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README.md
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license: apache-2.0
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---
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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base_model: answerdotai/ModernBERT-base
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language:
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- en
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tags:
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- text-classification
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- llm-routing
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- query-complexity
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- knowledge-distillation
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- research-computing
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pipeline_tag: text-classification
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---
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# LLM Query Complexity Classifier
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Fine-tuned [ModernBERT-base](https://huggingface.co/answerdotai/ModernBERT-base) (149M parameters) for three-class query complexity classification: **LOW**, **MEDIUM**, or **HIGH**.
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Built for the [STREAM](https://github.com/uicacer/STREAM) project (Smart Tiered Routing Engine for AI Models) to route queries automatically to the most cost-effective inference tier — local CPU, HPC GPU, or cloud API — at ~15ms per query with no API dependency.
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## What It Does
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Given a user query, the model predicts how much reasoning depth is required to answer it:
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| Label | Definition | Example |
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|-------|------------|---------|
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| `LOW` | Single retrievable fact. Answer statable in one sentence, no reasoning chain. | "What is the capital of France?" |
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| `MEDIUM` | Apply an established procedure or assemble 2–4 concepts. Textbook-level reasoning. | "Explain quicksort and analyze its time complexity." |
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| `HIGH` | Construct a novel reasoning path or expert judgment. No standard procedure. | "Is P equal to NP? Present the current state of evidence." |
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**Key design principle**: complexity is defined by *reasoning depth*, not question format. "What is X?" can be LOW, MEDIUM, or HIGH depending on what reasoning is required to answer.
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## Usage
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```python
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from transformers import pipeline
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clf = pipeline(
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"text-classification",
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model="anasnassar/llm-query-complexity-classifier",
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device=-1, # CPU
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top_k=None, # return all class scores
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)
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result = clf("Explain the difference between TCP and UDP")
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# [{'label': 'MEDIUM', 'score': 0.82}, {'label': 'LOW', 'score': 0.11}, {'label': 'HIGH', 'score': 0.07}]
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complexity = max(result[0], key=lambda x: x["score"])["label"]
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# 'MEDIUM'
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```
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## Training
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**Knowledge distillation approach**: Claude Sonnet 4.6 (with extended thinking) labeled 6,912 queries across 6 domains and 3 complexity classes. ModernBERT-base was then fine-tuned on those labels. This is LLM-supervised fine-tuning — Claude generates hard labels; ModernBERT learns from them. The result runs at ~15ms per query with no API dependency.
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**Training dataset**: [anasnassar/llm-query-complexity-benchmark](https://huggingface.co/datasets/anasnassar/llm-query-complexity-benchmark) — 6,912 queries, 6 domains, balanced across complexity classes.
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**Hyperparameters**:
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| Parameter | Value |
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|-----------|-------|
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| Base model | answerdotai/ModernBERT-base |
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| Epochs | 5 |
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| Batch size | 32 |
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| Learning rate | 2e-5 |
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| Max sequence length | 128 tokens |
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| Optimizer | AdamW, weight_decay=0.01 |
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| Warmup | 10% of steps |
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| Best model metric | macro-F1 |
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## Evaluation
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Three evaluation strategies are used to address data leakage from LLM-generated near-duplicates:
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| Strategy | Description |
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|----------|-------------|
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| **Domain-held-out 6-fold CV** | Train on 5 domains, test on 6th. Primary reported metric. |
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| **Similarity-aware split** | Near-duplicate queries (cosine sim > 0.90) kept on same side of split. |
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| **Real-world (LMSYS Arena)** | Evaluated on real user prompts from Chatbot Arena — fully out-of-distribution. |
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*Note: Random train/test split on LLM-generated data yields inflated accuracy (~99%) due to near-duplicate phrasings. Domain-held-out and real-world numbers are the rigorous metrics.*
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Full evaluation code: [scripts/eval/](https://github.com/uicacer/STREAM/tree/main/scripts/eval)
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## Performance
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| Judge | Latency (p50) | Notes |
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|-------|--------------|-------|
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| ModernBERT (this model) | ~15ms | CPU, no API dependency |
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| Llama 3.2 3B (LLM judge) | ~390ms | Requires Ollama |
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26× latency reduction vs. the LLM judge baseline.
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## Integration in STREAM
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```python
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from stream.middleware.core.complexity_judge import judge_complexity
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result = judge_complexity("Explain quantum entanglement", strategy="modernbert")
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# JudgmentResult(complexity='medium', method='classifier', strategy_used='modernbert',
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# scores={'low': 0.08, 'medium': 0.79, 'high': 0.13})
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```
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{nassar2026stream,
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title = {{STREAM}: Multi-Tier {LLM} Inference Middleware with Dual-Channel {HPC} Token Streaming},
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author = {Nassar, Anas and Mohr, Steve and Apanasevich, Leonard and Sharma, Himanshu},
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booktitle = {Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing (PEARC '26)},
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year = {2026}
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}
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```
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## License
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Apache 2.0
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