Choices:
- SYSTEM privileges
- Administrator privileges
- Domain Admin privileges
- Standard user privileges

Question: When planning to extract LSA Secrets from a Windows host using the registry, which specific privilege level must the red team operator have on the target system to access the required hive?


Choices:
- Compromising an internal user account or endpoint within the target environment
- Obtaining administrator-level privileges in the organization's domain controller
- Sending emails directly from an external SMTP server to the organization's users
- Exploiting an unpatched vulnerability in the organization's perimeter firewall

Question: Which of the following is a required precondition for conducting a successful internal spearphishing campaign within an organization?


Choices:
- Posting payload download links on publicly accessible forums to lure internal users to click.
- Using the compromised user’s internal email account via Outlook Web Access to send malicious documents to other employees.
- Sending phishing emails from an external disposable Gmail account to target internal users.
- Using PowerShell Empire to directly execute payloads on remote systems instead of sending any communications.

Question: When conducting internal spearphishing after compromising an organizational account, which method best maintains operational security and leverages internal trust to increase payload delivery success?


Choices:
- Setting up an SMB relay on the internal network to capture NTLM hashes from broadcast traffic.
- Using a compromised internal user account to send crafted emails with malicious attachments to colleagues within the organization.
- Sending external phishing emails directly from an attacker-controlled C2 infrastructure to organization users.
- Deploying a Mimikatz credential dump on the compromised endpoint to harvest more passwords.

Question: As an operator planning an internal spearphishing campaign after compromising a user's account in a target organization, which of the following approaches most accurately reflects the mechanics of T1534 Internal Spearphishing?


Choices:
- Access to the network perimeter of the AWS VPC without any valid credentials
- Possessing administrative permissions on the local workstation running Pacu, regardless of cloud credentials
- Having valid AWS access keys with at least 'ReadOnlyAccess' privileges for the target account
- Having physical access to the AWS data centers hosting the target resources

Question: Which of the following is a necessary precondition for an attacker to successfully perform cloud service discovery in an AWS environment using the Pacu framework?


Choices:
- Utilize the Azure Resource Manager API to list all resource groups and associated services.
- Query Azure Monitor logs to directly extract authentication tokens for lateral movement.
- Run 'aws ec2 describe-instances' to enumerate cloud resources in the Azure tenant.
- Execute 'gcloud compute instances list' to discover all virtual machines running in the Azure environment.

Question: When performing Cloud Service Discovery in a newly compromised Azure environment, which offensive action best aligns with the mechanics of this technique to enumerate the available services and resources?


Choices:
- C. Using the cloud provider's password reset feature to hijack an existing admin
- D. Launching an EC2 instance with a public AMI containing your backdoor service
- B. Deploying a Cobalt Strike beacon on a cloud VM to call back over HTTPS
- A. Creating a new IAM user or service principal account with targeted permissions in the cloud provider

Question: As an attacker seeking persistent access to a cloud environment using MITRE ATT&CK technique T1136.003, which action best represents the offensive mechanic of establishing persistence without deploying malware to a host system?


Choices:
- B. Run the Pacu framework with service discovery modules to enumerate AWS resources.
- C. Use the Azure Resource Graph to list resources in the AWS environment.
- A. Use AWS CLI to run 'aws s3 ls' to list accessible S3 buckets.
- D. Deploy Stormspotter to map out AWS service relationships.

Question: You have obtained credentials to an AWS account and wish to enumerate the services and resources available to determine your next steps. Which of the following tools or commands is most suitable for comprehensive cloud service discovery across multiple AWS service categories?


Choices:
- mimikatz "lsadump::secrets"
- reg save HKLM\SECURITY C:\Temp\SECURITY.hive
- cmdkey /list
- secretsdump.py LOCAL -system SYSTEM -security SECURITY

Question: As an operator attempting to harvest LSA secrets on a compromised Windows Server, which command and tool combination is best suited for dumping LSA secrets directly from memory (not from the registry)?


Choices:
- Running 'net user /domain' to list user credentials stored in LSA secrets
- Dumping credentials from LSASS.EXE using ProcDump without targeting the LSA secrets registry location
- Using the 'reg save' command to export the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SECURITY hive, then offline parsing to retrieve secrets
- Using the 'secretsdump.py' tool directly against a domain controller without SYSTEM-level access

Question: Which of the following actions correctly describes how an attacker can extract LSA secrets from a Windows system using supported methods from technique T1003.004?


Choices:
- C. The attacker must configure a Service Principal through Azure AD.
- B. The attacker must first gain root access to an EC2 instance.
- D. The attacker must obtain valid SSO credentials via a phishing attack.
- A. The attacker must possess permissions to create new IAM users or IAM roles.

Question: When attempting to create a persistent foothold in a victim's AWS cloud environment via creating a new cloud account, which precondition must be met from the attacker's perspective?


Choices:
- B. The exploit must be delivered through a network service that automatically executes files.
- D. The exploit must be embedded in a browser extension that auto-loads with Office.
- C. The Office application must already run with administrator privileges.
- A. The user must open the crafted malicious Office document.

Question: When planning to use Exploitation for Client Execution (MITRE ATT&CK T1203) on a target, which precondition is necessary for a successful attack with an exploit targeting a vulnerability in Microsoft Office?


Choices:
- Leveraging the Android BroadcastReceiver component in the app’s manifest to receive BOOT_COMPLETED events.
- Registering a malicious APK using 'adb install' and setting it as the default launcher application.
- Adding a command to /data/local/tmp/.bash_profile to launch a malicious payload at boot.
- Modifying an entry in /system/etc/init.d/ to execute a custom script on each boot.

Question: On an Android device where the attacker has root access, which approach correctly abuses boot initialization scripts to achieve persistence under MITRE ATT&CK technique T1398?


Choices:
- Scheduling a one-time execution with the 'at' command to run your payload
- Uploading your payload to /sdcard/Download/ and running it via adb install
- Appending a command to /etc/init.d/rc.local to launch your payload on boot
- Adding your malicious APK to the /data/local/tmp/ directory without modifying any system scripts

Question: As a red team operator targeting a rooted Android device, which of the following methods would most reliably add a persistence mechanism using a boot initialization script?


Choices:
- Leveraging a DLL sideloading vulnerability within a privileged service for lateral movement.
- Deploying a Metasploit EternalBlue exploit directly against a file server to obtain SYSTEM level execution.
- Sending a malicious document designed to exploit a vulnerability in a user's office application, which executes payload code when the user opens the file.
- Gaining initial access through brute-forcing RDP credentials and manually starting cmd.exe.

Question: Which approach most accurately represents how exploitation for client execution (T1203) is typically achieved by an attacker in an enterprise environment?


Choices:
- Modify the on-premises user's password hash directly in Entra ID with mimikatz.
- Inject a malicious DLL into the AzureADConnectAuthenticationAgentService process on the on-premises PTA agent server.
- Deploy a Golden Ticket on the domain controller to generate Entra ID cloud access tokens.
- Create a rogue OAuth2 application registration in Entra ID to intercept on-premises authentication attempts.

Question: As a red team operator aiming to gain persistent privileged access to cloud resources in a hybrid identity environment with Microsoft Entra ID using Pass Through Authentication (PTA), which action would most directly achieve this objective?


Choices:
- Screen lock bypass is enough to edit boot or logon initialization scripts on Android and iOS.
- The attacker only needs physical access to the device, regardless of its security state.
- Having a sideloaded application installed is sufficient to control initialization scripts on stock devices.
- The device must be rooted or jailbroken to access and modify initialization scripts.

Question: Which precondition must be met for an attacker to successfully abuse boot or logon initialization scripts for persistence on a target mobile device?


Choices:
- D. Deploy a custom backdoor executable on an EC2 instance to maintain access instead of leveraging cloud account creation.
- A. Use the AWS CLI to execute 'aws iam create-user' and assign necessary IAM permissions to the new user.
- C. Use 'gcloud iam service-accounts create' to add a GCP service account directly in an AWS workload.
- B. Run 'az ad sp create-for-rbac' to create a service principal in the AWS environment for persistence.

Question: As a red team operator aiming to establish persistent access in a victim's AWS environment by creating a new cloud account, which of the following specific steps and tools would you most likely use to accomplish this without direct deployment of persistent malware?


Choices:
- Sending a phishing email containing a link to an HTA file hosted on the attacker's server, expecting victims to run it directly from Windows Explorer.
- Crafting a specially crafted PDF exploiting a vulnerability in Adobe Reader and emailing it as an attachment to targeted users.
- Abusing WMI to execute remote PowerShell payloads on multiple endpoints without exploiting client software.
- Deploying a Cobalt Strike beacon via a Windows service exploitation after gaining initial RDP access.

Question: When leveraging Exploitation for Client Execution (T1203) in a red team operation targeting an organization with a mix of Windows and Mac endpoints, which approach directly aligns with the technique's intent to achieve code execution via a user’s interaction with a vulnerable client application?


Choices:
- Injecting a malicious DLL into the AzureADConnectAuthenticationAgentService process on the PTA server
- Dumping LSASS.exe memory on a domain controller to retrieve plaintext user passwords
- Modifying Active Directory group memberships to add an operator account to Domain Admins
- Exporting and cracking password hashes from the ntds.dit database

Question: During a red team engagement against an organization using a hybrid identity configuration with Pass Through Authentication (PTA), which action would specifically allow an operator to manipulate cloud authentication decisions by patching the on-premises authentication process?


Choices:
- D. Physical access to the target user's mobile device
- B. Administrative rights on a domain-joined workstation
- C. Local access to the organization's Exchange server
- A. Valid user credentials or access tokens for an Office 365 mailbox

Question: Which precondition must be met to successfully use T1114.002 (Remote Email Collection) against an organization's Office 365 environment?


Choices:
- Using MailSniper's -RemoteExchange flag to interact with Office 365 remotely and search for sensitive keywords in mailboxes
- Utilizing Mimikatz to extract cached plaintext emails from a local Exchange client
- Deploying mimikatz to dump LSA secrets then parsing PST files from an endpoint
- Running BloodHound to identify mail-enabled security groups and enumerate email content directly

Question: Which of the following approaches best exemplifies adversary tradecraft for remotely collecting emails from a target's Office 365 account after successfully obtaining user credentials?


Choices:
- The attacker must possess the Global Administrator role in Microsoft Entra ID prior to any on-premises access.
- The attacker must have the ability to phish SaaS platform end-users for their credentials.
- The attacker must have administrative control over an on-premises server hosting the Azure AD Connect PTA agent.
- The attacker must compromise an Azure Key Vault instance associated with Entra ID.

Question: Which precondition is REQUIRED for an attacker to achieve persistent privileged access to cloud resources by modifying Pass-Through Authentication (PTA) mechanisms in a Microsoft Hybrid Identity environment?


Choices:
- Grabbing PST files from endpoints using SMB lateral movement and network shares.
- Deploying a macro-enabled document to a user's workstation to capture Outlook OST file passwords.
- Running Mimikatz on a domain controller to extract Kerberos tickets for email access.
- Using MailSniper with valid user credentials to authenticate via Outlook Web Access (OWA) and enumerate mailbox contents.

Question: As a red team operator aiming to perform remote email collection against an organization's cloud-based Office 365 mailboxes, which of the following actions most directly aligns with the T1114.002 technique?


Choices:
- Possessing the 'Editor' role at the project level only
- Being a member of the 'Storage Object Viewer' IAM group in GCP
- Having API access to the Cloud Functions service
- Having the 'iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator' role on the target service account

Question: Which precondition must typically be met for an operator to exploit temporary elevated cloud access via service account impersonation in Google Cloud Platform (GCP)?


Choices:
- cat /etc/pam.d/common-password
- show aaa common-criteria policy all
- net accounts /domain
- Get-LocalUser | Select-Object *

Question: While performing password policy discovery on a Windows Active Directory environment, which command would reliably reveal the default domain password policy parameters such as minimum password length, password history, and lockout settings from an attacker's perspective?


Choices:
- cat /etc/pam.d/common-password
- Invoke-Command -ScriptBlock { net accounts /domain }
- aws iam get-account-password-policy
- Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy

Question: As a red team operator assessing password policies in an AWS cloud environment, which of the following is the most appropriate method to enumerate detailed password policy settings?


Choices:
- Adding your user account to a group that already possesses the target service account's permissions
- Generating an OAuth 2.0 access token for a target service account using a user account with the 'iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator' role
- Assigning the 'Editor' role directly to your user account via a custom policy
- Uploading a new service account key file in the GCP IAM & Admin console

Question: In the context of abusing Temporary Elevated Cloud Access for privilege escalation in Google Cloud Platform (GCP), which action most directly leverages the 'iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator' role to impersonate a higher-privileged service account?


Choices:
- D. Enable Cloud Identity-Aware Proxy and use it to authenticate as a service account through the proxy console.
- B. Assign the Owner role directly to your user account using the gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding command.
- C. Use the iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator role to generate an access token for the service account via gcloud auth print-access-token --impersonate-service-account.
- A. Use the gcloud iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding command to assign a service account to yourself, then generate an access token with gcloud auth login.

Question: As a red team operator targeting a GCP environment, which approach would most effectively leverage the Temporary Elevated Cloud Access technique to impersonate a privileged service account and obtain elevated permissions?


Choices:
- D. You must have SeDebugPrivilege on the domain controller.
- A. The system must have the Active Directory module for Windows PowerShell installed and imported.
- B. The target host must have local administrator privileges.
- C. PowerShell Remoting must be enabled on the domain controller.

Question: As an operator aiming to discover the password policy in a Windows Active Directory environment using PowerShell, which of the following preconditions must be met to successfully retrieve the default domain password policy with 'Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy'?


Choices:
- Deleting a user profile via the device settings or ADB
- Killing background processes using the 'am kill' command
- Removing an app with 'pm uninstall' to delete its data
- Clearing app cache for targeted applications

Question: As an attacker aiming to implement Account Access Removal (T1640) on a compromised Android device, which action most directly achieves this objective?


Choices:
- net use \\Azure\share
- Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned
- Connect-AZAccount
- aws configure

Question: As a red team operator seeking lateral movement within an enterprise using federated identities, which command should you use to authenticate to Azure cloud services with valid credentials compromised from an on-premises user account?


Choices:
- They use the LoadLibrary function to load malicious DLLs from arbitrary local or UNC paths into a running process.
- They use pwsh.exe to import and execute PowerShell scripts that leverage command injection.
- They schedule malicious DLLs via Windows Task Scheduler to be loaded at system boot.
- They embed shellcode in Office macros to call Windows API directly without shared modules.

Question: Which of the following best describes how adversaries leverage shared modules (T1129) to execute arbitrary payloads on Windows systems?


Choices:
- The compromised user account must already have elevated admin privileges in the on-premises Active Directory.
- A custom OAuth2 application must first be registered in the target's Azure tenant by the adversary.
- The target environment must federate or synchronize on-premises identities with their cloud services.
- The target must expose the RDP port (3389) publicly to authenticate to cloud VMs.

Question: As an operator planning to leverage T1021.007 (Cloud Services) for lateral movement within a target's environment, which *precondition* must be met before you can successfully log into a cloud service console or CLI with compromised credentials?


Choices:
- The attacker must install a legitimate app from the Google Play Store.
- The attacker must have an app installed with the GET_ACCOUNTS and MANAGE_ACCOUNTS permissions.
- The attacker must have remote SSH access to the device.
- The attacker must have a valid Google developer account linked to the target device.

Question: When attempting to remove access to a user's account on an Android device as described in T1640 (Account Access Removal), which precondition must be met for an attacker to be able to manipulate or delete user accounts via the device's system APIs?


Choices:
- Enable airplane mode using the Settings.System API to disrupt connectivity for all apps.
- Use am force-stop to kill the target application process from an adb shell on the device.
- Invoke the AccountManager.removeAccount() method for the target account from your malicious app with appropriate permissions.
- Modify the app's manifest to downgrade its targetSdkVersion and trigger permission re-requests.

Question: While conducting a mobile red team assessment targeting Android devices, you want to remove a legitimate user's access to an app account by programmatically deleting their account data. Which of the following approaches most directly achieves this effect within an adversary-controlled app?


Choices:
- Using Mimikatz to extract NTLM hashes for pass-the-hash attacks on corporate laptops
- Generating SSH key pairs and adding the public key to on-premises Active Directory user objects
- Executing gcloud auth login with credentials tied to a federated domain account
- Running net use with domain credentials to map internal SMB network drives

Question: When performing lateral movement into enterprise cloud services using valid accounts, which approach most directly enables an adversary to access cloud-hosted resources as a federated user?


Choices:
- A. The attacker must ensure the malicious shared object or library is available at a local path accessible by the target process.
- D. The attacker must configure Group Policy to allow dynamic loading of modules for target users.
- C. The attacker must have domain administrator credentials to leverage native API functions like dlopen.
- B. The attacker must exploit a vulnerable signed kernel module to gain code execution privileges first.

Question: As an attacker planning to execute a payload using the Shared Modules technique (T1129), what is a necessary precondition for successfully loading a malicious shared module on a Linux or macOS system?


Choices:
- A. Use the LoadLibrary API call in a running process to load your malicious DLL from a UNC path.
- B. Invoke mshta.exe with a remote HTML application (HTA) payload.
- D. Load a shared object using dlopen() on Windows, specifying a .so file.
- C. Use regsvr32.exe with a local .vbs script instead of a compiled DLL.

Question: As a red team operator aiming to execute code via the Shared Modules (T1129) technique on a Windows target, which of the following actions correctly leverages native functionality to load a malicious shared module from an arbitrary location?


Choices:
- C. Executing mimikatz to extract Kerberos tickets from the Domain Administrator’s session
- A. Attempting RDP access to Domain Controllers using the compromised host’s local Administrator credentials
- B. Using PsExec to authenticate to other workstations with the same reused local Administrator password
- D. Adding the compromised local account to the Domain Admins group using Active Directory Users and Computers

Question: When leveraging MITRE ATT&CK technique T1078.003 (Local Accounts) for privilege escalation on a compromised Windows host, which action accurately reflects how an attacker would abuse local account credentials to gain higher privileges?


Choices:
- A. The attacker must have root privileges to delete the ~/.bash_history file from a user's home directory.
- D. The attacker can always clear logs and history remotely using Sysinternals PsExec regardless of target OS or privileges.
- B. The attacker can remove or modify the ~/.bash_history file as long as they have access to the user's environment and proper file permissions.
- C. The attacker can overwrite the entire system log files (/var/log/syslog) without any elevated rights.

Question: When attempting to remove command history artifacts from a compromised Linux host to evade forensic analysis, which of the following must the attacker consider regarding privileges and preconditions?


Choices:
- C. Use 'kill -9 <PID>' on the bash process
- B. Run 'whoami' to overwrite the current user's identity
- A. Delete the .bash_history file in your home directory
- D. Edit the /etc/passwd file to clear command traces

Question: During a post-exploitation phase on a compromised Linux system, you want to remove evidence of your recent commands from the system's history. Which of the following is a direct way to delete the bash command history for your user session to evade detection?


Choices:
- C. Creating and loading a malicious Loadable Kernel Module (LKM) that is auto-loaded at boot via /etc/modules or a systemd service.
- A. Writing a malicious user-space binary and configuring a cron job to run at boot.
- D. Using the 'kextload' command to load a kernel extension on Linux.
- B. Modifying /etc/ld.so.preload to inject a shared library into processes.

Question: As an attacker aiming to achieve persistence on a Linux system using malicious kernel modules, which approach most accurately leverages the mechanics of T1547.006 for persistent execution?


Choices:
- modinfo
- insmod
- lsmod
- systemctl start

Question: As an attacker aiming to establish persistence on a Linux target by loading a malicious kernel module, which command is specifically used to load a Loadable Kernel Module (LKM) at runtime for immediate execution?


Choices:
- D. Enumerate shares using 'net share' on your attacking system to find accessible remote systems
- B. Use 'PsExec' with local administrator credentials to execute commands on another workstation in the same network
- A. Use the 'net user' command remotely to enumerate domain admins on the Domain Controller
- C. Attempt to harvest credentials from the LSASS process of the local machine using Mimikatz without administrator privileges

Question: As an operator targeting Windows systems, which action best leverages local accounts for lateral movement within the network, assuming valid credentials are obtained?


Choices:
- The local account credentials must be known or obtained by the adversary.
- The target system must be joined to an Active Directory domain.
- The adversary must have remote RDP access enabled on the target host.
- A scheduled task must be configured with SYSTEM privileges on the host.

Question: Which of the following best describes a critical precondition for abusing the MITRE ATT&CK technique T1078.003 (Local Accounts) to escalate privileges on a Windows system?


Choices:
- whoami
- nmap
- lsusb
- ifconfig

Question: When conducting Peripheral Device Discovery on a Linux target, which command would most directly enumerate information about attached USB devices for further operations?


Choices:
- A. Running 'history -c' in the same shell session and immediately exiting
- D. Using 'rm /var/log/auth.log' to delete authentication logs while logged in as a non-root user
- C. Modifying /etc/rsyslog.conf to stop logging system events
- B. Deleting the .bash_history file and overwriting it with random data using 'shred ~/.bash_history'

Question: An operator gains a shell on a Linux target and wants to erase evidence of command execution from the system. Which of the following actions most directly implements T1070 (Indicator Removal) to clear command history without leaving obvious traces?


Choices:
- B. netstat -an
- D. dpkg -l
- C. nmap -sP 192.168.1.0/24
- A. lsusb

Question: As a red team operator on a Linux target, which command would you most reliably use to enumerate connected USB devices for Peripheral Device Discovery purposes?


Choices:
- D. Having access to a valid code-signing certificate from Apple
- B. Ensuring network access to the target over SSH
- A. Gaining code execution privileges in user space (e.g., as a non-root user)
- C. Achieving root (superuser) privileges on the target system

Question: As an adversary preparing to install a malicious Loadable Kernel Module (LKM) on a target Linux machine, which of the following is the most critical precondition that must be met in order to successfully achieve persistence or privilege escalation via kernel module modification?


Choices:
- The system must have the USB subsystem and 'lsusb' utility installed, and the adversary must have at least user-level shell access.
- The adversary must deploy and execute a custom kernel module before running 'lsusb' for any results.
- The target must be a Windows system with the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) enabled to allow 'lsusb' execution.
- The adversary must have root privileges, as 'lsusb' only functions when run as root.

Question: Which of the following conditions must be true for an adversary to successfully enumerate peripheral devices using the 'lsusb' command during Peripheral Device Discovery on a Linux target?


Choices:
- Launching Hydra against the target's login portal with a username and password list to attempt credential brute-forcing.
- Using GoBuster with a custom wordlist generated from organization-specific terms to enumerate directories on the web server.
- Executing sqlmap with a parameter fuzzing payload to exploit possible SQL injection points in user input fields.
- Deploying BloodHound in the domain to map Active Directory relationships and privilege paths.

Question: As a red team operator tasked with identifying hidden directories and files on a target web server using Wordlist Scanning (T1595.003), which of the following actions best aligns with this technique?


Choices:
- D. The attacker needs an active reverse shell on a target instance to initiate the enumeration commands.
- A. The attacker must possess an authenticated IAM user credential for the target AWS account.
- C. The attacker must run agents on EC2 instances inside the cloud environment to reach internal-only buckets.
- B. The attacker needs a carefully prepared wordlist containing likely bucket names relevant to the target organization.

Question: When conducting Wordlist Scanning against public AWS S3 buckets, what prerequisite must be met for an attacker to effectively enumerate bucket names using tools like s3recon?


Choices:
- Executing Responder on the internal network to capture and relay NetNTLM hashes responded to via LLMNR/NBT-NS broadcasts.
- Running DirBuster with a custom wordlist to recursively enumerate website directories and files, analyzing HTTP response codes to find accessible content.
- Using Hydra with a password list to attempt SSH logins across user accounts, then recording all successful authentications for lateral movement.
- Scanning with Nmap -p- to enumerate all open TCP ports and banner grabbing for service identification.

Question: During the recon phase of an engagement, you want to identify hidden directories and files within a target web application using wordlist scanning. Which approach accurately represents how wordlist scanning for content discovery typically works from the attacker's perspective?


Choices:
- Using JobScheduler to schedule periodic background tasks.
- Modifying the AndroidManifest.xml to declare sensor permissions only.
- Abusing Android's startForeground() API to run a service with a persistent notification.
- Requesting SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission to run invisible overlays.

Question: As an attacker aiming to maintain constant access to device sensors on Android 9 or later, which technique effectively bypasses background sensor access restrictions?


Choices:
- D. Mounting the target's root filesystem using a live CD to change the root password.
- B. Adding the attacker's SSH public key to /home/user/.ssh/authorized_keys.
- C. Setting a SUID bit on /bin/bash to gain root shell access.
- A. Editing /etc/pam.d/sshd to include a custom PAM module that grants access upon any password.

Question: As an attacker attempting to bypass authentication on a Linux system using the 'Modify Authentication Process' technique (T1556), which operator action most directly aligns with maliciously allowing persistence without using valid credentials?


Choices:
- B. Editing /etc/pam.d/common-auth to insert a custom PAM backdoor module.
- A. Replacing the system's SSH private host key with your attacker's key.
- C. Using mimikatz to extract credentials from LSASS on a compromised host.
- D. Adding your SSH public key to a target user's ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.

Question: As a red team operator targeting authentication on a Linux system, which of the following actions best demonstrates the 'Modify Authentication Process' technique (T1556) to facilitate persistent access without stolen credentials?


Choices:
- Add a new user to the docker group
- Deploy an SSH key for the current unprivileged user
- Gain root or equivalent administrative privileges on the target system
- Successfully extract user password hashes from /etc/shadow

Question: Which precondition must an operator typically fulfill before modifying the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) configuration on a target Linux system to achieve authentication bypass?


Choices:
- Schedule periodic sensor access using AlarmManager to bypass background activity restrictions without user notification.
- Configure a BroadcastReceiver for BOOT_COMPLETED to automatically restart the app, ensuring ongoing sensor access after device reboots.
- Invoke the Android startForeground() API to transition a service to the foreground, displaying a persistent notification to the user.
- Increase the application's process priority using setThreadPriority() to prevent service termination and guarantee sensor access.

Question: As a red team operator seeking continuous access to device sensors on an Android 9+ environment, which of the following demonstrates a proper use of Android APIs to keep your malicious application running and bypass sensor access restrictions?


Choices:
- The application must present a persistent notification while running as a foreground service.
- The application must install a custom kernel module to bypass Android's background sensor restrictions.
- The application must gain root privileges to directly modify system sensor access policies.
- The application must exploit an accessibility service vulnerability to start in foreground mode.

Question: Which precondition must be met by a malicious Android application seeking to abuse the startForeground() API method to gain continuous sensor access using foreground persistence?


Choices:
- Querying 'whoami' to determine the current user context on the system.
- Running 'wmic product get name,version' from a command prompt to enumerate installed software.
- Executing 'netstat -ano' to list active network connections and their associated processes.
- Using 'ipconfig /all' to gather detailed network configuration and interface information.

Question: As an attacker performing Software Discovery on a Windows target, which of the following methods most directly aligns with identifying installed applications and their versions to inform follow-on exploitation steps?


Choices:
- powershell Get-Service
- wmic product get name,version
- netstat -ano
- ipconfig /all

Question: As a red team operator targeting a Windows system, which command would you use to enumerate all installed software and their versions in order to identify potential exploit targets, utilizing built-in Windows tools?


Choices:
- D) Change HKCU\Control Panel\Desktop\ScreenSaveTimeout to 0 to trigger screensaver immediately
- C) Modify HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run to point to your malicious .scr file
- A) Set the HKCU\Control Panel\Desktop\SCRNSAVE.exe value to the path of your malicious PE file
- B) Replace C:\Windows\System32\scrnsave.scr with your malware payload directly

Question: As an attacker seeking persistence via Windows screensaver functionality, which Registry modification specifically ensures that a malicious executable is launched when the screensaver triggers after user inactivity?


Choices:
- B. The device must be rooted to access the notification database directly.
- A. The malicious app must request and gain the Notification Listener Service permission from the user.
- D. The attacker needs to deploy a custom ROM to bypass Android permission controls.
- C. The attacker must first compromise Google Play Services through a remote code execution exploit.

Question: From an attacker's perspective, which precondition must be satisfied to successfully collect sensitive data from Android notifications using the Access Notifications (T1517) technique?


Choices:
- reg query "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall"
- wmic product get name,version
- Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_InstalledWin32Program
- sc queryex type= service

Question: Which of the following commands can be executed by a standard (non-administrative) user on a Windows system to enumerate installed user-mode software, and does NOT require elevated privileges or domain-level access as a precondition?


Choices:
- By capturing device screenshots with MediaProjection API to read notifications displayed on screen.
- By polling the device's SMS inbox every second using content resolver queries.
- By installing a keylogger module to capture typed input via accessibility services.
- By registering a broadcast receiver to access notification content using the NotificationListenerService API.

Question: As an Android attacker targeting sensitive information via Access Notifications (T1517), what is the primary mechanism by which you can collect one-time codes or credentials sent to the device?


Choices:
- Register a BroadcastReceiver for SMS_RECEIVED intents to capture SMS messages directly from the telephony stack.
- Request the android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN permission and scan for device notifications via Bluetooth protocols.
- Abuse the Notification Listener Service (android.permission.BIND_NOTIFICATION_LISTENER_SERVICE) to access and interact with notifications in real time.
- Use adb shell pm grant <package> android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION to monitor geolocation-triggered notifications.

Question: As an attacker targeting Android devices to intercept sensitive data contained within notifications (Technique: Access Notifications, T1517), which action is necessary to programmatically read and manipulate incoming notification content, such as extracting 2FA codes, when building a custom payload?


Choices:
- The operator must compromise an on-site workstation with administrator privileges.
- The operator must first perform jamming to disrupt normal wireless communication.
- The operator must have a radio receiver or SDR hardware capable of tuning to the target frequency band.
- The operator must have physical access to the ICS control panel.

Question: Which of the following is a necessary precondition for a red team operator to successfully perform wireless sniffing of RF communications in an ICS environment, according to MITRE ATT&CK T0887?


Choices:
- Deploy a Wireshark capture with a standard laptop Wi-Fi card and select monitor mode.
- Run tcpdump on an Ethernet interface with ARP and DHCP filters enabled to capture broadcast traffic.
- Use a software defined radio (SDR) such as an SDRplay or HackRF, tuned to 700 MHz, and record the raw RF spectrum.
- Attach a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) sniffer to a management workstation and scan for active devices.

Question: As a red team operator tasked with capturing RF communications used in an ICS environment for Discovery or Collection, which of the following approaches is MOST appropriate for sniffing wireless signals transmitted over the 700 MHz Public Safety Spectrum?


Choices:
- Deploy a rogue access point to intercept Wi-Fi traffic on the victim's corporate network.
- Tune a software defined radio (SDR) to the exact operating frequency range of the targeted wireless protocol.
- Initiate deauthentication attacks to force devices to reconnect and increase the likelihood of capturing handshakes.
- Install a packet sniffer like Wireshark on an ICS workstation without additional hardware.

Question: When planning to capture RF communications between ICS devices using the Wireless Sniffing technique (T0887), which of the following steps is essential to ensure successful collection of in-transit messages?


Choices:
- Rename cmd.exe to screensaver.scr and schedule it as a startup program using Task Scheduler.
- Modify the HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run registry key to point to your malicious screensaver.
- Configure the Group Policy 'Force specific screensaver' setting to reference your malicious executable.
- Copy your malicious .scr payload to C:\Windows\System32 and set the HKCU\Control Panel\Desktop\SCRNSAVE.exe registry value to its full path.

Question: Which of the following is the correct procedure for achieving persistence via the Windows screensaver mechanism on a target system?


Choices:
- A. The user must have write access to modify HKCU\Control Panel\Desktop registry values.
- C. The system must be joined to an Active Directory domain.
- D. The malicious .scr file must be signed with a valid Microsoft certificate.
- B. The payload must be encoded into a PowerShell script.

Question: When attempting to achieve persistence using the Windows Screensaver (T1546.002) technique, which condition must be true for an adversary to successfully execute a malicious screensaver payload on a compromised host?


Choices:
- Use msfvenom to generate a standard Meterpreter reverse TCP payload and deliver it via SMS phishing.
- Install a VPN application to tunnel all device traffic through the attacker's infrastructure.
- Deploy a modified TeamViewer APK and register the device with your TeamViewer account to initiate remote sessions.
- Configure SSH via Termux and connect directly through port forwarding to execute commands remotely.

Question: As a red team operator targeting a compromised Android device, which approach correctly leverages Remote Access Software (T1663) for establishing an interactive C2 channel while blending with legitimate usage?


Choices:
- Using Frida to instrument and hook mobile applications directly to extract sensitive data.
- Enabling ADB over USB and running 'adb shell' from a connected laptop to maintain access.
- Installing AirDroid on the device, registering it with an adversary-controlled account, and remotely accessing it via the AirDroid web interface.
- Deploying a reverse Meterpreter shell over TCP and using msfconsole to interact with the device.

Question: As a red team operator looking to establish redundant control over a compromised Android device, which approach correctly leverages legitimate remote access software for interactive command and control, in alignment with MITRE ATT&CK T1663?


Choices:
- A) aws ec2 import-key-pair
- C) aws iam attach-user-policy
- B) aws iam create-access-key
- D) aws ec2 describe-instances

Question: As an attacker seeking persistent access to AWS EC2 instances after initial compromise, which command or API is MOST appropriate for adding your own SSH key for later logins?


Choices:
- The attacker can utilize built-in Android Debug Bridge (adb) commands over Wi-Fi to launch TeamViewer sessions without additional setup.
- The attacker must have a method to install the TeamViewer host app onto the victim's device, such as social engineering, exploit, or physical access.
- The attacker only needs to know the phone number of the target Android device to initiate a remote session using TeamViewer.
- The attacker can directly connect to any Android device with TeamViewer without any interaction or prior installation on the target.

Question: Which of the following must typically be true before an attacker can leverage TeamViewer to remotely control an Android device via the Remote Access Software technique (T1663)?


Choices:
- A. Obtaining IAM permissions sufficient to access EC2 instances via the AWS Console.
- C. Having permissions to execute CreateKeyPair or ImportKeyPair API actions in the target AWS account.
- B. Ensuring the adversary already possesses an active SSH session on the target EC2 instance.
- D. Configuring a CloudTrail trail to monitor API activity within the account for stealth.

Question: When attempting to add adversary-controlled credentials for persistence in a cloud environment, which precondition is MOST essential before using the AWS CreateKeyPair or ImportKeyPair APIs?


Choices:
- D. Using publicly available Java reflection techniques to invoke hidden Android APIs
- B. Injecting Java bytecode directly into the classes.dex file to override system functionality
- A. Compiling malicious code into a shared object (.so) file using the Android NDK and loading it via Java Native Interface (JNI)
- C. Embedding shell commands in a WebView and executing them via JavaScript

Question: An adversary wishes to execute custom code within an Android app to evade analysis by leveraging lower-level system access. Which approach best utilizes the Native API technique described in MITRE ATT&CK T1575?


Choices:
- B. Using ADB shell commands to install a standard APK built with Android Studio’s Java/Kotlin toolchain.
- D. Exploiting Android’s reflection API in Java to load and execute classes not declared in the manifest.
- C. Embedding malicious payloads inside a WebView and executing them via JavaScript APIs from Java code.
- A. Writing a library in C/C++, compiling it with the NDK, and then invoking its functions from Java code using JNI.

Question: When leveraging the Native API (T1575) technique on Android, which scenario best illustrates how an adversary achieves code execution using the Native Development Kit (NDK) and Java Native Interface (JNI)?


Choices:
- Enumerate existing access keys for all users with the aws iam list-access-keys command.
- Attach the AdministratorAccess policy to an existing IAM user using the AWS CLI.
- Delete the CloudTrail logging bucket policy using the AWS Management Console.
- Add your own SSH public key to an EC2 instance via the ImportKeyPair API.

Question: As an attacker seeking to establish persistent access to an AWS environment without continuing to use compromised cloud account credentials, which action aligns with the use of the Additional Cloud Credentials (T1098.001) technique?


Choices:
- The attacker's code must be compiled as a native library compatible with Android architectures and integrated through JNI.
- The attacker must first gain root access on the Android device before any native code can be executed.
- The attacker must use reflection within the Java codebase to call all malicious functions, as direct native execution is not possible.
- The attacker's malicious logic must only be written in Java, since the NDK does not support C/C++ code.

Question: Which precondition must be met for an attacker to effectively leverage the Native API technique (T1575) to execute native binaries or functions within an Android application?


Choices:
- C. Employing Python's subprocess module to execute a command
- A. Directly invoking the NtCreateProcess system call in shellcode using assembly
- B. Using PowerShell's Start-Process cmdlet to launch a binary
- D. Leveraging Windows Task Scheduler (schtasks.exe) to schedule and run a task

Question: Which method best demonstrates an attacker executing code using the Native API on Windows, bypassing higher-level abstractions?


Choices:
- Executing a binary through cmd.exe with the 'start' command
- Calling CreateProcess() through the Win32 API in a C++ application
- Using the PowerShell Start-Process cmdlet in a script
- Directly invoking NtCreateProcess via assembly to trigger a system call

Question: When leveraging Native API calls for process creation on a Windows target, which of the following most directly involves invoking a system call to create a new process without using higher-level wrappers?


Choices:
- C) The operator must ensure their payload is running as a .NET application, since direct syscalls are only possible in managed code environments.
- D) The operator must use PowerShell to initiate syscalls, as the Windows Native API is only accessible through scripting environments.
- A) The operator must have administrative or SYSTEM privileges because kernel-level routines require elevated context.
- B) The operator can be any authenticated user, since Native API calls are exposed to all user-mode applications through user libraries.

Question: When planning to abuse the Native API (T1106) to spawn a new process on a Windows target during a penetration test, what is the minimum precondition regarding privilege and platform for direct invocation of kernel-level process creation routines (e.g., NtCreateProcess)?


Choices:
- Hosting your C2 server behind a domain with a randomly generated SSL certificate.
- Encrypting your C2 payloads with AES and sending them over raw TCP sockets.
- Configuring your C2 server to respond with custom HTTP headers and endpoints that mimic Gmail's traffic patterns.
- Tunneling your C2 traffic through SSH using the default port 22.

Question: During a red team operation, you need to impersonate a legitimate protocol to disguise your C2 traffic. Which of the following tradecraft choices BEST embodies protocol or service impersonation for Command and Control under MITRE ATT&CK technique T1001.003?


Choices:
- Deploying a kernel-mode rootkit to intercept outbound network traffic
- Obtaining SYSTEM privileges to manipulate the Windows certificate store
- A carefully crafted C2 server that mimics protocol responses of legitimate services
- Gaining domain admin credentials to issue trusted SSL certificates

Question: When planning to use Protocol or Service Impersonation (T1001.003) for C2 communications on a compromised Windows system, which of the following is a necessary attacker precondition to ensure successful traffic impersonation?


Choices:
- D. Initiating a raw TCP connection that sends unique, random traffic patterns over a high-numbered port
- A. Configuring Cobalt Strike to use a malleable C2 profile that modifies HTTP headers and SSL certificates to mimic a trusted service like Google Drive
- C. Launching a PowerShell Empire listener on a non-standard port with default HTTP headers
- B. Using Metasploit's reverse_tcp payload over port 4444 without any changes to protocol negotiation

Question: As a red team operator tasked with using protocol impersonation to blend C2 traffic with normal network activity, which of the following is the most appropriate approach to achieve this using common C2 frameworks?


Choices:
- C. The device must have an unpatched vulnerability that enables code execution by leveraging a known exploit.
- B. The adversary must possess valid credentials that have previously been compromised from a phishing attack targeting ICS operators.
- A. The ICS device must be exposed to the internet, intentionally or unintentionally, with accessible remote access services and minimal or legacy protections.
- D. The ICS network must already be compromised through lateral movement originating from an internal enterprise IT system.

Question: Which precondition must typically exist for an adversary to gain initial access using the 'Internet Accessible Device' technique (T0883) in an ICS environment?


Choices:
- Setting up an SSH tunnel to access an internal database server from your attack host
- Performing service enumeration with nmap to identify live hosts running RDP
- Exploiting unpatched SMB (Server Message Block) on a remote Windows server to execute code and obtain a shell
- Collecting valid credentials via phishing emails to log into a remote web application

Question: As an adversary aiming to move laterally within an internal network, which of the following actions BEST represents the exploitation of remote services as described in MITRE ATT&CK technique T1210?


Choices:
- Exploiting CVE-2012-0158 in a VPN concentrator to gain remote access to the ICS segment.
- Launching a buffer overflow exploit against a public-facing web application hosted on the ICS perimeter.
- Identifying and connecting to an exposed VNC service using Shodan results, then attempting to brute-force weak legacy authentication.
- Deploying phishing emails containing malicious Office macros to engineering workstations inside the control network.

Question: As an attacker targeting an Internet Accessible Device in an ICS environment for initial access, which of the following methods aligns best with the core mechanics of technique T0883?


Choices:
- Brute-forcing RDP login credentials on a server placed in the plant’s corporate DMZ.
- Searching for exposed PLCs on Shodan and connecting via unsecured VNC without leveraging any exploits.
- Launching exploits against a public-facing web application running on the device to achieve access.
- Using Metasploit to automate exploitation of buffer overflow vulnerabilities in the PLC’s web server.

Question: As a red team operator targeting an industrial environment, which method most directly aligns with the MITRE ATT&CK T0883 technique for initial access via an Internet Accessible Device?


Choices:
- Use a tool like Metasploit to exploit MS17-010 (EternalBlue) on the server by targeting port 445/tcp.
- Run 'net user /add' on your compromised host to create a new user account on the remote system.
- Enable RDP on the remote server by modifying the firewall rules remotely via PowerShell remoting.
- Leverage PsExec to execute commands on the remote system using valid administrative credentials.

Question: You have internal network access and want to laterally move to a Windows server by exploiting a vulnerability in SMB. Which of the following options best aligns with T1210 Exploitation of Remote Services for this objective?


Choices:
- D. The attacker must have direct physical access to the remote Windows system.
- C. The remote system must have RDP enabled with Network Level Authentication (NLA) enforced.
- A. The targeted remote service must expose a vulnerability that allows code execution under the service's privileges.
- B. The attacker must have valid credentials for a domain admin account before attacking.

Question: When planning to exploit a remote service for lateral movement using technique T1210, what is a critical precondition that must typically be satisfied for a successful attack on a Windows target?


Choices:
- Invoking your malicious library via LD_LIBRARY_PATH pointing to a folder with your .so file before launching the victim process.
- Using the patchelf utility to change the RPATH of the victim binary to include your malicious library’s directory.
- Appending your malicious shared object to /etc/ld.so.conf and running ldconfig.
- Setting the LD_PRELOAD environment variable to your malicious .so file before launching the victim process.

Question: As an attacker seeking to hijack the dynamic linker on a Linux target for code execution, which of the following methods accurately leverages the technique described in T1574.006 to insert a malicious shared object into the execution flow of a victim process?


Choices:
- Creating a new cron job that launches your shared object with the 'ld.so' binary directly
- Replacing the /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 file with your custom library
- Appending export PATH=/tmp/mylib.so to the ~/.bashrc file of the target user
- Setting the LD_PRELOAD variable to the absolute path of your malicious library and restarting the target process

Question: As an operator seeking to persist via Dynamic Linker Hijacking on a Linux target, which approach correctly uses the dynamic linker environment variable to ensure your malicious shared object is loaded by a victim process every time it executes?


Choices:
- D. Enable CloudTrail logging at the organization root to collect cross-account logs.
- B. Run the aws ec2 describe-instances command to enumerate virtual machines in an account.
- C. Use the CreatePolicy API to deploy a new IAM policy directly to a user.
- A. Use the LeaveOrganization API to detach an AWS account from its organization, removing its Service Control Policies.

Question: As an attacker with sufficient privileges in an AWS environment, which action leverages the resource hierarchy to evade organizational restrictions and controls?


Choices:
- C. The target process must be executed by an unprivileged user without any setuid/setgid attributes.
- B. The malicious shared library must be signed with a valid code-signing certificate recognized by the OS.
- A. The operator must have write access to both the LD_PRELOAD variable and the process that will execute the target binary.
- D. The victim binary must be statically linked to all required libraries.

Question: An operator intends to gain persistence on a Linux target by hijacking the dynamic linker using the LD_PRELOAD technique. Which precondition must be satisfied for successful privilege escalation using this method?


Choices:
- Execute the aws organizations delete-organization command to remove only your account from the organization
- Use the LeaveOrganization API to detach the account from the AWS Organization
- Invoke the aws ec2 terminate-instances command to delete the account from the organization
- Use the UpdatePolicy API to revoke service control policies from the account directly

Question: As an attacker with sufficient privileges in an AWS account, which of the following actions allows you to remove a compromised account from its controlling AWS Organization to evade service control policies?


Choices:
- D: The attacker has to delete all Service Control Policies in the organization before leaving with the account.
- C: The attacker only needs read-only permissions such as 'organizations:DescribeOrganization' to leave the organization.
- B: The attacker must first obtain access to the AWS root user of the management account in the organization.
- A: The attacker must possess IAM permissions that allow calling 'organizations:LeaveOrganization' on the target AWS account.

Question: From an attacker's perspective, what is a necessary precondition for successfully using the 'LeaveOrganization' API to sever an AWS account from its organization as part of modifying the cloud resource hierarchy for defense evasion?


Choices:
- Use attrib +h to set the hidden attribute on the payload executable and place it in a system directory.
- Drop the payload in C:\Windows\System32 and rename it to a legitimate-looking DLL used by Windows services.
- Create a portable partition image (e.g., .img file) containing the payload and store it as a file on the NTFS partition, then access it using custom code.
- Encrypt the payload and embed it as an Alternate Data Stream (ADS) within an existing system file on NTFS.

Question: As a red team operator aiming to hide payloads on a compromised Windows system using the Hidden File System (T1564.005) technique, which of the following approaches most directly aligns with this method?


Choices:
- D. Using the Linux 'chattr +i' command to make a file immutable so it cannot be modified or deleted by system administrators.
- C. Abusing alternate data streams (ADS) in NTFS to store malicious code alongside legitimate files.
- A. Creating a portable partition image file and storing malicious payloads inside it on top of the standard file system.
- B. Encrypting files with utilities like GPG and renaming them to system DLLs to avoid casual inspection.

Question: As an adversary aiming to evade detection using the Hidden File System technique (T1564.005), which of the following methods best demonstrates how a hidden file system can be deployed to obscure malicious components from conventional security tools?


Choices:
- B. By installing keyloggers to capture user input and send credentials to a remote C2 server.
- C. By exploiting unpatched software vulnerabilities to remotely elevate process privileges for credential harvesting.
- A. By systematically guessing passwords through iterative attempts, either online against authentication services or offline against password hashes.
- D. By sending spearphishing emails containing links that trick users into entering passwords on a phishing site.

Question: Which of the following best describes how adversaries leverage brute force techniques to access credentials according to MITRE ATT&CK T1110?


Choices:
- A. Direct access to physical disk sectors, usually requiring administrative or root privileges
- D. Modification of file attributes using 'attrib +h' or Linux 'chattr +h' to hide files from directory listings
- C. Exploitation of standard user profile directories for hidden storage without low-level disk interaction
- B. Reliance on user-level mounting commands like 'mount' without elevated permissions

Question: When planning to deploy a hidden file system as an evasion technique on a compromised Linux or Windows host, which of the following is typically required for successful creation and access of hidden data in unused disk space outside existing partitions?


Choices:
- A. Using Hashcat with LM/NTLM hashes dumped from SAM to attempt all possible passwords
- C. Launching a Kerberos ticket request flood via Rubeus as a particular user
- B. Running Hydra against an exposed RDP service with a user:password wordlist
- D. Using Evil-WinRM to connect interactively and try passwords one at a time

Question: Which of the following best demonstrates an operator using an offline brute force attack against password hashes for local Windows accounts?


Choices:
- C. The attacker must plant a malicious DLL on the target system before starting brute-force attempts.
- D. The attacker must first gain local administrator privileges on the victim machine.
- B. The attacker must first obtain Mimikatz output from a domain controller.
- A. The attacker must know or enumerate valid usernames within the target domain.

Question: Which precondition must be met to successfully perform brute-force attacks against domain user accounts via an online Active Directory service?


Choices:
- A. Creating a service named 'WindowsUpdate' with Microsoft-like details but running your payload
- D. Registering your payload as a new service named 'MalwareService' with no description
- C. Using 'sc.exe config' to change an existing system service's binary path to your malware
- B. Setting a newly registered service to start with the highest priority in Task Scheduler

Question: As a red team operator seeking to evade detection while establishing persistence via a new Windows service, which of the following most accurately demonstrates the T1036.004 'Masquerade Task or Service' technique?


Choices:
- Using 'schtasks /create' to schedule a payload set to execute with the /RU SYSTEM argument only.
- Creating a scheduled task named 'Windows Update' with a description mimicking the legitimate system update service.
- Modifying the binary of your payload to change its file properties to match those of svchost.exe.
- Terminating existing legitimate services using 'net stop' before starting your malicious service.

Question: As an operator attempting to evade detection when establishing persistence via a scheduled task, which of the following actions best implements the MITRE ATT&CK technique T1036.004 (Masquerade Task or Service)?


Choices:
- A. Administrator or SYSTEM-level privileges are required to create or configure Windows services with arbitrary names.
- D. The service executable must be signed with an EV code-signing certificate to allow service name spoofing.
- B. Standard user privileges are sufficient to install system-wide services if the display name matches a legitimate system service.
- C. PowerShell remoting must first be enabled to register a service with a masquerading name.

Question: When planning to use masquerading by registering a new service with a legitimate-sounding name (MITRE ATT&CK T1036.004), what precondition must an operator consider specifically on Windows to successfully create a service as SYSTEM or with enhanced permissions?


Choices:
- D. Using PowerShell to download and execute a malicious script from memory during user idle time.
- A. Modifying the PATH environment variable to place a directory with a malicious binary before the system directory.
- C. Scheduling a task with schtasks.exe to run the malicious payload every time the user logs in.
- B. Encrypting the legitimate application's executable file to evade antivirus software before copying it to a new location.

Question: Which of the following actions best demonstrates using the Hijack Execution Flow (T1574) technique on a Windows system to execute a malicious payload when a legitimate application is launched?


Choices:
- D. By exploiting the BIOS of the primary system to enable privilege escalation attacks on the ICS operator console.
- C. By pushing a malicious Windows service package that infects user-mode processes on the control workstation.
- A. By modifying the SCADA application configuration files within the main control system’s OS to manipulate PLC operations.
- B. By installing a field-wide worm targeting all similar module types after gaining persistence in the Ethernet card’s firmware.

Question: When leveraging the Module Firmware technique (T0839) in an industrial control system, how could an attacker use the compromise of an Ethernet card’s firmware to further their objectives?


Choices:
- D. Using 'regsvr32.exe' with a remote hosted scriptlet to execute code
- C. Adding a malicious executable to the 'Startup' folder
- A. Placing a malicious DLL with the same name as a legitimate dependency in a directory listed earlier in the application's search order
- B. Using 'schtasks.exe' to create a scheduled task pointing to a malicious executable

Question: Which of the following BEST demonstrates the use of Windows DLL search order hijacking to achieve persistence using the Hijack Execution Flow technique?


Choices:
- C. You must have sufficient privileges to modify the relevant registry values under HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT for the targeted file extension and handler.
- B. The malicious payload must be named exactly the same as the legitimate default application and placed in the System32 directory.
- D. You must inject your code into the explorer.exe process for the file association change to take effect.
- A. The targeted file type must be associated with a handler listed under HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes and the user must have write access to that path.

Question: When attempting to persist on a Windows system by modifying default file associations (Technique T1546.001), which key precondition must be met for your malicious command to trigger upon a user's file open, and why?


Choices:
- Leveraging an open SMTP relay to spoof internal company emails for lateral movement.
- Utilizing a compromised Exchange server to auto-forward sensitive messages externally.
- Sending a phishing email with a malicious attachment to compromise the victim's inbox and gain persistence.
- Automating sign-ups to hundreds of online newsletters and mailing lists that do not require email validation, targeting the victim's address.

Question: Which of the following best describes a common method an attacker would use to execute an email bombing attack as outlined in MITRE ATT&CK technique T1667?


Choices:
- D. The attacker must first install malicious drivers on the control system’s operating system to interact with modular devices.
- B. The attacker must achieve domain administrator privileges on the ICS Active Directory server.
- C. The attacker must escalate privileges to SYSTEM/root on the main control system CPU module before any firmware modifications.
- A. The attacker must obtain access to the firmware flashing interface or update process specific to the modular hardware device.

Question: Which precondition must typically be met by an attacker to successfully deploy malicious firmware onto a modular hardware device such as an Ethernet card in an ICS environment?


Choices:
- Develop custom firmware that includes lateral movement payloads to interact with other hardware modules on the device.
- Install a remote access trojan directly on the operating system of the main control server using PowerShell.
- Leverage Metasploit's ms08_067_netapi exploit against Windows hosts on the same subnet to propagate further.
- Directly modify configuration files on the host system to persist after a reboot.

Question: When targeting a modular ICS device for persistent access via malicious firmware, which tradecraft approach best allows you to compromise additional hardware modules after initial compromise of the Ethernet card?


Choices:
- Change the default value in HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run to your payload
- Edit the value in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\BootExecute to point to your payload
- Replace the command line for HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\.txt to directly call your payload
- Modify the default value in HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\txtfile\shell\open\command to reference your payload

Question: As a red team operator aiming to persist via file association hijacking, which specific Registry modification would ensure your payload is executed every time a .txt file is opened on a Windows system?


Choices:
- B. The attacker must have access to valid code-signing certificates to sign the malicious DLL.
- A. The targeted process must load an absent or attacker-controlled DLL from a writable directory listed earlier in the DLL search order.
- D. The attacker must first disable User Account Control (UAC) on the target system.
- C. The process must be running with a SYSTEM token before any manipulation is attempted.

Question: When preparing to hijack execution flow on a Windows target by DLL search order hijacking, which precondition must typically be met for successful execution of a malicious DLL in a privileged context?


Choices:
- Placing a malicious executable with the name notepad.exe in the C:\Windows\System32 directory.
- Configuring a scheduled task to run your payload every time Explorer.exe is started.
- Using the mklink command to create a symbolic link from notepad.exe to a backdoor.
- Modifying the registry key HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\txtfile\shell\open\command to point to a custom payload.

Question: Which method would most reliably allow a red team operator to hijack the execution of all .txt files on a Windows target by changing the program that opens them, without user interaction, for persistence purposes?


Choices:
- D. Use GoPhish to craft a phishing campaign and schedule thousands of emails to the target address.
- C. Automate sending spam emails using PowerShell's Send-MailMessage cmdlet in a loop with your Gmail account.
- B. Configure a Metasploit smtp_emailer module with your SMTP relay and mass-send emails to the target.
- A. Use a custom Python script to sign the target email up for thousands of online newsletters that lack email verification requirements.

Question: Which approach best aligns with operator tradecraft for performing Email Bombing (MITRE ATT&CK T1667) without directly sending bulk emails from your own infrastructure or being immediately blocked by email providers?


Choices:
- The target email address must be valid and able to receive incoming messages.
- The target's email provider must explicitly whitelist incoming traffic from the attacker's IP address.
- The attacker must have administrative access to the target's email server.
- The attacker must first compromise a legitimate email account within the target organization.

Question: Which of the following is a necessary precondition for successfully carrying out an email bombing attack as defined by MITRE ATT&CK T1667?