Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Let $\Dh$ and $A$ be unital and separable $C^{*}$-algebras; let $\Dh$ bestrongly self-absorbing. It is known that any two unital $^*$-homomorphismsfrom $\Dh$ to $A \otimes \Dh$ are approximately unitarily equivalent. We showthat, if $\Dh$ is also $K_{1}$-injective, they are even asymptoticallyunitarily equivalent. This in particular implies that any unital endomorphismof $\Dh$ is asymptotically inner. Moreover, the space of automorphisms of $\Dh$is compactly-contractible (in the point-norm topology) in the sense that forany compact Hausdorff space $X$, the set of homotopy classes $[X,\Aut(\Dh)]$reduces to a point. The respective statement holds for the space of unitalendomorphisms of $\Dh$. As an application, we give a description of theKasparov group $KK(\Dh, A\ot \Dh)$ in terms of $^*$-homomorphisms andasymptotic unitary equivalence. Along the way, we show that the Kasparov group$KK(\Dh, A\ot \Dh)$ is isomorphic to $K_0(A\ot \Dh)$.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We investigate the mixing-demixing transition and the collapse in aquasi-two-dimensional degenerate boson-fermion mixture (DBFM) with a bosonicvortex. We solve numerically a quantum-hydrodynamic model based on a newdensity functional which accurately takes into account the dimensionalcrossover. It is demonstrated that with the increase of interspecies repulsion,a mixed state of DBFM could turn into a demixed state. The system collapses forinterspecies attraction above a critical value which depends on the vortexquantum number. For interspecies attraction just below this critical limitthere is almost complete mixing of boson and fermion components. Such mixed anddemixed states of a DBFM could be experimentally realized by varying anexternal magnetic field near a boson-fermion Feshbach resonance, which willresult in a continuous variation of interspecies interaction.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The distributed source coding problem is considered when the sensors, orencoders, are under Byzantine attack; that is, an unknown number of sensorshave been reprogrammed by a malicious intruder to undermine the reconstructionat the fusion center. Three different forms of the problem are considered. Thefirst is a variable-rate setup, in which the decoder adaptively chooses therates at which the sensors transmit. An explicit characterization of thevariable-rate minimum achievable sum rate is stated, given by the maximumentropy over the set of distributions indistinguishable from the true sourcedistribution by the decoder. In addition, two forms of the fixed-rate problemare considered, one with deterministic coding and one with randomized coding.The achievable rate regions are given for both these problems, with a largerregion achievable using randomized coding, though both are suboptimal comparedto variable-rate coding.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Given an isometric immersion $f\colon M^n\to \R^{n+1}$ of a compactRiemannian manifold of dimension $n\geq 3$ into Euclidean space of dimension$n+1$, we prove that the identity component $Iso^0(M^n)$ of the isometry group$Iso(M^n)$ of $M^n$ admits an orthogonal representation $\Phi\colonIso^0(M^n)\to SO(n+1)$ such that $f\circ g=\Phi(g)\circ f$ for every $g\inIso^0(M^n)$. If $G$ is a closed connected subgroup of $Iso(M^n)$ acting locallypolarly on $M^n$, we prove that $\Phi(G)$ acts polarly on $\R^{n+1}$, and weobtain that $f(M^n)$ is given as $\Phi(G)(L)$, where $L$ is a hypersurface of asection which is invariant under the Weyl group of the $\Phi(G)$-action. Wealso find several sufficient conditions for such an $f$ to be a rotationhypersurface. Finally, we show that compact Euclidean rotation hypersurfaces ofdimension $n\geq 3$ are characterized by their underlying warped productstructure.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We present a measurement of the top-quark mass in $p\bar p$ collisions at\hbox{$\sqrt{s}=1.96$} TeV which uses events with an inclusive signature ofmissing transverse energy and jets. % The event selection is sensitive to$t\bar t\to W^+bW^-\bar b\to l\nu b q q^\prime \bar b$ independent of thelepton flavor, and results in a large acceptance for $W\to\tau\nu$ decays. %All-hadronic $t\bar t$ decays and events with identified electrons or muons arevetoed to provide a statistically independent sample with respect to allprevious measurements. % The top-quark mass is inferred from the distributionof the scalar sum of all jet transverse energies and the missing transverseenergy. Using 311 pb$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the ColliderDetector at Fermilab, we measure a top-quark mass $m_t = 172.3^{+10.8}_{-9.6}$(stat.)$\pm 10.8$(syst.) GeV/$c^2$. While the uncertainty on$m_t$ is larger than that of other measurements, the result is statisticallyuncorrelated with those of other methods, and thus can help to reduce theoverall $m_t$ uncertainty when combined with other existing measurements.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: A fundamental problem in neuroscience is understanding how working memory --the ability to store information at intermediate timescales, like 10s ofseconds -- is implemented in realistic neuronal networks. The most likelycandidate mechanism is the attractor network, and a great deal of effort hasgone toward investigating it theoretically. Yet, despite almost a quartercentury of intense work, attractor networks are not fully understood. Inparticular, there are still two unanswered questions. First, how is it thatattractor networks exhibit irregular firing, as is observed experimentallyduring working memory tasks? And second, how many memories can be stored underbiologically realistic conditions? Here we answer both questions by studying anattractor neural network in which inhibition and excitation balance each other.Using mean field analysis, we derive a three-variable description of attractornetworks. From this description it follows that irregular firing can exist onlyif the number of neurons involved in a memory is large. The same mean fieldanalysis also shows that the number of memories that can be stored in a networkscales with the number of excitatory connections, a result that has beensuggested for simple models but never shown for realistic ones. Both of thesepredictions are verified using simulations with large networks of spikingneurons.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Despite their claimed biological plausibility, most self organizing networkshave strict topological constraints and consequently they cannot take intoaccount a wide range of external stimuli. Furthermore their evolution isconditioned by deterministic laws which often are not correlated with thestructural parameters and the global status of the network, as it should happenin a real biological system. In nature the environmental inputs are noiseaffected and fuzzy. Which thing sets the problem to investigate the possibilityof emergent behaviour in a not strictly constrained net and subjected todifferent inputs. It is here presented a new model of Evolutionary Neural Gas(ENG) with any topological constraints, trained by probabilistic laws dependingon the local distortion errors and the network dimension. The network isconsidered as a population of nodes that coexist in an ecosystem sharing localand global resources. Those particular features allow the network to quicklyadapt to the environment, according to its dimensions. The ENG model analysisshows that the net evolves as a scale-free graph, and justifies in a deeplyphysical sense- the term gas here used.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Recent studies of the near-infrared (NIR) properties of dwarf irregulargalaxies (dIs) and blue compact dwarfs (BCDs) have provided improved estimatesfor the NIR luminosity of old stellar populations in these galaxies. These canbe used to derive gas fractions, and thereby to evaluate how BCDs have evolvedwith respect to dIs. Oxygen abundances have been derived for four BCDs in theVirgo Cluster from a run at Gemini-North in 2003. Combining these newabundances with published values, we study the correlations among themetallicity, Ks luminosity, gas mass, baryonic mass, and gas fraction. Withinerrors, the two types of dwarfs appear to share a common relation between theoxygen abundance and the luminosity in Ks. The correlation between metallicityand the gas fraction is the same for BCDs as for dIs, indicating that BCDevolution has been similar to dIs. Since dIs appear to have evolved as isolatedsystems, the BCD bursts are unlikely to be a consequence of gas infall ormerging.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The identification of basaltic asteroids in the asteroid Main Belt and thedescription of their surface mineralogy is necessary to understand thediversity in the collection of basaltic meteorites. Basaltic asteroids can beidentified from their visible reflectance spectra and are classified as V-typein the usual taxonomies. In this work, we report visible spectroscopicobservations of two candidate V-type asteroids, (7472) Kumakiri and (10537)1991 RY16, located in the outer Main Belt (a > 2.85 UA). These candidate havebeen previously identified by Roig and Gil-Hutton (2006, Icarus 183, 411) usingthe Sloan Digital Sky Survey colors. The spectroscopic observations have beenobtained at the Calar Alto Observatory, Spain, during observational runs inNovember and December 2006. The spectra of these two asteroids show the steepslope shortwards of 0.70 microns and the deep absorption feature longwards of0.75 microns that are characteristic of V-type asteroids. However, the presenceof a shallow but conspicuous absorption band around 0.65 microns opens somequestions about the actual mineralogy of these two asteroids. Such band hasnever been observed before in basaltic asteroids with the intensity we detectedit. We discuss the possibility for this shallow absorption feature to be causedby the presence of chromium on the asteroid surface. Our results indicate that,together with (1459) Magnya, asteroids (7472) Kumakiri and (10537) 1991 RY16may be the only traces of basaltic material found up to now in the outer MainBelt.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The absolute calibration and characterization of the Multiband ImagingPhotometer for Spitzer (MIPS) 70 micron coarse- and fine-scale imaging modesare presented based on over 2.5 years of observations. Accurate photometry(especially for faint sources) requires two simple processing steps beyond thestandard data reduction to remove long-term detector transients. Point spreadfunction (PSF) fitting photometry is found to give more accurate flux densitiesthan aperture photometry. Based on the PSF fitting photometry, the calibrationfactor shows no strong trend with flux density, background, spectral type,exposure time, or time since anneals. The coarse-scale calibration sampleincludes observations of stars with flux densities from 22 mJy to 17 Jy, onbackgrounds from 4 to 26 MJy sr^-1, and with spectral types from B to M. Thecoarse-scale calibration is 702 +/- 35 MJy sr^-1 MIPS70^-1 (5% uncertainty) andis based on measurements of 66 stars. The instrumental units of the MIPS 70micron coarse- and fine-scale imaging modes are called MIPS70 and MIPS70F,respectively. The photometric repeatability is calculated to be 4.5% from twostars measured during every MIPS campaign and includes variations on all timescales probed. The preliminary fine-scale calibration factor is 2894 +/- 294MJy sr^-1 MIPS70F^-1 (10% uncertainty) based on 10 stars. The uncertainty inthe coarse- and fine-scale calibration factors are dominated by the 4.5%photometric repeatability and the small sample size, respectively. The 5-sigma,500 s sensitivity of the coarse-scale observations is 6-8 mJy. This work showsthat the MIPS 70 micron array produces accurate, well calibrated photometry andvalidates the MIPS 70 micron operating strategy, especially the use of frequentstimulator flashes to track the changing responsivities of the Ge:Ga detectors.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We detected X-ray emission from the 50-kyr-old pulsar J1809-1917 and resolvedits pulsar wind nebula (PWN) with Chandra. The pulsar spectrum fits PL+BB modelwith the photon index of 1.2 and the BB temperature of 2 MK for n_{H}=0.7\times10^{22} cm^{-2}. The luminosities are(4\pm 1)\times 10^{31} ergs s^{-1} for thePL component (in the 0.5-8 keV band) and ~1\times 10^{32} ergs s^{-1} for theBB component (bolometric) at a plausible distance of 3.5 kpc. The bright innerPWN component of a 3''\times12'' size is elongated in the north-southdirection, with the pulsar close to its south end. This component is immersedin a larger (20''\times40''), similarly elongated outer PWN component of lowersurface brightness. The elongated shape of the compact PWN can be explained bythe ram pressure confinement of the pulsar wind due to the supersonic motion ofthe pulsar. The PWN spectrum fits a PL model with photon index of 1.4\pm0.1 and0.5-8 keV luminosity of 4\times10^{32} ergs s^{-1}. The compact PWN appears tobe inside a large-scale (~4'\times4') emission more extended to the south ofthe pulsar, i.e. in the direction of the alleged pulsar motion. To explain theextended X-ray emission ahead of the moving pulsar, one has to invoke strongintrinsic anisotropy of the pulsar wind or assume that this emission comes froma relic PWN swept by the asymmetrical reverse SNR shock. The pulsar and its PWNare located within the extent of the unidentified TeV source HESS J1809-193whose brightest part is offset by ~8' to the south of the pulsar, i.e. in thesame direction as the large-scale X-ray emission. Although the associationbetween J1809-1917 and HESS J1809-193 is plausible, an alternative source ofrelativistic electrons powering HESS J1809-193 might be the serendipitouslydiscovered X-ray source CXOU J180940.7-192544.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The upper critical field $H_{c2}$ is one of the many non conventionalproperties of high-$T_c$ cuprates. It is possible that the $H_{c2}(T)$anomalies are due to the presence of inhomogeneities in the local chargecarrier density $\rho$ of the $CuO_2$ planes. In order to study this point, wehave prepared good quality samples of polycrystalline $La_{2-x}Sr_xCuO_{4}$using the wet-chemical method, which has demonstrated to produce samples with abetter cation distribution. In particular, we have studied the temperaturedependence of the second critical field, $H_{c2}(T)$, through the magnetizationmeasurements on two samples with opposite average carrier concentration($\rho_m=x$) and nearly the same critical temperature, namely $\rho_m = 0.08$(underdoped) and $\rho_m = 0.25$ (overdoped). The results close to $T_c$ do notfollow the usual Ginzburg-Landau theory and are interpreted by a theory whichtakes into account the influence of the inhomogeneities.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We study universal compression of sequences generated by monotonicdistributions. We show that for a monotonic distribution over an alphabet ofsize $k$, each probability parameter costs essentially $0.5 \log (n/k^3)$ bits,where $n$ is the coded sequence length, as long as $k = o(n^{1/3})$. Otherwise,for $k = O(n)$, the total average sequence redundancy is $O(n^{1/3+\epsilon})$bits overall. We then show that there exists a sub-class of monotonicdistributions over infinite alphabets for which redundancy of$O(n^{1/3+\epsilon})$ bits overall is still achievable. This class containsfast decaying distributions, including many distributions over the integers andgeometric distributions. For some slower decays, including other distributionsover the integers, redundancy of $o(n)$ bits overall is achievable, where amethod to compute specific redundancy rates for such distributions is derived.The results are specifically true for finite entropy monotonic distributions.Finally, we study individual sequence redundancy behavior assuming a sequenceis governed by a monotonic distribution. We show that for sequences whoseempirical distributions are monotonic, individual redundancy bounds similar tothose in the average case can be obtained. However, even if the monotonicity inthe empirical distribution is violated, diminishing per symbol individualsequence redundancies with respect to the monotonic maximum likelihooddescription length may still be achievable.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: It is presumed that the observed cosmic rays up to about $3\times 10^{18}$ eVare of Galactic origin, the particles being the ones which are found in thecomposition of the stellar winds of stars that explode as supernova into theinterstellar medium (ISM) or into their winds. These particles are acceleratedin the supernova shock. In order to obtain the observed cosmic ray spectrum itis necessary to take into account the diffusive losses in the Galaxy (which aremaking the energy spectrum more steeper). Another modification of the sourcespectrum is due to the fragmentation (spallation) of the cosmic ray particles,after their collision with the ISM atoms. In this paper we are proving thatsome particles are injected in the supernova shock one or two time ionized,and, also, that the contribution of massive stars ($30 M_{\odot}\leq M\leq 50M_{\odot}$) accelerated particles to cosmic rays (where the winds are highlyenriched in heavy elements) is 1:2 for elements with $Z\geq 6$. Another goal ofthis paper is to check if the particles are injected with the same velocity,energy or momentum.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The formation of the circumbinary envelope of Cygnus X-3 was studied byparticle simulations of the WR (Wolf Rayet) companion wind. Light curvesresulting from electron scattering absorption in this envelope were computedand compared with observed IBIS/ISGRI and BATSE light curves. The matching wasrelatively good. For reasonable values of binary parameters (masses,inclination) and wind velocities, a stable envelope was formed during a fewbinary orbits. Assuming approximately 10^-6 solar mass/year for the rate of theWR-wind, the observed light curves and accretion luminosity can be re-produced(assuming Thomson scattering opacity in the ionized He-rich envelope). Theilluminated envelope can also model the CHANDRA-spectrum using thephotoionizing XSTAR-code. Furthermore, we discuss observed radial velocitycurves of IR emission lines in the context of simulated velocity fields andfind good agreement.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: To provide criteria in the selection of target events preferable forplanetary lensing follow-up observations, we investigate the variation of theprobability of detecting planetary signals depending on the observables of thelensing magnification and source brightness. In estimating the probability, weconsider variation of the photometric precision by using a quantity defined asthe ratio of the fractional deviation of the planetary perturbation to thephotometric precision. From this investigation, we find consistent result fromprevious studies that the probability increases with the increase of themagnification. The increase rate is boosted at a certain magnification at whichperturbations caused by central caustic begin to occur. We find this boostoccurs at moderate magnifications of $A\lesssim 20$, implying that probabilitycan be high even for events with moderate magnifications. The probabilityincreases as the source brightness increases. We find that the probability ofevents associated with stars brighter than clump giants is not negligible evenat magnifications as low as $A\sim 5$. In the absence of rare the prime targetof very high-magnification events, we, therefore, recommend to observe eventswith brightest source stars and highest magnifications among the alertedevents. Due to the increase of the source size with the increase of thebrightness, however, the probability rapidly drops off beyond a certainmagnification, causing detections of low mass ratio planets ($q\lesssim10^{-4}$) difficult from the observations of events involved with giant starswith magnifications $A\gtrsim 70$.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: In this paper, we model the evolution and self-assembly of randomly orientedcarbon nanotubes (CNTs), grown on a metallic substrate in the form of a thinfilm for field emission under diode configuration. Despite high output, thecurrent in such a thin film device often decays drastically. The present paperis focused on understanding this problem. A systematic, multiphysics basedmodelling approach is proposed. First, a nucleation coupled model fordegradation of the CNT thin film is derived, where the CNTs are assumed todecay by fragmentation and formation of clusters. The random orientation of theCNTs and the electromechanical interaction are then modeled to explain theself-assembly. The degraded state of the CNTs and the electromechanical forceare employed to update the orientation of the CNTs. Field emission current atthe device scale is finally obtained by using the Fowler-Nordheim equation andintegration over the computational cell surfaces on the anode side. Thesimulated results are in close agreement with the experimental results. Basedon the developed model, numerical simulations aimed at understanding theeffects of various geometric parameters and their statistical features on thedevice current history are reported.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: A time series delta(n), the fluctuation of the nth unfolded eigenvalue wasrecently characterized for the classical Gaussian ensembles of NxN randommatrices (GOE, GUE, GSE). It is investigated here for the beta-Hermite ensembleas a function of beta (zero or positive) by Monte Carlo simulations. Thefluctuation of delta(n) and the autocorrelation function vary logarithmicallywith n for any beta>0 (1<<n<<N). The simple logarithmic behavior reported forthe higher-order moments of delta(n) for the GOE (beta=1) and the GUE (beta=2)is valid for any positive beta and is accounted for by Gaussian distributionswhose variances depend linearly on ln(n). The 1/f noise previously demonstratedfor delta(n) series of the three Gaussian ensembles, is characterized bywavelet analysis both as a function of beta and of N. When beta decreases from1 to 0, for a given and large enough N, the evolution from a 1/f noise atbeta=1 to a 1/f^2 noise at beta=0 is heterogeneous with a ~1/f^2 noise at thefinest scales and a ~1/f noise at the coarsest ones. The range of scales inwhich a ~1/f^2 noise predominates grows progressively when beta decreases.Asymptotically, a 1/f^2 noise is found for beta=0 while a 1/f noise is the rulefor beta positive.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The global colors of galaxies have recently been shown to follow bimodaldistributions. Galaxies separate into a ``red sequence'', populatedprototypically by early-type galaxies, and a ``blue cloud'', whose typicalobjects are late-type disk galaxies. Intermediate-type (Sa-Sbc) galaxiespopulate both regions. It has been suggested that this bimodality reflects thetwo-component nature of disk-bulge galaxies. However, it has now beenestablished that there are two types of bulges: ``classical bulges'' that aredynamically hot systems resembling (little) ellipticals, and ``pseudobulges'',dynamically cold, flattened, disk-like structures that could not have formedvia violent relaxation. Therefore thee question is whether at types Sa-Sbc,where both bulge types are found, the red-blue dichotomy separates galaxies atsome value of disk-to-bulge ratio, $B/T$, or, whether it separates galaxies ofdifferent bulge type, irrespective of their $B/T$. We identify classical bulgesand pseudobulges morphologically with HST images in a sample of nearbygalaxies. Detailed surface photometry reveals that: (1) The red -- bluedichotomy is a function of bulge type: at the same $B/T$, pseudobulges are inglobally blue galaxies and classical bulges are in globally red galaxies. (2)Bulge type also predicts where the galaxy lies in other (bimodal) globalstructural parameters. (3) Hence, the red -- blue dichotomy is not due todecreasing bulge prominence alone, and the bulge type of a galaxy carriessignificance for the galaxy's evolutionary history ... (Abridged)


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We explore the morphology of hard (18-30 keV) X-ray emission from the Comacluster of galaxies. We analyze a deep (1.1 Ms) observation of the Coma clusterwith the ISGRI imager on board the \emph{INTEGRAL} satellite. We show that thesource extension in the North-East to South-West (SW) direction ($\sim 17'$)significantly exceeds the size of the point spread function of ISGRI, and thatthe centroid of the image of the source in the 18-30 keV band is displaced inthe SW direction compared to the centroid in the 1-10 keV band. To test thenature of the SW extension we fit the data assuming different models of sourcemorphology. The best fit is achieved with a diffuse source of elliptical shape,although an acceptable fit can be achieved assuming an additional point sourceSW of the cluster core. In the case of an elliptical source, the direction ofextension of the source coincides with the direction toward the subclusterfalling onto the Coma cluster. If the SW excess is due to the presence of apoint source with a hard spectrum, we show that there is no obvious X-raycounterpart for this additional source, and that the closest X-ray source isthe quasar EXO 1256+281, which is located $6.1'$ from the centroid of theexcess. The observed morphology of the hard X-ray emission clarifies the natureof the hard X-ray "excess" emission from the Coma cluster, which is due to thepresence of an extended hard X-ray source SW of the cluster core.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We establish a direct map between refined topological vertex and sl(N)homological invariants of the of Hopf link, which include Khovanov-Rozanskyhomology as a special case. This relation provides an exact answer forhomological invariants of the of Hopf link, whose components are colored byarbitrary representations of sl(N). At present, the mathematical formulation ofsuch homological invariants is available only for the fundamentalrepresentation (the Khovanov-Rozansky theory) and the relation with the refinedtopological vertex should be useful for categorifying quantum group invariantsassociated with other representations (R_1, R_2). Our result is a first directverification of a series of conjectures which identifies link homologies withthe Hilbert space of BPS states in the presence of branes, where the physicalinterpretation of gradings is in terms of charges of the branes ending onLagrangian branes.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We present first results of our simulations of magnetic fields in theformation of single and binary stars using a recently developed method forincorporating Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) into the Smoothed ParticleHydrodynamics (SPH) method. An overview of the method is presented beforediscussing the effect of magnetic fields on the formation of circumstellardiscs around young stars. We find that the presence of magnetic fields duringthe disc formation process can lead to significantly smaller and less massivediscs which are much less prone to gravitational instability. Similarly in thecase of binary star formation we find that magnetic fields, overall, suppressfragmentation. However these effects are found to be largely driven by magneticpressure. The relative importance of magnetic tension is dependent on theorientation of the field with respect to the rotation axis, but can, with theright orientation, lead to a dilution of the magnetic pressure-drivensuppression of fragmentation.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Systems of strongly correlated fermions on certain geometrically frustratedlattices at particular filling factors support excitations with fractionalcharges $\pm e/2$. We calculate quantum mechanical ground states, low--lyingexcitations and spectral functions of finite lattices by means of numericaldiagonalization. The ground state of the most thoroughfully studied case, thecriss-crossed checkerboard lattice, is degenerate and shows long--range order.Static fractional charges are confined by a weak linear force, most probablyleading to bound states of large spatial extent. Consequently, thequasi-particle weight is reduced, which reflects the internal dynamics of thefractionally charged excitations. By using an additional parameter, wefine--tune the system to a special point at which fractional charges aremanifestly deconfined--the so--called Rokhsar--Kivelson point. For a deeperunderstanding of the low--energy physics of these models and for numericaladvantages, several conserved quantum numbers are identified.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The existence of a connected 12-regular $\{K_4,K_{2,2,2}\}$-ultrahomogeneousgraph $G$ is established, (i.e. each isomorphism between two copies of $K_4$ or$K_{2,2,2}$ in $G$ extends to an automorphism of $G$), with the 42 orderedlines of the Fano plane taken as vertices. This graph $G$ can be expressed in aunique way both as the edge-disjoint union of 42 induced copies of $K_4$ and asthe edge-disjoint union of 21 induced copies of $K_{2,2,2}$, with no morecopies of $K_4$ or $K_{2,2,2}$ existing in $G$. Moreover, each edge of $G$ isshared by exactly one copy of $K_4$ and one of $K_{2,2,2}$. While the linegraphs of $d$-cubes, ($3\le d\in\ZZ$), are $\{K_d, K_{2,2}\}$-ultrahomogeneous,$G$ is not even line-graphical. In addition, the chordless 6-cycles of $G$ areseen to play an interesting role and some self-dual configurations associatedto $G$ with 2-arc-transitive, arc-transitive and semisymmetric Levi graphs areconsidered.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Thin films of Co-TiO2 are deposited on silicon and quartz substrates usingPulse Laser Deposition (PLD) process at various oxygen partial pressuresranging from 6.6 x 10-3 Pascals (Pa) to 53 Pa. Crystal structure, transport andmagnetic properties of reduced CoxTi(1-x)O2 (0 <x< 0.03) thin films areinvestigated and are found to have a strong dependence on the oxygen partialpressure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data reveals the presence of mixed phasematerial containing both anatase and rutile. However, these phasesintertransform with the change in the oxygen partial pressure in the chamberduring the growth of the films. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) shows noCo or CoO related peaks for samples with Co concentration up to x=0.03.However, the oxygen 1s peaks are asymmetric suggesting the presence of oxygenvacancies. The transport and magnetic measurements show a clear dependence onthe concentration of oxygen vacancies. There is an enhancement in theelectrical conductivity and the magnetization as more vacancies are created inthe material. The resistivity as a function of temperature rho(T) follows thepolaronic behavior and the activation energies obtained, ~100 to 150meV, arewithin the range that is typical for semiconducting materials.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: It has recently been suggested \cite{Chang:2006bm} that a reliable andunambiguous definition of the non-perturbative massive quark condensate couldbe provided by considering a non positive-definite class of solutions to theSchwinger Dyson Equation for the quark propagator. In this paper we show thatthis definition is incomplete without considering a third class of solutions.Indeed, studying these three classes reveals a degeneracy of possiblecondensate definitions leading to a whole range of values. However, we showthat the {\it physical} condensate may in fact be extracted by simple fittingto the Operator Product Expansion, a procedure which is stabilised byconsidering the three classes of solution together. We find that for currentquark masses in the range from zero to 25 MeV or so (defined at a scale of 2GeV in the $\bar{MS}$ scheme), the dynamically generated condensate increasesfrom the chiral limit in a wide range of phenomenologically successful modelsof the confining QCD interaction. Lastly, the role of a fourth class of nodedsolutions is briefly discussed.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We present a formal model to represent and solve the unicast/multicastrouting problem in networks with Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Toattain this, first we translate the network adapting it to a weighted graph(unicast) or and-or graph (multicast), where the weight on a connectorcorresponds to the multidimensional cost of sending a packet on the relatednetwork link: each component of the weights vector represents a different QoSmetric value (e.g. bandwidth, cost, delay, packet loss). The second stepconsists in writing this graph as a program in Soft Constraint LogicProgramming (SCLP): the engine of this framework is then able to find the bestpaths/trees by optimizing their costs and solving the constraints imposed onthem (e.g. delay < 40msec), thus finding a solution to QoS routing problems.Moreover, c-semiring structures are a convenient tool to model QoS metrics. Atlast, we provide an implementation of the framework over scale-free networksand we suggest how the performance can be improved.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The cycling operation is a special kind of conjugation that can be applied toelements in Artin's braid groups, in order to reduce their length. It is a keyingredient of the usual solutions to the conjugacy problem in braid groups. Intheir seminal paper on braid-cryptography, Ko, Lee et al. proposed the {\itcycling problem} as a hard problem in braid groups that could be interestingfor cryptography. In this paper we give a polynomial solution to that problem,mainly by showing that cycling is surjective, and using a result by Maffrewhich shows that pre-images under cycling can be computed fast. This resultalso holds in every Artin-Tits group of spherical type.  On the other hand, the conjugacy search problem in braid groups is usuallysolved by computing some finite sets called (left) ultra summit sets(left-USS), using left normal forms of braids. But one can equally use rightnormal forms and compute right-USS's. Hard instances of the conjugacy searchproblem correspond to elements having big (left and right) USS's. One may thinkthat even if some element has a big left-USS, it could possibly have a smallright-USS. We show that this is not the case in the important particular caseof rigid braids. More precisely, we show that the left-USS and the right-USS ofa given rigid braid determine isomorphic graphs, with the arrows reversed, theisomorphism being defined using iterated cycling. We conjecture that the sameis true for every element, not necessarily rigid, in braid groups andArtin-Tits groups of spherical type.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have proved effective at one dimensionalsequence learning tasks, such as speech and online handwriting recognition.Some of the properties that make RNNs suitable for such tasks, for examplerobustness to input warping, and the ability to access contextual information,are also desirable in multidimensional domains. However, there has so far beenno direct way of applying RNNs to data with more than one spatio-temporaldimension. This paper introduces multi-dimensional recurrent neural networks(MDRNNs), thereby extending the potential applicability of RNNs to vision,video processing, medical imaging and many other areas, while avoiding thescaling problems that have plagued other multi-dimensional models. Experimentalresults are provided for two image segmentation tasks.


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Input: In this note, we consider possible constraints from $t \bar t$ production onthe gauge bosons of theories with an extended strong interaction sector such asaxigluons or flavour universal colorons. Such constraints are found to becompetitive with those obtained from the dijet data. The current $t \bar t$data from the Tevatron rule out axigluon masses ($m_A$) up to 900 GeV and 850GeV at 2 $\sigma$ and 4 $\sigma$ levels respectively. For the case of flavouruniversal colorons the data rule out a mass ($m_C$) below 800 GeV (780 GeV) atthe $2 (4) \sigma $ level and also the mass range between 900 GeV to 2.1 TeV at2 $\sigma$ level, for $\cot \xi = 1$, where $\xi$ is the mixing angle. For$\cot \xi =2$ on the other hand, the excluded range is $m_C \lsim 950 (920)$GeV and $m_C \gsim 1.02 (1.15 \lsim m_C \lsim 1.8)$ TeV at $2 \sigma$ ($4\sigma $) level. We point out that for higher axigluon/coloron masses, even forthe dijet channel, the limits on the coloron mass, for $\cot \xi = 1$, may bedifferent than those for the axigluon. We also compute the expectedforward-backward asymmetry for the case of the axigluons which would allow itto be discriminated against the SM as also the colorons. We further find thatat the LHC, the signal should be visible in the $t \bar t$ invariant massspectrum for a wide range of axigluon and coloron masses that are stillallowed. We point out how top polarisation may be used to further discriminatethe axigluon and coloron case from the SM as well as from each other.


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Input: The evolution of Earth-Moon system is described by the dark matter fieldfluid model proposed in the Meeting of Division of Particle and Field 2004,American Physical Society. The current behavior of the Earth-Moon system agreeswith this model very well and the general pattern of the evolution of theMoon-Earth system described by this model agrees with geological and fossilevidence. The closest distance of the Moon to Earth was about 259000 km at 4.5billion years ago, which is far beyond the Roche's limit. The result suggeststhat the tidal friction may not be the primary cause for the evolution of theEarth-Moon system. The average dark matter field fluid constant derived fromEarth-Moon system data is 4.39 x 10^(-22) s^(-1)m^(-1). This model predictsthat the Mars's rotation is also slowing with the angular acceleration rateabout -4.38 x 10^(-22) rad s^(-2).


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Input: We study the dynamics of a single chain polymer confined to a two dimensionalcell. We introduce a kinetically constrained lattice gas model that preservesthe connectivity of the chain, and we use this kinetically constrained model tostudy the dynamics of the polymer at varying densities through Monte Carlosimulations. Even at densities close to the fully-packed configuration, we findthat the monomers comprising the chain manage to diffuse around the box with aroot mean square displacement of the order of the box dimensions over timescales for which the overall geometry of the polymer is, nevertheless, largelypreserved. To capture this shape persistence, we define the local tangent fieldand study the two-time tangent-tangent correlation function, which exhibits aglass-like behavior. In both closed and open chains, we observe reptationalmotion and reshaping through local fingering events which entail global monomerdisplacement.


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Input: This is the second part of an article about q-deformed analogs of spinorcalculus. The considerations refer to quantum spaces of physical interest, i.e.q-deformed Euclidean space in three or four dimensions as well as q-deformedMinkowski space. The Clifford algebras corresponding to these quantum spacesare treated. Especially, their commutation relations and their Hopf structuresare written down. Bases of the four-dimensional Clifford algebras areconstructed and their properties are discussed. Matrix representations of theClifford algebras lead to q-deformed Dirac-matrices for the four-dimensionalquantum spaces. Moreover, q-analogs of the four-dimensional spin matrices arepresented. A very complete set of trace relations and rearrangement formulaeconcerning spin and Dirac-matrices is given. Dirac spinors together with theirbilinear covariants are defined. Their behavior under q-deformed Lorentztransformation is discussed in detail.


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Input: The observed correlation of oxygen vacancies and room temperatureferromagnetic ordering in Co doped ZnO1-o nanoparticles reported earlier (Naeemet al Nanotechnology 17, 2675-2680) has been further explored by transport andoptical measurements. In these particles room temperature ferromagneticordering had been observed to occur only after annealing in forming gas. In thecurrent work the optical properties have been studied by diffuse reflectionspectroscopy in the UV-Vis region and the band gap of the Co doped compositionshas been found to decrease with Co addition. Reflections minima are observed atthe energies characteristic of Co+2 d-d (tethrahedral symmetry) crystal fieldtransitions, further establishing the presence of Co in substitutional sites.Electrical transport measurements on palletized samples of the nanoparticlesshow that the effect of a forming gas is to strongly decrease the resistivitywith increasing Co concentration. For the air annealed and non-ferromagneticsamples the variation in the resistivity as a function of Co content areopposite to those observed in the particles prepared in forming gas. Theferromagnetic samples exhibit an apparent change from insulator to metal withincreasing temperatures for T>380K and this change becomes more pronounced withincreasing Co content. The magnetic and resistive behaviors are correlated byconsidering the model by Calderon et al [M. J. Calderon and S. D. Sarma, Annalsof Physics 2007 (Accepted doi: 10.1016/j.aop.2007.01.010] where theferromagnetism changes from being mediated by polarons in the low temperatureinsulating region to being mediated by the carriers released from the weaklybound states in the higher temperature metallic region.


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Input: We investigate relaxation and dephasing of an electron spin confined in asemiconductor quantum dot and subject to spin-orbit coupling. Even in vanishingmagnetic field, B = 0, slow noise coupling to the electron's orbital degree offreedom leads to dephasing of the spin due to a random, in general non-AbelianBerry phase acquired by the spin. For illustration we first present a simplequasiclassical description, then consider a model with 2 orbital states only,and finally present a perturbative quantum treatment appropriate for anelectron in a realistic (roughly parabolic, not too strongly confining) quantumdot. We further compare the effect of different sources of noise. While atlarge magnetic fields phonons dominate the relaxation processes, at low fieldselectron-hole excitations and possibly 1/f noise may dominate.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: A set of vertices $S$ \emph{resolves} a connected graph $G$ if every vertexis uniquely determined by its vector of distances to the vertices in $S$. The\emph{metric dimension} of $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a resolving set of$G$. Let $\mathcal{G}_{\beta,D}$ be the set of graphs with metric dimension$\beta$ and diameter $D$. It is well-known that the minimum order of a graph in$\mathcal{G}_{\beta,D}$ is exactly $\beta+D$. The first contribution of thispaper is to characterise the graphs in $\mathcal{G}_{\beta,D}$ with order$\beta+D$ for all values of $\beta$ and $D$. Such a characterisation waspreviously only known for $D\leq2$ or $\beta\leq1$. The second contribution isto determine the maximum order of a graph in $\mathcal{G}_{\beta,D}$ for allvalues of $D$ and $\beta$. Only a weak upper bound was previously known.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We consider a system composed of a trapped atom and a trapped ion. The ioncharge induces in the atom an electric dipole moment, which attracts it with anr^{-4} dependence at large distances. In the regime considered here, thecharacteristic range of the atom-ion interaction is comparable or larger thanthe characteristic size of the trapping potential, which excludes theapplication of the contact pseudopotential. The short-range part of theinteraction is described in the framework of quantum-defect theory, byintroducing some short-range parameters, which can be related to the s-wavescattering length. When the separation between traps is changed we observetrap-induced shape resonances between molecular bound states and vibrationalstates of the external trapping potential. Our analysis is extended toquasi-one-dimensional geometries, when the scattering exhibitconfinement-induced resonances, similar to the ones studied before forshort-range interactions. For quasi-one-dimensional systems we investigate theeffects of coupling between the center of mass and relative motion, whichoccurs for different trapping frequencies of atom and ion traps. Finally, weshow how the two types of resonances can be employed for quantum state controland spectroscopy of atom-ion molecules.


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Input: We theoretically demonstrate the formation of multiple bi-stability regionsin the temperature pattern on the interface between a cuprous oxide quantumwell and DCM2:CA:PS organic compound. The Frenkel molecular exciton of the DCM2is brought into resonance with the $1S$ quadrupole Wannier-Mott exciton in thecuprous oxide by "solvatochromism" with CA. The resulting hybrid is thermalizedwith surrounding helium bath. This leads to strongly non-linear temperaturedependence of the laser field detuning from the quadrupole exciton energy bandwhich is associated with the temperature induced red shift of the Wannierexciton energy. Numerical up and down-scan for the detuning revealshysteresis-like temperature distribution. The obtained \emph{multiple}bi-stability regions are at least three orders of magnitude bigger ($meV$) thanthe experimentally observed bi-stability in bulk cuprous oxide ($\mu eV$). Theeffective absorption curve exhibits highly asymmetrical behavior for theFrenkel-like (above the $1S$ energy) and Wannier-like (below the $1S$ energy)branches of the hybrid.


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Input: The intrinsic distribution of spectral indices in GeV energies ofgamma-ray--loud blazars is a critical input in determining the spectral shapeof the unresolved blazar contribution to the diffuse extragalactic gamma-raybackground, as well as an important test of blazar emission theories. Wepresent a maximum-likelihood method of determining the intrinsic spectral indexdistribution (ISID) of a population of gamma-ray emitters which accounts forerror in measurement of individual spectral indices, and we apply it to EGRETblazars. We find that the most likely Gaussian ISID for EGRET blazars has amean of 2.27 and a standard deviation of 0.20. We additionally find someindication that FSRQs and BL Lacs may have different ISIDs (with BL Lacs beingharder). We also test for spectral index hardening associated with blazarvariability for which we find no evidence. Finally, we produce simulated GLASTspectral index datasets and perform the same analyses. With improved statisticsdue to the much larger number of resolvable blazars, GLAST data will help usdetermine the ISIDs with much improved accuracy. Should any difference existbetween the ISIDs of BL Lacs and FSRQs or between the ISIDs of blazars in thequiescent and flaring states, GLAST data will be adequate to separate theseISIDs at a significance better than 3 sigma.


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Input: We study by extensive Monte Carlo simulations the transport of itinerantspins travelling inside a multilayer composed of three ferromagnetic filmsantiferromagnetically coupled to each other in a sandwich structure. The twoexterior films interact with the middle one through non magnetic spacers. Thespin model is the Ising one and the in-plane transport is considered. Variousinteractions are taken into account. We show that the current of the itinerantspins going through this system depends strongly on the magnetic ordering ofthe multilayer: at temperatures $T$ below (above) the transition temperature$T_c$, a strong (weak) current is observed. This results in a strong jump ofthe resistance across $T_c$. Moreover, we observe an anomalous variation,namely a peak, of the spin current in the critical region just above $T_c$. Weshow that this peak is due to the formation of domains in the temperatureregion between the low-$T$ ordered phase and the true paramagnetic disorderedphase. The existence of such domains is known in the theory of criticalphenomena. The behavior of the resistance obtained here is compared to a recentexperiment. An excellent agreement with our physical interpretation isobserved. We also show and discuss effects of various physical parametersentering our model such as interaction range, strength of electric and magneticfields and magnetic film and non magnetic spacer thicknesses.


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Input: Using data recorded by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) instrument on theSolar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), we have traced 123 pairs of oppositemagnetic polarity moving magnetic features (MMFs) in three active regions NOAAARs 8375, 0330 and 9575. At the time of observation, AR 8375 was young, AR 0330mature, and AR 9575 decaying. The vertical velocity indicates that the elementsof MMF pairs with polarity opposite to that of the sunspot support a downflowof around 50-100 m s$^{-1}$. The average Doppler shift difference betweennegative and positive elements of an MMF pair is about 150 m s$^{-1}$ in AR8375, 100 m s$^{-1}$ in AR 0330, and 20 m s$^{-1}$ in AR 9575. Theseobservational results are in agreement with the model that MMF pairs are partof a U-loop emanating from the sunspot's magnetic canopy. According to thismodel the downflow is caused by the Evershed flow returning below the solarsurface. For AR 8375, the horizontal velocity of MMFs ranges from 0.1 kms$^{-1}$ to 0.7 km s$^{-1}$, and on average, the velocity of an MMF pairdecreases significantly (from 0.6 km s$^{-1}$ to 0.35 km s$^{-1}$) withincreasing distance from the MMF's birth place. This result suggests that thechange in MMF flow speed does not reflect the radial structure of the moatflow, but rather is intrinsic to the evolution of the MMF pairs. This result isalso in agreement with the U-loop model of MMF pairs. We also find thatproperties of MMF pairs, most strikingly the lifetime, depend on the evolutionstages of the parent sunspot. The mean lifetimes of MMF pairs in ARs 9575 and0330 are 0.7 hours and 1.6 hours, respectively, which is considerably shorterthan the 4 hours lifetime previously found for AR 8375.


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Input: We report the measurement of extremely slow hole spin relaxation dynamics insmall ensembles of self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots. Individual spinorientated holes are optically created in the lowest orbital state of each dotand read out after a defined storage time using spin memory devices. Theresulting luminescence signal exhibits a pronounced polarization memory effectthat vanishes for long storage times. The hole spin relaxation dynamics aremeasured as a function of external magnetic field and lattice temperature. Weshow that hole spin relaxation can occur over remarkably long timescales instrongly confined quantum dots (up to ~270 us), as predicted by recent theory.Our findings are supported by calculations that reproduce both the observedmagnetic field and temperature dependencies. The results suggest that hole spinrelaxation in strongly confined quantum dots is due to spin orbit mediatedphonon scattering between Zeeman levels, in marked contrast to higherdimensional nanostructures where it is limited by valence band mixing.


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Input: Supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) is expected with the hierarchicalgalaxy formation model. Currently, physics processes dominating the evolutionof a SMBHB are unclear. An interesting question is whether we couldobservationally determine the evolution of SMBHB and give constraints on thephysical processes. Jet precession have been observed in many AGNs andgenerally attributed to disk precession. In this paper we calculate the timevariation of jet precession and conclude that jet precession is accelerated inSMBHB systems but decelerated in others. The acceleration of jet precession$dP_{\rm pr} / dt$ is related to jet precession timescale $P_{\rm pr}$ andSMBHB evolution timescale $\tau_{\rm a}$, ${dP_{\rm pr} \over dt} \simeq -\Lambda {P_{\rm pr} \over \tau_{\rm a}}$. Our calculations based on the modelsfor jet precession and SMBHB evolution show that $dP_{\rm pr} / dt$ can be ashigh as about $- 1.0$ with a typical value -0.2 and can be easily detected. Wediscussed the differential jet precession for NGC1275 observed in theliterature. If the observed rapid acceleration of jet precession is true, thejet precession is due to the orbital motion of an unbound SMBHB with mass ratio$q\approx 0.76$. When jets precessed from the ancient bubbles to the currentlyactive jets, the separation of SMBHB decrease from about $1.46 {\rm Kpc}$ to$0.80 {\rm Kpc}$ with an averaged decreasing velocity $da/dt \simeq - 1.54\times 10^6 {\rm cm/s}$ and evolution timescale $\tau_{\rm a} \approx 7.5\times10^7 {\rm yr}$. However, if we assume a steady jet precession for many cycles,the observations implies a hard SMBHB with mass ratio $q\approx 0.21$ andseparation $a\approx 0.29 {\rm pc}$.


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Input: Active galactic nuclei, x-ray binaries, pulsars, and gamma-ray bursts are allbelieved to be powered by compact objects surrounded by relativistic plasmaflows driving phenomena such as accretion, winds, and jets. These flows areoften accurately modelled by the relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)approximation. Time-dependent numerical MHD simulations have proven to beespecially insightful, but one regime that remains difficult to simulate iswhen the energy scales (kinetic, thermal, magnetic) within the plasma becomedisparate. We develop a numerical scheme that significantly improves theaccuracy and robustness of the solution in this regime. We use a modified formof the WENO method to construct a finite-volume general relativistichydrodynamics code called WHAM that converges at fifth order. We avoid (1)field-by-field decomposition by adaptively reducing down to 2-point stencilsnear discontinuities for a more accurate treatment of shocks, and (2) excessivereduction to low order stencils, as in the standard WENO formalism, bymaintaining high order accuracy in smooth monotonic flows. Our scheme performsthe proper surface integral of the fluxes, converts cell averaged conservedquantities to point conserved quantities before performing the reconstructionstep, and correctly averages all source terms. We demonstrate that the schemeis robust in strong shocks, very accurate in smooth flows, and maintainsaccuracy even when the energy scales in the flow are highly disparate.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Many extra-solar planets discovered over the past decade are gas giants intight orbits around their host stars. Due to the difficulties of forming these`hot Jupiters' in situ, they are generally assumed to have migrated to theirpresent orbits through interactions with their nascent discs. In this paper, wepresent a systematic study of giant planet migration in power law discs. Wefind that the planetary migration rate is proportional to the disc surfacedensity. This is inconsistent with the assumption that the migration rate issimply the viscous drift speed of the disc. However, this result can beobtained by balancing the angular momentum of the planet with the viscoustorque in the disc. We have verified that this result is not affected byadjusting the resolution of the grid, the smoothing length used, or the time atwhich the planet is released to migrate.


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Input: Inelastic effects in the Coulomb blockade and Kondo regimes of electrontransport through molecular junctions are considered within a simplenonequilibrium equation-of-motion (EOM) approach. The scheme isself-consistent, and can qualitatively reproduce the main experimentalobservations of vibrational features in Coulomb blockade [H.Park et al., Nature407, 57 (2000)] and Kondo [L.H.Yu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 266802 (2004)]regimes. Considerations similar to the equilibrium EOM approach by Meir et al.[Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3048 (1991); ibid. 70, 2601 (1993)] are used on theKeldysh contour to account for the nonequilibrium nature of the junction, anddressing by appropriate Franck-Condon (FC) factors is used to account forvibrational features. Results of the equilibrium EOM scheme by Meir et al. arereproduced in the appropriate limit.


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Input: Vacuum expectation values of the field square and the energy-momentum tensorfor the electromagnetic field are investigated for the geometry of a wedge witha coaxal cylindrical boundary. All boundaries are assumed to be perfectlyconducting and both regions inside and outside the shell are considered. Byusing the generalized Abel-Plana formula, the vacuum expectation values arepresented in the form of the sum of two terms. The first one corresponds to thegeometry of the wedge without the cylindrical shell and the second term isinduced by the presence of the shell. The vacuum energy density induced by theshell is negative for the interior region and is positive for the exteriorregion. The asymptotic behavior of the vacuum expectation values areinvestigated in various limiting cases. It is shown that the vacuum forcesacting on the wedge sides due to the presence of the cylindrical boundary arealways attractive.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We present results from an analysis of B0 to rho+rho- decays using 383.6million BB-bar pairs collected by the BaBar detector at the PEP-IIasymmetric-energy B Factory at SLAC. The measurements of the B0 to rho+rho-branching fraction, longitudinal polarization fraction f_L, and theCP-violating parameters S_{long} and C_{long} are:  B(B0-> rho+rho-) = (25.5 +/- 2.1 (stat) +3.6/-3.9 (syst))*10^-6 f_L = 0.992+/- 0.024 (stat) +0.026/-0.013 (syst) S_{long} = -0.17 +/- 0.20 (stat)+0.05/-0.06 (syst) C_{long} = 0.01 +/- 0.15 (stat) +/- 0.06 (syst) We determinethe unitarity triangle angle alpha, using an isospin analysis of B to rhorhodecays. One of the two solutions, alpha = [73.1, 117.0] degrees at 68% CL iscompatible with standard model-based fits of existing data. Constraints on theunitarity triangle are also evaluated using an SU(3) symmetry based approach.


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Input: Sunspot penumbrae show a fine structure in continuum intensity that displaysconsiderable dynamics. The magnetic field, in contrast, although also highlystructured, has appeared to be relatively static. Here we report the discoveryof inward moving magnetic enhancements in the penumbrae of two regular sunspotsbased on time series of SOHO/MDI magnetograms. Local enhancements of the LOScomponent of the magnetic field in the inner part of the penumbral region moveinward to the umbra-penumbra boundary with a radial speed of about 0.3 kms$^{-1}$. These local inward-moving enhancements of the LOS component of themagnetic fields appear to be relatively common. They are associated with darkstructures and tend to display downflows relatively to the penumbralbackground. Possible explanations are discussed.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We introduce the straggler identification problem, in which an algorithm mustdetermine the identities of the remaining members of a set after it has had alarge number of insertion and deletion operations performed on it, and now hasrelatively few remaining members. The goal is to do this in o(n) space, where nis the total number of identities. The straggler identification problem hasapplications, for example, in determining the set of unacknowledged packets ina high-bandwidth multicast data stream. We provide a deterministic solution tothe straggler identification problem that uses only O(d log n) bits and isbased on a novel application of Newton's identities for symmetric polynomials.This solution can identify any subset of d stragglers from a set of n O(logn)-bit identifiers, assuming that there are no false deletions of identitiesnot already in the set. Indeed, we give a lower bound argument that shows thatany small-space deterministic solution to the straggler identification problemcannot be guaranteed to handle false deletions. Nevertheless, we show thatthere is a simple randomized solution using O(d log n log(1/epsilon)) bits thatcan maintain a multiset and solve the straggler identification problem,tolerating false deletions, where epsilon>0 is a user-defined parameterbounding the probability of an incorrect response. This randomized solution isbased on a new type of Bloom filter, which we call the invertible Bloom filter.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We propose two novel experiments on the measurement of the Casimir forceacting between a gold coated sphere and semiconductor plates with markedlydifferent charge carrier densities. In the first of these experiments apatterned Si plate is used which consists of two sections of different dopantdensities and oscillates in the horizontal direction below a sphere. Themeasurement scheme in this experiment is differential, i.e., allows the directhigh-precision measurement of the difference of the Casimir forces between thesphere and sections of the patterned plate or the difference of the equivalentpressures between Au and patterned parallel plates with static and dynamictechniques, respectively. The second experiment proposes to measure the Casimirforce between the same sphere and a VO${}_2$ film which undergoes theinsulator-metal phase transition with the increase of temperature. We reportthe present status of the interferometer based variable temperature apparatusdeveloped to perform both experiments and present the first results on thecalibration and sensitivity. The magnitudes of the Casimir forces and pressuresin the experimental configurations are calculated using different theoreticalapproaches to the description of optical and conductivity properties ofsemiconductors at low frequencies proposed in the literature. It is shown thatthe suggested experiments will aid in the resolution of theoretical problemsarising in the application of the Lifshitz theory at nonzero temperature toreal materials. They will also open new opportunities in nanotechnology.


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Input: We provide a new algorithm for the treatment of inverse problems whichcombines the traditional SVD inversion with an appropriate thresholdingtechnique in a well chosen new basis. Our goal is to devise an inversionprocedure which has the advantages of localization and multiscale analysis ofwavelet representations without losing the stability and computability of theSVD decompositions. To this end we utilize the construction of localized frames(termed "needlets") built upon the SVD bases. We consider two differentsituations: the "wavelet" scenario, where the needlets are assumed to behavesimilarly to true wavelets, and the "Jacobi-type" scenario, where we assumethat the properties of the frame truly depend on the SVD basis at hand (henceon the operator). To illustrate each situation, we apply the estimationalgorithm respectively to the deconvolution problem and to the Wicksellproblem. In the latter case, where the SVD basis is a Jacobi polynomial basis,we show that our scheme is capable of achieving rates of convergence which areoptimal in the $L_2$ case, we obtain interesting rates of convergence for other$L_p$ norms which are new (to the best of our knowledge) in the literature, andwe also give a simulation study showing that the NEED-D estimator outperformsother standard algorithms in almost all situations.


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Input: It has been recently argued through numerical work that rotating stars with ahigh degree of differential rotation are dynamically unstable against bar-modedeformation, even for values of the ratio of rotational kinetic energy togravitational potential energy as low as O(0.01). This may have implicationsfor gravitational wave astronomy in high-frequency sources such as corecollapse supernovae. In this paper we present high-resolution simulations,performed with an adaptive mesh refinement hydrodynamics code, of such lowT/|W| bar-mode instability. The complex morphological features involved in thenonlinear dynamics of the instability are revealed in our simulations, whichshow that the excitation of Kelvin-Helmholtz-like fluid modes outside thecorotation radius of the star leads to the saturation of the bar-modedeformation. While the overall trends reported in an earlier investigation areconfirmed by our work, we also find that numerical resolution plays animportant role during the long-term, nonlinear behaviour of the instability,which has implications on the dynamics of rotating stars and on the attainableamplitudes of the associated gravitational wave signals.


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Input: A free zero-range process (FRZP) is a simple stochastic process describingthe dynamics of a gas of particles hopping between neighboring nodes of anetwork. We discuss three different cases of increasing complexity: (a) FZRP ona rigid geometry where the network is fixed during the process, (b) FZRP on arandom graph chosen from a given ensemble of networks, (c) FZRP on a dynamicalnetwork whose topology continuously changes during the process in a way whichdepends on the current distribution of particles. The case (a) provides a verysimple realization of the phenomenon of condensation which manifests as theappearance of a condensate of particles on the node with maximal degree. Thecase (b) is very interesting since the averaging over typical ensembles ofgraphs acts as a kind of homogenization of the system which makes all nodesidentical from the point of view of the FZRP. In the case (c), the distributionof particles and the dynamics of network are coupled to each other. Thestrength of this coupling depends on the ratio of two time scales: for changesof the topology and of the FZRP. We will discuss a specific example of thattype of interaction and show that it leads to an interesting phase diagram.


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Input: Mass loss rate formulae are derived from observations or from suites ofmodels. For theoretical models, the following have all been identified asfactors greatly influencing the atmospheric structure and mass loss rates:Pulsation with piston amplitude scaling appropriately with stellar L; dustnucleation and growth, with radiation pressure and grain-gas interactions andappropriate dependence on temperature and density; non-grey opacity with atleast 51 frequency samples; non-LTE and departures from radiative equilibriumin the compressed and expanding flows; and non-equilibrium processes affectingthe composition (grain formation; molecular chemistry). No one set of modelsyet includes all the factors known to be important. In fact, it is verydifficult to construct a model that can simultaneously include these factorsand be useful for computing spectra. Therefore, although theoretical modelgrids are needed to separate the effects of M,L,R and/or $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ orZ on the mass loss rates, these models must be carefully checked againstobservations. Getting the right order of magnitude for the mass loss rate isonly the first step in such a comparison, and is not sufficient to determinewhether the mass loss formula is correct. However, there are observables thatdo test the validity of mass loss formulae as they depend directly on $d\log\dot M/d\log L$, $d\log \dot M/d\log R$, or $d\log \dot M/d\log P$.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Qualitatively new aspects of the (linear and non-linear) stability of shearedrelativistic (slab) jets are analyzed. The linear problem has been solved for awide range of jet models well inside the ultrarelativistic domain (flow Lorentzfactors up to 20; specific internal energies $\approx 60c^2$). As a distinctfeature of our work, we have combined the analytical linear approach withhigh-resolution relativistic hydrodynamical simulations, which has allowed usi) to identify, in the linear regime, resonant modes specific to therelativistic shear layer ii) to confirm the result of the linear analysis withnumerical simulations and, iii) more interestingly, to follow the instabilitydevelopment through the non-linear regime. We find that very high-orderreflection modes with dominant growth rates can modify the global, long-termstability of the relativistic flow. We discuss the dependence of these resonantmodes on the jet flow Lorentz factor and specific internal energy, and on theshear layer thickness. The results could have potential applications in thefield of extragalactic relativistic jets.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Substantial collective flow is observed in collisions between large nuclei athigh energy, as evidenced by single-particle transverse momentum distributionsand by azimuthal correlations among the produced particles. The data arewell-reproduced by perfect fluid dynamics. In a separate development,calculation of the dimensionless ratio of shear viscosity eta to entropydensity s by Kovtun, Son and Starinets within AdS/CFT yields eta/s = 1/4pi, andthey conjectured that this is a lower bound for any physical system. It isshown that the transition from hadrons to quarks and gluons has behaviorsimilar to helium, nitrogen, and water at and near their phase transitions inthe ratio eta/s. Therefore it is possible that experimental measurements canpinpoint the location of this transition or rapid crossover in QCD via theviscosity to entropy ratio in addition to and independently of the equation ofstate.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The LHC will have unprecedented sensitivity to flavor-changing neutralcurrent (FCNC) top quark decays, whose observation would be a clear sign ofphysics beyond the standard model. Although many details of top flavorviolation are model dependent, the standard model gauge symmetries relate topFCNCs to other processes, which are strongly constrained by existing data. Westudy these constraints in a model independent way, using a low energyeffective theory from which the new physics is integrated out. We consider themost important operators which contribute to top FCNCs and analyze the currentconstraints on them. We find that the data rule out top FCNCs at a levelobservable at the LHC due to most of the operators comprising left-handed firstor second generation quark fields, while there remains a substantial window fortop decays mediated by operators with right-handed charm or up quarks. If FCNCtop decays are observed at the LHC, such an analysis may help decipher theunderlying physics.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We address the problem of constructing high-accuracy, faithful analyticwaveforms describing the gravitational wave signal emitted by inspiralling andcoalescing binary black holes. We work within the Effective-One-Body (EOB)framework and propose a methodology for improving the current(waveform)implementations of this framework based on understanding, element byelement, the physics behind each feature of the waveform, and on systematicallycomparing various EOB-based waveforms with ``exact'' waveforms obtained bynumerical relativity approaches. The present paper focuses on small-mass-rationon-spinning binary systems, which can be conveniently studied byRegge-Wheeler-Zerilli-type methods. Our results include: (i) a resummed,3PN-accurate description of the inspiral waveform, (ii) a better description ofradiation reaction during the plunge, (iii) a refined analytic expression forthe plunge waveform, (iv) an improved treatment of the matching between theplunge and ring-down waveforms. This improved implementation of the EOBapproach allows us to construct complete analytic waveforms which exhibit aremarkable agreement with the ``exact'' ones in modulus, frequency and phase.In particular, the analytic and numerical waveforms stay in phase, during thewhole process, within $\pm 1.1 %$ of a cycle. We expect that the extension ofour methodology to the comparable-mass case will be able to generate comparablyaccurate analytic waveforms of direct use for the ground-based network ofinterferometric detectors of gravitational waves.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We have carried out neutron powder-diffraction measurements on zincparatacamite Zn$_x$Cu$_{4-x}$(OH)$_6$Cl$_2$ with $x=1$, and studied the heatcapacity in fields of up to 9 T for $0.5 \leq x \leq 1$. The $x=1$ phase hasrecently been shown to be an outstanding realisation of the $S=1/2$ kagom\'{e}antiferromagnet. A weak mixing of Cu$^{2+}$/Zn$^{2+}$ between the Cu and the Znsites, corresponding to $\sim 9$% of all Cu$^{2+}$ for $x=1$, is observed usingneutron diffraction. This ``antisite disorder'' provides a consistentexplanation of the field dependence of the heat capacity for $0.8 \leq x \leq1$. From comparison of the derived Cu$^{2+}$ occupancy of the Zn sites for $x =0.8... 1$ with the magnetic susceptibility, we argue that for $x = 0.8... 1$zinc paratacamite is a spin liquid without a spin gap. The presence of unpairedbut nevertheless strongly interacting spins gives rise to a macroscopicallydegenerate ground state manifold, with increasingly glassy dynamics as $x$ islowered.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Single-particle excitation spectra of the two-dimensional Hubbard model onthe square lattice near half filling and at zero temperature are investigatedon the basis of the self-consistent projection operator method. The methodguarantees a high accuracy of the spectra with high energy and high momentumresolutions. It takes into account long-range intersite correlations as well asthe strong on-site correlations. Effects of nonlocal excitations are clarifiedby comparing the results with those of the single-site approximation. Thecalculated spectra verify the quantum Monte-Carlo results for finitetemperatures. The spectra at the Fermi level yield a hole-like Fermi surface inthe underdoped region and an electron-like Fermi surface in the overdopedregion. From a numerical analysis of the momentum dependent effective mass andself-energy, it is concluded that a marginal Fermi-liquid like state persistseven at finite doping concentrations in the strongly correlated region becausea van Hove singularity is pinned to the Fermi surface. It is also found that akink structure appears in the quasiparticle energy band in the same region. Thekink is shown to be caused by a mixing between the quasiparticle band and anexcitation band with strong short-range antiferromagnetic correlations. Theseresults suggest an explanation for some of the unusual properties of the normalstate in high-$T_{\rm c}$ cuprates.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We show that dynamical relaxation in the aftermath of a galactic merger andthe ensuing formation and decay of a binary massive black hole (MBH), aredominated by massive perturbers (MPs) such as giant molecular clouds orclusters. MPs accelerate relaxation by orders of magnitude relative to 2-bodystellar relaxation alone, and efficiently scatter stars into the binary MBH'sorbit. The 3-body star-binary MBH interactions shrink the binary MBH to thepoint where energy losses from the emission of gravitational waves (GW) lead torapid coalescence. We model this process based on observed and simulated MPdistributions and take into account the decreased efficiency of the star-binaryMBH interaction due to acceleration in the galactic potential. We show thatmergers of gas-rich galactic nuclei lead to binary MBH coalescence well withinthe Hubble time. Moreover, lower-mass binary MBHs (<10^8 Msun) require only afew percent of the typical gas mass in a post-merger nucleus to coalesce in aHubble time. The fate of a binary MBH in a gas poor galactic merger is lesscertain, although massive stellar structures (e.g. clusters, stellar rings)could likewise lead to efficient coalescence. These coalescence events areobservable by their strong GW emission. MPs thus increase the cosmic rate ofsuch GW events, lead to a higher mass deficit in the merged galactic core andsuppress the formation of triple MBH systems and the resulting ejection of MBHsinto intergalactic space.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We generalize and greatly simplify the approach of Lydakis andDundas-R\"ondigs-{\O}stv{\ae}r to construct an L-stable model structure forsmall functors from a closed symmetric monoidal model category V to a V-modelcategory M, where L is a small cofibrant object of V. For the special caseV=M=S_* pointed simplicial sets and L=S^1 this is the classical case of linearfunctors and has been described as the first stage of the Goodwillie tower of ahomotopy functor. We show, that our various model structures are compatiblewith a closed symmetric monoidal product on small functors. We compare themwith other L-stabilizations described by Hovey, Jardine and others. This givesa particularly easy construction of the classical and the motivic stablehomotopy category with the correct smash product. We establish the monoid axiomunder certain conditions.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We analyse high-time-resolution spectroscopy of the AM CVn stars HP Libraeand V803 Centauri, taken with the New Technology Telescope (NTT) and the VeryLarge Telescope (VLT) of the European Southern Observatory, Chile.  We present evidence that the literature value for V803 Cen's orbital periodis incorrect, based on an observed `S-wave' in the binary's spectrogram. Wemeasure a spectroscopic period P=1596.4+/-1.2s of the S-wave feature, which issignificantly shorter than the 1611-second periods found in previousphotometric studies. We conclude that the latter period likely represents a`superhump'. If one assumes that our S-wave period is the orbital period, V803Cen's mass ratio can be expected to be much less extreme than previouslythought, at q~0.07 rather than q~0.016. This relaxes the constraints on themasses of the components considerably: the donor star does then not need to befully degenerate, and the mass of the accreting white dwarf no longer has to bevery close to the Chandrasekhar limit.  For HP Lib, we similarly measure a spectroscopic period P=1102.8+/-0.2s. Thissupports the identification of HP Lib's photometric periods found in theliterature, and the constraints upon the masses derived from them.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) and conductivity (TSC) are consideredusing the classical insulator model that assumes one kind of the active trap,one kind of inactive deep trap, and one kind of the recombination center.Kinetic equations describing the model are solved numerically without and withthe use of the quasiequilibrium (QE) approximation. The QE state parameter qI,,the relative recombination probability g, and a new parameter calledquasi-stationary (QS) state parameter q*=qIg are used for the analysis of theTSL and TSC. The TSL and TSC curves and the temperature dependences of qI, q*,g, the recombination lifetime, and the occupancies of active traps andrecombination centers are numerically calculated for five sets of kineticparameters and different heating rates. These calculation results show that:(1) the upper limit of the heating rate for presence of the QS state appears athigher heating rate than that for the QE state when the retrapping process ispresent, and (2) the TSL (TSC) curves in the QS state have the propertiessimilar to those for the TSL (TSC) curves in the QE state. Approximate formulasfor calculation of the parameters qI and q* in the initial range of the TSL andTSC curves are derived and used in the heating-rate methods, proposed in thiswork, for determination of those parameters from the calculated TSL curves.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: A charge injection technique is applied to the X-ray CCD camera, XIS (X-rayImaging Spectrometer) onboard Suzaku. The charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) ineach CCD column (vertical transfer channel) is measured by the injection ofcharge packets into a transfer channel and subsequent readout. This paperreports the performances of the charge injection capability based on the groundexperiments using a radiation damaged device, and in-orbit measurements of theXIS. The ground experiments show that charges are stably injected with thedispersion of 91eV in FWHM in a specific column for the charges equivalent tothe X-ray energy of 5.1keV. This dispersion width is significantly smaller thanthat of the X-ray events of 113eV (FWHM) at approximately the same energy. Theamount of charge loss during transfer in a specific column, which is measuredwith the charge injection capability, is consistent with that measured with thecalibration source. These results indicate that the charge injection techniquecan accurately measure column-dependent charge losses rather than thecalibration sources. The column-to-column CTI correction to the calibrationsource spectra significantly reduces the line widths compared to those with acolumn-averaged CTI correction (from 193eV to 173eV in FWHM on an average atthe time of one year after the launch). In addition, this method significantlyreduces the low energy tail in the line profile of the calibration sourcespectrum.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The present paper introduces an original biofeedback system for improvinghuman balance control, whose underlying principle consists in providingadditional sensory information related to foot sole pressure distribution tothe user through a tongue-placed tactile output device. To assess the effect ofthis biofeedback system on postural control during quiet standing, ten younghealthy adults were asked to stand as immobile as possible with their eyesclosed in two conditions of No-biofeedback and Biofeedback. Centre of footpressure (CoP) displacements were recorded using a force platform. Resultsshowed reduced CoP displacements in the Biofeedback relative to theNo-biofeedback condition. The present findings evidenced the ability of thecentral nervous system to efficiently integrate an artificial plantar-based,tongue-placed tactile biofeedback for controlling control posture during quietstanding.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Shor's powerful quantum algorithm for factoring represents a major challengein quantum computation and its full realization will have a large impact onmodern cryptography. Here we implement a compiled version of Shor's algorithmin a photonic system using single photons and employing the non-linearityinduced by measurement. For the first time we demonstrate the core processes,coherent control, and resultant entangled states that are required in afull-scale implementation of Shor's algorithm. Demonstration of these processesis a necessary step on the path towards a full implementation of Shor'salgorithm and scalable quantum computing. Our results highlight that theperformance of a quantum algorithm is not the same as performance of theunderlying quantum circuit, and stress the importance of developing techniquesfor characterising quantum algorithms.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Security of information has become a major issue during the last decades. Newalgorithms based on chaotic maps were suggested for protection of differenttypes of multimedia data, especially digital images and videos in this period.However, many of them fundamentally were flawed by a lack of robustness andsecurity. For getting higher security and higher complexity, in the currentpaper, we introduce a new kind of symmetric key block cipher algorithm that isbased on \emph{tripled chaotic maps}. In this algorithm, the utilization of twocoupling parameters, as well as the increased complexity of the cryptosystem,make a contribution to the development of cryptosystem with higher security. Inorder to increase the security of the proposed algorithm, the size of key spaceand the computational complexity of the coupling parameters should be increasedas well. Both the theoretical and experimental results state that the proposedalgorithm has many capabilities such as acceptable speed and complexity in thealgorithm due to the existence of two coupling parameter and high security.Note that the ciphertext has a flat distribution and has the same size as theplaintext. Therefore, it is suitable for practical use in securecommunications.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The ability to control the conductance of single molecules will have a majorimpact in nanoscale electronics. Azobenzene, a molecule that changesconformation as a result of a trans/cis transition when exposed to radiation,could form the basis of a light-driven molecular switch. It is thereforecrucial to clarify the electrical transport characteristics of this molecule.Here, we investigate theoretically charge transport in a system in which asingle azobenzene molecule is attached to two carbon nanotubes. In clearcontrast to gold electrodes, the nanotubes can act as true nanoscale electrodesand we show that the low-energy conduction properties of the junction may bedramatically modified by changing the topology of the contacts between thenanotubes and the molecules, and/or the chirality of the nanotubes (that is,zigzag or armchair). We propose experiments to demonstrate controlledelectrical switching with nanotube electrodes.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: An efficient quantum cryptography network protocol is proposed withd-dimension polarized photons, without resorting to entanglement and quantummemory. A server on the network, say Alice, provides the service for preparingand measuring single photons whose initial state are |0>. The users code theinformation on the single photons with some unitary operations. For preventingthe untrustworthy server Alice from eavesdropping the quantum lines, anonorthogonal-coding technique (decoy-photon technique) is used in the processthat the quantum signal is transmitted between the users. This protocol doesnot require the servers and the users to store the quantum state and almost allof the single photons can be used for carrying the information, which makes itmore convenient for application than others with present technology. We alsodiscuss the case with a faint laser pulse.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We study the population of satellite galaxies formed in a suite ofN-body/gasdynamical simulations of galaxy formation in a LCDM universe. We findlittle spatial or kinematic bias between the dark matter and the satellitepopulation. The velocity dispersion of the satellites is a good indicator ofthe virial velocity of the halo: \sigma_{sat}/V_{vir}=0.9 +/- 0.2. Applied tothe Milky Way and M31 this gives V_{vir}^{MW}=109 +/- 22$ km/s andV_{vir}^{M31} = 138 +/- 35 km/s, respectively, substantially lower than therotation speed of their disk components. The detailed kinematics of simulatedsatellites and dark matter are also in good agreement. By contrast, the stellarhalo of the simulated galaxies is kinematically and spatially distinct from thepopulation of surviving satellites. This is because the survival of a satellitedepends on mass and on time of accretion; surviving satellites are biasedtoward low-mass systems that have been recently accreted by the galaxy. Ourresults support recent proposals for the origin of the systematic differencesbetween stars in the Galactic halo and in Galactic satellites: the elusive``building blocks'' of the Milky Way stellar halo were on average more massive,and were accreted (and disrupted) earlier than the population of dwarfs thathas survived self-bound until the present.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: In time hopping impulse radio, $N_f$ pulses of duration $T_c$ are transmittedfor each information symbol. This gives rise to two types of processing gain:(i) pulse combining gain, which is a factor $N_f$, and (ii) pulse spreadinggain, which is $N_c=T_f/T_c$, where $T_f$ is the mean interval between twosubsequent pulses. This paper investigates the trade-off between these twotypes of processing gain in the presence of timing jitter. First, an additivewhite Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is considered and approximate closed formexpressions for bit error probability are derived for impulse radio systemswith and without pulse-based polarity randomization. Both symbol-synchronousand chip-synchronous scenarios are considered. The effects of multiple-accessinterference and timing jitter on the selection of optimal system parametersare explained through theoretical analysis. Finally, a multipath scenario isconsidered and the trade-off between processing gains of a synchronous impulseradio system with pulse-based polarity randomization is analyzed. The effectsof the timing jitter, multiple-access interference and inter-frame interferenceare investigated. Simulation studies support the theoretical results.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: The scaling behaviors of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) Schottky barrierfield-effect transistors (SBFETs) are studied by solving the non-equilibriumGreen's function (NEGF) transport equation in an atomistic basis setself-consistently with a three-dimensional Poisson equation. The armchair edgeGNR channel shares similarities with a zigzag CNT, but it has a differentgeometry and quantum confinement boundary condition in the transversedirection. The results indicate that the I-V characteristics are ambipolar andstrongly depend on the GNR width because the bandgap of the GNR isapproximately inversely proportional to its width, which agrees with recentexperiments. A multiple gate geometry improves immunity to short channeleffects, but it offers smaller improvement than it does for Si MOSFETs in termsof the on-current and transconductance. Reducing the oxide thickness is moreuseful for improving transistor performance than using a high-k gate insulator.Significant increase of the minimal leakage current is observed when thechannel length is scaled below 10nm because the small effective massfacilitates strong source-drain tunneling. The GNRFET, therefore, does notpromise extending the ultimate scaling limit of Si MOSFETs. The intrinsicswitching speed of a GNR SBFET, however, is several times faster than that ofSi MOSFETs, which could lead to promising high speed electronics applications,where the large leakage of GNR SBFETs is of less concern.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Since its discovery in the 1930s, the muon has played an important role inour quest to understand the sub-atomic theory of matter. The muon was the firstsecond-generation standard-model particle to be discovered, and its decay hasprovided information on the (Vector -Axial Vector) structure of the weakinteraction, the strength of the weak interaction, G_F, and the conservation oflepton number (flavor) in muon decay. The muon's anomalous magnetic moment hasplayed an important role in restricting theories of physics beyond the standardstandard model, where at present there is a 3.4 standard-deviation differencebetween the experiment and standard-model theory. Its capture on the atomicnucleus has provided valuable information on the modification of the weakcurrent by the strong interaction which is complementary to that obtained fromnuclear beta decay.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: This paper presents the principles of ontology-supported and ontology-drivenconceptual navigation. Conceptual navigation realizes the independence betweenresources and links to facilitate interoperability and reusability. An enginebuilds dynamic links, assembles resources under an argumentative scheme andallows optimization with a possible constraint, such as the user's availabletime. Among several strategies, two are discussed in detail with examples ofapplications. On the one hand, conceptual specifications for linking andassembling are embedded in the resource meta-description with the support ofthe ontology of the domain to facilitate meta-communication. Resources are likeagents looking for conceptual acquaintances with intention. On the other hand,the domain ontology and an argumentative ontology drive the linking andassembling strategies.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: We report infrared photometry of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b during thetime of secondary eclipse (planet passing behind the star). Observations wereacquired during two secondary eclipses at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility(IRTF) in September 2003. We used a circular variable filter (1.5-percentbandpass) centered at 3.8 microns to isolate the predicted flux peak of theplanet at this wavelength. Residual telluric absorption and instrumentvariations were removed by offsetting the telescope to nearby bright comparisonstars at a high temporal cadence. Our results give a secondary eclipse depth of0.0013 +/- 0.0011, not yet sufficient precision to detect the eclipse, whoseexpected depth is approximately 0.002 - 0.003. We here elucidate the currentobservational limitations to this technique, and discuss the approach needed toachieve detections of hot Jupiter secondary eclipses at 3.8 microns from theground.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Any homogeneous polynomial $P(x, y, z)$ of degree $d$, being restricted to aunit sphere $S^2$, admits essentially a unique representation of the form$\lambda + \sum_{k = 1}^d [\prod_{j = 1}^k L_{kj}]$, where $L_{kj}$'s arelinear forms in $x, y$ and $z$ and $\lambda$ is a real number. The coefficientsof these linear forms, viewed as 3D vectors, are called \emph{multipole}vectors of $P$. In this paper we consider similar multipole representations ofpolynomial and analytic functions on other quadratic surfaces $Q(x, y, z) = c$,real and complex. Over the complex numbers, the above representation is notunique, although the ambiguity is essentially finite. We investigate thecombinatorics that depicts this ambiguity. We link these results with someclassical theorems of harmonic analysis, theorems that describe decompositionsof functions into sums of spherical harmonics. We extend these classicaltheorems (which rely on our understanding of the Laplace operator$\Delta_{S^2}$) to more general differential operators $\Delta_Q$ that areconstructed with the help of the quadratic form $Q(x, y, z)$. Then we introducemodular spaces of multipoles. We study their intricate geometry and topologyusing methods of algebraic geometry and singularity theory. The multipolespaces are ramified over vector or projective spaces, and the compliments tothe ramification sets give rise to a rich family of $K(\pi, 1)$-spaces, where$\pi$ runs over a variety of modified braid groups.


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: When two-photon interactions are induced by down-converted light with abandwidth that exceeds the pump bandwidth, they can obtain a behavior that ispulse-like temporally, yet spectrally narrow. At low photon fluxes thisbehavior reflects the time and energy entanglement between the down-convertedphotons. However, two-photon interactions such as two-photon absorption (TPA)and sum-frequency generation (SFG) can exhibit such a behavior even at highpower levels, as long as the final state (i.e. the atomic level in TPA, or thegenerated light in SFG) is narrowband enough. This behavior does not depend onthe squeezing properties of the light, is insensitive to linear losses, and haspotential applications. In this paper we describe analytically this behaviorfor travelling-wave down-conversion with continuous or pulsed pumping, both forhigh- and low-power regimes. For this we derive a quantum-mechanical expressionfor the down-converted amplitude generated by an arbitrary pump, and formulateoperators that represent various two-photon interactions induced by broadbandlight. This model is in excellent agreement with experimental results of TPAand SFG with high power down-converted light and with entangled photons [Dayanet al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 023005 (2004), Dayan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94,043602, (2005), Pe'er et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 073601 (2005)].


Instruction: what is the prompt that generates the input?

Input: Following an approach based on generating function method phase spacecharacteristics of Landau system are studied in the autonomous framework ofdeformation quantization. Coherent state property of generating functions isestablished and marginal probability densities along canonical coordinate linesare derived. Well defined analogs of inner product, Cauchy-Bunyakowsy-Schwarzinequality and state functional have been defined in phase space and they havebeen used in analyzing the uncertainty structures. The general form of theuncertainty relation for two real-valued functions is derived and uncertaintyproducts are computed in states described by Wigner functions. Minimumuncertainty state property of the standard coherent states is presented anduncertainty structures in the case of phase space generalized coherent statesare analyzed.