditto for Facebook, at the end of California
Ave in Palo Alto, though there is nothing to see outside.8. Skyline DriveSkyline
Drive runs along the crest of the Santa Cruz mountains. On one side is the Valley,
and on the other is the sea—which because it''s cold and foggy and has few harbors,
plays surprisingly little role in the lives of people in the Valley, considering
how close it is. Along some parts of Skyline the dominant trees are huge redwoods,
and in others they''re live oaks. Redwoods mean those are the parts where the
fog off the coast comes in at night; redwoods condense rain out of fog. The MROSD
manages a collection of'
- 'Written by Paul Graham
The Bus Ticket Theory of Genius
November 2019
Everyone knows that to do great work you need both natural ability and determination.
But there''s a third ingredient that''s not as well understood: an obsessive interest
in a particular topic. To explain this point I need to burn my reputation with
some group of people, and I''m going to choose bus ticket collectors. There are
people who collect old bus tickets. Like many collectors, they have an obsessive
interest in the minutiae of what they collect. They can keep track of distinctions
between different types of bus tickets that would be hard for the rest of us to
remember. Because we don''t care enough. What''s the point of spending so much
time thinking about old bus tickets?Which leads us to the second feature of this
kind of obsession: there is no point. A bus ticket collector''s love is disinterested.
They''re not doing it to impress us or to make themselves rich, but for its own
sake. When you look at the lives of people who''ve done great work, you see a
consistent pattern. They often begin with a bus ticket collector''s obsessive
interest in something that would have seemed pointless to most of their contemporaries.
One of the most striking '
- source_sentence: According to the passage, why is innocence important for children,
and what consequence does early jadedness have on a person's development?
sentences:
- 'ful organizations is partly the history of techniques for preserving that excitement.
[4]The team that made the original Macintosh were a great example of this phenomenon.
People like Burrell Smith and Andy Hertzfeld and Bill Atkinson and Susan Kare
were not just following orders. They were not tennis balls hit by Steve Jobs,
but rockets let loose by Steve Jobs. There was a lot of collaboration between
them, but they all seem to have individually felt the excitement of working on
a project of one''s own. In Andy Hertzfeld''s book on the Macintosh, he describes
how they''d come back into the office after dinner and work late into the night.
People who''ve never experienced the thrill of working on a project they''re excited
about can''t distinguish this kind of working long hours from the kind that happens
in sweatshops and boiler rooms, but they''re at opposite ends of the spectrum.
That''s why it''s a mistake to insist dogmatically on "work/life balance." Indeed,
the mere expression "work/life" embodies a mistake: it assumes work and life are
distinct. For those to whom the word "work" automatically implies the dutiful
plodding kind, they are. But for the skaters, the relationship between work and
life would be better repr'
- tect helpless creatures, considering human offspring are so helpless for so long.
Without the helplessness that makes kids cute, they'd be very annoying. They'd
merely seem like incompetent adults. But there's more to it than that. The reason
our hypothetical jaded 10 year old bothers me so much is not just that he'd be
annoying, but that he'd have cut off his prospects for growth so early. To be
jaded you have to think you know how the world works, and any theory a 10 year
old had about that would probably be a pretty narrow one. Innocence is also open-mindedness.
We want kids to be innocent so they can continue to learn. Paradoxical as it sounds,
there are some kinds of knowledge that get in the way of other kinds of knowledge.
If you're going to learn that the world is a brutal place full of people trying
to take advantage of one another, you're better off learning it last. Otherwise
you won't bother learning much more. Very smart adults often seem unusually innocent,
and I don't think this is a coincidence. I think they've deliberately avoided
learning about certain things. Certainly I do. I used to think I wanted to know
everything. Now I know I don't. DeathAfter sex, death is the topic adults lie
most conspic
- 'do all eight things wrong. In fact, if you look at the way software gets written
in most organizations, it''s almost as if they were deliberately trying to do
things wrong. In a sense, they are. One of the defining qualities of organizations
since there have been such a thing is to treat individuals as interchangeable
parts. This works well for more parallelizable tasks, like fighting wars. For
most of history a well-drilled army of professional soldiers could be counted
on to beat an army of individual warriors, no matter how valorous. But having
ideas is not very parallelizable. And that''s what programs are: ideas. It''s
not merely true that organizations dislike the idea of depending on individual
genius, it''s a tautology. It''s part of the definition of an organization not
to. Of our current concept of an organization, at least. Maybe we could define
a new kind of organization that combined the efforts of individuals without requiring
them to be interchangeable. Arguably a market is such a form of organization,
though it may be more accurate to describe a market as a degenerate case—as what
you get by default when organization isn''t possible. Probably the best we''ll
do is some kind of hack, like making the program'
- source_sentence: According to the passage, why are salesmen and top managers exceptions
when it comes to being rewarded for increased productivity within large companies?
sentences:
- olleague from 100 years ago, they'd just get into an ideological argument. Yes,
of course, you'll learn something by taking a psychology class. The point is,
you'll learn more by taking a class in another department. The worthwhile departments,
in my opinion, are math, the hard sciences, engineering, history (especially economic
and social history, and the history of science), architecture, and the classics.
A survey course in art history may be worthwhile. Modern literature is important,
but the way to learn about it is just to read. I don't know enough about music
to say. You can skip the social sciences, philosophy, and the various departments
created recently in response to political pressures. Many of these fields talk
about important problems, certainly. But the way they talk about them is useless.
For example, philosophy talks, among other things, about our obligations to one
another; but you can learn more about this from a wise grandmother or E. B. White
than from an academic philosopher. I speak here from experience. I should probably
have been offended when people laughed at Clinton for saying "It depends on what
the meaning of the word 'is' is." I took about five classes in college on what
the meaning o
- at are a safe bet to be acquired for $20 million. There needs to be a chance,
however small, of the company becoming really big. Angels are different in this
respect. They're happy to invest in a company where the most likely outcome is
a $20 million acquisition if they can do it at a low enough valuation. But of
course they like companies that could go public too. So having an ambitious long-term
plan pleases everyone. If you take VC money, you have to mean it, because the
structure of VC deals prevents early acquisitions. If you take VC money, they
won't let you sell early.7. VCs want to invest large amounts. The fact that they're
running investment funds makes VCs want to invest large amounts. A typical VC
fund is now hundreds of millions of dollars. If $400 million has to be invested
by 10 partners, they have to invest $40 million each. VCs usually sit on the boards
of companies they fund. If the average deal size was $1 million, each partner
would have to sit on 40 boards, which would not be fun. So they prefer bigger
deals, where they can put a lot of money to work at once. VCs don't regard you
as a bargain if you don't need a lot of money. That may even make you less attractive,
because it means their invest
- 'imes as much wealth as an average employee. A programmer, for example, instead
of chugging along maintaining and updating an existing piece of software, could
write a whole new piece of software, and with it create a new source of revenue.
Companies are not set up to reward people who want to do this. You can''t go to
your boss and say, I''d like to start working ten times as hard, so will you please
pay me ten times as much? For one thing, the official fiction is that you are
already working as hard as you can. But a more serious problem is that the company
has no way of measuring the value of your work. Salesmen are an exception. It''s
easy to measure how much revenue they generate, and they''re usually paid a percentage
of it. If a salesman wants to work harder, he can just start doing it, and he
will automatically get paid proportionally more. There is one other job besides
sales where big companies can hire first-rate people: in the top management jobs.
And for the same reason: their performance can be measured. The top managers are
held responsible for the performance of the entire company. Because an ordinary
employee''s performance can''t usually be measured, he is not expected to do more
than put in a solid effo'
- source_sentence: How can a startup founder's ambitions be influenced by YC (a startup
accelerator) and what is the potential trap founders often fall into when they're
trying to seem big?
sentences:
- 'Written by Paul Graham
The Hardest Lessons for Startups to Learn
April 2006
In something that''s out there, problems are alarming. There is a lot more urgency
once you release. And I think that''s precisely why people put it off. They know
they''ll have to work a lot harder once they do. [2] 2. Keep Pumping Out Features.
Of course, "release early" has a second component, without which it would be bad
advice. If you''re going to start with something that doesn''t do much, you better
improve it fast. What I find myself repeating is "pump out features." And this
rule isn''t just for the initial stages. This is something all startups should
do for as long as they want to be considered startups. I don''t mean, of course,
that you should make your application ever more complex. By "feature" I mean one
unit of hacking-- one quantum of making users'' lives better. As with exercise,
improvements beget improvements. If you run every day, you''ll probably feel like
running tomorrow. But if you skip running for a couple weeks, it will be an effort
to drag yourself out. So it is with hacking: the more ideas you implement, the
more ideas you''ll have. You should make your system better at least in some small
way every day or two. This '
- 'e that they pay attention; it''s when they notice you''re still there. It''s
just as well that it usually takes a while to gain momentum. Most technologies
evolve a good deal even after they''re first launched — programming languages
especially. Nothing could be better, for a new techology, than a few years of
being used only by a small number of early adopters. Early adopters are sophisticated
and demanding, and quickly flush out whatever flaws remain in your technology.
When you only have a few users you can be in close contact with all of them. And
early adopters are forgiving when you improve your system, even if this causes
some breakage. There are two ways new technology gets introduced: the organic
growth method, and the big bang method. The organic growth method is exemplified
by the classic seat-of-the-pants underfunded garage startup. A couple guys, working
in obscurity, develop some new technology. They launch it with no marketing and
initially have only a few (fanatically devoted) users. They continue to improve
the technology, and meanwhile their user base grows by word of mouth. Before they
know it, they''re big. The other approach, the big bang method, is exemplified
by the VC-backed, heavily marketed sta'
- 'It tipped from being this boulder we had to push to being a train car that in
fact had its own momentum."[4] One of the more subtle ways in which YC can help
founders is by calibrating their ambitions, because we know exactly how a lot
of successful startups looked when they were just getting started.[5] If you''re
building something for which you can''t easily get a small set of users to observe
— e. g. enterprise software — and in a domain where you have no connections, you''ll
have to rely on cold calls and introductions. But should you even be working on
such an idea?[6] Garry Tan pointed out an interesting trap founders fall into
in the beginning. They want so much to seem big that they imitate even the flaws
of big companies, like indifference to individual users. This seems to them more
"professional." Actually it''s better to embrace the fact that you''re small and
use whatever advantages that brings.[7] Your user model almost couldn''t be perfectly
accurate, because users'' needs often change in response to what you build for
them. Build them a microcomputer, and suddenly they need to run spreadsheets on
it, because the arrival of your new microcomputer causes someone to invent the
spreadsheet.[8] If you have to '
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
---
# SentenceTransformer
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model trained. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/huggingface/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
"How can a startup founder's ambitions be influenced by YC (a startup accelerator) and what is the potential trap founders often fall into when they're trying to seem big?",
'It tipped from being this boulder we had to push to being a train car that in fact had its own momentum."[4] One of the more subtle ways in which YC can help founders is by calibrating their ambitions, because we know exactly how a lot of successful startups looked when they were just getting started.[5] If you\'re building something for which you can\'t easily get a small set of users to observe — e. g. enterprise software — and in a domain where you have no connections, you\'ll have to rely on cold calls and introductions. But should you even be working on such an idea?[6] Garry Tan pointed out an interesting trap founders fall into in the beginning. They want so much to seem big that they imitate even the flaws of big companies, like indifference to individual users. This seems to them more "professional." Actually it\'s better to embrace the fact that you\'re small and use whatever advantages that brings.[7] Your user model almost couldn\'t be perfectly accurate, because users\' needs often change in response to what you build for them. Build them a microcomputer, and suddenly they need to run spreadsheets on it, because the arrival of your new microcomputer causes someone to invent the spreadsheet.[8] If you have to ',
"e that they pay attention; it's when they notice you're still there. It's just as well that it usually takes a while to gain momentum. Most technologies evolve a good deal even after they're first launched — programming languages especially. Nothing could be better, for a new techology, than a few years of being used only by a small number of early adopters. Early adopters are sophisticated and demanding, and quickly flush out whatever flaws remain in your technology. When you only have a few users you can be in close contact with all of them. And early adopters are forgiving when you improve your system, even if this causes some breakage. There are two ways new technology gets introduced: the organic growth method, and the big bang method. The organic growth method is exemplified by the classic seat-of-the-pants underfunded garage startup. A couple guys, working in obscurity, develop some new technology. They launch it with no marketing and initially have only a few (fanatically devoted) users. They continue to improve the technology, and meanwhile their user base grows by word of mouth. Before they know it, they're big. The other approach, the big bang method, is exemplified by the VC-backed, heavily marketed sta",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.5865, 0.4398],
# [0.5865, 1.0000, 0.3588],
# [0.4398, 0.3588, 1.0000]])
```
## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### Unnamed Dataset
* Size: 1,496 training samples
* Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
| | sentence_0 | sentence_1 |
|:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string |
| details |
According to the passage, what is more important than the size of a beachhead, and what characteristic must the people within it possess for it to be considered viable? | urgently need, you have a beachhead. [11]The question then is whether that beachhead is big enough. Or more importantly, who's in it: if the beachhead consists of people doing something lots more people will be doing in the future, then it's probably big enough no matter how small it is. For example, if you're building something differentiated from competitors by the fact that it works on phones, but it only works on the newest phones, that's probably a big enough beachhead. Err on the side of doing things where you'll face competitors. Inexperienced founders usually give competitors more credit than they deserve. Whether you succeed depends far more on you than on your competitors. So better a good idea with competitors than a bad one without. You don't need to worry about entering a "crowded market" so long as you have a thesis about what everyone else in it is overlooking. In fact that's a very promising starting point. Google was that type of idea. Your thesis has to be more precis... |
| According to the passage, what specific group of workers is uniquely affected by the "cost of checks," and why? | So it was left to the Europeans to explore and eventually to dominate the rest of the world, including China. In more recent times, Sarbanes-Oxley has practically destroyed the US IPO market. That wasn't the intention of the legislators who wrote it. They just wanted to add a few more checks on public companies. But they forgot to consider the cost. They forgot that companies about to go public are usually rather stretched, and that the weight of a few extra checks that might be easy for General Electric to bear are enough to prevent younger companies from being public at all. Once you start to think about the cost of checks, you can start to ask other interesting questions. Is the cost increasing or decreasing? Is it higher in some areas than others? Where does it increase discontinuously? If large organizations started to ask questions like that, they'd learn some frightening things. I think the cost of checks may actually be increasing. The reason is that software plays an increasin... |
| According to the passage, what is the most important thing an applicant can do during a Y Combinator interview, and why is this considered more valuable than meeting a higher standard of "convincingness"? | ou're in unless there's some other disqualifying flaw. That is a hard standard to meet, though. Airbnb didn't meet it. They had the first part. They had made something they themselves wanted. But it wasn't spreading. So don't feel bad if you don't hit this gold standard of convincingness. If Airbnb didn't hit it, it must be too high. In practice, the YC partners will be satisfied if they feel that you have a deep understanding of your users' needs. And the Airbnbs did have that. They were able to tell us all about what motivated hosts and guests. They knew from first-hand experience, because they'd been the first hosts. We couldn't ask them a question they didn't know the answer to. We ourselves were not very excited about the idea as users, but we knew this didn't prove anything, because there were lots of successful startups we hadn't been excited about as users. We were able to say to ourselves "They seem to know what they're talking about. Maybe they're onto something. It's not gro... |
* Loss: __main__.LoggableMNRL with these parameters:
```json
{
"scale": 20.0,
"similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
"gather_across_devices": false
}
```
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
- `fp16`: True
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
#### All Hyperparameters