chunk_id,url,title,text,token_count
0,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Alexander_(field_hockey),Richard Alexander (field hockey),"Richard Ian M. Alexander (born 15 September 1981) is an English former field hockey player who competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics. == Biography ==
Alexander was born in Homersfield, Suffolk, England and was educated at Town Close School. Alexander made his international senior debut for the national squad in January 2005 against South Africa. Alexander played club hockey for Surbiton and while at the club represented England at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne and represented Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and England at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. Alexander was part of the silver medal winning England team that competed at the 2010 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy in Mönchengladbach, Germany. Alexander joined Wimbledon for the 2012/13 season and then moved on to Hampstead & Westminster for the 2014/15 season. For the 2020/21 season he played club hockey for Indian Gymkhana in the South Hockey League Premier Division 1. In 2010, he was the Director of Hockey at Old Merchant Taylors' HC. Alexander retired from international hockey with 130 England caps and 58 Great Britain caps.He is a teacher at Nottingham High School. == References ==


== External links ==
Richard Alexander at Olympics.com
Richard Alexander at Team GB
Richard Alexander at Olympedia
Richard Alexander at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived)
Richard Alexander at InterSportStats",279
1,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrian,Lyrian,"Lyrian (りりあん; born  21 September 1985) is a former Japanese moe idol and singer born in Milan, Italy. She hosts a radio show in Japan called Lyrian Moetchao in which she plays Marissa Faireborn in its Transformers: Kiss Players segment. Lyrian also named and designed the color schemes for the Transformers toys Rosanna and Angela. She voices these characters in the radio series as well. She claims to have become a Transformer fan by watching the G1 cartoon as a child growing up in Italy. In 2007, she released her first gravure idol DVD, titled Lyrian Chao Chao (also known as Lyrian Ciao Ciao). In the same year, she released a photo-book titled Love. In 200,9 she provided the voice of the new character Stephanie in the TVTokyo series Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's. In 2010, she began voicing the character of Shitt. P in the Reborn! VOMIC series. On 1 May 2011, she announced her retirement from entertainment industry. On 21 September 2014, she announced her marriage through her blog. On September 1, 2015, she gave birth to her first child, a baby girl. On 5 August 2017, she gave birth to her second child, a baby boy. == References ==


== Sources ==
Lyrian at the Japanese Idol Directory


== External links ==
Lyrian no Moe-log
Unfix Entertainment
K-point Co., Ltd
Lyrian  at Anime News Network's encyclopedia",315
2,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindra_NuvoSport,Mahindra NuvoSport,"The Mahindra Quanto was a 7-seater mini SUV designed and manufactured by the Indian automaker Mahindra & Mahindra. Since 2016, the facelifted version of the Quanto was marketed as the Mahindra NuvoSport. == Specification ==
The Quanto is powered by a 1.5-litre mHawk three-cylinder 12-valve turbo diesel engine known as MCR100, and produces 98.6 bhp (74 kW; 100 PS) at 3,750 rpm and develops 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft) of torque at 1,600–2,800 rpm. It accelerates from 0 to 100 kmh (62 mph) in 16–17 seconds. The Quanto is offered in four trim levels: C2, C4, C6 and C8. All models share the same diesel engine. Since the release, 1,782 units were sold in September. In October, sales were exceeded to 2,497 units. At the end of November, 2,297 units were sold. == Variants ==


== NuvoSport (2016–2020) ==
The Mahindra NuvoSport is the continuation and facelifted version of the Quanto, it was launched on April 4, 2016. The NuvoSport features a much different exterior design than the Quanto, but the interior design remains unchanged, apart from the added interior features. It is still powered by the same 1.5-litre mHawk turbo diesel engine as the previous Quanto. In 2020, the NuvoSport was discontinued due to slow sales and BS6 norms. == References ==


== External links ==
Official website",355
3,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricore_United,Agricore United,"Agricore United, Inc. was a farmer-directed agribusiness in Canada. It supplied crop nutrition and crop protection products, and offered grain handling and marketing services. It was created on November 1, 2001 by the merger of Agricore and United Grain Growers. It was headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Its shares were publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) under the symbol ""AU"" (""AU.LV"" – Limited voting common shares; ""AU.DB"" – Convertible 9% debentures; ""AU.PR.A"" – Series 'A' preferred shares) until June 15, 2007, when it was taken over by the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. Agri-business giant Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) had a 28% stake in the company at the time of the takeover. == Corporate history ==


=== Ancestry ===
Agricore United was the continuation of several companies with deep historical roots in western Canada. The Grain Growers' Grain Company Limited was originally incorporated in 1906 under the laws of Manitoba. In 1917, The Grain Growers' Grain Company Limited and The Alberta Farmers' Cooperative Elevator Company Limited amalgamated to form United Grain Growers Limited (UGG). In 1923, the Alberta Wheat Pool (AWP) was incorporated under the laws of Alberta. In 1924, Manitoba Pool Elevators (MPE) was incorporated under the laws of Manitoba. In 1992, UGG was continued under the Governing Act, a Special Act of the Parliament of Canada. In 1998, AWP and MPE merged to form Agricore Cooperative Limited. In 2001, UGG combined its business operations with Agricore Cooperative Ltd. and began doing business as Agricore United.",352
4,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricore_United,Agricore United,"In 1998, AWP and MPE merged to form Agricore Cooperative Limited. In 2001, UGG combined its business operations with Agricore Cooperative Ltd. and began doing business as Agricore United. === Takeover ===
In November 2006, the company became the target of takeover bids from two other rival grain handlers: the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool (""SaskPool"", ""SWP"") of Regina, Saskatchewan and Winnipeg-based James Richardson International (""JRI""). The initial and subsequent offers from SaskPool involved a stock swap, with no or little cash being offered, prompting the AU Board of Directors to reject them. In February 2007, AU and JRI announced that they had negotiated a merger arrangement to form a publicly traded company to be known as ""Richardson Agricore"", subject to shareholder agreement. A subsequent bidding war led to a stock+cash offer from SaskPool and an all-cash offer from JRI to form a private company; a higher, $20.50 all-cash offer from SaskPool in May eventually prevailed, with 81% of the limited voting shares being tendered to the Pool by shareholders by the end of May, including all the ADM shares. This exceeded the 75% required by the terms of AU's incorporation to change the corporate structure and, after a special shareholders' meeting in June, AU became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. AU's CEO, Brian Hayward, resigned, as did the Board of Directors, and SaskPool's CEO and Board were voted in. SaskPool had Agricore United's common and preferred shares delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) on June 20, 2007, and the members of the senior management team for the amalgamated company were announced the next day. As of June 29, no decision had been reached on the name or location of the new company, and it was expected to take about 12 months to complete the merging of the company's operations.",393
5,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricore_United,Agricore United,"SaskPool had Agricore United's common and preferred shares delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) on June 20, 2007, and the members of the senior management team for the amalgamated company were announced the next day. As of June 29, no decision had been reached on the name or location of the new company, and it was expected to take about 12 months to complete the merging of the company's operations. As a result of the acceptance of the SaskPool offer, JRI received a $35 million termination fee and was able to purchase a number of AU's grain and farm supply facilities; Cargill Canada was able to make a similar purchase, as part of a pre-merger deal width SaskPool to satisfy Canada's Competition Bureau. AU employees, along with the grain and farm supply inventories at the affected facilities, were transferred to the purchasing companies. It is generally believed within the Canadian agricultural industry that the biggest winners in the transaction were AU's shareholders, with SaskPool paying too much for AU, and that SaskPool gave up too many facilities to their competitors. Substantial number of head office employees are expected to be laid off once the integration of the two companies is complete. On August 30, 2007, the company formerly known as Agricore United ceased to exist and Saskatchewan Wheat Pool was rebranded to be known as Viterra. == Operations ==


=== Grain handling and merchandising ===
Agricore bought, marketed and transported grain, oil seeds and other special crops from the farm to end-use markets using the company's network of grain elevators from Manitoba to British Columbia and ownership/interest in port terminals in Vancouver, Thunder Bay and Prince Rupert. The grain was moved from the farmer's field to the company's geographically dispersed and strategically located country elevator network.",368
6,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricore_United,Agricore United,"== Operations ==


=== Grain handling and merchandising ===
Agricore bought, marketed and transported grain, oil seeds and other special crops from the farm to end-use markets using the company's network of grain elevators from Manitoba to British Columbia and ownership/interest in port terminals in Vancouver, Thunder Bay and Prince Rupert. The grain was moved from the farmer's field to the company's geographically dispersed and strategically located country elevator network. Grain was then shipped to a domestic, U.S. or Mexican customer, such as a flour mill, crushing plant, feed mill or maltster, or to a port terminal for export to end-use customers in Europe, South America, the Pacific Rim, Africa and the Middle East. === Crop production services ===
The company sold more crop inputs in western Canada than any other company. This included manufacture, distribution and crop production support, including crop nutrition and crop protection products, seed and agronomic services to farmers, through about 200 locations from Manitoba to British Columbia. Agronomic Crop Enhancement (ACE) specialists provide technical advice on crop production issues and help the Customer Service Representative (CSR) advise the grower about choices for the most profitable crop practices. Beyond offering crop nutrition such as fertilizers, more than 200 crop protection products were offered including herbicides and insecticides. Agricore owned or leases three distribution warehouses, and supported the sale of crop nutrition and protection products by providing custom application services directly or through third-party contractors. === Livestock ===
The company's livestock business formulated and manufactured feed for dairy and beef cattle, swine, poultry and other specialty feeds from seven HACCP certified feed mills, one HACCP certified pre-mix manufacturing centre and one HACCP compliant pre-mix manufacturing centre.",363
7,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricore_United,Agricore United,"Agricore owned or leases three distribution warehouses, and supported the sale of crop nutrition and protection products by providing custom application services directly or through third-party contractors. === Livestock ===
The company's livestock business formulated and manufactured feed for dairy and beef cattle, swine, poultry and other specialty feeds from seven HACCP certified feed mills, one HACCP certified pre-mix manufacturing centre and one HACCP compliant pre-mix manufacturing centre. The company had feed mills and pre-mix facilities service customers in B.C., Alberta and Manitoba, including two new feed mills constructed in Olds, AB (2000) and Edmonton, AB (2004). == See also ==
Wheat pool
Alberta Wheat Pool
Saskatchewan Wheat Pool
Manitoba Pool Elevators
United Grain Growers
Viterra
List of Canadian Heritage Wheat Varieties


== References ==


== External links ==
Former website (June 6, 2007 snapshot from the Internet Archive)
Viterra corporate website",209
8,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convento_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_(%C3%81vila),Convento de San Jos%C3%A9 (%C3%81vila),"The Convento de San José (English: Convent of Saint Joseph) is a monastery of Discalced Carmelite nuns in Ávila, Spain. It is situated not far from the center of the city but outside the medieval walls. Saint Teresa of Jesus was the driving force behind the foundation of the monastery, which was built from 1562 onwards. The church (by Francisco de Mora) was only begun in 1607 after Saint Teresa's death. The statue in the facade was commissioned by King Philip III of Spain via artist Giraldo de Merlo. == History ==
The Convent of Saint Joseph is a monastery of Discalced Carmelite nuns located in the Spanish city of Ávila, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It was the first monastery founded by Saint Teresa of Jesus, who had the support of such important figures as the Bishop of Ávila, Alvaro Hurtado de Mendoza, who was later buried there. The convent was built in the year of 1562, although the church, its most important architectural element, was built only in 1607. On 24 August 1963, Pope Paul VI sent Cardinal Arcadio Larraona Saralegui to canonically crown their antiquated image of Saint Joseph, enshrined within their convent. The same Cardinal as prefect of Sacred Congregation of Rites executed their papal bull of coronation, initially signed by Pope John XXIII. == Architecture ==
The church was designed by the architect Francisco de Mora (1553–1610), who devised a church with a single nave covered with a vaulted ceiling and a dome over the transept. Its main facade can be seen as divided into two shared plans with a pediment at the top and a portico of three arches at the bottom.",377
9,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convento_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_(%C3%81vila),Convento de San Jos%C3%A9 (%C3%81vila),"== Architecture ==
The church was designed by the architect Francisco de Mora (1553–1610), who devised a church with a single nave covered with a vaulted ceiling and a dome over the transept. Its main facade can be seen as divided into two shared plans with a pediment at the top and a portico of three arches at the bottom. This design was one of the most imitated in the religious buildings of the seventeenth century and was adopted as a model of Discalced Carmelite construction. Inside the church is the Chapel of the Guillamas family, which serves as the family crypt. == Conservation ==
The Convent of Saint Joseph has been protected under Spanish law since 1968 when it was designated a national monument. The convent is protected as part of a World Heritage Site, ""Old Town of Avila and its extra muros churches"". The monastery was not included in the site when it was first designated, but has been added with a defined area of 0.29 ha. It is listed as one of ten extra muros churches (that is, outside the walled city) included in the site. The convent currently houses a museum dedicated to Saint Teresa of Jesus, the Museo Teresiano of the Discalced Carmelites. == See also ==
Order of the Discalced Carmelites


== References ==",285
10,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_drug_testing,NCAA drug testing,"The NCAA's drug testing program exists to ""protect players who play by the rules by playing clean."" The NCAA adopted its drug testing program in 1986, the year after the executive committee formed the Special NCAA Committee on Drug Testing. The drug test ranges from testing player-enhancement drugs to marijuana. A student failing a drug test loses one year of eligibility and is not allowed to compete in events for the first offense. [2] However, not all students are tested because they are selected at random, but students are subject to be tested at any point in the year after the year-round testing program was adopted in 1990. [3] Of the 400,000 athletes competing in the NCAA, around 11,000 drug tests were administered in 2008–09 when the last statistics were available. [4] That number is expected to increase as drugs become more prevalent and easily accessible year by year. == History ==
The National Collegiate Athletic Association did not start drug testing athletes until 1986, and even then it was only athletes or teams that made it to championship or bowl games. Although athletes were not tested until 1986 in the year 1970 the NCAA council founded a drug education committee. “The Drug Education Committee conducts a survey of 1,000 male student-athletes in the Big Ten Conference; 40 percent of respondents said that drug use was a slight or growing problem among varsity athletes”. In 1986 NCAA drug-testing program was adopted at the NCAA convention. The drug testing started that following fall with only championships and bowl games. The following year a Stanford diver filed a lawsuit claiming that this drug testing policy violated his privacy rights. The California Supreme Court ruled in favor of the NCAA in the privacy-rights lawsuit, saying the Association was ""well within its legal rights"" in adopting a drug-testing program. In 2006 the year-round testing program was expanded into the summer months.",381
11,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_drug_testing,NCAA drug testing,"The California Supreme Court ruled in favor of the NCAA in the privacy-rights lawsuit, saying the Association was ""well within its legal rights"" in adopting a drug-testing program. In 2006 the year-round testing program was expanded into the summer months. That same year the Division III Presidents Council approved a two-year drug-education and testing pilot program. “Today, 90 percent of Division I, 65 percent of Division II and 21 percent of Division III schools conduct their own drug-testing programs in addition to the NCAA’s”. == Regulations ==
The 2014–15 list of NCAA banned drugs includes the following classes: stimulants (except for phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine, which are permitted); anabolic agents; diuretics and other masking agents; ""street drugs"" (the NCAA gives as examples heroin, marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and synthetic cannabinoids); peptide hormones and analogues; anti-estrogens, and beta2-adrenergic agonistz. Alcohol and beta blockers are also banned for rifle only. The NCAA also bans ""any substance chemically related to these classes."" The penalties differ form and NCAA issued drug test and an individual school issued drug test. “The penalty for positive tests of both performance-enhancing and street drugs is strict and automatic. Student-athletes lose one full year of eligibility for the first offense (25 percent of their total eligibility) and are withheld from competition for a full season. A second positive test for street drugs results in another lost year of eligibility and year withheld from competition. A second positive result for PED usage will render the student-athlete permanently ineligible”. == References ==


== External links ==
Drug Discovery AI",359
12,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Pittsburgh_Penguins_season,2006%E2%80%9307 Pittsburgh Penguins season,"The Pittsburgh Penguins 2006–07 season was rife with potential, as the team featured one of the largest groups of young stars in the National Hockey League (NHL). Evgeni Malkin, the second overall pick in the 2004 NHL entry draft, came to the United States from Russia prior to the season and joined the team. He promptly became the first NHL rookie since 1917 to score goals in each of his first six games. Malkin and second-year phenom Sidney Crosby were joined by 18-year-old Jordan Staal, who made the jump directly from the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) to the Penguins roster after being drafted second overall in the 2006 NHL entry draft. The Penguins also brought back Mark Recchi via free agency, giving Recchi his third stint with the team. It would also be the first season the team would have involving defenceman and soon-to-be alternate captain Kris Letang. This season began with the team's fourth head coach in six seasons. The season was clouded with uncertainty, however, about the Penguins' future in Pittsburgh. After Jim Balsillie had agreed to purchase the franchise for $175 million and to keep it in Pittsburgh, the situation seemed settled. Balsillie's deal fell through, however, in December. Isle of Capri Casinos was next to make a bid to keep the team in Pittsburgh, but their deal was nixed as well. On January 3, 2007, Penguins officials, including Mario Lemieux and other members of the team's ownership group, visited Kansas City, Missouri, to discuss potentials of relocating the team there. Other cities which reportedly have expressed interest in the franchise include Houston, Winnipeg, Portland and Oklahoma City.",349
13,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Pittsburgh_Penguins_season,2006%E2%80%9307 Pittsburgh Penguins season,"On January 3, 2007, Penguins officials, including Mario Lemieux and other members of the team's ownership group, visited Kansas City, Missouri, to discuss potentials of relocating the team there. Other cities which reportedly have expressed interest in the franchise include Houston, Winnipeg, Portland and Oklahoma City. On March 14, 2007, in a joint announcement by Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell, Allegheny County Executive Dan Onorato, Pittsburgh Mayor Luke Ravenstahl and Mario Lemieux, it was made public that an agreement had been reached between the parties. A new state-of-the-art multi-purpose arena (the Consol Energy Center) will be built. This agreement will keep the Penguins in Pittsburgh for another 30 years. Following the announcement of this plan, the Lemieux ownership group announced that they no longer have plans to sell the team. On January 9, 2007, the NHL announced that Sidney Crosby had been voted by the fans to start at forward in the 2007 All-Star Game in Dallas, Texas. Malkin, Staal and defenseman Ryan Whitney were all invited to All-Star Weekend to play in the YoungStars game. The rebuilding of the team that came with acquiring Sidney Crosby would come to fruition in his second year. This season began a playoff streak for the Penguins that would not be snapped until the 2023 season. == Regular season ==
The Penguins finished the regular season having scored 94 power-play goals, the most in the NHL. They also had the most power-play opportunities, with 463. === Season standings ===

Note: No. = Division rank, CR = Conference rank, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

       Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.",378
14,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Pittsburgh_Penguins_season,2006%E2%80%9307 Pittsburgh Penguins season,"=== Season standings ===

Note: No. = Division rank, CR = Conference rank, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

       Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold. P –  Clinched Presidents Trophy; Y –  Clinched division; X –  Clinched playoff spot


== Playoffs ==
The Pittsburgh Penguins ended the 2006–07 regular season as the Eastern Conference's fifth seed. They lost to the Ottawa Senators in five games, in the conference quarterfinals. They would sweep the Senators in the playoffs the following season. == Schedule and results ==


=== Regular season ===


=== Playoffs ===


== Player statistics ==
Skaters

Goaltenders

†Denotes player spent time with another team before joining the Penguins. Stats reflect time with the Penguins only. ‡Denotes player was traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with the Penguins only. == Awards and records ==


=== Awards ===


=== Milestones ===


== Transactions ==
The Penguins were involved in the following transactions from June 20, 2006, the day after the deciding game of the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals, through June 6, 2007, the day of the deciding game of the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals. === Trades ===


=== Players acquired ===


=== Players lost ===


=== Signings ===


=== Other ===


== Draft picks ==
Pittsburgh's picks at the 2006 NHL entry draft in Vancouver.",327
15,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Pittsburgh_Penguins_season,2006%E2%80%9307 Pittsburgh Penguins season,"== Awards and records ==


=== Awards ===


=== Milestones ===


== Transactions ==
The Penguins were involved in the following transactions from June 20, 2006, the day after the deciding game of the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals, through June 6, 2007, the day of the deciding game of the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals. === Trades ===


=== Players acquired ===


=== Players lost ===


=== Signings ===


=== Other ===


== Draft picks ==
Pittsburgh's picks at the 2006 NHL entry draft in Vancouver. The Penguins had the second overall draft pick, making the fourth consecutive draft the team had a pick in the top two: they had the first overall pick in the 2003 NHL entry draft (Marc-Andre Fleury), the second overall pick in the 2004 NHL entry draft (Evgeni Malkin) and the first overall pick in the 2005 NHL entry draft (Sidney Crosby). Draft notes
The Pittsburgh Penguins' fourth-round pick went to the Chicago Blackhawks as the result of an August 10, 2005 trade that sent Jocelyn Thibault to the Penguins in exchange for this pick. The Pittsburgh Penguins' sixth-round pick went to the Florida Panthers as the result of a January 18, 2006 trade that sent Eric Cairns to the Penguins in exchange for this pick. == Farm teams ==


=== Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins ===
The Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins are Pittsburgh's top affiliate in the AHL for the 2006–07 season. === Wheeling Nailers ===
The Wheeling Nailers are Pittsburgh's ECHL affiliate for the 2006–07 season. == See also ==
2006–07 NHL season


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==
NHL Team Salaries - Pittsburgh Penguins from nhlnumbers.com",387
16,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_and_Child_Scheme,Mother and Child Scheme,"The Mother and Child Scheme was a healthcare programme in Ireland that would later become remembered as a major political crisis involving primarily the Irish Government and Roman Catholic Church in the early 1950s. The scheme was referred to as the Mother and Child Service in legislation. A brochure, ""What the new service means to every family"", was prepared. It explained the new service but was not issued to the public. The scheme was engulfed in crisis before this could happen. == Background ==
Since the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 responsibility in the government for healthcare had lain with the Minister for Local Government and Public Health. No significant reform of healthcare occurred in this time and the Catholic Church still retained effective control through the ownership of hospitals and schools, while family doctors still largely practised in isolation of other medical professionals. The Fianna Fáil TD Seán MacEntee started the process of reform as Minister for Local Government & Public Health in 1943. After the Second World War there was renewed optimism after the depression of the preceding decades. Once the Emergency was over the political agenda started to shift from Irish Civil War politics, which had dominated politics, to the domestic agenda and social issues. In particular issues like employment, health and housing came to the fore and this manifested itself in a move away from Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael. Regarding healthcare, international trends such as in the National Health Service of the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Europe were noticed by the Irish political system. The office of Minister for Health was created as a separate ""Minister of the Government"" by the 1946 Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act; this act also created the Minister for Social Welfare. Problems such as high infant mortality rates led to an increase in support for health reform. The Fianna Fáil government published a much delayed White Paper in 1947. This paper was followed by the 1947 Health Act, in which the scheme was provided for in Part III of the act.",398
17,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_and_Child_Scheme,Mother and Child Scheme,"The Fianna Fáil government published a much delayed White Paper in 1947. This paper was followed by the 1947 Health Act, in which the scheme was provided for in Part III of the act. President O'Kelly convened a meeting of the Council of State to consider whether Part III should be referred to the Supreme Court, but he decided against doing so. However, the 1948 general election resulted in the surprise fall of Fianna Fáil from government and instead the First Inter-Party Government would be left with the responsibility of implementing the scheme. == The scheme ==
In 1948 Dr. Noël Browne, a new T.D. for Clann na Poblachta, and a socialist, became Minister for Health in a coalition government. Browne was an admirer of Fianna Fáil's 1947 Health Act and intended to implement its provisions as part of a plan to reduce the alarmingly high rate of child mortality (especially from tuberculosis) in Ireland, modernise the Irish healthcare system and make it free and without means-testing for mothers and their children up to the age of 16. He was impressed with the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and successful medical procedural reforms in Denmark which reduced child mortality. He tackled the domestic health issues and was acclaimed for the results. In July 1950, Browne's department formally submitted the scheme to the Irish Medical Association. The Association had originally opposed the 1947 bill, mentioning the ""socialisation of medicine."" In this opposition it was supported by at least one member of the coalition cabinet: Fine Gael T.D. Dr. Thomas F. O'Higgins, the Minister for Defence and a former member of the executive of the Association.",344
18,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_and_Child_Scheme,Mother and Child Scheme,"In this opposition it was supported by at least one member of the coalition cabinet: Fine Gael T.D. Dr. Thomas F. O'Higgins, the Minister for Defence and a former member of the executive of the Association. More important was the opposition of the Archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid, who summoned Browne to his palace and read out a letter to be sent to the Taoiseach, John A. Costello, penned by Dr. James Staunton, Bishop of Ferns, which included the words ""...they [the Archbishops and bishops] feel bound by their office to consider whether the proposals are in accordance with Catholic moral teaching,"" and, ""Doctors trained in institutions in which we have no confidence may be appointed as medical officers ... and may give gynaecological care not in accordance with Catholic principles"". The letter stated that health provision and physical education for children were solely the right of parents and not the State's concern. Archbishop McQuaid was the chairman of some boards of directors of Dublin hospitals. He exercised considerable influence concerning medical appointments and control over the religious orders whose members made up much of the administrative and management staff in hospitals, sanatoria etc. Concerning the term ""moral teaching"" in the letter to the Taoiseach, Browne received supportive advice – in secret – from Francis Cremin, a Maynooth professor of theology and canon law. Several bishops, McQuaid included, feared that the scheme could pave the way for abortion and birth control. Though some clergy might have been privately sympathetic to Browne and wished to reach an accommodation, what was viewed as Browne's tactless handling of the Catholic Church forced the moderates into silence, allowing the anti-Mother and Child Scheme members of the hierarchy under McQuaid to set the agenda. Many in the Anglican Church of Ireland community also disagreed with the scheme. The Church of Ireland Gazette saw it as 'communist' interference in the family.",395
19,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_and_Child_Scheme,Mother and Child Scheme,"Many in the Anglican Church of Ireland community also disagreed with the scheme. The Church of Ireland Gazette saw it as 'communist' interference in the family. Numerous doctors disapproved of the scheme, some on principle, others because they feared a loss of income and a fear of becoming a kind of civil servant, referring to the plan as ""socialised medicine"". Browne refused to back down on the issue but received little support even from his cabinet colleagues, most of whom he had alienated on other matters, notably his failure to attend many cabinet meetings and the lack of support which he had shown them in other crises. Isolated in cabinet as a 'loner' who did not consult with his more experienced cabinet colleagues, he also faced the hostility of his own party leader, Seán MacBride, with whom he had also fallen out, as he had with most members of the Clann na Poblachta Parliamentary Party, who resented his appointment to cabinet over the heads of more senior colleagues, and who were also offended by his treatment of them. In April 1951, MacBride demanded Browne's resignation as a minister. Browne duly submitted his resignation to the Taoiseach John A. Costello for submission to President O'Kelly. The resignation took effect from 11 April 1951. In his resignation statement, Browne told the House:

I had been led to believe that my insistence on the exclusion of a means test had the full support of my colleagues in the Government. I now know that it had not. Furthermore, the Hierarchy has informed the Government that they must regard the mother and child scheme proposed by me as opposed to Catholic social teaching. This decision I, as a Catholic, immediately accepted without hesitation.",346
20,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_and_Child_Scheme,Mother and Child Scheme,"Furthermore, the Hierarchy has informed the Government that they must regard the mother and child scheme proposed by me as opposed to Catholic social teaching. This decision I, as a Catholic, immediately accepted without hesitation. During the subsequent Dáil debate on the resignation, Tánaiste and Labour Party leader William Norton claimed:

...if this matter had been handled with tact, with understanding and with forbearance by the Minister responsible, I believe we would not have had the situation which has been brought about to-day. Browne explained his approach to the Dáil by saying:

I might say that my question to their Lordships was: Is this contrary to Catholic moral teaching? The reply, as you all know, was that it is contrary to Catholic social teaching. I was not aware — the Taoiseach can verify this — until I had asked each member of the Cabinet separately what he proposed to do, what he had been given to understand by Dr. McQuaid when that decision was taken. He then told us that that morning he had been informed by Dr. McQuaid that Catholic social teaching and Catholic moral teaching were one and the same thing. == Aftermath ==
The following month a general election was called and in June 1951 a new government was formed as a result. A derivative of the scheme was implemented subsequently by the Fianna Fáil government which returned to power as a result of the general election. This achieved legislative effect in the 1953 Health Act; this and later legislation that created the Voluntary Health Insurance Board in 1957. Although a single-payer system emerged in Ireland, the 1957 Act ended immediate attempts to implement a National Health Service-style healthcare model. Thus the private and public systems existing side-by-side, later reinforced by the 1970 Health Act, which changed healthcare from the responsibility of the county to a smaller number of regional health boards.",383
21,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_and_Child_Scheme,Mother and Child Scheme,"Although a single-payer system emerged in Ireland, the 1957 Act ended immediate attempts to implement a National Health Service-style healthcare model. Thus the private and public systems existing side-by-side, later reinforced by the 1970 Health Act, which changed healthcare from the responsibility of the county to a smaller number of regional health boards. The transfer of responsibility from local authority to state led to the introduction of the Unmarried Mother's Allowance in 1973, the first direct State payment to assist an unmarried woman to rear her child in the community. == References ==


=== Citations ===


=== Sources ===
Browne, Noel (1986). Against The Tide. Dublin: Gill & McMillan. Counihan, H. E. (2002). ""The Medical Association and the Mother and Child Scheme"". Irish Journal of Medical Science. 171 (2): 110–115. doi:10.1007/BF03168964. ISSN 0021-1265. Department of Health (July 1952). Proposals for improved and extended health services July, 1952 (PDF). Official publications. Vol. Pr.1333. Dublin: Stationery Office. Retrieved 13 November 2016. McKee, Eamonn (November 1986). ""Church-State Relations and the Development of Irish Health Policy: The Mother-and-Child Scheme, 1944-53"". Irish Historical Studies. 25 (98): 159–194. JSTOR 30008527. == External links ==
Mother and Child Scheme Controversy History Hub, University College Dublin
1950s - Mother and Child Scheme Oireachtas Library & Research Service",329
22,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Scheepers,Gideon Scheepers,"Gideon Scheepers (4 April 1878 – 18 January 1902) was a Boer military leader, scout and heliographer during the Anglo-Boer War (also known as the South African war). He is remembered for having been executed for war crimes. == Early years ==
Gideon Jacobus Scheepers was born on 4 April 1878 in Middelburg in the Colony of Transvaal. When he turned 16 he trained as a heliographer (a specialist trained to use a mirror and sunlight to transmit messages to other troops) in the State Artillery. In 1898 he was seconded to the Orange Free State and promoted to sergeant. == Anglo-Boer War ==
He accompanied the Free State commandos to its western border. During the Siege of Kimberley he shot two captured natives (then the polite term) on the grounds that they were allegedly scouts. General Christiaan de Wet used him as a scout and later promoted him to captain in charge of his own reconnaissance corps. === Invasion of the Cape ===
In December 1900 Scheepers was a member of commandant Kritzinger's commando that invaded the Cape Colony. Within eight weeks their ways parted when Kritzinger returned to the Free State. After recruiting many Cape rebels, he was promoted to commandant of 150 men, marauding in the Cape. Kritzinger's commando sabotaged British rail and telegraph lines. They executed blacks accused of spying for the British. In September 1901 Scheepers started getting ill. By 10 October, when they were close to the Prince Albert Road station, he was too ill to stay with his commando and he had to be left behind. The British captured him on 12 October and he was given the necessary medical treatment. By December 1901 he had recovered sufficiently to be taken to the gaol in Graaff-Reinet.",382
23,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Scheepers,Gideon Scheepers,"The British captured him on 12 October and he was given the necessary medical treatment. By December 1901 he had recovered sufficiently to be taken to the gaol in Graaff-Reinet. === Trial and execution ===
Scheepers faced 16 charges in a court martial: 7 of murder, 1 of attempted murder, 1 that he placed a prisoner in the enemy's line of fire, 1 of maltreatment of a POW, 3 of assault, 2 of malicious injury to property and 1 of arson (15 incidents). 54 witnesses were called to testify for the prosecution. Scheepers appointed his own attorney Carl Auret to defend him. Scheepers was convicted on all counts except one of the murder charges. He was sentenced to death. On 18 January 1902 he was executed by firing squad, while tied to a chair. He was reburied during the night in an unknown grave, and to this day his place of burial is unknown. == Cultural depictions ==
Gideon Scheepers (1982) - an Afrikaans language movie about Scheepers' trial and execution. == Literature ==
J. E. H. Grobler, The War Reporter: the Anglo-Boer war through the eyes of the burghers, Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-86842-186-2. Pages 77, 89, 96-97, 103, 111, 114, 119, 124-125, 131-133, 136. Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War, George Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1979. Abacus, 1992. ISBN 0 349 10466 2. Pages 447, 526, and 561. == References ==",346
24,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Caetano,Rui Caetano,"Rui Miguel Teixeira Caetano  (born 20 April 1991) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a left winger. He began his career with Paços de Ferreira, playing 101 Primeira Liga games for that club and Gil Vicente. He also surpassed a century of appearances in LigaPro (106), representing mostly Penafiel. == Club career ==


=== Paços de Ferreira ===
Born in Paredes, Porto metropolitan area, Caetano joined FC Porto's youth system at the age of 13, being released in 2010 and joining F.C. Paços de Ferreira shortly after. He made his Primeira Liga debut on 14 August of that year, starting and assisting Mario Rondón for the game's only goal in a home win against Sporting CP. On 23 April 2011, Caetano played in a 2–1 loss to S.L. Benfica in the final of the Taça da Liga, as a 71st-minute substitute for Manuel José. He scored his first career goal six days later, the late winner in a win by the same score at home to Vitória S.C. after replacing the same teammate. Caetano played 25 matches in 2012–13 (21 from the bench, 616 minutes of action), as Paços finished a best-ever third and qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in their history. He scored his only goal of the season on 28 April 2013, netting the final 2–2 at Vitória Guimarães in the 88th minute. === Gil Vicente ===
On 2 January 2014, Caetano signed for fellow top-division club Gil Vicente FC, penning a contract until June of the following year. He appeared in 20 games in his first full campaign, which ended in relegation as second from bottom.",392
25,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Caetano,Rui Caetano,"=== Gil Vicente ===
On 2 January 2014, Caetano signed for fellow top-division club Gil Vicente FC, penning a contract until June of the following year. He appeared in 20 games in his first full campaign, which ended in relegation as second from bottom. === Penafiel and Aves ===
On 17 August 2015, Caetano joined F.C. Penafiel of the Segunda Liga as a free agent. He played regularly in a mid-table finish, scoring once on 23 January with a last-ditch equaliser in a 1–1 home draw with S.C. Olhanense. Caetano moved on 23 June 2016 to C.D. Aves of the same league, on a one-year contract. He was used more often as a substitute as the team won promotion as runners-up; on 7 May, on a rare start, he scored the decisive goal of a 2–1 home victory over his previous employers. On 15 July 2017, Caetano returned to Penafiel, being presented as a surprise at a members' meeting. His first season back ended prematurely on 5 May in the penultimate round against fellow promotion-chasers Académico de Viseu F.C. as he was shown a straight red card after the match had already finished. Caetano scored a career-best four goals the following campaign, despite rarely starting. One was the added-time winner in a 5–4 away defeat of Vitória S.C. B on 8 April 2019. === Varzim ===
After six months of inactivity, Caetano signed an 18-month deal with second-tier Varzim S.C. on 4 December 2019, reuniting with former Penafiel manager Paulo Alves. He alleged that he had signed for Paços de Ferreira at the start of the season, which was denied by the club.",398
26,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Caetano,Rui Caetano,"=== Varzim ===
After six months of inactivity, Caetano signed an 18-month deal with second-tier Varzim S.C. on 4 December 2019, reuniting with former Penafiel manager Paulo Alves. He alleged that he had signed for Paços de Ferreira at the start of the season, which was denied by the club. Aged only 29, Caetano made his final appearance on 10 January 2021, scoring the winner in a 2–1 comeback victory at Penafiel. == International career ==
In 2010, although he appeared for the Portugal under-19 team during the qualifying phase, where he scored against Macedonia, Caetano was not called to the UEFA European Under-19 Championship. On 22 May 2011 he was selected by the under-20s for the 2011 Toulon Tournament, playing three games in an eventual group-stage exit. Caetano participated at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia, only missing two matches in seven as the nation finished in second place. He made his debut for the under-21 side on 5 September 2011, in a friendly with France; all youth categories comprised, he won 43 caps and netted twice. == Personal life ==
Caetano's father, Agostinho, was also a professional footballer. During his career, the former helped the latter – who had also left the professional game early – in his real estate business, a reason why he never played for a team outside of the north. He owned seven recreational facilities in his own name by the time of his retirement.",326
27,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Caetano,Rui Caetano,"During his career, the former helped the latter – who had also left the professional game early – in his real estate business, a reason why he never played for a team outside of the north. He owned seven recreational facilities in his own name by the time of his retirement. == Career statistics ==
As of match played 14 May 2016


== Honours ==
Paços de Ferreira

Taça da Liga runner-up: 2010–11
Portugal U20

FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up: 2011
Orders

 Knight of the Order of Prince Henry


== References ==


== External links ==
Rui Caetano at ForaDeJogo (archived) 
Rui Caetano national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese)
Rui Caetano – FIFA competition record (archived)",184
28,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"The 1902 court-martial of Breaker Morant was a war crimes prosecution that brought to trial six officers – Lieutenants Harry ""Breaker"" Morant, Peter Handcock, George Witton, Henry Picton, Captain Alfred Taylor and Major Robert Lenehan – of the Bushveldt Carbineers (BVC), an irregular regiment of mounted rifles during the Second Boer War. The trial opened in Pietersburg during January 1902. The charges, which were in part prompted by a ""letter of complaint"" which was written by BVC Trooper Robert Mitchell Cochrane and signed by James Christie and 14 other members of the BVC, were that Lieutenant Morant had incited the co-accused to murder some 20 people, including the wounded prisoner of war (POW) Floris Visser, a group of four Boer prisoners of war (POWs) and four Dutch schoolteachers, Boer civilian adults and children, and a Lutheran missionary named Rev. Daniel Heese. Morant and Handcock were acquitted of killing Heese, but were sentenced to death on the other two charges and executed within 18 hours of sentencing. Their death warrants were personally signed by Lord Kitchener. It was not until 1907 that news of the trial and executions were made public in Australia when Witton published Scapegoats of the Empire. The Australian government subsequently ensured that none of its troops would be tried by the British military during World War I. == Floris Visser ambush, capture and death ==
Floris J. Visser (c. 1881 – 11 August 1901) was an Afrikaner and member of the Letaba Commando, which fought for the Republic of Transvaal during the Second Anglo-Boer War. Visser's summary execution while a wounded prisoner of war was one of the alleged war crimes that were prosecuted in the Court martial of Breaker Morant.",392
29,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"== Floris Visser ambush, capture and death ==
Floris J. Visser (c. 1881 – 11 August 1901) was an Afrikaner and member of the Letaba Commando, which fought for the Republic of Transvaal during the Second Anglo-Boer War. Visser's summary execution while a wounded prisoner of war was one of the alleged war crimes that were prosecuted in the Court martial of Breaker Morant. At the time of his death, Visser was about twenty years of age. === Capture ===
On the night of 6 August 1901, Floris Visser was wounded in his ankle during an ambush of his Boer Commandos by a patrol of the Bushveldt Carbineers, an irregular unit of the British Army, led by Captain Percy Frederick Hunt. The ambush took place at the Viljoen homestead in Duivelskloof. During the same attack, the Commandos lost field cornet Barend Viljoen, his brother J.J. Viljoen, and F.J. Schell. The Bushveldt Carbineers lost Captain Hunt and Sergeant Frank Eland. After the ambush, the remnants of the Letaba Commandos was pursued by a BVC patrol led by Lieutenant Morant. Although Morant had only arrived from Fort Edward after Captain Hunt's burial, he had been told rumours that Hunt's body had been mutilated. On the morning of 9 August 1901, Morant led a patrol consisting of both members of the Bushveldt Carbineers and warriors from the local Lobedu people. That evening, after coming upon the Letaba Commando's encampment in a gully, the patrol prepared to attack.",356
30,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"On the morning of 9 August 1901, Morant led a patrol consisting of both members of the Bushveldt Carbineers and warriors from the local Lobedu people. That evening, after coming upon the Letaba Commando's encampment in a gully, the patrol prepared to attack. Morant's Afrikaner adjutant, Trooper Theunis Botha, later recalled, ""I may say here that for Morant's own cowardice the whole of the party would have been caught as every other man in the patrol will testify. Instead of going close up as he could easily have done and so closing the cordon he started firing at 2000 yards and would not go nearer."" Hearing the shots, the Letaba Commando scattered. As his comrades fled, Visser, who was unable to walk or ride, was left behind. The Bushveldt Carbineers found him lying under one of the wagons. Trooper Botha later recalled, ""I generally acted as interpreter for Lt Morant. On the evening on which Visser was captured I acted in that capacity. I asked Visser by Lieutenant Morant's request how Capt. Hunt was killed. He replied that he was killed in a fair fight, shot through the chest. Lieutenant Morant said his neck was broken. Visser vehemently denied it. Before commencing to ask these questions Lieutenant Morant said, 'If you tell the truth your life will be spared, if you tell lies you will be shot.' He then asked as to the plans of the Boers. Visser replied that the Boers did not intend to stay around there (Little Letaba) but were trekking to the Woodbush to join Beyers' Commando."" As the patrol continued their pursuit of the Viljoen Commando, Visser was carried along.",373
31,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Visser replied that the Boers did not intend to stay around there (Little Letaba) but were trekking to the Woodbush to join Beyers' Commando."" As the patrol continued their pursuit of the Viljoen Commando, Visser was carried along. Trooper Botha continued, ""In the morning similar questions were again asked of him by Lieutenant Morant who again promised to spare his life if he answered truthfully. Visser answered every question truthfully as subsequent events proved."" === Death ===
According to BVC Trooper Edward Powell, ""After being captured he was conveyed in a cape cart about fifteen miles. When we outspanned I heard that Lieutenants Morant, Handcock, and Picton would hold a court-martial and that Visser would probably be shot. Visser was in the cart all the time to the best of my belief and was not present at the court-martial."" According to Trooper Botha, ""When [Henry] Ledeboer told Visser he was about to be shot I heard Visser remind Lieutenant Morant through the interpreter that he had promised to spare his life if he had answered all his questions. Lieutenant Morant said, 'It is idle talk. We are going to shoot you,' or word to that effect."" According to Trooper James Christie, a New Zealander, when Morant ordered the patrol to form a firing squad, the men objected, and one of the Lieutenants shouted, ""If you're so damn chicken-hearted I'll shoot him myself."" Before taking his place in the firing squad, Trooper Botha told Trooper Christie about Visser, ""I know him good. I went to school with him. I don't like to do it, but they will shoot me if I don't."" The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J.",383
32,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"I don't like to do it, but they will shoot me if I don't."" The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J. Petrie, J.J. Gill, Wild, and T.J. Botha. Trooper Christie watched as the Lobedu lifted Visser out of the cape cart in a blanket and laid him down twenty yards away in a sitting position with his back to the firing squad. Trooper Powell further alleged that the Lobedu danced ""the war dance before Visser before he was shot."" A volley rang out and Visser fell backwards from his sitting position. A coup de grâce was delivered by BVC Lt. Harry Picton. Lieutenant Morant then approached Trooper Christie and said, ""I know it's hard times for him, but it's got to be done, see how the Boers knocked Captain Hunt about."" According to Trooper Christie, ""I said that Captain Hunt had died a soldier's death - that he was killed in a 'fair go' and beyond being stripped there was no maltreatment of him; and how the Kaffirs [sic] might have stripped him. He said no; that Captain Hunt's tunic and trousers had been found in the Cape cart. 'But,' I said, 'the boy was not wearing them.' 'Anyhow,' he said, 'its got to be done. It's unfortunate that he should be the first to suffer.' I still held that it was not right to shoot him after carrying him for so far. But as up to this time Morant and I had been good friends I said no more, but tore off my 'B.V.C.' badge and cursed such a form of soldiering. Then we saddled up and trekked for home.""",362
33,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"badge and cursed such a form of soldiering. Then we saddled up and trekked for home."" On the orders of the officers, Visser was buried by the Lobedu in a shallow grave near Blas Perreira's Shop along the Koedoes River. == The letter ==
On 4 October 1901, a letter signed by 15 members of the Bushveldt Carbineers (BVC) garrison at Fort Edward was secretly dispatched to Colonel F.H. Hall, the British Army Officer Commanding at Pietersburg, South Africa. The letter that was written by BVC Trooper Robert Mitchell Cochrane, a former Justice of the Peace from Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, accused members of the Fort Edward garrison of six ""disgraceful incidents"":

The shooting of six surrendered Afrikaner men and boys and the theft of their money and livestock at Valdezia on 2 July 1901. The orders had been given by Captains Alfred Taylor and James Huntley Robertson, and relayed by Sergeant Major K.C.B. Morrison to Sergeant D.C. Oldham. The actual killing was alleged to have been carried out by Sgt. Oldham and BVC Troopers Eden, Arnold, Brown, Heath, and Dale. The shooting of BVC Trooper B.J. van Buuren by BVC Lieutenant Peter Handcock on 4 July 1901. Trooper van Buuren, an Afrikaner, had ""disapproved"" of the killings at Valdezia, and had informed the victims' wives and children, who were imprisoned at Fort Edward while awaiting shipment to concentration camps, of what had happened to their relatives. The revenge killing of Floris Visser, a wounded prisoner of war, near the Koedoes River on 11 August 1901. Visser had been captured two days before his death by a BVC patrol led by Lieut. Harry Morant.",391
34,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Visser had been captured two days before his death by a BVC patrol led by Lieut. Harry Morant. After Visser had been exhaustively interrogated and conveyed for 15 miles by the patrol, Lieutenant Morant had ordered his men to form a firing squad and shoot him. The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J. Petrie, J.J. Gill, Wild, and T.J. Botha. A coup de grace was delivered by BVC Lieutenant Harry Picton. The killing of Floris Visser was in retaliation for the combat death of Morant's close friend, BVC Captain Percy Frederick Hunt, at Duivelskloof on 6 August 1901. The shooting, ordered by Captain Taylor and Lieutenant Morant, of four surrendered Afrikaners and four Dutch schoolteachers, who had been captured at the Elim Hospital in Valdezia, on the morning of 23 August 1901. The firing squad consisted of BVC Lieutenant George Witton, Sgt. D.C. Oldham, and Troopers J.T. Arnold, Edward Brown, T. Dale, and A. Heath. Although Trooper Cochrane's letter made no mention of the fact, three Native South African witnesses were also shot dead.The ambush and fatal shooting of the Reverend Carl August Daniel Heese of the Berlin Missionary Society near Bandolierkop on the afternoon of 23 August 1901. Heese had spiritually counselled the Dutch and Afrikaner victims that morning and had angrily protested to Morant at Fort Edward upon learning of their deaths. Trooper Cochrane alleged that the killer of Heese was BVC Lieutenant Peter Handcock. Although Cochrane made no mention of the fact, Heese's driver, a member of the Southern Ndebele people, was also killed. The orders, given by BVC Lieutenant Charles H.G.",384
35,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Although Cochrane made no mention of the fact, Heese's driver, a member of the Southern Ndebele people, was also killed. The orders, given by BVC Lieutenant Charles H.G. Hannam, to open fire on a wagon train containing Afrikaner women and children who were coming in to surrender at Fort Edward, on 5 September 1901. The ensuing gunfire led to the deaths of two boys, aged 5 and 13, and the wounding of a 9-year-old girl. The shooting of Roelf van Staden and his sons Roelf, 16, and Christiaan, 12, near Fort Edward on 7 September 1901. All were coming in to surrender in the hope of gaining medical treatment for teenaged Christiaan, who had recurring bouts of fever. Instead, they were met at the Sweetwaters Farm near Fort Edward by a party consisting of Lieutenants Morant and Handcock, joined by BVC Sergeant Major Hammet, Corporal MacMahon, and Troopers Hodds, Botha, and Thompson. Roelf van Staden and both his sons were then shot, allegedly after being forced to dig their own graves. The letter then accused the Field Commander of the BVC, Major Robert Lenahan, of being ""privy these misdemeanours. It is for this reason that we have taken the liberty of addressing this communication direct to you."" After listing numerous civilian witnesses who could confirm their allegations, Trooper Cochrane concluded, ""Sir, many of us are Australians who have fought throughout nearly the whole war while others are Africaners who have fought from Colenso till now. We cannot return home with the stigma of these crimes attached to our names. Therefore, we humbly pray that a full and exhaustive inquiry be made by Imperial officers in order that the truth be elicited and justice done. Also we beg that all witnesses may be kept in camp at Pietersburg till the inquiry is finished.",398
36,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Therefore, we humbly pray that a full and exhaustive inquiry be made by Imperial officers in order that the truth be elicited and justice done. Also we beg that all witnesses may be kept in camp at Pietersburg till the inquiry is finished. So deeply do we deplore the opprobrium which must be inseparably attached to these crimes that scarcely a man once his time is up can be prevailed to re-enlist in this corps. Trusting for the credit of thinking you will grant the inquiry we seek."" == Arrests ==
In response to the letter written by Trooper Cochrane, Colonel Hall summoned all Fort Edward officers and non-commissioned officers to Pietersburg on 21 October 1901. All were met by a party of mounted infantry five miles outside Pietersburg on the morning of 23 October 1901 and ""brought into town like criminals"". Morant was arrested after returning from leave in Pretoria, where he had gone to settle the affairs of his deceased friend Hunt. == Indictments ==
Although the trial transcripts, like almost all others dating from between 1850 and 1914, were later destroyed by the Civil Service, it is known that a Court of Inquiry, the British military's equivalent to a grand jury, was convened on 16 October 1901. The President of the Court was Colonel H.M. Carter, who was assisted by Captain E. Evans and Major Wilfred N. Bolton, the Provost Marshal of Pietersburg. The first session of the Court took place on 6 November 1901 and continued for four weeks. Deliberations continued for a further two weeks; the indictments would be as follows:

In what became known as ""The Six Boers Case"", Captains Robertson and Taylor, as well as Sergeant Major Morrison, were charged with committing the offence of murder while on active service.",371
37,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"The first session of the Court took place on 6 November 1901 and continued for four weeks. Deliberations continued for a further two weeks; the indictments would be as follows:

In what became known as ""The Six Boers Case"", Captains Robertson and Taylor, as well as Sergeant Major Morrison, were charged with committing the offence of murder while on active service. In relation to what was dubbed ""The Van Buuren Incident"", Lieutenant Handcock was charged with murder and Major Lenahan was charged with, ""When on active service by culpable neglect failing to make a report which it was his duty to make."" In relation to ""The Visser Incident"", Lieutenants Morant, Handcock, Witton, and Picton were charged with ""While on active service committing the offence of murder"". In relation to what was incorrectly dubbed ""The Eight Boers Case"", Morant, Handcock, and Witton were charged with ""While on active service committing the offence of murder"".In relation to the slaying of Heese; Morant and Handcock were charged with ""While on active service committing the offence of murder"". No charges were filed for the three children who had been shot by the Bushveldt Carbineers near Fort Edward. In relation to what became known as ""The Three Boers Case"", Morant and Handcock were charged with ""While on active service committing the offence of murder"".",288
38,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"No charges were filed for the three children who had been shot by the Bushveldt Carbineers near Fort Edward. In relation to what became known as ""The Three Boers Case"", Morant and Handcock were charged with ""While on active service committing the offence of murder"". In a confidential report to the War Office, Colonel J. St. Claire wrote:

I agree generally with the views expressed by the Court of Inquiry in the opinions of the several cases.The idea that no prisoners were to be taken in the Spelonken area appears to have been started by the late Captain Hunt & after his death continued by orders given personally by Captain Taylor.The statement that Captain Hunt's body had been maltreated is in no way corroborated & the reprisals undertaken by Lt Morant on this idea were utterly unjustifiable.Lieut Morant seems to have been the primary mover in carrying out these orders, & Lieut Handcock willingly lent himself out as the principle executioner of them.Lieut Morant acquiesced in the illegal execution of the wounded Boer Visser & took a personal part in the massacre of the 8 surrendered Boers on 23 August.The two N.C.O.s acted under orders but were not justified in obeying illegal commands.After the murder of Van Buuren the officers seem to have exercised a reign of terror in the District, which hindered their men from reporting their illegal acts & even prevented their objecting to assist in the crime. == Courts martial ==
The first court martial opened on 16 January 1902, with Lieutenant-Colonel H.C. Denny presiding over a panel of six judges. Major James Francis Thomas, an Australian solicitor from Tenterfield, New South Wales, had been retained to defend Lenahan. The night before, however, he agreed to represent all six defendants.",379
39,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Major James Francis Thomas, an Australian solicitor from Tenterfield, New South Wales, had been retained to defend Lenahan. The night before, however, he agreed to represent all six defendants. The summary that follows is based upon the detailed summary of the trials that appeared in The Times of London and the memoirs of Lieut. George Witton. === The Visser trial ===


==== Initial charges ====
The ""Visser Incident"" was the first case to go to trial on 17 January 1902. The Court was composed of Lieutenant-Colonel Denny and five other officers. Major Copland was Judge Advocate and Captain R. Burns-Begg was Public Prosecutor. Lieuts. Morant, Hancock, Picton, and Witton ""were charged with the murder of a wounded Boer prisoner named Visser. They pleaded Not Guilty and were defended by Major James Francis Thomas, New South Wales Mounted Rifles."" The prosecution called Sergeant S. Robinson, who testified about the attack on the Viljoen homestead at Duivelskloof, during which Captain Percy Frederick Hunt and Sergeant Frank Eland were killed. Sgt. Robinson testified that when he returned to the battlefield later, Captain Hunt's body had been stripped. Robinson then took the bodies to the Mendingen Mission Station, where his party was later reinforced by Lieuts. Morant, Handcock, Picton and Witton. Sgt. Robinson testified that the following morning, ""they went in pursuit of the Boers, overtook them, and captured their laager, finding one wounded Boer there."" The following day, Visser, the wounded Boer, ""accompanied the force some distance."" During the dinner hour, Lieut. Morant ""held a conversation in which"", Visser, ""who was in a car cart six yards away away, appeared to take no part."" Lieut.",388
40,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Morant ""held a conversation in which"", Visser, ""who was in a car cart six yards away away, appeared to take no part."" Lieut. Morant and Intelligence Scout Henry Ledeboer then approached Visser, ""telling him that they were sorry, but that he had been found guilty of being in possession of the late Captain Hunt's clothing, and also of wearing khaki. Sgt. Robinson did not hear ""what further was said, but was told to earn to men for duty."" Sgt. Robinson ""refused, asking Picton by whose orders this man was to be shot. Lieutenant Picton replied that the orders were from Lord Kitchener, naming a certain date, and were to the effect that all the Boers wearing khaki from that date were to be shot. The witness said he had never seen any such orders, which should have been posted or read regimentally."" During cross-examination by Major Thomas, Sgt. Robinson ""said that Captain Hunt's body bore signs of ill-treatment."" Furthermore, Visser, when captured, ""had a kind of khaki jacket on."" Sgt. Robinson further revealed that he had been told by the late Captain Hunt ""that he had direct orders that no prisoners were to be taken"". On one occasion, Sgt. Robinson had been ""abused"" by Captain Hunt ""for bringing in three prisoners against orders."" Sgt. Robinson further revealed that, prior to Captain Hunt's death at Duivelskloof, ""Morant had previously been considerate to prisoners"", but that afterwards, ""He was in charge of the firing party that executed Visser.""",335
41,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Sgt. Robinson further revealed that, prior to Captain Hunt's death at Duivelskloof, ""Morant had previously been considerate to prisoners"", but that afterwards, ""He was in charge of the firing party that executed Visser."" The next witness for the prosecution was Morant's former orderly and interpreter – an Afrikaner ""joiner"" named Trooper Theunis J. Botha – who ""corroborated the previous witness, and said that he was one of the firing party who carried out the sentence on Visser, who was carried down to a river and shot."" Trooper Botha added that he ""had previously lived with Visser on the same farm"", and that he ""objected to forming one of the firing party."" Corporal Sharpe then took the stand and, ""gave corroborative evidence"", and added that after Visser was shot, a coup de grace was delivered by Lieutenant Picton. Although there is no account of this in The Times of London's account of the trial, Lieut. Witton alleges in his memoirs that Corporal Sharpe admitted under cross-examination by Major Thomas that he had expressed a willingness to cross South Africa on foot in return for a chance be in the firing squad that would execute the defendants. ==== Morant’s testimony ====
Henry Ledeboer, an Intelligence Scout for Captain Taylor, took the stand and testified that on the day in question ""he translated the sentence of a Court-Martial that condemned Visser to be shot."" Ledeboer admitted, however, that ""the court-martial"" consisted merely of a discussion between four officers – Lieuts. Morant, Picton, Handcock, and Witton. According to The Times, ""The prisoners elected to give evidence on their own behalf."" Taking the stand, Lieut.",386
42,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"According to The Times, ""The prisoners elected to give evidence on their own behalf."" Taking the stand, Lieut. Morant said that he had served under the command of Captain Hunt, ""with the force charged with clearing the northern district of Boers"", and that ""it was regular guerrilla warfare"". Lieut. Morant further testified that Captain Hunt, in giving orders to shoot prisoners, ""acted on orders he brought from Pretoria."" Lieut. Morant explained that he once ""brought in 30 prisoners"" and that ""Captain Hunt reprimanded him for bringing them in at all, and told him not to do it again."" Lieut. Morant further testified that he ""took command after Captain Hunt was killed and went with reinforcements. When he learned the circumstances of Captain Hunt's death, and the way he had been maltreated"", Lieut. Morant ""followed the Boers and attacked their laager. The Boers cleared, leaving Visser, who had on a soldier's shirt, and was using Captain Hunt's trousers as a pillow. He was court-martialed and shot on this account."" Lieut. Morant alleged that ""the others all knew of Captain Hunt's orders."" Lieut. Morant ""had told them he had previously disregarded them, but after the way the Boers had treated Captain Hunt, he would carry out the orders which he regarded as lawful."" Although the account written in The Times makes no mention of it, Lieut. Witton alleges that the President of the Court then asked Lieut. Morant whether Visser's ""court-martial"" had been constituted like Morant's own court-martial, and whether the four ""judges"" had observed King's Regulations. Morant's reply, according to Witton, was: ""Was it like this? No; it was not quite so handsome.",386
43,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Morant's reply, according to Witton, was: ""Was it like this? No; it was not quite so handsome. As to rules and regulations, we had no Red Book, and knew nothing about them. We were out fighting the Boers, not sitting comfortably behind barb-wire entanglements; we got them and shot them under Rule 303!"" Under cross-examination by Major Thomas, Lieut. Morant alleged ""that Captain Hunt's orders were to clear Spelonken and take no prisoners."" Morant admitted, however, that ""He had never seen these orders in writing"", but that ""Captain Hunt quoted the actions of Kitchener's and Strathcona's Horse as precedents."" Lieut. Morant further explained that his reason for disobeying Captain Hunt was ""because his captured were 'a good lot.'"" Lieut. Morant further admitted that he ""had shot no prisoners prior to Visser."" When asked about Visser's ""court-martial"", Lieut. Morant admitted that ""No witnesses were called"", as all present had been eyewitnesses. During the proceeding, Lieut. Picton had ""raised an objection to Visser being shot, on the ground that he should have been shot the night before."" When pressed about the reason why, Morant insisted that Captain Hunt had repeatedly ordered him not to take prisoners and that ""he never questioned"" the validity of those orders. Maj. Thomas then asked Lieut. Morant ""whether he knew who gave the orders, but the Judge Advocate protested against the question, and was upheld by the Court after consultation."" ==== Resumption of the trial and aftermath ====
When the trial resumed on 18 January 1902, ""the Court allowed the question."" Lieut. Morant then alleged that the late Captain Percy Frederick Hunt had received from Colonel Hubert Hamilton ""the orders that no prisoners were to be taken."" Lieut.",395
44,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Morant then alleged that the late Captain Percy Frederick Hunt had received from Colonel Hubert Hamilton ""the orders that no prisoners were to be taken."" Lieut. Morant further alleged that many others, including Lieut. Peter Handcock, had received the same orders from Captain Hunt. Despite Colonel Hall's role in ordering Lieut. Morant's arrest, Morant further alleged that the Colonel had known of the ""court-martial"" and execution of Visser, as an honest report was mailed to the Colonel within a fortnight of Visser's death. Morant alleged that a similar report also reached Captain Taylor. When pressed, however, Lieut. Morant admitted that he ""had only Captain Hunt's word for it that Colonel Hamilton"" had ordered the killing of prisoners. Lieut. Morant also admitted that he ""had made no attempt to get his report"" to Colonel Hall ""as evidence."" Toward the end of the trial, the court moved to Pretoria, where Colonel Hamilton testified that he had ""never spoken to Captain Hunt with reference to his duties in the Northern Transvaal"". Though stunned, Major Thomas argued that his clients were not guilty because they believed that they ""acted under orders"". In response, Burns-Begg argued that they were ""illegal orders"" and said, ""The right of killing an armed man exists only so long as he resists; as soon as he submits he is entitled to be treated as a prisoner of war."" The Court ruled in the prosecution's favour. Morant was found guilty of murder. Handcock, Witton, and Picton were convicted of the lesser charge of manslaughter. After observing the trial, Colonel A.R. Pemberton wrote to the War Office, ""I consider that Lieut. Morant was properly convicted...",367
45,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Pemberton wrote to the War Office, ""I consider that Lieut. Morant was properly convicted... The so-called Court was not a Court at all; it may be more justly called a consultation between 4 officers which ended in a party of subordinates being ordered to commit murder. A stronger case of implied malice aforethought has rarely been represented before any tribunal. I fail to understand on what grounds the other 3 prisoners were found guilty of manslaughter only. I disagree with this finding: From the evidence adduced I consider the 4 officers are jointly & severally responsible for the death of Visser & guilty of murder. I do not consider it proved that Visser was wearing British uniform."" === Eight Boers case ===
The trial recommenced on 31 January 1902 with the four Afrikaners and four Dutch schoolteachers who had surrendered to a party led by Morant and Handcock at the Elim Hospital on the morning of 23 August 1901. The case had barely commenced before the prosecution counsel, Captain Burns-Begg, and two of the judges, Major Ousley and Captain Marshall, were replaced. Documents connected with the case reveal that Major R. Whigham and Colonel James St. Clair had ordered Major Wilfred N. Bolton to appear for the prosecution, as he was considered less expensive than hiring a barrister. Bolton vainly requested to be excused, writing, ""My knowledge of law is insufficient for so intricate a matter."" Meanwhile, Captains Matcham and Brown took the place of Ousley and Marshall. The deposition of former BVC Corporal Albert van der Westerhuizen, the memoirs of George Witton, and the Transvaal War Museum archives reveal that, after the prisoners were taken, they were marched to a hillside nearby and forced to dig their own mass grave.",372
46,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Meanwhile, Captains Matcham and Brown took the place of Ousley and Marshall. The deposition of former BVC Corporal Albert van der Westerhuizen, the memoirs of George Witton, and the Transvaal War Museum archives reveal that, after the prisoners were taken, they were marched to a hillside nearby and forced to dig their own mass grave. Then, as planned in advance, Henry Lebeoer and Mr. Schwartz, two local Afrikaners assigned to Captain Taylor's staff, fired three shots to make it appear that the party was under attack by the Zoutpansberg Commando. All eight prisoners were then shot and buried in the mass grave which they had dug. According to South African historian Charles Leach, only five out of the eight victims were members of the Zoutpansberg Commando. Witton alleged in his account that he shot a Boer who had lunged at him and attempted to grab his rifle. Other sources allege that the same man was a Dutch Reformed Church deacon and member of the Zoutpansberg Commando named C.J. Smit. According to South African historian Dr. C.A.R. Schulenburg, ""Morant, Handcock, and Witton were found guilty of the murder of the eight Boers. Morant's defence was again that he was merely carrying out orders from senior officers 'not to bring any more prisoners in.'"" After the conclusion of the Eight Boers hearing, the prisoners were placed in irons, taken to Pretoria by rail under heavy guard and tried on the third main count. === Heese case ===
The charge concerned the murder of the Lutheran missionary, Reverend Daniel Heese, who had spiritually counselled the eight Afrikaner and Dutch victims at Valdezia. It opened on 17 February, with Major Bolton alleging that Heese had been ambushed and shot by Handcock on the orders of Morant.",398
47,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"=== Heese case ===
The charge concerned the murder of the Lutheran missionary, Reverend Daniel Heese, who had spiritually counselled the eight Afrikaner and Dutch victims at Valdezia. It opened on 17 February, with Major Bolton alleging that Heese had been ambushed and shot by Handcock on the orders of Morant. Handcock was charged with murder and Morant with inciting. === Three Boers case ===
Morant and Handcock stood accused of ordering certain troopers and a corporal to shoot Roelf van Staden and both his sons. They were found guilty. == Attack on Pietersburg ==
While the trial was underway, Boer commandos launched a surprise attack on Pietersburg. Morant and his co-accused were released from their cells and given arms in order to participate in the defence. It is reported that they fought bravely, in the direct line of fire and assisted in the defeat of the attackers. Although Major Thomas filed a ""plea of condonation"", which can earn them clemency because of their roles in the defence; his request was dismissed by the court. The principle of condonation in military law traces back to the ""Memorandum on Corporal Punishment"" issued by the Duke of Wellington on 4 March 1832:

""The performance of a duty of honour or of trust, after the knowledge of an offence committed by a soldier, ought to convey a pardon for the offence. == Superior orders defence ==
Major Thomas argued that summary executions of surrendered members of the Boer Commandos were justified under what became known, half a century later, as the Nuremberg Defense: namely, that the defendants could not be held criminally or morally responsible because they only followed orders from Lord Kitchener to ""take no prisoners"".",369
48,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"The principle of condonation in military law traces back to the ""Memorandum on Corporal Punishment"" issued by the Duke of Wellington on 4 March 1832:

""The performance of a duty of honour or of trust, after the knowledge of an offence committed by a soldier, ought to convey a pardon for the offence. == Superior orders defence ==
Major Thomas argued that summary executions of surrendered members of the Boer Commandos were justified under what became known, half a century later, as the Nuremberg Defense: namely, that the defendants could not be held criminally or morally responsible because they only followed orders from Lord Kitchener to ""take no prisoners"". In the trial itself, Lieutenant Colonel Hubert Hamilton categorically denied giving Captain Percy Frederic Hunt orders to shoot POWs; he also denied the existence of a coded telegram from him to Lord Roberts. Even so, Thomas still demanded the acquittal of his clients on the grounds that they believed they acted under orders. In response, the prosecutor argued that, even if Kitchener had ordered the shooting of prisoners, they were ""illegal orders"", and that the defendants had no right to obey them. The judges agreed with the prosecution and found the defendants guilty. === Trial of Peter von Hagenbach ===
The trial of Peter von Hagenbach by an ad hoc tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire in 1474 was the first ""international"" recognition of commanders' obligations to act lawfully. Hagenbach was put on trial for atrocities committed during the Burgundian Wars against the civilians of Breisach. Standing accused of allowing his troops to commit mass murder and war rape, which, ""he as a knight was deemed to have a duty to prevent"", and of personally committing perjury, Hagenbach replied that he, like Morant, only followed orders from the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, against whose rule the city of Breisach had rebelled.",393
49,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Hagenbach was put on trial for atrocities committed during the Burgundian Wars against the civilians of Breisach. Standing accused of allowing his troops to commit mass murder and war rape, which, ""he as a knight was deemed to have a duty to prevent"", and of personally committing perjury, Hagenbach replied that he, like Morant, only followed orders from the Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, against whose rule the city of Breisach had rebelled. The court, however, rejected the superior orders defence. Peter von Hagenbach was found guilty of war crimes and executed by beheading at Breisgach on 4 May 1474. Despite the fact there was no explicit use of the term command responsibility, the trial of Peter von Hagenbach is seen as the first war crimes prosecution based on this principle. More recently, the trial of Peter von Hagenbach has been cited to argue against ongoing efforts in modern Australia seeking the retrial or posthumous pardon of Breaker Morant, Peter Handcock, George Witton, and Henry Picton. === Leipzig war crimes trials ===
During the Leipzig war crimes trials, however, which prosecuted alleged German war crimes after the end of World War I, the defence attorney's claim that an alleged war criminal ""only followed orders"" (German: Befehlsnotstand) was taken very seriously and resulted in both acquittals and light sentences. ==== The Dover Castle trial ====
Kapitänleutnant Karl Neumann of U-boat UC-67, who had torpedoed and sunk the British hospital ship Dover Castle in the Mediterranean Sea on 26 May 1917, stood accused of war crimes on the high seas. Neumann was able to prove, however, that he had acted under orders from his superiors in the Imperial German Navy.",377
50,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"==== The Dover Castle trial ====
Kapitänleutnant Karl Neumann of U-boat UC-67, who had torpedoed and sunk the British hospital ship Dover Castle in the Mediterranean Sea on 26 May 1917, stood accused of war crimes on the high seas. Neumann was able to prove, however, that he had acted under orders from his superiors in the Imperial German Navy. The Imperial German Government had accused the Allies of using hospital ships for military purposes and had announced on 19 March 1917 that U-boats could sink hospital ships under certain conditions. The court ruled that Neumann had believed the sinking to be a lawful act and found him not guilty of war crimes. ==== The Llandovery Castle trial ====
Oberleutnants Ludwig Dithmar and John Boldt also stood accused of war crimes on the high seas. They were two officers of the submarine SM U-86, which had not only torpedoed and sunk the Canadian hospital ship Llandovery Castle, but had also machine-gunned the survivors in the lifeboats. The sinking had taken place off the coast of Ireland on 27 June 1918 and was the deadliest Canadian maritime disaster of the First World War. 234 doctors, nurses, members of the Canadian Army Medical Corps, as well as Canadian soldiers and sailors died in the sinking and in the subsequent machine-gunning of survivors and ramming of the lifeboats by U-86's crew. Only 24 people, the occupants of a single life-raft, survived. After the war, three officers from U-86, Kapitänleutnant Helmut Brümmer-Patzig, and Oberleutnants Ludwig Dithmar and John Boldt, were charged with committing a war crime on the high seas. On 21 July 1921, Dithmar and Boldt were found guilty in one of the Leipzig War Crimes Trials and were both sentenced to four years in prison.",396
51,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"After the war, three officers from U-86, Kapitänleutnant Helmut Brümmer-Patzig, and Oberleutnants Ludwig Dithmar and John Boldt, were charged with committing a war crime on the high seas. On 21 July 1921, Dithmar and Boldt were found guilty in one of the Leipzig War Crimes Trials and were both sentenced to four years in prison. The sentences of Dithmar and Boldt were later overturned on the grounds that they were only following orders and that their commanding officer alone was responsible. Patzig, however, had fled to Danzig, then an independent city, and thus was never prosecuted as a result. Outside of Germany, the trials were seen as a travesty of justice because of the small number of cases tried and the perceived leniency of the court. According to American historian Alfred de Zayas, however, ""generally speaking, the German population took exception to these trials, especially because the Allies were not similarly bringing their own soldiers to justice."" (See Victor's justice.) === Ottoman military tribunals ===

As Turkish war crimes had been far more systematic and heinous than anything done by the Kaiser's Germany, the effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals was taken up by the Paris Peace Conference (1919) and ultimately included in the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) with the Ottoman Empire. After the war, the British Foreign Office demanded 141 Turks be tried for crimes against British soldiers and 17 for involvement in the Armenian genocide. The initial prosecution of war criminals was established between 1919 and 1920 by the Turkish Committee of Union and Progress which charged and tried several former leaders and officials for subversion of the constitution, war profiteering, and what is now called genocide against both Pontic Greeks and Armenians.",371
52,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"After the war, the British Foreign Office demanded 141 Turks be tried for crimes against British soldiers and 17 for involvement in the Armenian genocide. The initial prosecution of war criminals was established between 1919 and 1920 by the Turkish Committee of Union and Progress which charged and tried several former leaders and officials for subversion of the constitution, war profiteering, and what is now called genocide against both Pontic Greeks and Armenians. At the same time, the British Foreign Office conducted its own investigation into alleged Turkish war crimes, as they doubted that the process was being adequately dealt with by Turkish courts martial. The court sat for nearly a year, from April 1919 through March 1920. The judges had condemned the first set of defendants (Enver Pasha, Talaat Pasha, et al.) only when they were safely out of the country; but now, the Tribunal did not find anyone guilty. Admiral Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe protested to the Sublime Porte, took the trials out of Turkish hands, and removed the proceedings to Malta. There was an attempt made to seat an international tribunal, but the Turks deliberately mishandled the evidence so that their work could not be used in court. Meanwhile, the Turkish Republican Government in Ankara was strictly opposed to any attempts to prosecute accused war criminals. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk said about the detainees in Malta: ""...should any of the detainees either already brought or yet to be brought to Constantinople be executed, even at the order of the vile Constantinople government, we would seriously consider executing all British prisoners in our custody."" By February 1921, the military court in Constantinople began releasing prisoners without trials. ==== Response to the Ottoman trials ====
Armenian historian Vahakn N. Dadrian commented that the Allied efforts at prosecution were an example of ""a retributive justice [that] gave way to expedience of political accommodation"".",383
53,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"By February 1921, the military court in Constantinople began releasing prisoners without trials. ==== Response to the Ottoman trials ====
Armenian historian Vahakn N. Dadrian commented that the Allied efforts at prosecution were an example of ""a retributive justice [that] gave way to expedience of political accommodation"". Peter Balakian – referring to the post-war Ottoman military tribunals, none of which were held in Malta – commented that ""The trials represent a milestone in the history of war-crimes tribunals."" Although they were truncated in the end by political pressures, and directed by Turkey's domestic laws rather than by an international tribunal, the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920 were an antecedent to the Nuremberg Trials after World War II. === US Military tribunal at Caserta ===
On 8 October 1945, Wehrmacht General Anton Dostler became the first German officer to be prosecuted for war crimes after the end of World War II. The trial took place before an American military tribunal inside the Royal Palace of Caserta in Caserta, Italy. General Dostler stood accused of ordering the summary execution of 15 American POWs, who had been captured in March 1944. Like Morant and his co-defendants, Gen. Dostler admitted to ordering the shooting of the POWs but said that he could not be held criminally responsible because he only followed orders. General Dostler was able to prove that the killing of the 15 American prisoners of war was done in obedience to a direct order from Field Marshal Albert Kesselring and to Adolf Hitler's Commando Order, which demanded the summary execution of all Allied commandos who were captured by German forces. However, the American judges rejected the Superior Orders defence and found Gen. Dostler guilty of war crimes. He was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad at Aversa on 1 December 1945.",394
54,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"However, the American judges rejected the Superior Orders defence and found Gen. Dostler guilty of war crimes. He was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad at Aversa on 1 December 1945. === Nuremberg trials ===

The Dostler case became the precedent for the Nuremberg trials of Nazi leaders beginning in November 1945, namely, that proof of superior orders does not excuse a defendant from the legal or moral responsibility for obeying commands that violate the laws and customs of war. This principle was codified in Principle IV of the Nuremberg Principles, and similar principles are found in sections of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. == Conviction and sentencing ==

Morant and Handcock were sentenced to death and executed by firing squad on the morning of 27 February, less than 18 hours after the verdict. Witton had also been sentenced to death, but this was commuted to life in prison by Kitchener (he was released by the British House of Commons on 11 August 1904 and died in 1942). Picton was cashiered, and Lenehan was reprimanded and discharged. All charges against the British intelligence officer Captain Taylor (died 1941) were dismissed. == Aftermath ==
News of the execution of the two Australians was published in March 1902, and the Australian Government requested particulars of the case. The Australian debate was revived in 1907 after Witton returned to Australia and published his story, Scapegoats of the Empire. The Australian government insisted that none of its troops would be tried by the British military during World War I. Morant and Handcock have become folk heroes in modern Australia. According to South African historian Charles Leach, ""In the opinion of many South Africans, particularly descendants of victims as well as other involved persons in the far Northern Transvaal, justice was only partially achieved by the trial and the resultant sentences.",380
55,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"The Australian government insisted that none of its troops would be tried by the British military during World War I. Morant and Handcock have become folk heroes in modern Australia. According to South African historian Charles Leach, ""In the opinion of many South Africans, particularly descendants of victims as well as other involved persons in the far Northern Transvaal, justice was only partially achieved by the trial and the resultant sentences. The feeling still prevails that not all the guilty parties were dealt with – the notorious Captain Taylor being the most obvious one of all."" === Floris Visser ===
Even though Floris Visser had revealed information that placed his comrades at risk, his name was posthumously added to the Soutpansberg Commando's Roll of Honour. Visser's name does not appear, however, at the Heroes Acre Monument in Duivelskloof, which lists the names of all local Afrikaners who were killed during the Second Anglo-Boer War. He has, however, been added to the monument to civilian casualties at Fort Edward, the monument at Blas Perreira's Store, and the monument at the Viljoen family homestead. Despite efforts by the South African Government and by local residents to find and mark his grave, the location of Visser's burial remains a mystery. == In popular culture ==
Their court-martial and death have been the subject of books, a stage play by Kenneth G. Ross, and an Australian New Wave film adaptation by director Bruce Beresford. Upon its release in 1980, Beresford's film brought Morant's life story and ""hoisted the images of the accused officers to the level of Australian icons and martyrs."" Many Australians now regard Lts. Morant and Handcock as scapegoats or even as the victims of judicial murder. Attempts continue, with widespread public support, to obtain them a posthumous pardon or even a new trial.",400
56,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"Morant and Handcock as scapegoats or even as the victims of judicial murder. Attempts continue, with widespread public support, to obtain them a posthumous pardon or even a new trial. South Africans who oppose this effort, however, have cited as precedents the trial of Peter von Hagenbach, the 1813 prosecution of Ensign Hugh Maxwell for murdering French POW Charles Cottier at Glencorse Barracks near Penicuik, Scotland, during the Napoleonic Wars, and the United States Army's court martial of the servicemen responsible for the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War. The fact that Major James Thomas' superior orders defence argument was also infamously used by so many of those prosecuted for Nazi war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials that it is now called the Nuremberg Defense, has also been cited as an argument. In a 1999 interview, Bruce Beresford said about his award-winning film adaptation of the court-martial proceedings, ""I read an article about it recently in the Los Angeles Times and the writer said it's the story of these guys who were railroaded by the British. But that's not what it's about at all. The film never pretended for a moment that they weren't guilty. It said they are guilty. But what was interesting about it was that it analysed why men in this situation would behave as they had never behaved before in their lives. It's the pressures that are put to bear on people in war time. Look at the atrocities in Yugoslavia. Look at all the things that happen in these countries committed by people who appear to be quite normal. That was what I was interested in examining. I always get amazed when people say to me that this is a film about poor Australians who were framed by the Brits.""",368
57,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"That was what I was interested in examining. I always get amazed when people say to me that this is a film about poor Australians who were framed by the Brits."" == See also ==
Breaker Morant (film) – 1980 film by Bruce Beresford
Breaker Morant (play) – Play written by Kenneth G. Ross
Military history of Australia
Command responsibility – Doctrine of hierarchical accountability
Condonation (Military law) – Legal defense
Nuremberg defense – Criminal defense of following the orders of a superiorPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Pardons for Morant, Handcock and Witton – Petitions for Australian Second Boer War soldiers
War crimes trials – Type of trial under international lawPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets


== Footnotes ==


=== Citations ===


=== Notes ===


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Kenneth, Ross (1979). Breaker Morant: A Play in Two Acts. Melbourne: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7267-0997-2. == External links ==
""Evidence in New Zealand: An Eye-Witness's Account of a Brutal Deed"", The (Wellington) Evening Post, (10 April 1902), p. 5: the account of James Christie of Clutha, formerly of the Bush Veldt Carbineers (1). ""The Bush Veldt Horrors: Revelations of a Former Clutha Resident"", The (Wellington) Evening Post, (14 April 1902), p. 5: the account of James Christie of Clutha, formerly of the Bush Veldt Carbineers (2).",341
58,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial_of_Breaker_Morant,Court-martial of Breaker Morant,"== External links ==
""Evidence in New Zealand: An Eye-Witness's Account of a Brutal Deed"", The (Wellington) Evening Post, (10 April 1902), p. 5: the account of James Christie of Clutha, formerly of the Bush Veldt Carbineers (1). ""The Bush Veldt Horrors: Revelations of a Former Clutha Resident"", The (Wellington) Evening Post, (14 April 1902), p. 5: the account of James Christie of Clutha, formerly of the Bush Veldt Carbineers (2). 3 April 1902 Newspaper article, The Court-Martialled Australians
""The Trial of Officers for the Murder of Boer Prisoners"" 17 April 1902 Newspaper article, Reuters,
""Move to Bring Morant Home"", The Canberra Times, (Friday, 26 September 1980), p. 3.",182
59,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Este,Charles Este,"Charles Este (1696–1745) was bishop of Ossory (1735–1740) and subsequently of Waterford and Lismore (1740–1745). Born at Whitehall, the son of Michael Este, and educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, he distinguished the latter as joint editor of Carmina quadragesimalia ab aedis Christi alumnis composita…, 1723 (and subsequent editions), to which he himself contributed. Receiving the patronage of Archbishop Boulter of Armagh whom he served as chaplain from 1724, he moved to Ireland and was collated to the rectory of Derrynoose on 9 Jan 1626. He married Susanna Clements in May 1725 and was subsequently raised to the archdeaconry of Armagh in 1730 and to the chancellorship of Armagh in 1733. He was nominated in January 1736 to become bishop of Ossory and was consecrated in February 1737. Subsequently he moved to become bishop of Waterford and Lismore on 18 July 1744. He restored the (former) bishop's palace at Kilkenny which had become derelict by 1661, installing notably a double staircase and was largely responsible, commissioning the architect Richard Castle, for the design (Italianate windows) of the former bishop's palace at Waterford. Unfortunately Richard Cassels left him in the lurch when he accepted a commission from the wealthy Fitzgerald family to build Leinster House and so the commission passed to local architect John Roberts. By the time the new Bishop's Palace was completed, Bishop Este never got to live in his new household. He died on 2 December 1745. == References ==",357
60,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giora_Bernstein,Giora Bernstein,"Giora Bernstein (Hebrew: גיורא ברנשטיין; born 1933) is a conductor, classical violinist, and Professor Emeritus of Music at the University of Colorado. He was the founder of the Colorado Music Festival and its Artistic Director for 24 years. == Biography ==
Giora Bernstein was born in Vienna in 1933 and emigrated to Palestine (now Israel) in 1938, arriving there in 1939. He began his music education in Israel, where he studied violin from 1953 to 1955 at the Tel Aviv Music Academy, as well as music history with Leo Kestenberg. In 1955, he went to the United States, where he studied violin with Edouard Dethier at the Juilliard School, and later received a Master of Fine Arts in composition from Brandeis University. He went on to study for his Doctorate in Music at Boston University, graduating in 1967. His PhD thesis was on the influence of oriental music idioms on Israeli contemporary music. Bernstein was a violinist with the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1963 until 1967 and then moved to California to become a professor at Pomona College. During his time at Pomona College, he founded the Claremont Music Festival and served as its Music Director from 1968 to 1975. In 1975, Bernstein was appointed Professor of Music and head of the conducting program at the University of Colorado. The following year, he founded the Colorado Music Festival and became its first Artistic Director, a post he held until 2000. Under his directorship the festival was the venue for several world and North American premieres, and won five ASCAP Adventurous Programming Awards. A champion of contemporary music, Bernstein has played in or conducted several world premieres.",359
61,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giora_Bernstein,Giora Bernstein,"Under his directorship the festival was the venue for several world and North American premieres, and won five ASCAP Adventurous Programming Awards. A champion of contemporary music, Bernstein has played in or conducted several world premieres. New works were a feature of his programming at both the Claremont Music Festival which originally commissioned Paul Chihara's Grass, and the Colorado Music Festival, where both Tōru Takemitsu's Dreamtime and Krzysztof Penderecki's Concerto for viola and orchestra received their North American premieres. Since his retirement, Giora Bernstein has been based in Vienna, where he plays violin in chamber concerts, although he has periodically returned to the Colorado Music Festival as a guest conductor. == Premieres ==
Giora Bernstein has played in or conducted the world premieres of the following works:

Peter Pindar Stearns' String Quartet No. 3 in A minor (Giora Bernstein and Sheila Manuel, violins; Jesse Levine, viola; Joanne Manuel, cello), New York City, 21 February 1958. John Bavicchi's Sonata for violin and piano No. 2 (Giora Bernstein, violin; George Zilzer, piano) Boston, Massachusetts, 26 July 1959
Malloy M. Miller's Poem (Giora Bernstein, violin; George Zilzer, piano) Brookline, Massachusetts, 16 November 1960
William Thomas McKinley's  Concerto for clarinet and orchestra (Richard Stoltzman, clarinet; Colorado Music Festival Orchestra; Giora Bernstein, conductor) Boulder, Colorado, 5 July 1980


== References ==


== Sources ==
Boston Symphony Orchestra, Concert Bulletins, Issues 1-12, 1963
Blotner, Linda Solow, The Boston Composers Project: A bibliography of contemporary music, MIT Press, 1983.",387
62,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giora_Bernstein,Giora Bernstein,"John Bavicchi's Sonata for violin and piano No. 2 (Giora Bernstein, violin; George Zilzer, piano) Boston, Massachusetts, 26 July 1959
Malloy M. Miller's Poem (Giora Bernstein, violin; George Zilzer, piano) Brookline, Massachusetts, 16 November 1960
William Thomas McKinley's  Concerto for clarinet and orchestra (Richard Stoltzman, clarinet; Colorado Music Festival Orchestra; Giora Bernstein, conductor) Boulder, Colorado, 5 July 1980


== References ==


== Sources ==
Boston Symphony Orchestra, Concert Bulletins, Issues 1-12, 1963
Blotner, Linda Solow, The Boston Composers Project: A bibliography of contemporary music, MIT Press, 1983. ISBN 0-262-02198-6
Bernstein, Giora G., The influence of oriental music idioms on the contemporary music of Israel, Boston University, 1966. Chihara, Paul, Liner notes: Chihara Guitar Concerto, Albany Records, 2005 (accessed 13 December 2009)
International Leo Kestenberg Society, Biography: Giora Bernstein (accessed 13 December 2009)
Siddons, James, Toru Takemitsu: a bio-bibliography, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. ISBN 0-313-27237-9
Sigma Alpha Iota, Pan Pipes, Volume 50, Issue 2, 1958
Shulgold, Marc, 20 Years of High Notes, Giora Bernstein Ignores Naysayers to Build the Award-winning Colorado Music Festival, Rocky Mountain News, 12 June 1996 (accessed 13 December 2009 via subscription)
Shulgold, Marc, ""Building a better fest"", Rocky Mountain News, 22 June 2006 (accessed 13 December 2009)
University of Colorado at Boulder, Faculty - College of Music (accessed 13 December 2009)",395
63,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Vancouver,Coalition Vancouver,"Coalition Vancouver was a municipal political party in Vancouver, British Columbia, founded by former Conservative member of Parliament Wai Young on June 21, 2018. It supported the mayoral candidacy of Young in the 2018 municipal election and ran on a populist platform. == History ==
Wai Young announced her mayoral campaign for the 2018 municipal election and the creation of Coalition Vancouver on June 21, 2018. In a speech given in front of city hall, Young presented her populist platform and some of Coalition Vancouver's policies, such as cancelling what she called ""luxury"" bike lanes, increasing community consultation, and eliminating paid parking on Sundays. Young's opposition to bike lanes was a frequent talking point during the 2018 municipal election campaign, a position which earned her harsh criticism from some local commentators. Coalition Vancouver's school board team was led by Ken Denike and Sophia Woo, both of whom had served as elected school board trustees. The pair were expelled from the centre-right Non-Partisan Association (NPA) in 2014 after they called for a delay to planned revisions to the Vancouver School Board's transgender policy. Coalition Vancouver announced in a press statement released on October 11, 2018, that it was filing a civil lawsuit for defamation against Charles Menzies, a UBC professor and Board of Governors faculty representative. In the statement, the party denounced an email posted by Menzies to one of his personal blogs, in which he described Coalition Vancouver as ""alt-right"", ""anti-gay and anti-trans extremists"", and ""fear mongers engaged in discrimination"". Coalition Vancouver argued that the anti-LGBTQ+ claims made by Menzies were unfounded, and stated that ""Coalition Vancouver and its candidates support the LGBTQ+ community and its members."" Menzies' legal counsel responded by stating that they had not yet received a notice of civil claim, and pointed out Menzies was ""exercising his right to political expression.""",392
64,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Vancouver,Coalition Vancouver,"Coalition Vancouver argued that the anti-LGBTQ+ claims made by Menzies were unfounded, and stated that ""Coalition Vancouver and its candidates support the LGBTQ+ community and its members."" Menzies' legal counsel responded by stating that they had not yet received a notice of civil claim, and pointed out Menzies was ""exercising his right to political expression."" == Ideology ==
Coalition Vancouver described itself as a centre-right conservative party, but its policies were described by some critics as right-wing. The party promoted itself as anti-establishment and populist, asserting that all other municipal parties were under the influence of special interest groups, big business, and trade unions, while it was not. Coalition Vancouver was economically liberal; its 2018 platform called for reductions in government spending and provincial taxes. For example, the party proposed keeping and renovating the Georgia and Dunsmuir viaducts, in contrast to Vision Vancouver's plan to demolish them. It also opposed the BC NDP's ""school tax"", calling it ""socialist capital appropriation"". Coalition Vancouver's housing policies proposed neighbourhood-specific densification plans, the construction of entry-level homes (i.e. purpose-built new rental and co-op housing stock) and allowing one additional rental unit or laneway home for each detached home. The party believed that the city's housing problem was affordability, rather than shortage. This drew criticism from housing analysts, who argued that there is a housing shortage in Vancouver and that the party lacked a firm plan to deal with the issue. == Election results ==


== References ==",329
65,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718281828459. The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, loge x,  or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x. Parentheses are sometimes added for clarity, giving ln(x), loge(x), or log(x). This is done particularly when the argument to the logarithm is not a single symbol, so as to prevent ambiguity. The natural logarithm of x is the power to which e would have to be raised to equal x. For example, ln 7.5 is 2.0149..., because e2.0149... = 7.5. The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e0 = 1. The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x  from 1 to a (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many other formulas involving the natural logarithm, leads to the term ""natural"". The definition of the natural logarithm can then be extended to give logarithm values for negative numbers and for all non-zero complex numbers, although this leads to a multi-valued function: see complex logarithm for more. {\displaystyle \ln(x\cdot y)=\ln x+\ln y~.} Logarithms are useful for solving equations in which the unknown appears as the exponent of some other quantity.",384
66,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle \ln(x\cdot y)=\ln x+\ln y~.} Logarithms are useful for solving equations in which the unknown appears as the exponent of some other quantity. For example, logarithms are used to solve for the half-life, decay constant, or unknown time in exponential decay problems. They are important in many branches of mathematics and scientific disciplines, and are used to solve problems involving compound interest. == History ==

The concept of the natural logarithm was worked out by Gregoire de Saint-Vincent and Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa before 1649. Their work involved quadrature of the hyperbola with equation xy = 1, by determination of the area of hyperbolic sectors. Their solution generated the requisite ""hyperbolic logarithm"" function, which had the properties now associated with the natural logarithm. An early mention of the natural logarithm was by Nicholas Mercator in his work Logarithmotechnia, published in 1668, although the mathematics teacher John Speidell had already compiled a table of what in fact were effectively natural logarithms in 1619. It has been said that Speidell's logarithms were to the base e, but this is not entirely true due to complications with the values being expressed as integers. == Notational conventions ==
The notations ln x and loge x both refer unambiguously to the natural logarithm of x, and log x without an explicit base may also refer to the natural logarithm. This usage is common in mathematics, along with some scientific contexts as well as in many programming languages. In some other contexts such as chemistry, however, log x can be used to denote the common (base 10) logarithm.",381
67,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"This usage is common in mathematics, along with some scientific contexts as well as in many programming languages. In some other contexts such as chemistry, however, log x can be used to denote the common (base 10) logarithm. It may also refer to the binary (base 2) logarithm in the context of computer science, particularly in the context of time complexity. Generally, the notation for the logarithm to base b of a number x is shown as logb x. So the log of 8 to the base 2 would be log2 8 = 3. == Definitions ==
The natural logarithm can be defined in several equivalent ways.",137
68,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"So the log of 8 to the base 2 would be log2 8 = 3. == Definitions ==
The natural logarithm can be defined in several equivalent ways. === Inverse of exponential ===
The most general definition is as the inverse function of 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            x
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{x}}
  
, so that 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            ln
            ⁡
            (
            x
            )
          
        
        =
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{\ln(x)}=x}
  
.",349
69,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"== Definitions ==
The natural logarithm can be defined in several equivalent ways. === Inverse of exponential ===
The most general definition is as the inverse function of 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            x
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{x}}
  
, so that 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            ln
            ⁡
            (
            x
            )
          
        
        =
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{\ln(x)}=x}
  
. Because 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            x
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{x}}
  
 is positive and invertible for any real input 
  
    
      
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle x}
  
, this definition of 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        x
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln(x)}
  
 is well defined for any positive x.",604
70,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"=== Inverse of exponential ===
The most general definition is as the inverse function of 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            x
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{x}}
  
, so that 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            ln
            ⁡
            (
            x
            )
          
        
        =
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{\ln(x)}=x}
  
. Because 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            x
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{x}}
  
 is positive and invertible for any real input 
  
    
      
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle x}
  
, this definition of 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        x
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln(x)}
  
 is well defined for any positive x. === Integral definition ===

The natural logarithm of a positive, real number a may be defined as the area under the graph of the hyperbola with equation y = 1/x between x = 1 and x = a.",636
71,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"Because 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            x
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{x}}
  
 is positive and invertible for any real input 
  
    
      
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle x}
  
, this definition of 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        x
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln(x)}
  
 is well defined for any positive x. === Integral definition ===

The natural logarithm of a positive, real number a may be defined as the area under the graph of the hyperbola with equation y = 1/x between x = 1 and x = a. This is the integral

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        a
        =
        
          ∫
          
            1
          
          
            a
          
        
        
          
            1
            x
          
        
        
        d
        x
        .",582
72,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"=== Integral definition ===

The natural logarithm of a positive, real number a may be defined as the area under the graph of the hyperbola with equation y = 1/x between x = 1 and x = a. This is the integral

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        a
        =
        
          ∫
          
            1
          
          
            a
          
        
        
          
            1
            x
          
        
        
        d
        x
        . {\displaystyle \ln a=\int _{1}^{a}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx.}",337
73,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"This is the integral

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        a
        =
        
          ∫
          
            1
          
          
            a
          
        
        
          
            1
            x
          
        
        
        d
        x
        . {\displaystyle \ln a=\int _{1}^{a}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx.} If a is in 
  
    
      
        (
        0
        ,
        1
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle (0,1)}
  
, then the region has negative area, and the logarithm is negative.",397
74,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle \ln a=\int _{1}^{a}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx.} If a is in 
  
    
      
        (
        0
        ,
        1
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle (0,1)}
  
, then the region has negative area, and the logarithm is negative. This function is a logarithm because it satisfies the fundamental multiplicative property of a logarithm:

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        a
        b
        )
        =
        ln
        ⁡
        a
        +
        ln
        ⁡
        b
        . {\displaystyle \ln(ab)=\ln a+\ln b.}",335
75,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"This function is a logarithm because it satisfies the fundamental multiplicative property of a logarithm:

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        a
        b
        )
        =
        ln
        ⁡
        a
        +
        ln
        ⁡
        b
        . {\displaystyle \ln(ab)=\ln a+\ln b.} {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln ab=\int _{1}^{ab}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx&=\int _{1}^{a}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx+\int _{a}^{ab}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx\\[5pt]&=\int _{1}^{a}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx+\int _{1}^{b}{\frac {1}{at}}a\,dt\\[5pt]&=\int _{1}^{a}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx+\int _{1}^{b}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt\\[5pt]&=\ln a+\ln b.\end{aligned}}}
  

In elementary terms, this is simply scaling by 1/a in the horizontal direction and by a in the vertical direction.",411
76,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle \ln(ab)=\ln a+\ln b.} {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln ab=\int _{1}^{ab}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx&=\int _{1}^{a}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx+\int _{a}^{ab}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx\\[5pt]&=\int _{1}^{a}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx+\int _{1}^{b}{\frac {1}{at}}a\,dt\\[5pt]&=\int _{1}^{a}{\frac {1}{x}}\,dx+\int _{1}^{b}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt\\[5pt]&=\ln a+\ln b.\end{aligned}}}
  

In elementary terms, this is simply scaling by 1/a in the horizontal direction and by a in the vertical direction. Area does not change under this transformation, but the region between a and ab is reconfigured. Because the function a/(ax) is equal to the function 1/x, the resulting area is precisely ln b. The number e can then be defined to be the unique real number a such that ln a = 1. {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\ln x={\frac {1}{x}}.} How to establish this derivative of the natural logarithm depends on how it is defined firsthand.",337
77,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\ln x={\frac {1}{x}}.} How to establish this derivative of the natural logarithm depends on how it is defined firsthand. If the natural logarithm is defined as the integral

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        x
        =
        
          ∫
          
            1
          
          
            x
          
        
        
          
            1
            t
          
        
        
        d
        t
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln x=\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt,}
  

then the derivative immediately follows from the first part of the fundamental theorem of calculus.",375
78,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"How to establish this derivative of the natural logarithm depends on how it is defined firsthand. If the natural logarithm is defined as the integral

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        x
        =
        
          ∫
          
            1
          
          
            x
          
        
        
          
            1
            t
          
        
        
        d
        t
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln x=\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt,}
  

then the derivative immediately follows from the first part of the fundamental theorem of calculus. On the other hand, if the natural logarithm is defined as the inverse of the (natural) exponential function, then the derivative (for x > 0) can be found by using the properties of the logarithm and a definition of the exponential function.",408
79,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"If the natural logarithm is defined as the integral

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        x
        =
        
          ∫
          
            1
          
          
            x
          
        
        
          
            1
            t
          
        
        
        d
        t
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln x=\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt,}
  

then the derivative immediately follows from the first part of the fundamental theorem of calculus. On the other hand, if the natural logarithm is defined as the inverse of the (natural) exponential function, then the derivative (for x > 0) can be found by using the properties of the logarithm and a definition of the exponential function. {\displaystyle u=hx,h={\frac {u}{x}}.}",406
80,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"On the other hand, if the natural logarithm is defined as the inverse of the (natural) exponential function, then the derivative (for x > 0) can be found by using the properties of the logarithm and a definition of the exponential function. {\displaystyle u=hx,h={\frac {u}{x}}.} The derivative can then be found from first principles. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\ln x&=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {\ln(x+h)-\ln x}{h}}\\&=\lim _{h\to 0}\left[{\frac {1}{h}}\ln \left({\frac {x+h}{x}}\right)\right]\\&=\lim _{h\to 0}\left[\ln \left(1+{\frac {h}{x}}\right)^{\frac {1}{h}}\right]\quad &&{\text{all above for logarithmic properties}}\\&=\ln \left[\lim _{h\to 0}\left(1+{\frac {h}{x}}\right)^{\frac {1}{h}}\right]\quad &&{\text{for continuity of the logarithm}}\\&=\ln e^{1/x}\quad &&{\text{for the definition of }}e^{x}=\lim _{h\to 0}(1+hx)^{1/h}\\&={\frac {1}{x}}\quad &&{\text{for the definition of the ln as inverse function.",354
81,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,The derivative can then be found from first principles. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\ln x&=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {\ln(x+h)-\ln x}{h}}\\&=\lim _{h\to 0}\left[{\frac {1}{h}}\ln \left({\frac {x+h}{x}}\right)\right]\\&=\lim _{h\to 0}\left[\ln \left(1+{\frac {h}{x}}\right)^{\frac {1}{h}}\right]\quad &&{\text{all above for logarithmic properties}}\\&=\ln \left[\lim _{h\to 0}\left(1+{\frac {h}{x}}\right)^{\frac {1}{h}}\right]\quad &&{\text{for continuity of the logarithm}}\\&=\ln e^{1/x}\quad &&{\text{for the definition of }}e^{x}=\lim _{h\to 0}(1+hx)^{1/h}\\&={\frac {1}{x}}\quad &&{\text{for the definition of the ln as inverse function. {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\ln ax={\frac {d}{dx}}(\ln a+\ln x)={\frac {d}{dx}}\ln a+{\frac {d}{dx}}\ln x={\frac {1}{x}}.},340
82,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\ln x&=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {\ln(x+h)-\ln x}{h}}\\&=\lim _{h\to 0}\left[{\frac {1}{h}}\ln \left({\frac {x+h}{x}}\right)\right]\\&=\lim _{h\to 0}\left[\ln \left(1+{\frac {h}{x}}\right)^{\frac {1}{h}}\right]\quad &&{\text{all above for logarithmic properties}}\\&=\ln \left[\lim _{h\to 0}\left(1+{\frac {h}{x}}\right)^{\frac {1}{h}}\right]\quad &&{\text{for continuity of the logarithm}}\\&=\ln e^{1/x}\quad &&{\text{for the definition of }}e^{x}=\lim _{h\to 0}(1+hx)^{1/h}\\&={\frac {1}{x}}\quad &&{\text{for the definition of the ln as inverse function. {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\ln ax={\frac {d}{dx}}(\ln a+\ln x)={\frac {d}{dx}}\ln a+{\frac {d}{dx}}\ln x={\frac {1}{x}}.} so, unlike its inverse function 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            a
            x
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{ax}}
  
, a constant in the function doesn't alter the differential.",468
83,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\ln ax={\frac {d}{dx}}(\ln a+\ln x)={\frac {d}{dx}}\ln a+{\frac {d}{dx}}\ln x={\frac {1}{x}}.} so, unlike its inverse function 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            a
            x
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{ax}}
  
, a constant in the function doesn't alter the differential. == Series ==

Since the natural logarithm is undefined at 0, 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        x
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln(x)}
  
 itself does not have a Maclaurin series, unlike many other elementary functions. Instead, one looks for Taylor expansions around other points.",334
84,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"== Series ==

Since the natural logarithm is undefined at 0, 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        x
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln(x)}
  
 itself does not have a Maclaurin series, unlike many other elementary functions. Instead, one looks for Taylor expansions around other points. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln x&=\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt=\int _{0}^{x-1}{\frac {1}{1+u}}\,du\\&=\int _{0}^{x-1}(1-u+u^{2}-u^{3}+\cdots )\,du\\&=(x-1)-{\frac {(x-1)^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {(x-1)^{3}}{3}}-{\frac {(x-1)^{4}}{4}}+\cdots \\&=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}(x-1)^{k}}{k}}.\end{aligned}}}
  

This is the Taylor series for 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln x}
  
 around 1.",414
85,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"Instead, one looks for Taylor expansions around other points. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln x&=\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt=\int _{0}^{x-1}{\frac {1}{1+u}}\,du\\&=\int _{0}^{x-1}(1-u+u^{2}-u^{3}+\cdots )\,du\\&=(x-1)-{\frac {(x-1)^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {(x-1)^{3}}{3}}-{\frac {(x-1)^{4}}{4}}+\cdots \\&=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}(x-1)^{k}}{k}}.\end{aligned}}}
  

This is the Taylor series for 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln x}
  
 around 1. {\displaystyle x\neq -1.}",298
86,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln x&=\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{t}}\,dt=\int _{0}^{x-1}{\frac {1}{1+u}}\,du\\&=\int _{0}^{x-1}(1-u+u^{2}-u^{3}+\cdots )\,du\\&=(x-1)-{\frac {(x-1)^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {(x-1)^{3}}{3}}-{\frac {(x-1)^{4}}{4}}+\cdots \\&=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}(x-1)^{k}}{k}}.\end{aligned}}}
  

This is the Taylor series for 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln x}
  
 around 1. {\displaystyle x\neq -1.} Leonhard Euler, disregarding 
  
    
      
        x
        ≠
        −
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle x\neq -1}
  
, nevertheless applied this series to 
  
    
      
        x
        =
        −
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle x=-1}
  
 to show that the harmonic series equals the natural logarithm of 
  
    
      
        
          
            1
            
              1
              −
              1
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1-1}}}
  
; that is, the logarithm of infinity.",660
87,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle x\neq -1.} Leonhard Euler, disregarding 
  
    
      
        x
        ≠
        −
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle x\neq -1}
  
, nevertheless applied this series to 
  
    
      
        x
        =
        −
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle x=-1}
  
 to show that the harmonic series equals the natural logarithm of 
  
    
      
        
          
            1
            
              1
              −
              1
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1-1}}}
  
; that is, the logarithm of infinity. Nowadays, more formally, one can prove that the harmonic series truncated at N is close to the logarithm of N, when N is large, with the difference converging to the Euler–Mascheroni constant.",431
88,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"Leonhard Euler, disregarding 
  
    
      
        x
        ≠
        −
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle x\neq -1}
  
, nevertheless applied this series to 
  
    
      
        x
        =
        −
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle x=-1}
  
 to show that the harmonic series equals the natural logarithm of 
  
    
      
        
          
            1
            
              1
              −
              1
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1-1}}}
  
; that is, the logarithm of infinity. Nowadays, more formally, one can prove that the harmonic series truncated at N is close to the logarithm of N, when N is large, with the difference converging to the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The figure is a graph of ln(1 + x) and some of its Taylor polynomials around 0.",446
89,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"Nowadays, more formally, one can prove that the harmonic series truncated at N is close to the logarithm of N, when N is large, with the difference converging to the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The figure is a graph of ln(1 + x) and some of its Taylor polynomials around 0. These approximations converge to the function only in the region −1 < x ≤ 1; outside this region, the higher-degree Taylor polynomials devolve to worse approximations for the function. {\displaystyle \ln(x)=\ln \left({\frac {2x}{2}}\right)=\ln \left({\frac {1+{\frac {x-1}{x+1}}}{1-{\frac {x-1}{x+1}}}}\right)=\ln \left(1+{\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right)-\ln \left(1-{\frac {x-1}{x+1}}\right).} {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln \left({\frac {n+1}{n}}\right)&={\frac {2}{2n+1}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2k+1)((2n+1)^{2})^{k}}}\\&=2\left({\frac {1}{2n+1}}+{\frac {1}{3(2n+1)^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{5(2n+1)^{5}}}+\cdots \right).\end{aligned}}}
  

This is, by far, the fastest converging of the series described here. . . . .",380
90,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,". . {\displaystyle \int {{\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}}\,dx}=\ln |f(x)|+C.} {\displaystyle \int \tan x\,dx=\int {\frac {\sin x}{\cos x}}\,dx=-\int {\frac {{\frac {d}{dx}}\cos x}{\cos x}}\,dx=-\ln \left|\cos x\right|+C=\ln \left|\sec x\right|+C.} The natural logarithm can be integrated using integration by parts:

  
    
      
        ∫
        ln
        ⁡
        x
        
        d
        x
        =
        x
        ln
        ⁡
        x
        −
        x
        +
        C
        . {\displaystyle \int \ln x\,dx=x\ln x-x+C.}",327
91,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"The natural logarithm can be integrated using integration by parts:

  
    
      
        ∫
        ln
        ⁡
        x
        
        d
        x
        =
        x
        ln
        ⁡
        x
        −
        x
        +
        C
        . {\displaystyle \int \ln x\,dx=x\ln x-x+C.} {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln 123.456&=\ln(1.23456\cdot 10^{2})\\&=\ln 1.23456+\ln(10^{2})\\&=\ln 1.23456+2\ln 10\\&\approx \ln 1.23456+2\cdot 2.3025851.\end{aligned}}}
  

Such techniques were used before calculators, by referring to numerical tables and performing manipulations such as those above.",323
92,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle \int \ln x\,dx=x\ln x-x+C.} {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln 123.456&=\ln(1.23456\cdot 10^{2})\\&=\ln 1.23456+\ln(10^{2})\\&=\ln 1.23456+2\ln 10\\&\approx \ln 1.23456+2\cdot 2.3025851.\end{aligned}}}
  

Such techniques were used before calculators, by referring to numerical tables and performing manipulations such as those above. === Natural logarithm of 10 ===
The natural logarithm of 10, approximately equal to 2.30258509, plays a role for example in the computation of natural logarithms of numbers represented in scientific notation, as a mantissa multiplied by a power of 10:

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        a
        ⋅
        
          10
          
            n
          
        
        )
        =
        ln
        ⁡
        a
        +
        n
        ln
        ⁡
        10.",420
93,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\ln 123.456&=\ln(1.23456\cdot 10^{2})\\&=\ln 1.23456+\ln(10^{2})\\&=\ln 1.23456+2\ln 10\\&\approx \ln 1.23456+2\cdot 2.3025851.\end{aligned}}}
  

Such techniques were used before calculators, by referring to numerical tables and performing manipulations such as those above. === Natural logarithm of 10 ===
The natural logarithm of 10, approximately equal to 2.30258509, plays a role for example in the computation of natural logarithms of numbers represented in scientific notation, as a mantissa multiplied by a power of 10:

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        a
        ⋅
        
          10
          
            n
          
        
        )
        =
        ln
        ⁡
        a
        +
        n
        ln
        ⁡
        10. {\displaystyle \ln(a\cdot 10^{n})=\ln a+n\ln 10.}",423
94,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"=== Natural logarithm of 10 ===
The natural logarithm of 10, approximately equal to 2.30258509, plays a role for example in the computation of natural logarithms of numbers represented in scientific notation, as a mantissa multiplied by a power of 10:

  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        (
        a
        ⋅
        
          10
          
            n
          
        
        )
        =
        ln
        ⁡
        a
        +
        n
        ln
        ⁡
        10. {\displaystyle \ln(a\cdot 10^{n})=\ln a+n\ln 10.} This means that one can effectively calculate the logarithms of numbers with very large or very small magnitude using the logarithms of a relatively small set of decimals in the range [1, 10). === High precision ===
To compute the natural logarithm with many digits of precision, the Taylor series approach is not efficient since the convergence is slow.",386
95,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"This means that one can effectively calculate the logarithms of numbers with very large or very small magnitude using the logarithms of a relatively small set of decimals in the range [1, 10). === High precision ===
To compute the natural logarithm with many digits of precision, the Taylor series approach is not efficient since the convergence is slow. Especially if x is near 1, a good alternative is to use Halley's method or Newton's method to invert the exponential function, because the series of the exponential function converges more quickly. (For most purposes, the value of 8 for m is sufficient.) In fact, if this method is used, Newton inversion of the natural logarithm may conversely be used to calculate the exponential function efficiently. (The constants 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        2
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln 2}
  
 and π can be pre-computed to the desired precision using any of several known quickly converging series.)",260
96,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"In fact, if this method is used, Newton inversion of the natural logarithm may conversely be used to calculate the exponential function efficiently. (The constants 
  
    
      
        ln
        ⁡
        2
      
    
    {\displaystyle \ln 2}
  
 and π can be pre-computed to the desired precision using any of several known quickly converging series.) Based on a proposal by William Kahan and first implemented in the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C calculator in 1979 (referred to under ""LN1"" in the display, only), some calculators, operating systems (for example Berkeley UNIX 4.3BSD), computer algebra systems and programming languages (for example C99) provide a special natural logarithm plus 1 function, alternatively named LNP1, or log1p to give more accurate results for logarithms close to zero by passing arguments x, also close to zero, to a function log1p(x), which returns the value ln(1+x), instead of passing a value y close to 1 to a function returning ln(y). The function log1p avoids in the floating point arithmetic a near cancelling of the absolute term 1 with the second term from the Taylor expansion of the natural logarithm. This keeps the argument, the result, and intermediate steps all close to zero where they can be most accurately represented as floating-point numbers. In addition to base e, the IEEE 754-2008 standard defines similar logarithmic functions near 1 for binary and decimal logarithms: log2(1 + x) and log10(1 + x).",393
97,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"This keeps the argument, the result, and intermediate steps all close to zero where they can be most accurately represented as floating-point numbers. In addition to base e, the IEEE 754-2008 standard defines similar logarithmic functions near 1 for binary and decimal logarithms: log2(1 + x) and log10(1 + x). Similar inverse functions named ""expm1"", ""expm"" or ""exp1m"" exist as well, all with the meaning of expm1(x) = exp(x) − 1.",116
98,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"In addition to base e, the IEEE 754-2008 standard defines similar logarithmic functions near 1 for binary and decimal logarithms: log2(1 + x) and log10(1 + x). Similar inverse functions named ""expm1"", ""expm"" or ""exp1m"" exist as well, all with the meaning of expm1(x) = exp(x) − 1. === Computational complexity ===

The computational complexity of computing the natural logarithm using the arithmetic-geometric mean (for both of the above methods) is 
  
    
      
        
          O
        
        
          
            (
          
        
        M
        (
        n
        )
        ln
        ⁡
        n
        
          
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\text{O}}{\bigl (}M(n)\ln n{\bigr )}}
  
.",384
99,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"Similar inverse functions named ""expm1"", ""expm"" or ""exp1m"" exist as well, all with the meaning of expm1(x) = exp(x) − 1. === Computational complexity ===

The computational complexity of computing the natural logarithm using the arithmetic-geometric mean (for both of the above methods) is 
  
    
      
        
          O
        
        
          
            (
          
        
        M
        (
        n
        )
        ln
        ⁡
        n
        
          
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\text{O}}{\bigl (}M(n)\ln n{\bigr )}}
  
. Here, n is the number of digits of precision at which the natural logarithm is to be evaluated, and M(n) is the computational complexity of multiplying two n-digit numbers.",378
100,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"=== Computational complexity ===

The computational complexity of computing the natural logarithm using the arithmetic-geometric mean (for both of the above methods) is 
  
    
      
        
          O
        
        
          
            (
          
        
        M
        (
        n
        )
        ln
        ⁡
        n
        
          
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\text{O}}{\bigl (}M(n)\ln n{\bigr )}}
  
. Here, n is the number of digits of precision at which the natural logarithm is to be evaluated, and M(n) is the computational complexity of multiplying two n-digit numbers. However, the natural logarithms of much larger numbers can easily be computed, by repeatedly adding those of smaller numbers, with similarly rapid convergence. This exponential function can be inverted to form a complex logarithm that exhibits most of the properties of the ordinary logarithm.",394
101,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm,Natural logarithm,"However, the natural logarithms of much larger numbers can easily be computed, by repeatedly adding those of smaller numbers, with similarly rapid convergence. This exponential function can be inverted to form a complex logarithm that exhibits most of the properties of the ordinary logarithm. There are two difficulties involved: no x has ex = 0; and it turns out that e2iπ = 1 = e0. Since the multiplicative property still works for the complex exponential function, ez = ez+2kiπ, for all complex z and integers k.
So the logarithm cannot be defined for the whole complex plane, and even then it is multi-valued—any complex logarithm can be changed into an ""equivalent"" logarithm by adding any integer multiple of 2iπ at will. The complex logarithm can only be single-valued on the cut plane. For example, ln i = ⁠iπ/2⁠ or ⁠5iπ/2⁠ or −⁠3iπ/2⁠, etc. ; and although i4 = 1, 4 ln i can be defined as 2iπ, or 10iπ or −6iπ, and so on. == See also ==
Iterated logarithm
Napierian logarithm
List of logarithmic identities
Logarithm of a matrix
Logarithmic coordinates of an element of a Lie group. Logarithmic differentiation
Logarithmic integral function
Nicholas Mercator – first to use the term natural logarithm
Polylogarithm
Von Mangoldt function


== Notes ==


== References ==",365
102,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modris_Eksteins,Modris Eksteins,"Modris Eksteins (Latvian: Modris Ekšteins; born December 13, 1943) is a Latvian Canadian historian with a special interest in German history and modern culture. Born in Riga, Latvia, his works include Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (1989), which won the Wallace K. Ferguson Prize and the Trillium Book Award. Walking Since Daybreak: A Story of Eastern Europe, World War II and the Heart of Our Century (1999), which juxtaposes the history of World War II and Latvia with personal memoir, and won the Pearson Writers' Trust Non-Fiction Prize, and Solar Dance: Genius, Forgery, and the Eclipse of Certainty (2012), which seeks to interpret the enormous posthumous success of Vincent van Gogh and discusses his forger Otto Wacker, and won the 2013 British Columbia National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction. His work has been translated into German, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Czech, Latvian, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. After emigrating to Canada as a child, Eksteins, son of a Baptist minister, settled first in Winnipeg and then in Toronto, where he attended Upper Canada College on scholarship and then the University of Toronto (Trinity College) from which he graduated with a BA in 1965. Meanwhile, he attained a Diploma from Heidelberg University in 1963. He then studied at Oxford University (St. Antony's College) as a Rhodes Scholar, earning his BPhil in 1967, and DPhil in 1970. He joined the Division of Humanities at University of Toronto Scarborough in 1970, retiring as professor emeritus of history in 2010.",354
103,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modris_Eksteins,Modris Eksteins,"He then studied at Oxford University (St. Antony's College) as a Rhodes Scholar, earning his BPhil in 1967, and DPhil in 1970. He joined the Division of Humanities at University of Toronto Scarborough in 1970, retiring as professor emeritus of history in 2010. == Works ==
Theodor Heuss und die Weimarer Republik (1969), Ernst Klett Verlag
The Limits of Reason: The German Democratic Press and the Collapse of Weimar Democracy (1975), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-821862-1 – URN:oclc:record:1245530577 — Internet Archive
Nineteenth-Century Germany (1983), Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 3-87808-179-0, co-editor
Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (1989), Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-39549-856-9
Walking Since Daybreak: A Story of Eastern Europe, World War II and the Heart of Our Century (1999), Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0395937471
Diaghilev Was Here (2005), Diaghilev Festival Foundation, ISBN 907-6704945, co-author
Solar Dance: Genius, Forgery, and the Eclipse of Certainty (2012), Knopf Canada, ISBN 978-0-30739-859-8


== Notes ==


== External links ==

Interview on CBC Ideas, November 29, 2012
Modris Eksteins on History Today",333
104,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node,Lunar node,"A lunar node is either of the two orbital nodes of the Moon; that is, the two points at which the orbit of the Moon intersects the ecliptic. The ascending (or north) node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic hemisphere, while the descending (or south) node is where the Moon enters the southern ecliptic hemisphere. They are the reason for eclipse season, being the intersection necessary for the alignment of Sun, Earth and Moon. == Motion ==
The line of nodes, which is also the intersection between the two respective planes, rotates (precesses) with a period of 18.6 years or 19.35° per year. When viewed from the celestial north, the nodes move clockwise around Earth, I.e. with a retrograde motion (opposite to Earth's own spin and its revolution around the Sun). So the time from one node crossing to the next (see eclipse season) is approximately a half-year minus half of 19.1 days -- or about 173 days. Because the orbital plane of the Moon precesses in space, the lunar nodes also precess around the ecliptic, completing one revolution (called a draconic period or nodal period) in 18.612958 years (6,798.383 days). (This is not the same as a saros of 18.03 years) The same cycle measured against an inertial frame of reference, such as International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), a coordinate system relative to the fixed stars, is 18.599525 years. == Eclipses ==

A lunar eclipse can occur only when the full Moon is near either lunar node (within 11° 38' ecliptic longitude), while a solar eclipse can occur only when the new Moon is near either lunar node (within 17° 25').",382
105,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node,Lunar node,"(This is not the same as a saros of 18.03 years) The same cycle measured against an inertial frame of reference, such as International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), a coordinate system relative to the fixed stars, is 18.599525 years. == Eclipses ==

A lunar eclipse can occur only when the full Moon is near either lunar node (within 11° 38' ecliptic longitude), while a solar eclipse can occur only when the new Moon is near either lunar node (within 17° 25'). Both solar eclipses of July 2000 (on the 1st and 31st days) occurred around the time when the Moon was at its ascending node. Ascending-node eclipses recur after one draconic year on average, which is about 0.94901 Gregorian year, as do descending-node eclipses. An Eclipse of the Moon or Sun can occur when the nodes align with the Sun, roughly every 173.3 days. Lunar orbit inclination also determines eclipses; shadows cross when nodes coincide with full and new moon when the Sun, Earth, and Moon align in three dimensions. In effect, this means that the ""tropical year"" on the Moon is only 347 days long. This is called the draconic year (or eclipse year). The ""seasons"" on the Moon fit into this period. For about half of this draconic year, the Sun is north of the lunar equator (but at most 1.543°), and for the other half, it is south of the lunar equator. Obviously, the effect of these seasons is minor compared to the difference between lunar night and lunar day. At the lunar poles, instead of usual lunar days and nights of about 15 Earth days, the Sun will be ""up"" for 173 days as it will be ""down""; polar sunrise and sunset takes 18 days each year.",386
106,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node,Lunar node,"Obviously, the effect of these seasons is minor compared to the difference between lunar night and lunar day. At the lunar poles, instead of usual lunar days and nights of about 15 Earth days, the Sun will be ""up"" for 173 days as it will be ""down""; polar sunrise and sunset takes 18 days each year. ""Up"" here means that the centre of the Sun is above the horizon. Lunar polar sunrises and sunsets occur around the time of eclipses (solar or lunar). For example, at the Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016, the Moon was near its descending node, and the Sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the Moon crosses the ecliptic. When the Sun reaches that point, the center of the Sun sets at the lunar north pole and rises at the lunar south pole. == Names and symbols ==

The nodes are called by different names in different cultures of the world. In medieval Arabic texts, alongside the seven classical planets, it was believed that an eighth pseudo-planet was the cause of solar and lunar eclipses, termed al-Tinnīn (the Dragon) or al-Jawzahr (from Classical Persian Gawzahr). The planet was split into two parts representing the lunar nodes, termed the Head (ra’s) and Tail (dhanab) of the mythological dragon. Similarly, the nodes are termed rosh ha-teli u-zenavo (ראש התלי וזנבו) in Hebrew, and caput draconis (head of the dragon) or cauda draconis (tail of the dragon) in Latin. The ascending node is referred to as the dragon's head with the astronomical or astrological symbol of ☊ and the descending node is known as the dragon's tail with the symbol ☋.",387
107,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node,Lunar node,"Similarly, the nodes are termed rosh ha-teli u-zenavo (ראש התלי וזנבו) in Hebrew, and caput draconis (head of the dragon) or cauda draconis (tail of the dragon) in Latin. The ascending node is referred to as the dragon's head with the astronomical or astrological symbol of ☊ and the descending node is known as the dragon's tail with the symbol ☋. In Hindu astronomy, the nodes are considered with the seven planets to form the nine Navagrahas; the ascending node ☊ is called Rahu and the descending node ☋ is called Ketu. Rāhu (Sanskrit: राहु, ) is one of the nine major celestial bodies (navagraha) in Hindu texts and the king of meteors. It represents the ascension of the Moon in its precessional orbit around the Earth, also referred as the north lunar node, and along with Ketu, is a ""shadow planet"" that causes eclipses. Despite having no physical existence, Rahu has been allocated the status of the planet by ancient seers owing to its strong influence in astrology. Rahu is usually paired with Ketu, the other shadow planet. The time of day considered to be under the influence of Rahu is called Rāhu kāla and is considered inauspicious. In Tibetan astrology (partially based on the Kalachakra Tantra) these nodes are respectively named Rahu and Kalagni. == Extremes ==


=== Inclination extremes ===
Every 18.6 years, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches a maximum of 28°36′, the sum of Earth's equatorial tilt (23°27′) and the Moon's orbital inclination (5°09′) to the ecliptic.",398
108,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node,Lunar node,"In Tibetan astrology (partially based on the Kalachakra Tantra) these nodes are respectively named Rahu and Kalagni. == Extremes ==


=== Inclination extremes ===
Every 18.6 years, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches a maximum of 28°36′, the sum of Earth's equatorial tilt (23°27′) and the Moon's orbital inclination (5°09′) to the ecliptic. This is called major lunar standstill. Around this time, the Moon's declination will vary from −28°36′ to +28°36′. Conversely, 9.3 years later, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches its minimum of 18°20′. This is called a minor lunar standstill. The last lunar standstill was a minor standstill in October 2015. At that time the descending node was lined up with the equinox (the point in the sky having right ascension zero and declination zero). The nodes are moving west by about 19° per year. The Sun crosses a given node about 20 days earlier each year. When the inclination of the Moon's orbit to the Earth's equator is at its minimum of 18°20′, the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the horizon every day from latitudes less than 70°43' (90° − 18°20' – 57' parallax) north or south. When the inclination is at its maximum of 28°36', the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the horizon every day only from latitudes less than 60°27' (90° − 28°36' – 57' parallax) north or south.",361
109,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node,Lunar node,"When the inclination of the Moon's orbit to the Earth's equator is at its minimum of 18°20′, the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the horizon every day from latitudes less than 70°43' (90° − 18°20' – 57' parallax) north or south. When the inclination is at its maximum of 28°36', the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the horizon every day only from latitudes less than 60°27' (90° − 28°36' – 57' parallax) north or south. At higher latitudes, there will be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not rise, but there will also be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not set. This is similar to the seasonal behaviour of the Sun, but with a period of 27.2 days instead of 365 days. Note that a point on the Moon can actually be visible when it is about 34 arc minutes below the horizon, due to atmospheric refraction. Because of the inclination of the Moon's orbit with respect to the Earth's equator, the Moon is above the horizon at the North and South Pole for almost two weeks every month, even though the Sun is below the horizon for six months at a time. The period from moonrise to moonrise at the poles is a tropical month, about 27.3 days, quite close to the sidereal period. When the Sun is the furthest below the horizon (winter solstice), the Moon will be full when it is at its highest point. When the Moon is in Gemini it will be above the horizon at the North Pole, and when it is in Sagittarius it will be up at the South Pole.",363
110,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node,Lunar node,"When the Sun is the furthest below the horizon (winter solstice), the Moon will be full when it is at its highest point. When the Moon is in Gemini it will be above the horizon at the North Pole, and when it is in Sagittarius it will be up at the South Pole. The Moon's light is used by zooplankton in the Arctic when the Sun is below the horizon for months and must have been helpful to the animals that lived in Arctic and Antarctic regions when the climate was warmer. === Declination extremes ===

The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5.14° to the ecliptic; hence, the Moon can be up to about 5° north or south of the ecliptic. The ecliptic is inclined about 23.44° to the celestial equator, whose plane is perpendicular to the rotational axis of Earth. As a result, once during the 18.6-year nodal period (when the ascending node of the Moon's orbit coincides with the vernal equinox), the Moon's declination reaches a maximum and minimum (northern and southern extremes): about 28.6° from the celestial equator. Therefore, the moonrise or moonset azimuth has its northern- and southernmost points on the horizon; the Moon at culmination has its lowest and highest altitude (when the body transits the meridian); and first sightings of the new moon potentially have their latest times. Furthermore, occultations by the Moon of the Pleiades star cluster, which is over 4° north of the ecliptic, occur during a comparatively brief period once every nodal period. == Effect on tides ==
The precession of the lunar nodes has a small effect on Earth's tides – atmospheric, oceanic, or crustal.",373
111,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node,Lunar node,"Furthermore, occultations by the Moon of the Pleiades star cluster, which is over 4° north of the ecliptic, occur during a comparatively brief period once every nodal period. == Effect on tides ==
The precession of the lunar nodes has a small effect on Earth's tides – atmospheric, oceanic, or crustal. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) determines mean lower low water (MLLW) at a location by averaging the height of the lowest tide recorded at that location each day during a 19-year recording period, known as the National Tidal Datum Epoch. The 19-year recording period is the nearest full-year count to the 18.6-year cycle of the lunar nodes. In conjunction with sea level rise caused by global warming, lunar nodal precession is predicted to contribute to a rapid rise in the frequency of coastal flooding throughout the 2030s. == See also ==
Eclipse
Lunar standstill
Orbit of the Moon


== References ==


== External links ==
Sun and Moon Polar Applet, showing moonrise/moonset azimuths
Astronomy Answers: What are the standstills of the Moon? Retrieved 2016-08-26. Eclipses, Cosmic Clockwork of the Ancients
Lunar and solar periods, about inertial frame of reference for measuring movements of celestial bodies. Mean lunar and solar periods",300
112,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"A trim command (known as TRIM in the ATA command set, and UNMAP in the SCSI command set) allows an operating system to inform a storage medium which blocks of data are no longer considered to be ""in use"" and therefore can be erased internally. TRIM is primarily used on solid-state drives (SSDs), but is also used on some shingled magnetic recording (SMR) hard drives. TRIM was introduced soon after SSDs were introduced. Because the low-level operation of SSDs differs significantly from hard drives, the conventional manner in which operating systems handle storage operations—such as deletions and formatting—resulted in unanticipated progressive performance degradation of write operations on SSDs. Trimming enables the SSD to more efficiently handle garbage collection, which would otherwise slow future write operations to the involved blocks. Although tools to ""reset"" some drives to a fresh state were already available before the introduction of trimming, they also delete all data on the drive, which makes them impractical to use for ongoing optimization. As of 2010, many SSDs and many flash removable storage devices had internal garbage collection mechanisms for certain filesystem(s) (such as FAT and NTFS) that worked independently of trimming. Although this successfully maintained their lifetime even under operating systems that did not support trim, it had the associated drawbacks of increased write amplification and wear of the flash cells, as well as decreased write performance of flash cells. == Background ==
Because of the way that many file systems handle delete operations, by flagging data blocks as ""not in use"", storage media (SSDs, but also traditional hard drives) generally do not know which sectors/pages are truly in use and which can be considered free space. Contrary to (for example) an overwrite operation, a delete will not involve a physical write to the sectors that contain the data.",378
113,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"== Background ==
Because of the way that many file systems handle delete operations, by flagging data blocks as ""not in use"", storage media (SSDs, but also traditional hard drives) generally do not know which sectors/pages are truly in use and which can be considered free space. Contrary to (for example) an overwrite operation, a delete will not involve a physical write to the sectors that contain the data. Since a common SSD has no knowledge of the file system structures, including the list of unused blocks/sectors, the storage medium remains unaware that the blocks have become available. While this often enables undelete tools to recover files from electromechanical hard disks, despite the files being reported as ""deleted"" by the operating system, it also means that when the operating system later performs a write operation to one of the sectors, which it considers free space, it effectively becomes an overwrite operation from the point of view of the storage medium. For magnetic disks, an overwrite of existing data is no different from writing into an empty sector, but because of how some SSDs function at the lowest level, an overwrite produces significant overhead compared with writing data into an empty page, potentially crippling write performance. SSDs store data in flash memory cells that are grouped into pages typically of 4 to 16 kiB, grouped together into blocks of typically 128 to 512 pages, for example 512 kiB blocks that group 128 pages of 4 kiB each. NAND flash memory cells can be directly written to only when they are empty. If they happen to contain data, the contents must be erased before a write operation. An SSD write operation can be done to a single page but, due to hardware limitations, erase commands always affect entire blocks; consequently, writing data to empty pages on an SSD is very fast, but slows down considerably once previously written pages need to be overwritten.",378
114,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"If they happen to contain data, the contents must be erased before a write operation. An SSD write operation can be done to a single page but, due to hardware limitations, erase commands always affect entire blocks; consequently, writing data to empty pages on an SSD is very fast, but slows down considerably once previously written pages need to be overwritten. Since an erase of the cells in the page is needed before it can be written to again, but only entire blocks can be erased, an overwrite will initiate a read-erase-modify-write cycle: the contents of the entire block are stored in cache, then the entire block is erased from the SSD, then the overwritten page(s) is written into the cached block, and only then can the entire updated block be written to the flash medium. This phenomenon is known as write amplification. == Operation ==
The TRIM command enables an operating system to notify the drive of pages which no longer contain valid data. For a file deletion operation, the operating system will mark the file's sectors as free for new data, then send a TRIM command to the drive. After trimming, the drive will not preserve any contents of the block when writing new data to a page of flash memory, resulting in less write amplification (fewer writes), higher write throughput (no need for a read-erase-modify sequence), thus increasing drive life. Different drive implement the command somewhat differently, so performance can vary. TRIM tells the drive to mark an LBA region as invalid and subsequent reads on the region will not return any meaningful data. For a very brief time, the data could still reside on the flash internally. After the TRIM command is issued and garbage collection has taken place, recovery of deleted or corrupted data can be difficult or impossible, depending on the drive's firmware implementation of the command.",377
115,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"For a very brief time, the data could still reside on the flash internally. After the TRIM command is issued and garbage collection has taken place, recovery of deleted or corrupted data can be difficult or impossible, depending on the drive's firmware implementation of the command. == Implementation ==


=== Operating system support ===
The TRIM command is beneficial only if the drive implements it and the operating system requests it. The table below identifies each notable operating system and the first version supporting the command. Additionally, older solid-state drives designed before the addition of the TRIM command to the ATA standard will need firmware updates, otherwise the new command will be ignored. However, not every drive can be upgraded to support trimming. The support for TRIM also varies by what the particular filesystem driver on the operating system is capable of, since only a program with an understanding of what parts of the disk are free space can safely issue the command, and on the system level this ability tends to lie in the filesystem driver itself. === RAID issues ===
As of January 2017, support for the TRIM command is not implemented in most hardware-based RAID technologies. However, software RAID implementations often do include support for TRIM. ==== Windows ====
Windows 10 offers support for TRIM in SSD ID volumes using the ""optimize drives"" option when configuring a RAID volume. ==== macOS ====
The macOS RAID driver does not support TRIM. This is true for all versions of Mac OS X from 10.7 through macOS 10.12.x. TRIM is supported for RAID (0,1,4,5 & 10) volumes when using the third-party SoftRAID® application, including TRIM support with non-Apple SSD devices. (Note: TRIM for non-Apple SSD devices must be specifically enabled using the terminal command ""sudo trimforce enable"".)",382
116,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"TRIM is supported for RAID (0,1,4,5 & 10) volumes when using the third-party SoftRAID® application, including TRIM support with non-Apple SSD devices. (Note: TRIM for non-Apple SSD devices must be specifically enabled using the terminal command ""sudo trimforce enable"".) ==== Linux ====
TRIM is available with RAID volumes in post-January-2011 releases of the Linux kernel's dmraid, which implements BIOS-assisted ""fake hardware RAID"" support, and which now passes through any TRIM requests from the filesystem that sits on the RAID array. Not to be confused with dmraid, Linux's general-purpose software RAID system, mdraid, has experimental support for batch-based (rather than live, upon file deletion) TRIM on RAID 1 arrays when systems are configured to periodically run the mdtrim utility on filesystems (even those like ext3 without native TRIM support). In later versions of Linux, e.g. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.5 and beyond, mdraid supports actually passing through TRIM commands in real-time, rather than just as a batch job. However, Red Hat recommends against using software RAID levels 1, 4, 5, and 6 on SSDs with most RAID technologies, because during initialization, most RAID management utilities (e.g. Linux's mdadm) write to all blocks on the devices to ensure that checksums (or drive-to-drive verifies, in the case of RAID 1 and 10) operate properly, causing the SSD to believe that all blocks other than in the spare area are in use, significantly degrading performance. On the other hand, Red Hat does recommend the use of RAID 1 or RAID 10 for LVM RAIDs on SSDs, as these levels support TRIM (""discard"" in Linux terminology), and the LVM utilities do not write to all blocks when creating a RAID 1 or RAID 10 volume.",401
117,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"Linux's mdadm) write to all blocks on the devices to ensure that checksums (or drive-to-drive verifies, in the case of RAID 1 and 10) operate properly, causing the SSD to believe that all blocks other than in the spare area are in use, significantly degrading performance. On the other hand, Red Hat does recommend the use of RAID 1 or RAID 10 for LVM RAIDs on SSDs, as these levels support TRIM (""discard"" in Linux terminology), and the LVM utilities do not write to all blocks when creating a RAID 1 or RAID 10 volume. ==== Firmware-based RAID ====
For a short time in March 2010, users were led to believe that the Intel Rapid Storage Technology (RST) 9.6 (and later) drivers in Windows 7 supported TRIM on RAID volumes, but Intel later clarified that TRIM was supported for the BIOS settings of AHCI mode and RAID mode, but not if the drive was part of a RAID volume. As of August 2012, Intel confirms that 7-series chipsets with Rapid Storage Technology (RST) 11.2 drivers support TRIM for RAID 0 in Microsoft Windows 7. While Intel did not confirm support for 6-series chipsets, TRIM on RAID 0 volumes has been shown to work on Z68, P67, and X79 chipsets by hardware enthusiasts with a modified RAID option ROM. It is speculated that the lack of official support for 6-series chipsets is due to validation costs or an attempt to encourage consumers to upgrade, rather than for technical reasons. An exception to the need for a modified option ROM on motherboards with an X79 chipset is if the manufacturer has added a ROM switch; this entails both the RST and RST-E ROMs being inside the BIOS/UEFI. This allows the RST ROM to be used instead of the RST-E ROM, allowing TRIM to function.",398
118,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"An exception to the need for a modified option ROM on motherboards with an X79 chipset is if the manufacturer has added a ROM switch; this entails both the RST and RST-E ROMs being inside the BIOS/UEFI. This allows the RST ROM to be used instead of the RST-E ROM, allowing TRIM to function. Intel notes that best performance can be achieved by using a driver with same version as the ROM; for example, if the BIOS/UEFI has an 11.0.0.0m option ROM, an 11.x version driver should be used. === Enabling unsupported filesystems ===
Where the filesystem does not automatically support TRIM, some utilities can send trimming commands manually. Usually they determine which blocks are free and then pass this list as a series of trimming commands to the drive. These utilities are available from various manufacturers (e.g. Intel, G.Skill), or as general utilities (e.g. Linux's hdparm ""wiper"" since v9.17, or mdtrim, as mentioned above). Both hdparm and mdtrim find free blocks by allocating a large file on the filesystem and resolving what physical location it was assigned to. Regardless of operating system, the drive can detect when the computer writes all zeros to a block, and de-allocate (trim) that block instead of recording the block of zeros. If reading a de-allocated block always returns zeros, this shortcut is transparent to the user, except for faster writing (and reading) of all-zero blocks, in addition to the usual benefit of faster writing into unused areas. Operating systems do not write all zeros to ""wipe"" files or free space, but some utilities do.",366
119,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"If reading a de-allocated block always returns zeros, this shortcut is transparent to the user, except for faster writing (and reading) of all-zero blocks, in addition to the usual benefit of faster writing into unused areas. Operating systems do not write all zeros to ""wipe"" files or free space, but some utilities do. == Hardware support ==


=== ATA ===
The TRIM command specification has been standardized as part of the AT Attachment (ATA) interface standard, led by Technical Committee T13 of the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS). TRIM is implemented under the DATA SET MANAGEMENT command (opcode 06h) of the draft ACS-2 specification. The ATA standard is supported by both parallel (IDE, PATA) and serial (SATA) ATA hardware. A drawback of the original ATA TRIM command is that it was defined as a non-queueable command and therefore could not easily be mixed with a normal workload of queued read and write operations. SATA 3.1 introduced a queued TRIM command to remedy this. There are different types of TRIM defined by SATA Words 69 and 169 returned from an ATA IDENTIFY DEVICE command:

Non-deterministic TRIM: Each read command to the logical block address (LBA) after a TRIM may return different data. Deterministic TRIM (DRAT): All read commands to the LBA after a TRIM shall return the same data, or become determinate. Deterministic Read Zero after TRIM (RZAT): All read commands to the LBA after a TRIM shall return zero. There is additional information in SATA Word 105 that describes the Maximum number of 512-byte blocks per DATA SET MANAGEMENT command that a drive can support.",374
120,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"Deterministic Read Zero after TRIM (RZAT): All read commands to the LBA after a TRIM shall return zero. There is additional information in SATA Word 105 that describes the Maximum number of 512-byte blocks per DATA SET MANAGEMENT command that a drive can support. Typically this defaults to 8 (or 4 kB) but many drives reduce this to 1 to meet the Microsoft Windows Hardware Requirements for TRIM, that command completion time shall not exceed 20 ms or 8 ms × (number of LBA range entries), whichever is greater, and shall always be less than 600 ms.
An individual LBA range is called an LBA Range Entry and is represented by eight bytes. The LBA is expressed by the LBA Range Entry's first six bytes and the Range Length is a zero-based counter (e.g., 0=0 and 1=1) represented by the remaining two bytes. If the two-byte range length is zero, then the LBA Range Entry shall be discarded as padding. This means that for each 512-byte block of TRIM ranges that a device supports, the maximum is 64 ranges of 32 MB, or 2 GB. If a device supports SATA Word 105 at 8 then it should be able to trim 16 GB in a single TRIM (DATA SET MANAGEMENT) command. === SCSI ===
SCSI provides the UNMAP command (a full analog of TRIM), and the WRITE SAME command (10 and 16 variants) with the UNMAP flag set. === SD/MMC ===
The MultiMediaCard and SD ERASE (CMD38) command provides similar functionality to the ATA TRIM command, although it requires that erased blocks be overwritten with either zeroes or ones.",360
121,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"=== SCSI ===
SCSI provides the UNMAP command (a full analog of TRIM), and the WRITE SAME command (10 and 16 variants) with the UNMAP flag set. === SD/MMC ===
The MultiMediaCard and SD ERASE (CMD38) command provides similar functionality to the ATA TRIM command, although it requires that erased blocks be overwritten with either zeroes or ones. A DISCARD sub-operation is further defined in eMMC 4.5, and optionally in SDHC and SDXC cards, that more closely matches ATA TRIM in that the contents of discarded blocks can be considered indeterminate (i.e., ""don't care""). === NVM Express ===
The NVM Express command set has a generic Dataset Management command, for hinting the host's intent to the storage device on a set of block ranges. If that command is executed with the Attribute – Deallocate (AD) bit set to 1 in Command Dword 11, it performs trim. It also has a Write Zeroes command, which contains a Deallocate (DEAC) bit in Command Dword 12 that allows the disk to trim and return zeroes. == Disadvantages ==
Some deniable encryption schemes involve making the whole disk look like random garbage. Using TRIM defeats this layer of plausible deniability as the all-zero (or all-one) blocks created easily indicate what blocks are used. It has been argued disabling TRIM might be suspicious too. The original version of the TRIM command has been defined as a non-queued command by the T13 subcommittee, and consequently can incur massive execution penalty if used carelessly, e.g., if sent after each filesystem delete command. The non-queued nature of the command requires the driver to first wait for all outstanding commands to be finished, issue the TRIM command, then resume normal commands.",399
122,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"The original version of the TRIM command has been defined as a non-queued command by the T13 subcommittee, and consequently can incur massive execution penalty if used carelessly, e.g., if sent after each filesystem delete command. The non-queued nature of the command requires the driver to first wait for all outstanding commands to be finished, issue the TRIM command, then resume normal commands. TRIM can take a lot of time to complete, depending on the firmware in the SSD, and may even trigger a garbage collection cycle. This penalty can be minimized in solutions that do batched TRIMs and/or periodic TRIMs, rather than trimming upon every file deletion, by scheduling such batch jobs for times when system utilization is low. This TRIM disadvantage has been overcome in Serial ATA revision 3.1 with the introduction of the Queued TRIM Command. Windows 8 added support for periodic TRIM and queued TRIM. Only some hypervisors (such as Hyper-V, Parallels Desktop) have implemented TRIM for the Guest OS (as of 2023). Faulty drive firmware that misreports support for queued TRIM or has critical bugs in its implementation has been linked to serious data corruption and/or serious bugs like frequent freezes in several devices, most notably Micron and Crucial's M500 and Samsung's 840 and 850 series. The data corruption has been confirmed on the Linux operating system (the only OS with queued trim support as of 1 July 2015).",307
123,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"Faulty drive firmware that misreports support for queued TRIM or has critical bugs in its implementation has been linked to serious data corruption and/or serious bugs like frequent freezes in several devices, most notably Micron and Crucial's M500 and Samsung's 840 and 850 series. The data corruption has been confirmed on the Linux operating system (the only OS with queued trim support as of 1 July 2015). These devices are blacklisted in the Linux kernel's libata-core.c to force sending non-queued TRIM commands (ATA_QUIRK_NO_NCQ_TRIM) to these drives instead of queued TRIM commands:

Micron/Crucial M500 using all firmware versions including factory recertified SSDs
Micron M510 using firmware version MU01
Micron/Crucial M550 using firmware version MU01
Crucial MX100 using firmware version MU01
Samsung 840 and 850 series SSDs using all firmware versions
This file also blacklists the SuperSSpeed S238 against TRIM in general due to causing the wrong blocks to lose data when TRIM is issued. libata-core.c also has a whitelist to list SSDs that are reliably known to the subsystem's maintainers to correctly implement the DRAT and RZAT flags (ATA_QUIRK_ZERO_AFTER_TRIM), rather than ignoring them, as many drives do.",295
124,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(computing),Trim (computing),"These devices are blacklisted in the Linux kernel's libata-core.c to force sending non-queued TRIM commands (ATA_QUIRK_NO_NCQ_TRIM) to these drives instead of queued TRIM commands:

Micron/Crucial M500 using all firmware versions including factory recertified SSDs
Micron M510 using firmware version MU01
Micron/Crucial M550 using firmware version MU01
Crucial MX100 using firmware version MU01
Samsung 840 and 850 series SSDs using all firmware versions
This file also blacklists the SuperSSpeed S238 against TRIM in general due to causing the wrong blocks to lose data when TRIM is issued. libata-core.c also has a whitelist to list SSDs that are reliably known to the subsystem's maintainers to correctly implement the DRAT and RZAT flags (ATA_QUIRK_ZERO_AFTER_TRIM), rather than ignoring them, as many drives do. The whitelisted drives are as follows:

Crucial SSDs
Intel SSDs excluding the Intel SSD 510
Micron SSDs
Samsung SSDs
Seagate SSDs


== See also ==
Data remanence


== References ==


== External links ==
From write() down to flash chips – An explanation on how the TRIM command lets SSDs erase data not used by the filesystem
TRIM Command White Paper – A white paper explaining the command's purpose and actions
Fusion-io Patent ""Apparatus, system, and method for redundant write caching""
TRIM in SSD and SMR discs – about TRIM function in SSD and SMR drives",355
125,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_tide,Earth tide,"Earth tide (also known as solid-Earth tide, crustal tide, body tide, bodily tide or land tide) is the displacement of the solid earth's surface caused by the gravity of the Moon and Sun. Its main component has meter-level amplitude at periods of about 12 hours and longer. The largest body tide constituents are semi-diurnal, but there are also significant diurnal, semi-annual, and fortnightly contributions. Though the gravitational force causing earth tides and ocean tides is the same, the responses are quite different. == Tide raising force ==

The larger of the periodic gravitational forces is from the Moon but that of the Sun is also important. The images here show lunar tidal force when the Moon appears directly over 30° N (or 30° S). This pattern remains fixed with the red area directed toward (or directly away from) the Moon. Red indicates upward pull, blue downward. If, for example the Moon is directly over  90° W (or 90° E), the red areas are centred on the western northern hemisphere, on the upper right. If for example the Moon is directly over 90° W  (90° E), the centre of the red area is 30° N, 90° W and 30° S, 90° E, and the centre of the bluish band follows the great circle equidistant from those points. At 30° latitude a strong peak occurs once per lunar day, giving a significant diurnal force at that latitude. Along the equator two equally sized peaks (and depressions) impart semi-diurnal force. == Body tide components ==

The Earth tide encompasses the entire body of the Earth and is unhindered by the thin crust and land masses of the surface, on scales that make the rigidity of rock irrelevant.",367
126,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_tide,Earth tide,"Along the equator two equally sized peaks (and depressions) impart semi-diurnal force. == Body tide components ==

The Earth tide encompasses the entire body of the Earth and is unhindered by the thin crust and land masses of the surface, on scales that make the rigidity of rock irrelevant. Ocean tides are a consequence of tangent forces (see: equilibrium tide) and the resonance of the same driving forces with water movement periods in ocean basins accumulated over many days, so that their amplitude and timing are quite different and vary over short distances of just a few hundred kilometres. The oscillation periods of the Earth as a whole are not near the astronomical periods, so its flexing is due to the forces of the moment. The tide components with a period near twelve hours have a lunar amplitude (Earth bulge/depression distances) that are a little more than twice the height of the solar amplitudes, as tabulated below. At new and full moon, the Sun and the Moon are aligned, and the lunar and the solar tidal maxima and minima (bulges and depressions) add together for the greatest tidal range at particular latitudes. At first- and third-quarter phases of the moon, lunar and solar tides are perpendicular, and the tidal range is at a minimum. The semi-diurnal tides go through one full cycle (a high and low tide) about once every 12 hours and one full cycle of maximum height (a spring and neap tide) about once every 14 days. The semi-diurnal tide (one maximum every 12 or so hours) is primarily lunar (only S2 is purely solar) and gives rise to sectorial (or sectoral) deformations which rise and fall at the same time along the same longitude. Sectorial variations of vertical and east-west displacements are maximum at the equator and vanish at the poles.",386
127,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_tide,Earth tide,"The semi-diurnal tide (one maximum every 12 or so hours) is primarily lunar (only S2 is purely solar) and gives rise to sectorial (or sectoral) deformations which rise and fall at the same time along the same longitude. Sectorial variations of vertical and east-west displacements are maximum at the equator and vanish at the poles. There are two cycles along each latitude, the bulges opposite one another, and the depressions similarly opposed. The diurnal tide is lunisolar, and gives rise to tesseral deformations. The vertical and east-west movement is maximum at 45° latitude and is zero on the equator and at the poles. The tesseral variation has one cycle per latitude, one bulge and one depression; the bulges are opposed (antipodal), in other words the western part of the northern hemisphere and the eastern part of the southern hemisphere, for example. Similarly, the depressions are opposed, in this case the eastern part of the northern hemisphere and the western part of the southern hemisphere. Finally, fortnightly and semi-annual tides have zonal deformations (constant along a circle of latitude), as the Moon or Sun gravitation is directed alternately away from the northern and southern hemispheres due to tilt. There is zero vertical displacement at 35°16' latitude. Since these displacements affect the vertical direction, the east-west and north-south variations are often tabulated in milliarcseconds for astronomical use. The vertical displacement is frequently tabulated in μGal, since the gradient of gravity is location dependent, so that the distance conversion is only approximately 3 μGal per centimetre. === Tidal constituents ===
Principal tidal constituents. The amplitudes may vary from those listed within several per cent. See also Theory of tides#Tidal constituents.",381
128,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_tide,Earth tide,"The amplitudes may vary from those listed within several per cent. See also Theory of tides#Tidal constituents. == Ocean tidal loading ==
Ocean tidal loading is the deformation of the underlying crust in response to periodic variations of water mass associated with the ocean tide, and is typically one order of magnitude smaller than the body tide deformation. Sensitive instruments far inland often have to make similar corrections. Atmospheric loading and storm events may also be measurable, though the masses in movement are less weighty. == Effects ==
Volcanologists use the regular, predictable Earth tide movements to calibrate and test sensitive volcano deformation monitoring instruments; tides may also trigger volcanic events. The semidiurnal amplitude of terrestrial tides can reach about 55 cm (22 in) at the equator which is important in geodesy using Global Positioning System, very-long-baseline interferometry, and satellite laser ranging measurements. Also, to make precise astronomical angular measurements requires accurate knowledge of the Earth's rate of rotation (length of day, precession, in addition to nutation), which is influenced by Earth tides (see also: pole tide). Terrestrial tides also need to be taken in account in the case of some particle physics experiments. For instance, at the CERN or the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, the very large particle accelerators were designed while taking terrestrial tides into account for proper operation. Among the effects that need to be taken into account are circumference deformation for circular accelerators and particle-beam energy. == In other astronomical objects ==
Body tides also exist in other astronomical objects, such as planets and moons. In Earth's moon, body tides ""vary by about ±0.1 m each month."" It plays a key role in long-term dynamics of planetary systems. For example, body tides dissipate energy, breaking the spin of satellites until they lock into a spin-orbit resonance.",389
129,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_tide,Earth tide,"It plays a key role in long-term dynamics of planetary systems. For example, body tides dissipate energy, breaking the spin of satellites until they lock into a spin-orbit resonance. Thus the Moon that it is captured into the 1:1 resonance, always showing us one side while Mercury is trapped in a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance with the Sun. For the same reason, it is believed that many of the exoplanets are captured in higher spin-orbit resonances with their host stars. == See also ==
Love numbers


== References ==


== Bibliography ==
McCully, James Greig, Beyond the Moon, A Conversational, Common Sense Guide to Understanding the Tides, World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore, 2006. Paul Melchior, Earth Tides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1983. Wylie, Francis E, Tides and the Pull of the Moon, The Stephen Greene Press, Brattleboro, Vermont, 1979. == External links ==
Short BBC documentary on earth tides [3]",216
130,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_and_Ethnography_of_the_Greeks_of_the_Azov_Region,Museum of the History and Ethnography of the Greeks of the Azov Region,"The Museum of History and Ethnography of the Greeks of the Azov Region is a branch of the Mariupol Museum of Local Lore located in the rural settlement of Sartana near Mariupol, Ukraine. == History ==
The Museum was founded in 1987 by Ivan A. Papush on a voluntary basis and later acquired the status of a national museum. In 1992, the museum became a branch of the Mariupol Museum of Local Lore. In 1997, the museum received its modern name Museum of History and Ethnography of the Greeks of the Azov Region. == Exposition ==
More than 3,000 exhibits are presented in the museum on two floors in six halls. Its exposition reflects the process of resettlement of Greeks from the Crimean Khanate to the Azov Region in the second half of the 18th century, the establishment of Greek settlements, local territories and economic activity (agriculture, livestock, trade, crafts). It illustrates the preservation of cultural traditions, housing, clothing, jewelry, rituals and holidays, and the development of the Greek diaspora in the Azov Region. The exhibition History of the Greeks of the Azov Sea explains events that took place in Ukraine and Mariupol. It includes the October Revolution and the civil war in the region, the coming to power of the Soviets, the famine of the 1920s and 1930s and political repression. Also presented are events that end the Soviet era and illustrate the emergence of Ukraine on the political map, as well as the achievements of the Azov region today. Collections of decorative and applied art are also on display, and attention is paid to the cuisine of the Azov Greeks. Cultural activities supplement the visual displays, including the staging of a local wedding ceremony, a master class introducing traditional Greek costumes, cooking of national cuisine, events of ethnic music and theatrical performances.",374
131,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_and_Ethnography_of_the_Greeks_of_the_Azov_Region,Museum of the History and Ethnography of the Greeks of the Azov Region,"Collections of decorative and applied art are also on display, and attention is paid to the cuisine of the Azov Greeks. Cultural activities supplement the visual displays, including the staging of a local wedding ceremony, a master class introducing traditional Greek costumes, cooking of national cuisine, events of ethnic music and theatrical performances. The museum takes part in representations at local exhibitions, for example:

History of the Greeks of the Azov Region. 1999, Donetsk, celebrating the 220th anniversary of the migration of Greeks from the Crimea. Hellenes of the Azov Region: Yesterday, today, tomorrow
Modern wedding ceremony of the Greeks

In 1998, the museum participated in the international conference Ukraine-Greece – Prospects for development and cooperation. The museum conducts walking tours of the settlement of Sartana for tourists. == Gallery ==


== See also ==

Mariupol Museum of Local Lore
The Azov Greek Museum description and photos


== References ==",198
132,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"Book Girl (文学少女, Bungaku Shōjo; lit. Literature Girl) is a collection of Japanese light novels by Mizuki Nomura, with illustrations by Miho Takeoka. The series contains 16 volumes: eight cover the original series, four are short story collections, and four are of a side story. The novels were published between April 2006 and April 2011 by Enterbrain under their Famitsu Bunko imprint. Yen Press licensed the light novel series and began releasing it in English in North America in July 2010. There have been four manga adaptations serialized in Square Enix's shōnen Gangan Powered and Gangan Joker, and Kadokawa Shoten's shōjo Beans Ace and Monthly Asuka. An anime film adaptation produced by Production I.G was released in Japanese theaters on May 1, 2010. == Plot ==
The Book Girl series centers around Konoha Inoue, one of two members of his high school's literature club, which he joined shortly after entering school, though the story begins when Konoha is already in his second year. The other member and president of the club is Tohko Amano, a third-year girl who loves literature. Tohko is a yōkai who eats stories by consuming the paper they are printed on, and Tohko often asks Konoha to write her short stories as ""snacks"". == Characters ==
Konoha Inoue (井上 心葉, Inoue Konoha)
Voiced by: Miyu Irino
Konoha is a second-year in high school who gained prominence when he wrote and submitted a romance novel into a competition. He won, with the novel going on to becoming a bestseller, but since he used a girl's name as a pseudonym, no one knows it is him.",380
133,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"== Characters ==
Konoha Inoue (井上 心葉, Inoue Konoha)
Voiced by: Miyu Irino
Konoha is a second-year in high school who gained prominence when he wrote and submitted a romance novel into a competition. He won, with the novel going on to becoming a bestseller, but since he used a girl's name as a pseudonym, no one knows it is him. He joins his school's literature club where he meets the president of the club, Tohko Amano. Tohko Amano (天野 遠子, Amano Tōko)
Voiced by: Kana Hanazawa
Tohko is a third-year high school student and the president of the literature club. She and Konoha are the only members of the club. She eats the pages of stories as ""snacks"" and asks Konoha to sometimes write something for her so she can consume them. == Media ==


=== Light novels and books ===

The Book Girl series of light novels are written by Mizuki Nomura, with illustrations by Miho Takeoka. The novels share the common title Book Girl (文学少女, Bungaku Shōjo), which is where the series gets its name. There are 16 novels in the series: eight cover the original series, four are short story collections, and four are of a side story. The eight novels of the original series were published between April 28, 2006, and August 30, 2008. The four short story collections were published between December 26, 2008, and December 25, 2010; many of the short stories were previously published in Enterbrain's FB Online online magazine. The four side story novels were published between April 30, 2009, and April 30, 2011.",380
134,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"The four short story collections were published between December 26, 2008, and December 25, 2010; many of the short stories were previously published in Enterbrain's FB Online online magazine. The four side story novels were published between April 30, 2009, and April 30, 2011. The first three side story novels are a part of a single story, while the last one is separate. The novels were published by Enterbrain under their Famitsu Bunko imprint. Yen Press licensed the light novel series and began releasing it in English in North America in July 2010. A 127-page art book titled Book Girl's Art Gallery (""文学少女""の追想画廊(ガレリア・デ・アール), Bungaku Shōjo no Tsuisō Garō (Galerie d'art)) was published on December 15, 2008, by Enterbrain. Along with illustrations, the book contained a Book Girl short story and comments by the creators. Three more books were published on April 21, 2010, by Enterbrain. These include another 63-page art book titled Book Girl Fantasy Art Book; a 159-page guide book titled Book Girl's Gourmet Books Guide (""文学少女""のグルメな図書ガイド, Bungaku Shōjo no Gourmet na Tosho Guide) and a 111-page guide book released for the film titled Book Girl Film Edition: Appetizer (劇場版""文学少女"" -appetizer-, Gekijōban Bungaku Shōjo -appetizer-). The guide book came bundled with a bonus DVD containing cast comments and making-of videos.",357
135,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"These include another 63-page art book titled Book Girl Fantasy Art Book; a 159-page guide book titled Book Girl's Gourmet Books Guide (""文学少女""のグルメな図書ガイド, Bungaku Shōjo no Gourmet na Tosho Guide) and a 111-page guide book released for the film titled Book Girl Film Edition: Appetizer (劇場版""文学少女"" -appetizer-, Gekijōban Bungaku Shōjo -appetizer-). The guide book came bundled with a bonus DVD containing cast comments and making-of videos. Another art book titled Book Girl's Art Gallery 2 (“文学少女”の追想画廊2, Bungaku Shōjo no Tsuisō Garō 2 (Galerie d'art)) was published on May 30, 2011, by Enterbrain. Nomura collaborated with Kenji Inoue (the author of Baka to Test to Shōkanjū) and Takaaki Kaima (the author of Gakkō no Kaidan) to produce three stories in Collaboration Anthology 2: Book Girl Ascends the Stairway of the Gargoyles and Idiots (コラボアンソロジー2 ""文学少女""はガーゴイルとバカの階段を昇る, Corabo Ansorojī 2 Bungaku Shōjo wa Gāgoiru to Baka no Kaidan o Noboru) published by Enterbrain on October 30, 2008. === Manga ===
Four manga adaptations of Book Girl were created.",368
136,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"Nomura collaborated with Kenji Inoue (the author of Baka to Test to Shōkanjū) and Takaaki Kaima (the author of Gakkō no Kaidan) to produce three stories in Collaboration Anthology 2: Book Girl Ascends the Stairway of the Gargoyles and Idiots (コラボアンソロジー2 ""文学少女""はガーゴイルとバカの階段を昇る, Corabo Ansorojī 2 Bungaku Shōjo wa Gāgoiru to Baka no Kaidan o Noboru) published by Enterbrain on October 30, 2008. === Manga ===
Four manga adaptations of Book Girl were created. The first, titled Book Girl and the Suicidal Mime (""文学少女""と死にたがりの道化, Bungaku Shōjo to Shinitagari no Piero), is illustrated by Rito Kōsaka and began serialization in the August 2008 issue of Square Enix's shōnen manga magazine Gangan Powered. The manga was transferred to the debut May 2009 issue of Square Enix's Gangan Joker magazine after Gangan Powered was discontinued with the April 2009 issue. It ran until the November 2010 issue. Three tankōbon volumes were released between April 24, 2009, and December 22, 2010, under Square Enix's Gangan Comics Joker imprint. Kōsaka began another manga titled Book Girl and the Famished Spirit (""文学少女""と飢え渇く幽霊, Bungaku Shōjo to Uekawaku Gōsuto) serialized in Gangan Joker between the January 2011 and September 2013 issues. Four volumes for Famished Spirit were released between August 22, 2011, and November 22, 2013.",399
137,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"Kōsaka began another manga titled Book Girl and the Famished Spirit (""文学少女""と飢え渇く幽霊, Bungaku Shōjo to Uekawaku Gōsuto) serialized in Gangan Joker between the January 2011 and September 2013 issues. Four volumes for Famished Spirit were released between August 22, 2011, and November 22, 2013. The third manga, Book Girl and the Delicious Recipe (""文学少女""と美味しい噺, Bungaku Shōjo to Oishii Reshipi), is illustrated by Akira Hiyoshimaru and the first four chapters were serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's shōjo manga Beans Ace magazine. It was transferred to Monthly Asuka after Beans Ace was discontinued with the November 2009 issue. Delicious Recipe was serialized between the September 2009 and April 2010 issues of Monthly Asuka. Two volumes were published for Delicious Recipe on January 26 and April 26, 2010, under Kadokawa's Asuka Comics DX imprint. Hiyoshimaru illustrated another manga titled Book Girl and the Lovesick Poet (""文学少女""と恋する詩人, Bungaku Shōjo to Koisuru Poet) in Monthly Asuka between the June 2010 and January 2011 issues. A single volume for Lovesick Poet was released on January 26, 2011. === Drama CDs and radio show ===
A set of six drama CDs were produced by Lantis covering three stories in two volumes each. The two-volume adaptation of the first light novel Book Girl and the Suicidal Mime were released on October 21 and November 25, 2009. The two-volume adaptation of the second novel Book Girl and the Famished Spirit were released on February 24 and March 24, 2010.",385
138,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"The two-volume adaptation of the first light novel Book Girl and the Suicidal Mime were released on October 21 and November 25, 2009. The two-volume adaptation of the second novel Book Girl and the Famished Spirit were released on February 24 and March 24, 2010. The two-volume adaptation of the third novel Book Girl and the Captive Fool were released on September 22 and November 24, 2010. An Internet radio show to promote Book Girl titled Radio Book Girl: The Literary Club at Midnight (ラジオ""文学少女""〜真夜中の文芸部〜, Rajio Bungaku Shōjo: Mayonaka no Bungeibu) aired 52 episodes between January 9, 2010, and January 1, 2011. The show was produced by Chō! A&G+ and Lantis Web Radio. It was streamed online weekly and was hosted by Kana Hanazawa, the voice of Tohko Amano in the drama CDs and anime adaptations. === Anime ===

A 103-minute anime film adaptation titled Book Girl was produced by Production I.G, directed by Shunsuke Tada, and was released in Japanese theaters on May 1, 2010. The film was produced as a commemoration of Enterbrain's ten-year anniversary. The film was released to Blu-ray Disc/DVD on August 27, 2010, by Pony Canyon.",294
139,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"The film was produced as a commemoration of Enterbrain's ten-year anniversary. The film was released to Blu-ray Disc/DVD on August 27, 2010, by Pony Canyon. A bonus original video animation (OVA) titled Book Girl Today's Snack: First Love (""文学少女""今日のおやつ 〜はつ恋〜, Bungaku Shōjo Kyō no Oyatsu: Hatsukoi) was bundled with a limited edition version of the second side story novel volume Book Girl Apprentice's Heartbreak (""文学少女""見習いの、傷心, Bungaku Shōjo Minarai no, Shōshin) sold on December 26, 2009. The OVA was produced by the same staff as the anime film. Three OVA shorts under the collective title Book Girl Memoir (""文学少女""メモワール, Bungaku Shōjo Memowāru) were produced to be shown before the film's screening for one-week intervals beginning in May 2010. The OVAs cover stories primarily about three of the main characters: Tohko Amano for volume one, Miu Asakura for volume two, and Nanase Kotobuki for volume three. Tohko's OVA, ""Prelude to the Dream Girl"" (夢見る少女の前奏曲(プレリュード), Yumemiru Shōjo no Prelude), was shown between May 15 and May 21, 2010; a DVD containing the OVA was released on June 25, 2010.",354
140,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"The OVAs cover stories primarily about three of the main characters: Tohko Amano for volume one, Miu Asakura for volume two, and Nanase Kotobuki for volume three. Tohko's OVA, ""Prelude to the Dream Girl"" (夢見る少女の前奏曲(プレリュード), Yumemiru Shōjo no Prelude), was shown between May 15 and May 21, 2010; a DVD containing the OVA was released on June 25, 2010. Miu's OVA, titled ""Requiem of the Sky Dancing Angel"" (ソラ舞う天使の鎮魂曲(レクイエム), Sora Mau Tenshi no Requiem), was shown between May 22 and May 28, 2010; a DVD containing the OVA was sold on October 29, 2010. Nanase's OVA, titled ""Rhapsody of the Maiden in Love"" (恋する乙女の狂想曲(ラプソディ), Koisuru Otome no Rhapsody), was shown between May 29 and June 4, 2010; a DVD containing the OVA was released on December 24, 2010. ==== Music ====
An image song album titled Bungaku Shōjo to Yumeutsutsu no Melody (""文学少女""と夢現の旋律, Book Girl and the Half Asleep Melody) was released at Comiket 76 on August 14, 2009, with songs by Annabel, CooRie, Eufonius, Masumi Itō, Kokia, and Kukui.",360
141,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"Nanase's OVA, titled ""Rhapsody of the Maiden in Love"" (恋する乙女の狂想曲(ラプソディ), Koisuru Otome no Rhapsody), was shown between May 29 and June 4, 2010; a DVD containing the OVA was released on December 24, 2010. ==== Music ====
An image song album titled Bungaku Shōjo to Yumeutsutsu no Melody (""文学少女""と夢現の旋律, Book Girl and the Half Asleep Melody) was released at Comiket 76 on August 14, 2009, with songs by Annabel, CooRie, Eufonius, Masumi Itō, Kokia, and Kukui. The film's theme song is ""Haruka na Hibi"" (遥かな日々, Distant Days) by Eufonius; the single was released on May 1, 2010. The original soundtrack titled Musique du film, composed by Masumi Itō, was released by Lantis on May 1, 2010. The opening theme song for the three OVA shorts is ""Musō Garden"" (夢想庭園, Musō Gāden; Garden of Dreams) by CooRie; the single was released on July 7, 2010. The ""Prelude to the Dream Girl"" OVA's ending theme is ""Koto no Ha"" (言の葉, Words) by Kokia; the song was released on the album Yumemiru Shōjo no Prelude on July 7, 2010.",352
142,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"The opening theme song for the three OVA shorts is ""Musō Garden"" (夢想庭園, Musō Gāden; Garden of Dreams) by CooRie; the single was released on July 7, 2010. The ""Prelude to the Dream Girl"" OVA's ending theme is ""Koto no Ha"" (言の葉, Words) by Kokia; the song was released on the album Yumemiru Shōjo no Prelude on July 7, 2010. The ""Requiem of the Sky Dancing Angel"" OVA's ending theme is ""Aozora no Mukō"" (青空の向こう) by Masumi Itō; the song was released on the album Sora Mau Tenshi no Requiem on October 27, 2010. The ""Rhapsody of the Maiden in Love"" OVA's ending theme is ""Hidamari Hakusho"" (陽だまり白書) by CooRie; the song was released on the album Koisuru Otome no Rhapsody on January 26, 2011. == Reception ==
The Mainichi Shimbun reported that by May 2010, over 1.6 million copies of the light novels had been sold in Japan. The light novel series has ranked five times in Takarajimasha's light novel guide book Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi! published yearly: eighth in 2007, third in 2008 and 2010, first in 2009, and sixth in 2011. In the 2009 issue of the guidebook, Tohko Amano was voted the No. 1 ranked female light novel character. In Kadokawa Shoten's Light Novel Award contest held in 2007, Book Girl and the Suicidal Mime won an award in the mystery category.",379
143,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Girl,Book Girl,"1 ranked female light novel character. In Kadokawa Shoten's Light Novel Award contest held in 2007, Book Girl and the Suicidal Mime won an award in the mystery category. In a review of the first light novel Book Girl and the Suicidal Mime by Anime News Network contributor Carlo Santos, the author Mizuki Nomura is cited as being ""too ambitious"" for her use of several differing genres of storytelling, such as the use of mystery, character-driven comedy, and 20th-century Japanese literature. Santos notes how these subjects, while present, are not expounded upon, and several plot points are pointed out as being left open (because there are more novels). The murder-mystery portion is described as being ""awkwardly written"", which reads more like ""plot summary than actual dialogue"". The reviewer makes comparisons with the Haruhi Suzumiya light novel series in how Kyon and Haruhi Suzumiya are similar to the main characters Konoha Inoue and Tohko Amano from the Book Girl series. Santos further notes how the character-driven comedy is similar in style to that used in the Haruhi Suzumiya series. == References ==


== External links ==
Official website (in Japanese)
Book Girl at Yen Press
Book Girl at Square Enix (in Japanese)
Book Girl at Kadokawa Shoten (in Japanese)
Book Girl (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia",299
144,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gage_Workman,Gage Workman,"Gage Tater Workman (born October 24, 1999) is an American professional baseball third baseman in the Detroit Tigers organization. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs and Chicago White Sox. He made his MLB debut in 2025. == Amateur career ==
Workman attended Basha High School in Chandler, Arizona, where he played baseball with Brennen Davis. He was originally set to graduate in 2018, but reclassified to the class of 2017. In 2017, he batted .396. Following the season, he was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 14th round of the 2017 Major League Baseball draft, but did not sign, and instead chose to honor his commitment to play college baseball at Arizona State University. In 2018, Workman's freshman season, he appeared in fifty games (making 48 starts) in which he batted .276/ .339/.466 with three home runs and 25 RBI. That summer, he played in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Brewster Whitecaps, batting .241/.306/.547. As a sophomore in 2019, he slashed .330/.413/.528 with eight home runs, 42 RBI, and nine stolen bases over 57 games. He earned honorable mention for both the All-Pac-12 team and the All-Pac-12 defensive team. He returned to play in the Cape Cod League for Brewster, batted .266/.321/.370, and was named a league all-star. Over 17 games as a junior in 2020, he batted .250/.316/.471 and compiled three home runs and 14 RBI before the college baseball season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. == Professional career ==


=== Detroit Tigers ===
Workman was selected by the Detroit Tigers in the fourth round as the 102nd overall pick in the 2020 Major League Baseball draft, and signed.",383
145,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gage_Workman,Gage Workman,"Over 17 games as a junior in 2020, he batted .250/.316/.471 and compiled three home runs and 14 RBI before the college baseball season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. == Professional career ==


=== Detroit Tigers ===
Workman was selected by the Detroit Tigers in the fourth round as the 102nd overall pick in the 2020 Major League Baseball draft, and signed. He did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. To begin the 2021 season, he was assigned to the Lakeland Flying Tigers of the Low-A Southeast. After slashing .256/.357/.426 with three home runs, 19 RBI, 16 doubles, and 22 stolen bases over 51 games, he was promoted to the West Michigan Whitecaps of the High-A Central in early July. Over 67 games with the Whitecaps, Workman batted .237/.302/.440 with nine home runs and 39 RBI. Workman was assigned to the Erie SeaWolves of the Double-A Eastern League for the 2022 season. Over 128 games, he slashed .225/.276/.415 with 14 home runs, 68 RBI, thirty stolen bases, and thirty doubles. He was selected to play in the Arizona Fall League for the Salt River Rafters after the season, and batted .193/.230/.386. He split the 2023 season between Erie and West Michigan, hitting .239/.336/.409	 with 13 home runs and 48 RBI over 100 games, playing primarily shortstop. Workman returned to Erie for the 2024 campaign, making 126 appearances and batting .280/.366/.476 with 18 home runs, 89 RBI, and 30 stolen bases. === Chicago Cubs ===
On December 11, 2024, the Chicago Cubs selected Workman from the Tigers in the Rule 5 draft. He made the Cubs' Opening Day roster and made his MLB debut on March 29, 2025.",397
146,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gage_Workman,Gage Workman,"=== Chicago Cubs ===
On December 11, 2024, the Chicago Cubs selected Workman from the Tigers in the Rule 5 draft. He made the Cubs' Opening Day roster and made his MLB debut on March 29, 2025. In nine appearances for Chicago, Workman went 3-for-14 (.214) with two RBI and one stolen base. On April 23, Workman was designated for assignment by the Cubs. === Chicago White Sox ===
On April 26, 2025, Workman was traded to the Chicago White Sox in exchange for cash considerations. On May 1, Workman was placed on the 10-day injured list with a right hip flexor strain, having only received two hitless plate appearances over three games. On May 12, Workman was activated off the injured list and subsequently designated for assignment. === Detroit Tigers (second stint) ===
On May 14, 2025, Workman was returned to the Detroit Tigers organization. == Personal life ==
Workman's father, Widd, also played baseball at Arizona State and spent four seasons in the minor leagues with the San Diego Padres. His middle name, ""Tater,"" was his grandfather's nickname. Workman is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and chose to skip his mission in order to continue playing college baseball without missing a season. He and his wife, Alexa, married in November 2020. == See also ==
Rule 5 draft results


== References ==


== External links ==
Career statistics from MLB · ESPN · Baseball Reference · Fangraphs · Baseball Reference (Minors) · Baseball Almanac  
Arizona State Sun Devils bio",337
147,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamaya_Prasad_Sinha,Mahamaya Prasad Sinha,"Mahamaya Prasad Sinha (1 May 1909 – 1987) was an Indian politician. He was the fifth Chief Minister of Bihar from March 1967 to January 1968 which was the first non congress Government in Bihar. Sinha was a follower of Maharaja Kamakhya Narain Singh and Maharaj Kumar Basant Narain Singh and was a member of their political Jan Kranti Dal. He was elected to the 6th Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from the Patna constituency of Bihar in 1977. Before quitting  Congress, he was among the four prominent leaders of Bihar unit during 1960s, the others being Krishna Ballabh Sahay, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and Binodanand Jha. == Early life ==
Mahamaya Prasad was born in 1909. He sprang from a very aristocratic Kayastha family of Siwan district in Bihar. His academic career was marked by brilliance and popularity. He was in the public gaze as an athlete. == Political career ==
In 1929 he was to go to the I.C.S but joined the Civil Disobedience Movement. He was appointed the Dictator of the District and imprisoned for one year. Again he was arrested and sentenced to seven months imprisonment. In the prison he had a heat stroke and completely lost his voice. Since 1931 he was a member of the A.I.C.C. for many years and became the President of the District Congress Committee. He was a very prominent political worker of Bihar. He was an able organizer and a gifted writer. Said Babu Rajender Prasad, ""Mr Sinha is a most powerful speaker and one of the best workers of the province and is just like a son to me"". == References ==


== External links ==
Biography: Mahamaya Prasad Sinha, Kamat Research Database
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website",393
148,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Ukrainian_Cup_final,2008 Ukrainian Cup final,"The 2008 Ukrainian Cup final was a football match that took place at the Metalist Stadium on May 7, 2008. The match was the 17th Ukrainian Cup Final and it was contested by Shakhtar Donetsk and Dynamo Kyiv. The 2008 Ukrainian Cup Final was the first to be held outside of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. Shakhtar won the match 2–0 through goals from Oleksandr Gladkiy and Oleksiy Gai. The match had five red cards issued, two to Dynamo players and three to Shakhtar players. The match also had six yellow cards (Gladkiy received two), four of which were given to Shakhtar players and two to Dynamo players. This was in part because of players' violent behavior and also because referee Victor Shvetsov made several misjudgments. == Road to Kharkiv ==

All 16 Ukrainian Premier League clubs do not have to go through qualification to get into the competition; Dynamo and Shakhtar therefore both qualified for the competition automatically. Dynamo had a lot of instability en route to the final. At the beginning of the season, manager Anatoliy Demyanenko resigned after рoor results to start the season. He was replaced by former Dynamo player and coach Yozhef Sabo, who later resigned from his post afterwards due to personal health problems. In November 2007, Dynamo appointed assistant coach Oleh Luzhnyi as interim coach, who was in charge until 8 December and managed to get Dynamo through the quarter-finals. Finally, in December 2008, the club appointed former Russia national team manager Yuriy Semin. == Match details ==


== Match statistics ==


== See also ==
2007–08 Ukrainian Cup


== References ==


== External links ==
Calendar of Matches – Schedule of the 2007–08 Ukrainian Cup on Professional Football League of Ukraine Website. (in Ukrainian)",382
149,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_New_Brunswick_general_election,1999 New Brunswick general election,"The 1999 New Brunswick general election was held on June 7, 1999, to elect the 55 members of the 54th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly. == Campaign ==
The election marked the debut of both Camille Thériault and Bernard Lord as leaders of the Liberals and Progressive Conservatives respectively. It was Elizabeth Weir's third general election as leader of the New Democratic Party. Thériault's Liberals were widely expected to win a fourth majority government from the outset of the campaign, with opinion polls showing them leading by double-digits. However, the PCs were able to capitalize on the issue of highway tolls and use it to portray the Liberals as arrogant. Lord made the tolls an effective wedge issue, saying they were unfair to people who lived near the toll booths and had to drive through them daily. Lord then pledged to implement 20 of his key promises in his first 200 days in office, styled as ""200 Days of Change"", a message modelled on the Contract with America and the Common Sense Revolution, and it resonated with voters. Another disadvantage for the Liberals was the loss of former premier Frank McKenna, who had retired after 10 years in office in 1997. McKenna was widely popular and Thériault had difficulty shaking negative comparisons between himself and his predecessor. Following a huge surge in the final weeks of the campaign, Lord became Premier with his party winning its largest majority in the history of New Brunswick. Lord's PCs also won the majority of Acadian seats, something the party had struggled to do in the past. At 80% of the legislature, Lord's 44-seat landslide victory was viewed as remarkable by all parties. Thériault, who came off in the campaign as cold and uncharismatic, delivered what pundits thought was his best speech of the campaign on election night when he said ""the people of New Brunswick have spoken, and the people of New Brunswick are never wrong"".",385
150,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_New_Brunswick_general_election,1999 New Brunswick general election,"At 80% of the legislature, Lord's 44-seat landslide victory was viewed as remarkable by all parties. Thériault, who came off in the campaign as cold and uncharismatic, delivered what pundits thought was his best speech of the campaign on election night when he said ""the people of New Brunswick have spoken, and the people of New Brunswick are never wrong"". Furthermore, Lord's massive victory had a coattail effect that resulted in the defeat of many Liberals who had been viewed by pundits as undefeatable. == Opinion polls ==


=== Riding-specific polls ===


==== Moncton East by-election ====


== Summary of results ==


== Narrow wins and losses ==
A lot of Liberals, many high profile, lost their seats by very narrow margins while some barely survived. Below is a list of the 14 ridings (over a quarter of all districts) decided by less than 10%. Incumbent Liberal cabinet ministers are in bold, other incumbents are in italics. == Candidates ==
Party leaders and cabinet ministers are denoted in bold. === Northern New Brunswick ===


=== Eastern New Brunswick ===


=== Southeastern New Brunswick ===


=== Greater Saint John & Fundy Coast ===


=== Greater Fredericton ===


=== Upper Saint John River Valley ===


== References ==",281
151,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassiliy_Jirov_vs._James_Toney,Vassiliy Jirov vs. James Toney,"Vassiliy Jirov vs. James Toney was a professional boxing match contested on April 26, 2003, for the IBF cruiserweight title. == Background ==
A fight between reigning IBF cruiserweight champion Vassiliy Jirov and former 2-division champion James Toney had been in the works for nearly two years. Jirov and Toney had a tentative agreement to face each other on September 8, 2001. Jirov, despite being a former Olympic gold medalist (having beaten the co featured Antonio Tarver in the semi final) and in the midst of a 2-year reign as cruiserweight champion, had yet to headline a boxing card and was hoping a fight with Toney, once one of boxings biggest stars, would give him the chance to do so. He had however appeared in the first cruiserweight title bout to be broadcast on HBO, when he won the title against Arthur Williams. However, a deal did not get done and Jirov's next defense turned out to be against 34-year old Jorge Castro, the IBF's number-one ranked cruiserweight contender and Jirov's mandatory challenger. After his defeat of Castro, Jirov hoped to either meet Roy Jones Jr., the then-undisputed light heavyweight champion or Toney, who was in attendance for the Jirov–Castro fight. Toney would fight Jason Robinson in an IBF title eliminator bout, earning the victory via seventh-round knockout, making him the number-one contender to Jirov's title and officially setting in motion his first major title fight since his 1994 loss to Roy Jones Jr. The Jirov–Toney fight was originally set for November 2002, but a long and acrimonious split with his longtime manager, Ivalyo Gotzev, caused a 14-month layoff for Jirov and the fight was pushed back to April 26, 2003.",396
152,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassiliy_Jirov_vs._James_Toney,Vassiliy Jirov vs. James Toney,"Toney would fight Jason Robinson in an IBF title eliminator bout, earning the victory via seventh-round knockout, making him the number-one contender to Jirov's title and officially setting in motion his first major title fight since his 1994 loss to Roy Jones Jr. The Jirov–Toney fight was originally set for November 2002, but a long and acrimonious split with his longtime manager, Ivalyo Gotzev, caused a 14-month layoff for Jirov and the fight was pushed back to April 26, 2003. == The fights ==


=== Undercard ===
The untelevised card saw wins for Sechew Powell, Duncan Dokiwari and Yuri Foreman. === Tarver vs. Griffin ===

The co featured bout saw top ranked contender Antonio Tarver face No. 2 ranked and former light heavyweight champion Montell Griffin. The WBC and IBF light heavyweight belt vacated by Roy Jones Jr. were on the line. Tarver entered the bout having avenged the only loss on his record in his previous bout, stopping former world title challenger Eric Harding in 5 rounds. Griffin had gone 17–2 since he lost his world title in a first-round knockout at the hands of Jones in August 1997, having lost a split decision to Harding and been stopped by Lineal champion Dariusz Michalczewski. ==== The fight ====
After both men spent the first round feeling each other out, Tarver landed a left hand to the back of the head followed by a straight left that dropped Griffin with seconds left in the round. Griffin had his moments but Tarver largely controlled the bout with his left hand and jab. In the 7th round, Griffin was cut on the right eye by a left hand, prompting referee Mike Ortega to have the ringside physician check multiple times that Griffin could continue.",383
153,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassiliy_Jirov_vs._James_Toney,Vassiliy Jirov vs. James Toney,"Griffin had his moments but Tarver largely controlled the bout with his left hand and jab. In the 7th round, Griffin was cut on the right eye by a left hand, prompting referee Mike Ortega to have the ringside physician check multiple times that Griffin could continue. As the fight ticked toward the end Tarver landed a left to the chin that sent Griffin down for the second time, he beat the count and seconds later the final bell sounded. When the scorecards were read all three judges scored the bout a 120–106 shutout for Tarver, making his the new unified light heavyweight champion. HBO's unofficial ringside scorer Harold Lederman scored the fight 120–106 for Tarver. According CompuBox statistics Tarver landed 187 of 677 punches thrown (a 27.6% connect rate) while Griffin landed 82 of 338 (a 24.3% connect rate)


==== Aftermath ====
Speaking after the fight, Tarver said ""I never thought I'd be here, but here I am, light heavyweight champion of the world. I've put in a lot of hard work to get where I am."" When asked about a potential bout with Lineal champion Dariusz Michalczewski, Tarver dismissed it saying ""probably not, because of how things work over there, and I'm not about to jeopardize my career because of that."" === Main Event ===
In a hardfought bout in which a combined 1,843 punches were thrown, Toney would earn a unanimous decision victory with rather comfortable scores of 117–109 (twice) and 116–110. Jirov served as the aggressor and pressed the action most of the fight, throwing 1,032 punches, but only landing 24% of them (243) as Toney defended and counter-punched effectively and landed over 100 more punches than Jirov, scoring 380 of his 811 thrown punches.",393
154,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassiliy_Jirov_vs._James_Toney,Vassiliy Jirov vs. James Toney,"=== Main Event ===
In a hardfought bout in which a combined 1,843 punches were thrown, Toney would earn a unanimous decision victory with rather comfortable scores of 117–109 (twice) and 116–110. Jirov served as the aggressor and pressed the action most of the fight, throwing 1,032 punches, but only landing 24% of them (243) as Toney defended and counter-punched effectively and landed over 100 more punches than Jirov, scoring 380 of his 811 thrown punches. Toney would score the fight's lone knockdown in the 12th and final round. Jirov and Toney exchange punches back-and-forth for the entire duration of the round with both fighter taking damage, then with 20 seconds remaining Toney scored a six-punch combination that sent Jirov down to the canvas. With only five seconds remaining, Jirov answered referee Steve Smoger's 10-count and the fight continued, though the bell rang to end the fight just as the fighters engaged again. HBO's unofficial ringside scorer Harold Lederman, who had Jirov winning going into the 12th round, scored the fight even 113–113. == Fight card ==
Confirmed bouts:

^Note 1 For IBF Cruiserweight title ^Note 2 For vacant WBC and IBF Light Heavyweight titles 


== Broadcasting ==


== References ==",294
155,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"Cleve McDowell (August 6, 1941 – March 13, 1997) was an American civil rights activist and lawyer. He is most well-known for being the first African American to enroll in the University of Mississippi School of Law. McDowell was born in 1941 in Drew, Mississippi, to an African American tenant farmer. He attended Jackson State College for his undergraduate studies and graduated in 1963. In June of that year, he enrolled in the University of Mississippi School of Law. While his application had initially been rejected, a court order from federal judge Sidney Carr Mize forced the university to accept him as their first African American student. He was also the second African American student to enroll in the university overall after fellow Jackson State alumnus James Meredith, who had enrolled the previous year. However, several months after enrolling, he was expelled from the university for carrying a handgun on campus. Following his expulsion from the University of Mississippi, McDowell studied at Texas Southern University, where he earned his Juris Doctor. After this, he practiced law in Mississippi, serving as a public defender for about 30 years. Additionally, he served in several state and local political offices and was a field secretary for the NAACP. He was killed in Drew in 1997 by a client in a robbery. == Early life and education ==
Cleve McDowell was born on August 6, 1941, in Drew, Mississippi, United States. He was the sixth of ten children born to an African American tenant farmer and grew up in Drew, located in Sunflower County in the Mississippi Delta region of the state. He attended Drew Public Schools, where he was class president, leader of the debate team, and editor of the student newspaper. In high school, he played American football and basketball and was offered athletic scholarships from several historically black colleges and universities outside of the state.",370
156,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"He attended Drew Public Schools, where he was class president, leader of the debate team, and editor of the student newspaper. In high school, he played American football and basketball and was offered athletic scholarships from several historically black colleges and universities outside of the state. However, he instead chose to attend Jackson State College in Jackson, Mississippi, for his undergraduate studies, claiming that it was a better school than the ones he had received the offers from. He began his college career in 1960, majoring in history and political science. Additionally, he served as the editor for the college's student newspaper. In 1963, McDowell graduated from Jackson State with honors. While at Jackson State, McDowell was a student assistant for civil rights activist Medgar Evers. Additionally, he took several classes with James Meredith, who, in October 1962, became the first African American to enroll in the University of Mississippi. Meredith's enrollment triggered severe rioting at the university's campus, resulting in two deaths. In response, United States President John F. Kennedy dispatched several thousand soldiers to restore order at the university and allow Meredith to safely attend the university. == University of Mississippi ==


=== Application and legal challenge ===
In late 1962, McDowell expressed interest in applying to the University of Mississippi to complete his undergraduate education. However, after talking to Meredith about this, he instead decided to apply for the University of Mississippi School of Law. McDowell sought legal aid from Constance Baker Motley, who would serve as his lawyer in subsequent litigation, and applied to the school in November 1962. He subsequently reapplied in February 1963 after the school had made changes to their application form. In a later interview with The New York Times, McDowell said that part of his desire to continue his education within the state had stemmed from some travels he had taken to large cities outside of Mississippi, such as Chicago, Memphis, and Omaha, which he spoke of negatively in comparison to Mississippi.",393
157,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"He subsequently reapplied in February 1963 after the school had made changes to their application form. In a later interview with The New York Times, McDowell said that part of his desire to continue his education within the state had stemmed from some travels he had taken to large cities outside of Mississippi, such as Chicago, Memphis, and Omaha, which he spoke of negatively in comparison to Mississippi. Concerning the impact that Meredith had had on his decision to apply to the University of Mississippi, McDowell said that, while he probably would have applied regardless, Meredith's success in enrolling encouraged him. In April 1963, the chancellor of the University of Mississippi ordered the law school to send any applications they had received from African Americans to the Mississippi Institutions of Higher Learning board of trustees for review. The following month, the board reviewed McDowell's application and voted unanimously to instruct the registrar of the university to ""defer and withhold action"" on the application. This was despite the fact that McDowell had been approved by the faculty of the law school for admission for the Summer 1963 semester. In response, lawyers for the NAACP requested a restraining order against the board of trustees in order to allow McDowell to enroll in the university, taking the case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi. On June 3, Judge Sidney Carr Mize heard oral arguments regarding McDowell's application in Biloxi, Mississippi. Charles Clark, speaking on behalf of the board of trustees, argued that the 1962 case Meredith v. Fair, which had resulted in Meredith's admission to the university, was not applicable to McDowell's application because it had not been a class action lawsuit. Clark also argued that McDowell's presence at the university would be harmful and criticized both McDowell and Meredith for engaging in a publicity stunt in attempting to gain admittance to the university. However, Mize rejected Clark's arguments and ordered that McDowell be enrolled in the law school.",393
158,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"Clark also argued that McDowell's presence at the university would be harmful and criticized both McDowell and Meredith for engaging in a publicity stunt in attempting to gain admittance to the university. However, Mize rejected Clark's arguments and ordered that McDowell be enrolled in the law school. Speaking later of the ruling, Meredith stated that, while either the state or the court could have stalled and postponed McDowell's entrance into the university, both sides felt that having McDowell enroll during the Summer semester, when there were fewer students on campus, was preferable to having him eventually enroll in a later semester. Following the court ruling, Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett spoke to several high-profile segregationists, such as John C. McLaurin, about a response to the decision. There were rumors that the governor would shut down the law school via executive order, though this did not come to fruition out of fear that the state's remaining institutions of higher learning would lose accreditation. According to journalist Bill Minor, Barnett and Representative John Bell Williams had planned to lead a show of resistance in Oxford with the state's congressional delegation, though the plan fell apart when Senator John C. Stennis and others declined to participate. Ultimately, in a televised address given on June 5, Barnett, while maintaining his support for segregation, stated that he would not fight the federal government's decision. === Enrollment ===
McDowell registered for classes at the university on the afternoon of June 5, 1963. Soldiers and federal marshals were stationed around the campus, and United States Army planes flew overhead. In contrast to Meredith's initial enrollment at the university the previous year, McDowell's enrollment occurred without incident. Both McDowell and Meredith were assigned to share a room in Baxter Hall for the semester, with security provided by the Army and, later, the marshals. McDowell attended his first class on June 6, with two marshals following behind him and several more in the vicinity to ensure his safety.",397
159,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"Both McDowell and Meredith were assigned to share a room in Baxter Hall for the semester, with security provided by the Army and, later, the marshals. McDowell attended his first class on June 6, with two marshals following behind him and several more in the vicinity to ensure his safety. On August 18, Meredith graduated, leaving McDowell as the only African American at the university. Following his graduation, the marshals, who had been present on the university since October 1962, left the university. According to reporter Claude Sitton of The New York Times, the United States Department of Justice had ordered the removal of the marshals after the university had pledged to protect McDowell. Publicly, McDowell stated that he was not afraid of being on campus, but in private conversation with the university's Episcopalian chaplain, Wofford Smith, he stated that he was scared. Additionally, McDowell had recently purchased Meredith's car, which was well-known to segregationists. In a later memoir, Meredith said that McDowell was scared because ""the white girls just would not leave him alone"". Per Meredith, ""When he got into his car and left the campus they would follow him. Often the white boys would get behind and follow the girls, and McDowell was scared of what they might try to do to him."" Additionally, journalist James L. Dickerson stated that McDowell was less afraid of students at the university and more concerned with violence from sources off campus, such as the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission. McDowell reached out to both the local sheriff's department and the university to request permission to carry a gun on him for self-defense, but both rejected his request on the grounds that it went against the university's policies. Despite this, McDowell began carrying a Röhm Gesellschaft .22 caliber revolver on him.",377
160,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"McDowell reached out to both the local sheriff's department and the university to request permission to carry a gun on him for self-defense, but both rejected his request on the grounds that it went against the university's policies. Despite this, McDowell began carrying a Röhm Gesellschaft .22 caliber revolver on him. === Expulsion ===

On September 23, the third day of the Fall semester, McDowell had a meeting in Oxford with a United States attorney to request better protections for himself. Afterwards, McDowell arrived on the campus and, running late for his class, ran to Lamar Hall, which houses the law school. On the steps of the building, he dropped his sunglasses and while bending over to pick them up, the gun he had been carrying on him fell out of his pocket in front of some students. McDowell went to class, but after leaving, the sheriff for Lafayette County, Mississippi, was present to arrest him for unlawful possession of a firearm. The sheriff, Joe Ford, was also the leader of the Citizens' Council of Oxford and had been tipped off earlier to McDowell's firearm, which McDowell surrendered to the sheriff. McDowell was released from the Lafayette County Jail on September 24 after a local attorney, Jack Young, posted a $250 (equivalent to $2,568 in 2024) bail. Regarding the charge, McDowell faced a minimum penalty of $25 ($257 in 2024) and a maximum penalty of $100 ($1,027 in 2024) and 90 days in jail. Shortly after his arrest, the university placed him on suspension and informed the university's Student Judicial Council of the matter. The council consisted of five members and was chaired by Champ Terney, a son-in-law of Senator James Eastland. On September 24, the council held a hearing and voted to recommend McDowell's expulsion.",380
161,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"The council consisted of five members and was chaired by Champ Terney, a son-in-law of Senator James Eastland. On September 24, the council held a hearing and voted to recommend McDowell's expulsion. The university's chancellor, J. D. Williams, and other university leaders agreed, and he was expelled that day. In an interview with The Daily Mississippian, Barnett expressed his support for the expulsion. === Efforts to reenroll ===
In late October 1963, Jet reported that McDowell was planning to reapply to the law school for the next semester. In July 1964, he requested that Judge Mize reenroll him in the university, telling the judge that his expulsion had been racially motivated. In his petition, he said that in 46 other cases where white students had been charged with the same offense, the students had not been expelled. On November 11 of that year, however, the board of trustees unanimously rejected an appeal to reinstate McDowell. Later that month, the Racial Committee of the Association of American Law Schools found that the university was within its rights to have expelled McDowell and recommended no further action on the case. In March 1965, the Associated Press reported that McDowell had lost another bid to reenroll in the university. The following month, Jet reported that Judge Mize had refused a request from McDowell to order the university to reinstate him. After his expulsion, the University became an all-white institution for the first time since Meredith's admission. It would remain this way until June 1964, when Cleveland Donald Jr. enrolled as the first African American student since McDowell's expulsion. Like McDowell, Donald required a court order to enroll. However, according to historian David Sansing, following Donald's enrollment, the university's resistance to African American applicants began to fade, leading to further black enrollment into the university.",380
162,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"Like McDowell, Donald required a court order to enroll. However, according to historian David Sansing, following Donald's enrollment, the university's resistance to African American applicants began to fade, leading to further black enrollment into the university. In 1967, Reuben V. Anderson became the first African American to graduate from the University of Mississippi School of Law. == Later education ==
By October 1963, McDowell had been employed by the NAACP, where he worked as a temporary staffer. He worked for the Mississippi NAACP for several years. In May 1965, The Crisis reported that McDowell was attending the John Marshall Law School in Chicago. He later enrolled at Texas Southern University in Houston, where he continued his involvement with the NAACP. While at Texas Southern, he served as president for the university's student bar association. In late 1967, McDowell, who was the NAACP Special Youth Representative, was one of several students who were invited to testify before a congressional subcommittee headed by Senator John L. McClellan pertaining to a police riot that had occurred on the university's campus earlier that year. McDowell eventually earned a Juris Doctor from Texas Southern and returned to Mississippi. == Career ==


=== Law ===
In 1971, McDowell was admitted to The Mississippi Bar. Over the course of his career, he was also a member of the American Bar Association and the Magnolia Bar Association. He was admitted to practice law in the United States district courts of Northern Mississippi and Southern Mississippi, as well as in the courts of appeals for the Fifth and Eleventh Circuit. After getting admitted to the bar, McDowell began practicing law in Drew, where he worked as a public defender. He began his private practice in 1975, representing several clients in cases pertaining to civil rights. From 1977 to 1979, he served as the managing attorney for North Mississippi Rural Legal Services in Clarksdale, Mississippi.",378
163,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"He began his private practice in 1975, representing several clients in cases pertaining to civil rights. From 1977 to 1979, he served as the managing attorney for North Mississippi Rural Legal Services in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He was also part of a group of lawyers that sought to reexamine cases regarding civil rights activists who had been killed. As part of this activism, McDowell and other African American community leaders pressured district attorneys to revive cases—many of which having never resulted in a prosecution—on killed African American civil rights activists. According to reporter Jerry Mitchell of Mississippi Today, McDowell and others wished to prosecute the killer of civil rights activists in a similar manner to how ""Nazi war criminals"" had been prosecuted. In the 1970s, prior to starting his private practice, he also served as the associate director of the Mississippi Bar Legal Services Program. === NAACP ===
In addition to his work as a lawyer, McDowell served as a field secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi, a position he held into the 1980s. In 1986, in his capacity as a regional head of the NAACP, he used the organization to support a successful unionization drive at the Delta Pride catfish processing plant in Sunflower County, which eventually resulted in the 1990 Delta Pride strike. === Government ===
McDowell held several roles in government at both the local and state levels. In Drew, he served as a member of the local school board, the board of aldermen, and the vice mayor, while also acting as the chairman for Sunflower County chapter of the Mississippi Democratic Party. At the state level, he became the executive director of the Mississippi Head Start Training Coordinating Council in 1969 and was made the state's coordinator for the program in 1973. In the 1970s, he also served as a member of the board of directors for the Mississippi State Penitentiary, a role he relinquished in 1978 after he was elected the county judge for Tunica County, Mississippi.",394
164,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"At the state level, he became the executive director of the Mississippi Head Start Training Coordinating Council in 1969 and was made the state's coordinator for the program in 1973. In the 1970s, he also served as a member of the board of directors for the Mississippi State Penitentiary, a role he relinquished in 1978 after he was elected the county judge for Tunica County, Mississippi. == Death ==
On March 13, 1997, local police in Sunflower County found McDowell dead in his apartment, having suffered two gunshot wounds. At the time, McDowell was living alone in Drew. Relatives of his had requested the police to check on him after noticing that the front door to his residence was open and his vehicle was gone. According to the Associated Press, the police accused Juanrez Webb, a 19-year-old client of McDowell's, of killing him in the act of robbery. Webb was charged with capital murder, as well as grand larceny for the theft of McDowell's car, and was imprisoned in the Sunflower County Jail. At the time of his death, McDowell was still working as a public defender in the county. Several months after his death, a fire destroyed his law offices, in the process also destroying many documents pertaining to his career and investigations into civil rights cases. == Personal life ==
McDowell was active in the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and was a leader in a local masonic Grand Lodge. He was also a senior pastor of the Greater Holly Grove Missionary Baptist Church of Drew. == See also ==
History of the University of Mississippi


== Notes ==


== References ==


== Sources ==


== Further reading ==
""NAACP Blames Justice Dept. for McDowell's Ouster"". Jet. XXIV (25). Johnson Publishing Company: 48. October 10, 1963. ISSN 0021-5996. OCLC 1781708.",395
165,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleve_McDowell,Cleve McDowell,"ISSN 0021-5996. OCLC 1781708. ""Judge, Dad of Prosecutor, Convicts Ole Miss Negro"". Jet. XXIV (26). Johnson Publishing Company: 52–53. October 17, 1963. ISSN 0021-5996. OCLC 1781708. Larsson, Clotye Murdock (March 1986). ""Land of the Till Murder Revisited"". Ebony. XLI (5). Johnson Publishing Company: 53–54, 56–58. ISSN 0012-9011. OCLC 1567306. ""Reckless Driving Charge Made Against McDowell"". The New York Times. United Press International. September 30, 1963. p. 49. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved October 21, 2025.",180
166,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Gods,The Red Gods,"The Red Gods (French: Les Dieux rouges) is an adventure novel with elements of lost world fantasy, written by French writer Jean d'Esme. == Overview ==
The Red Gods finds its locale in the mountainous areas of Indochina. The geographical description of the novel's setting closely resembles that of modern-day Laos. The novel is frame-narrated by Jacob Bressond – a friend of the protagonist – Pierre de Lursac. It is a tale of the protagonist's escape from Indochina, a region ruled and corrupted by its French rulers. On escaping the region, however, he finds himself fighting in World War I, during which he dies. He spends some time in a place characterized by endemic and unseen flora and fauna, inhabited by hunter-gatherers and ruled by priestesses that perform elaborate sacrificial ceremonies. == Release and translations ==
The book was originally published in French by La Renaissance du livre in 1923. It was translated into English by George Moreby Acklom and released as The Red Gods in 1924 by E. P. Dutton. The same year, it was published in Russian as Красные боги. The Red Gods is the book that brought Jean d'Esme most fame, and remains his only work ever translated into English. It was reissued numerous times in French in the subsequent years, and published in Polish as Czerwone bogi in 1990. == References ==",306
167,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toh_Chin_Chye,Toh Chin Chye,"Toh Chin Chye  (10 December 1921 – 3 February 2012) was a Singaporean statesman and academic. He was a founding member of the People's Action Party (PAP), the dominant political party in Singapore since independence. Toh played a significant role in Singapore's early political development and was instrumental in shaping the country's post-independence governance. Toh is widely recognised as one of the founding fathers of modern Singapore. Toh served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1959 to 1968, holding other key cabinet positions including Minister for Science and Technology between 1968 and 1975 and Minister for Health from 1975 to 1981. Alongside his ministerial roles, he was Chairman of the PAP from 1954 until 1981, as well as Leader of the House from 1959 to 1968. His contributions extended into academia, serving as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore) between 1968 and 1975. Toh served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Rochore Constituency throughout his political life from 1959 to 1988. After resigning from the Cabinet in 1981, Toh continued as an MP on the backbenches. During this period, he became known for his candid criticism of his own political party. == Early life and career ==
Toh was born in Batu Gajah, Perak. He received his early education at St George's Institution in Taiping and the Anglo-Chinese School in Ipoh before enrolling at Raffles College (now the National University of Singapore), where he graduated in 1946 with a diploma in science. He later pursued postgraduate studies at the University of London and was awarded a PhD in physiology from the National Institute for Medical Research in 1953. Toh began his professional career as an academic and was appointed a reader in physiology at the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore) from 1958 to 1964.",382
168,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toh_Chin_Chye,Toh Chin Chye,"He later pursued postgraduate studies at the University of London and was awarded a PhD in physiology from the National Institute for Medical Research in 1953. Toh began his professional career as an academic and was appointed a reader in physiology at the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore) from 1958 to 1964. He later served as the university’s Vice-Chancellor between 1968 and 1975, a period during which he concurrently held the Cabinet post of Minister for Science and Technology. == Political career ==
""Once you are in the front edge of administration, there'll be barbs and arrows. Don't expect roses. I never expected roses."" Toh became politically active during his time as a university student in London, when he served as Chairman of the Malayan Forum, an anti-colonial group for students from Malaya and Singapore, where they met regularly for discussions and debates on the future of the Malayan region. He was among the founding members of the People's Action Party (PAP) and served as the party's chairman from its formation in 1954 until 1981. During a brief period in 1957, however, the leftists in the party, who then dominated the common membership, took over the party leadership. The founding members were subsequently restored when many leftist leaders were arrested by Chief Minister Lim Yew Hock during his anti-communist crackdown. This allowed for the return of the original ""basement group"" of Toh, Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Keng Swee, et al. to the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC). To prevent similar takeovers, Toh introduced a cadre system that restricted the influence of newcomer ""ordinary members"", including leftist sympathisers, on the CEC's composition. He was a key ally and loyalist of Lee in internal party struggles. Toh stood as the PAP candidate in Rochore during the 1959 general election and won.",388
169,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toh_Chin_Chye,Toh Chin Chye,"He was a key ally and loyalist of Lee in internal party struggles. Toh stood as the PAP candidate in Rochore during the 1959 general election and won. After the PAP's electoral victory, the party's CEC voted on whether the Secretary-General, Lee, or the party's Treasurer, Ong Eng Guan, who had served as Mayor of the City Council from 1957 to 1959, should become the first Prime Minister. The vote was tied, and Toh, as Chairman, cast the deciding vote in favour of Lee. A staunch opponent of the Barisan Sosialis, a party formed by former PAP members, Toh defeated its chairman Lee Siew Choh by only 89 votes in the 1963 general election, marking his narrowest electoral victory. He held several Cabinet positions both before and after Singapore's independence, including Deputy Prime Minister (1959 to 1968), Minister for Science and Technology (1968 to 1975), and Minister for Health (1975 to 1981). Concurrently, he served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Singapore between 1968 and 1975, where he reoriented the university towards national development goals. While his efforts were supported by some, he was also criticised for taking an authoritarian stance, particularly in his suppression of student activism. Toh stepped down from Cabinet and as party Chairman in 1981 but continued to serve as a Member of Parliament for two more terms. As a backbencher, he was outspoken and frequently criticised his own party, including voicing opposition to the proposed increase of the Central Provident Fund (CPF) withdrawal age from 55 to 60. He retired from politics at the 1988 general election. == Personal life ==


=== False accusation ===
In 1996, a front-page article in Singaporean tabloid The New Paper claimed that Toh had killed a pedestrian in a hit-and-run accident while driving drunk.",379
170,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toh_Chin_Chye,Toh Chin Chye,"He retired from politics at the 1988 general election. == Personal life ==


=== False accusation ===
In 1996, a front-page article in Singaporean tabloid The New Paper claimed that Toh had killed a pedestrian in a hit-and-run accident while driving drunk. The actual perpetrator was a different man also called Toh Chin Chye, one of nine people sharing the name in Singapore. The reporter who filed the story was fired, with two newsroom editors demoted, and the paper paid Toh $300,000 in damages. === Retirement ===
Toh spent his last years away from the public eye. The Straits Times featured Toh twice, in 2005 and 2006 respectively, once on 2 May 2005, where he was seen being assisted by two men and a walking stick as he walked to pay his last respects to former President Wee Kim Wee. In February 2006, Toh was featured in The Straits Times again, paying his last respects to the late former Deputy Prime Minister S. Rajaratnam at his home in Chancery Lane. == Death and legacy ==
Toh died in his sleep at his home in Greenview Crescent, Bukit Timah on 3 February 2012 at 9:30am Singapore Standard Time (UTC+08:00). He was 90 years of age. He is survived by his son-in-law and four grandchildren aged 4 to 15. He was given a private funeral according to his wishes on 7 February 2012 at the Mandai Crematorium. As a mark of respect for his contributions to Singapore, his coffin was draped in the national flag and borne on a ceremonial gun carriage to the crematorium. State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast on the day of his funeral.",356
171,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toh_Chin_Chye,Toh Chin Chye,"As a mark of respect for his contributions to Singapore, his coffin was draped in the national flag and borne on a ceremonial gun carriage to the crematorium. State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast on the day of his funeral. === Contributions ===
Toh was generally considered one of the founding fathers of Singapore that came along with Lee Kuan Yew, Goh Keng Swee and S. Rajaratnam, among others, for helping to lead Singapore during the nation's formative years. Majulah Singapura was chosen by Toh as the national anthem of Singapore. In 1959, he headed the team that designed the coat of arms and state flag of Singapore. == Honours ==
Toh was conferred the  Order of Nila Utama (First Class) in 1990. == Notes ==


== References ==",174
172,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate,Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate,"The Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate (CUSID generally) is the national organization which governs all English language competitive university debating and public speaking in Canada. It sanctions several official annual tournaments and represents Canadian debating domestically and abroad. Its membership consists of student debating unions, sanctioned by their respective universities, from across Canada. CUSID has been described as ""a student-run, parliamentary debate league with close ties to the American Parliamentary Debate Association"". Many prominent Canadians were university debaters, including Prime Ministers Justin Trudeau, Joe Clark and Brian Mulroney, MP John Godfrey, Canadian Supreme Court justices Ian Binnie and Morris Fish, songwriter Leonard Cohen, entrepreneur Moses Znaimer, environmentalist David Suzuki, and journalist Ian Hanomansing. CUSID debaters have gone on to notable careers in law, business, government and academia and the presidency of the organization is a highly sought-after position. == History ==
CUSID was officially founded in 1978, although it held its first annual tournament in 1977. The regular tournaments held under its auspices, such as those at the University of Toronto, McGill University, the University of Western Ontario, Queen's University, and the University of Ottawa predate CUSID's formation by many decades. Founded as a national organization with strong central Canadian region roots, over the years, individual regional differences—particularly the separate identities of ""CUSID East"" and ""CUSID West""—have become more pronounced. One of its primary functions is facilitating communications between its members institutions. Until the late 2000s, those communications have been primarily through their online forum, CUSIDnet, first set up in 1994, as the first online student debating forum in the world. More recently, communications are conducted through social media platforms such as Facebook.",367
173,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate,Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate,"Until the late 2000s, those communications have been primarily through their online forum, CUSIDnet, first set up in 1994, as the first online student debating forum in the world. More recently, communications are conducted through social media platforms such as Facebook. Annual intervarsity tournaments held in Canada include the McGill University Winter Carnival, the Queen's University Chancellor's Cup and Sutherland IV, the Carleton University Lord Dorchester Cup, the University of Toronto Hart House IV, the University of Ottawa Father Guindon Cup, and the Wilfrid Laurier University/University of Waterloo Seagram's IV. The inaugural British Parliamentary National Championship (now known as the Canadian Universities Debating Championship) was hosted in 2004 at the University of Toronto. Unlike other CUSID title tournaments, participants do not need to be a member of a CUSID institution in order to take part. This leads to the tournament to often be attended by American and other international teams. In 2020, for the first time in history, the society was forced to cancel its Canadian Parliamentary National Debating Championship due to the risk presented by COVID-19. Other tournaments affected included Carleton's Lord Dorchester Cup, the North American Womxn and Gender Minorities Debating Championship and numerous American tournaments. In July 2020, the National Championship was revived by hosting an online iteration organized by the year's original host institution, the University of Calgary Debate Society. Due to continued pandemic restrictions, the entirety of the 2020–2021 season was also held online. In 2020 CUSID voted to end the long-standing tradition to not allow hybrid teams (teams representing two different institutions) at Canadian Parliamentary Nationals, the Central Canadian Debating Championship, the Atlantic Canadian Debating Championship and the Western Canadian Debating Championship. This aligned them with the society's British Parliamentary Championship, which has always allowed such teams.",379
174,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate,Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate,"In 2020 CUSID voted to end the long-standing tradition to not allow hybrid teams (teams representing two different institutions) at Canadian Parliamentary Nationals, the Central Canadian Debating Championship, the Atlantic Canadian Debating Championship and the Western Canadian Debating Championship. This aligned them with the society's British Parliamentary Championship, which has always allowed such teams. In 2024, the British Parliamentary National Championship was renamed to the Canadian Universities Debating Championship (CUDC). The inaugural CUDC, organized by the University of Waterloo, brought together 61 teams from 16 universities across 7 provinces, exceeding pre-pandemic participation levels. == Organization ==
CUSID is subdivided into three regional bodies, representing each region of Canada:

CUSID Central, for Ontario and Quebec, which sponsors the Central Canadian Debating Championship (Léger Cup)
CUSID East, for the Atlantic Provinces, which sponsors the Atlantic Canadian Debating Championship
CUSID West, for the Western Provinces and Territories, which sponsors the Western Canadian Debating Championship (McGoun Cup)
CUSID nationally and internationally sanctions several official championship tournaments, including:

Canadian Parliamentary National Debating Championship
British Parliamentary Debating Championship (typically called BP Champs)
Central Canadian Debating Championship (the Léger Cup)
Western Canadian Debating Championship (the McGoun Cup)
Atlantic Canadian Debating Championship
North American Debating Championship (with the American Parliamentary Debate Association)
North American University Debating Championship
World Universities Debating Championship (with other national debate organizations)
The president of CUSID is the head of the organization and leads an elected executive team of six national and regional officers. They also represents CUSID and Canadian debating interests inside and outside of Canada, and is the Canadian representative on the World Universities Debating Council. They are elected annually by the member institutions at the National Championships.",391
175,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate,Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate,"They also represents CUSID and Canadian debating interests inside and outside of Canada, and is the Canadian representative on the World Universities Debating Council. They are elected annually by the member institutions at the National Championships. There have been seven CUSID Presidents who have won either of the National Championships during their term as President: Jason Brent (1992), Gerald Butts (1993), Robert Silver (2000), Vinay Mysore (2010), Louis Tsilivis (2013), Harar Hall (2019), and Daniel Svirsky (2023, 2024). === Notable Presidents of CUSID ===
Matthew Mendelsohn (1986–1988)
Todd Swift (1988–1989)
Gerald Butts (1992–1993)
Shuman Ghosemajumder (1994–1995)


== Formats ==


=== Canadian Parliamentary ===
Many CUSID tournaments are held in the Canadian Parliamentary Style of debate. This style emphasizes argumentation and rhetoric, rather than research and detailed factual knowledge. Each round consists of two teams – the government team and the opposition team – each of which consists of two debaters. Teams alternate between government and opposition at tournaments. The speaking times in CUSID Central and East are:

Prime Minister Constructive (PMC): 7 minutes
Member of Opposition (MO): 7 minutes
Minister of the Crown (MC): 7 minutes
Leader of Opposition (LO): 10 minutes
Prime Minister Rebuttal (PMR): 3 minutes
There are also alternative timings that may be used in other competitions. For example, the Canadian Student Debating Federation's (CSDF) 2011 Rules for Debate outlined 8 minutes each for the MO, MC and LO, as well as 5 minutes for PMC and 3 minutes for PMR.",367
176,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate,Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate,"The speaking times in CUSID Central and East are:

Prime Minister Constructive (PMC): 7 minutes
Member of Opposition (MO): 7 minutes
Minister of the Crown (MC): 7 minutes
Leader of Opposition (LO): 10 minutes
Prime Minister Rebuttal (PMR): 3 minutes
There are also alternative timings that may be used in other competitions. For example, the Canadian Student Debating Federation's (CSDF) 2011 Rules for Debate outlined 8 minutes each for the MO, MC and LO, as well as 5 minutes for PMC and 3 minutes for PMR. Additionally, a new modification to the prior CUSID Central and East times was introduced at the 2003 McGill University Winter Carnival Invitational called the Prime Minister's Rebuttal Extension (PMRE). The PMRE allows the government team the option to take a 6-minute PMC and 4-minute PMR and was designed to help compensate for the alleged inherent advantage to the opposition side. In most rounds, the resolution is ""squirrelable"", meaning that the government team can propose any topic it wants for debate. The PMC lays out the topic for debate and presents arguments in favor of its position. The opposition team must then immediately present opposing arguments. New arguments can be presented in the first four speeches; they are prohibited in the rebuttal speeches. In the early 2010s the ""opposition choice"" option was introduced. Rather than presenting the motion as it stands, the Prime Minister lays out the topic and the opposite bench has the option of choosing which  side of the motion they would prefer. ""Points of information"" are generally permitted and expected in the standard Canadian Parliamentary style. With POIs, debaters may rise and attempt to ask a question of an opposing debater, who can choose whether to accept or refuse the question. It is generally considered good form to accept at least a few questions during a speech.",392
177,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_University_Society_for_Intercollegiate_Debate,Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate,"With POIs, debaters may rise and attempt to ask a question of an opposing debater, who can choose whether to accept or refuse the question. It is generally considered good form to accept at least a few questions during a speech. === British Parliamentary ===

Tournaments are otherwise held in British Parliamentary, sometimes known as WUDC style. Presently, all tournaments for the first semester of the academic year, September–December, use British Parliamentary as the format. This is for teams to prepare for the World University Debating Championship which occurs over New Year's each year. Since its introduction, British Parliamentary has become the more competitive of the two formats, largely because it is the format used for international competition. == Canadian Parliamentary National Championships ==

Canadian Parliamentary National Debating Championship By Institution


== Canadian Universities Debating Championships (formerly British Parliamentary National Championships) ==


== Related ==
: Cambridge Union Society
: Oxford Union Society
: The Durham Union Society
: London School of Economics, Grimshaw International Relations Club
: Yale Debate Association
: Berkeley Forum
: Studentenforum im Tönissteiner Kreis
: Olivaint Conference of Belgium
: Ligue de débat universitaire et collégiale
: University of Western Ontario Debate Society


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website
CUSID Central Debating Guide",284
178,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manistique_Lake,Manistique Lake,"Manistique Lake, locally called Big Manistique Lake to distinguish it from the other lakes in the Manistique Lakes system, is a 10,130-acre (4,100 ha) lake in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. Approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) long and 4 miles (6.4 km) wide, it is one of the largest lakes in the Upper Peninsula. Elevated 686 feet (209 m) above sea level and 105 feet (32 m) above Lake Michigan, Manistique Lake drains into the larger lake through a marshy outlet on the west end of the lake that forms one source of the Manistique River. Relatively shallow, the lake's deepest point is only 20 feet (6.1 m) below the water surface. The average depth is 10 feet (3.0 m). The lake is shared between Luce County and Mackinac County. The small town of Curtis, Michigan is located on an isthmus that divides Manistique Lake from South Manistique Lake directly to the south. Manistique Lake has at least three islands large enough to show up on maps - Burnt Island near the eastern shore, Foster Island near the northern shore, and Greenfield Island near the center of the lake. Many seasonal residents use Manistique Lake as a focus of summer recreational activity. The relatively shallow lake is favored for swimming, powerboating, personal watercraft, fishing, ice fishing, and camping. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) recommends the lake for fishing and boating. Fish caught in the lake include bluegill, largemouth bass, muskie, perch, northern pike, rock bass, smallmouth bass, sunfish, and walleye. == See also ==
List of lakes in Michigan


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Scott, I.D.",396
179,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manistique_Lake,Manistique Lake,"Fish caught in the lake include bluegill, largemouth bass, muskie, perch, northern pike, rock bass, smallmouth bass, sunfish, and walleye. == See also ==
List of lakes in Michigan


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Scott, I.D. (1921) Inland Lakes of Michigan Michigan Geological Society.",80
180,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change in the United States throughout much of its history. As of January 2025, the United States has the largest immigrant population in the world in absolute terms, with 53.3 million foreign-born residents, representing 15.8% of the total U.S. population—both record highs. While the United States represented about 4% of the total global population in 2024, 17% of all international migrants resided in the United States. In March 2025, the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) estimated that approximately 18.6 million illegal immigrants resided in the United States. In 2024, immigrants and their U.S.-born children number more than 93 million people, or 28% of the total U.S. population. According to the 2016 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, the United States admitted a total of 1.18 million legal immigrants (618k new arrivals, 565k status adjustments) in 2016. Of these, 48% were the immediate relatives of United States citizens, 20% were family-sponsored, 13% were refugees or asylum seekers, 12% were employment-based preferences, 4.2% were part of the Diversity Immigrant Visa program, 1.4% were victims of a crime (U1) or their family members were (U2 to U5), and 1.0% who were granted the Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) for Iraqis and Afghans employed by the United States Government. The remaining 0.4% included small numbers from several other categories, including 0.2% who were granted suspension of deportation as an immediate relative of a citizen (Z13); persons admitted under the Nicaraguan and Central American Relief Act; children born after the issuance of a parent's visa; and certain parolees from the former Soviet Union, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam who were denied refugee status.",382
181,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Of these, 48% were the immediate relatives of United States citizens, 20% were family-sponsored, 13% were refugees or asylum seekers, 12% were employment-based preferences, 4.2% were part of the Diversity Immigrant Visa program, 1.4% were victims of a crime (U1) or their family members were (U2 to U5), and 1.0% who were granted the Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) for Iraqis and Afghans employed by the United States Government. The remaining 0.4% included small numbers from several other categories, including 0.2% who were granted suspension of deportation as an immediate relative of a citizen (Z13); persons admitted under the Nicaraguan and Central American Relief Act; children born after the issuance of a parent's visa; and certain parolees from the former Soviet Union, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam who were denied refugee status. Between 1921 and 1965 policies such as the National Origins Formula limited immigration and naturalization opportunities for people from areas outside Northwestern Europe. Exclusion laws enacted as early as the 1880s generally prohibited or severely restricted immigration from Asia, and quota laws enacted in the 1920s curtailed Southern and Eastern European immigration. The civil rights movement led to the replacement of these ethnic quotas with per-country limits for family-sponsored and employment-based preference visas. Between 1970 and 2007, the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States quadrupled from 9.6 million to 38.1 million residents. Census estimates show 45.3 million foreign born residents in the United States as of March 2018 and 45.4 million in September 2021, the lowest three-year increase in decades.",340
182,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Between 1970 and 2007, the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States quadrupled from 9.6 million to 38.1 million residents. Census estimates show 45.3 million foreign born residents in the United States as of March 2018 and 45.4 million in September 2021, the lowest three-year increase in decades. In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants. The United States led the world in refugee resettlement for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined. Causes of migration include poverty, crime and environmental degradation. Some research suggests that immigration is beneficial to the United States economy. With few exceptions, the evidence suggests that on average, immigration has positive economic effects on the native population, but it is mixed as to whether low-skilled immigration adversely affects low-skilled natives. Studies also show that immigrants have lower crime rates than natives in the United States. The economic, social, and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding such issues as maintaining ethnic homogeneity, workers for employers versus jobs for non-immigrants, settlement patterns, impact on upward social mobility, crime, and voting behavior. == History ==

Due to its history the United States can be described as an immigration country. American immigration history can be viewed in four epochs: the colonial period, the mid-19th century, the start of the 20th century, and post-1965. Each period brought distinct national groups, races, and ethnicities to the United States. === Colonial period ===
During the 17th century, more than 170,000 English people migrated to the modern United States.",382
183,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Each period brought distinct national groups, races, and ethnicities to the United States. === Colonial period ===
During the 17th century, more than 170,000 English people migrated to the modern United States. They comprised 83.5% of the white population at the time of the first census in 1790. From 1700 to 1775, between 350,000 and 500,000 Europeans immigrated: estimates vary in sources. Regarding English settlers of the 18th century, one source says 52,000 English migrated during the period of 1701 to 1775, although this figure is likely too low. 400,000–450,000 of the 18th-century migrants were Scots, Scots-Irish from Ulster, Germans, Swiss, and French Huguenots. Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17th and 18th centuries arrived as indentured servants. They numbered 350,000. From 1770 to 1775 (the latter year being when the American Revolutionary War began), 7,000 English, 15,000 Scots, 13,200 Scots-Irish, 5,200 Germans, and 3,900 Irish Catholics migrated to the Thirteen Colonies. According to Butler (2000), up to half of English migrants in the 18th century may have been young, single men who were well-skilled, trained artisans, like the Huguenots. Based on scholarly analysis, English was the largest single ancestry in all U.S. states at the time of the first census in 1790, ranging from a high of 82% in Massachusetts to a low of 35.3% in Pennsylvania, where Germans accounted for 33.3%. === Origins of immigrant stock in 1790 ===
The Census Bureau published preliminary estimates of the origins of the colonial American population by scholarly classification of the names of all White heads of families recorded in the 1790 census in a 1909 report entitled A Century of Population Growth.",389
184,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Based on scholarly analysis, English was the largest single ancestry in all U.S. states at the time of the first census in 1790, ranging from a high of 82% in Massachusetts to a low of 35.3% in Pennsylvania, where Germans accounted for 33.3%. === Origins of immigrant stock in 1790 ===
The Census Bureau published preliminary estimates of the origins of the colonial American population by scholarly classification of the names of all White heads of families recorded in the 1790 census in a 1909 report entitled A Century of Population Growth. These initial estimates were scrutinized and rejected following passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, when the government required accurate official estimates of the origins of the colonial stock population as basis for computing National Origins Formula immigration quotas in the 1920s. In 1927, proposed quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President's Committee chaired by the Secretaries of State, Commerce, and Labor, with the President reporting to Congress ""the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended"". Concluding that CPG ""had not been accepted by scholars as better than a first approximation of the truth"", an extensive scientific revision was produced, in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), as basis for computing contemporary legal immigration quotas. For this task scholars estimated the proportion of names of unique derivation from each of the major national stocks present in the population as of the 1790 census. The final results, later also published in the journal of the American Historical Association, are presented below:
 Estimated Nationalities of the White American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census

Historians estimate that fewer than one million immigrants moved to the United States from Europe between 1600 and 1799. By comparison, in the first federal census, in 1790, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214.",397
185,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"The final results, later also published in the journal of the American Historical Association, are presented below:
 Estimated Nationalities of the White American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census

Historians estimate that fewer than one million immigrants moved to the United States from Europe between 1600 and 1799. By comparison, in the first federal census, in 1790, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214. These statistics do not include the 17.8% of the population who were enslaved, according to the 1790 census. === Early United States era ===

The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited naturalization to ""free white persons""; it was expanded to include black people in the 1860s and Asian people in the 1950s. This made the United States an outlier, since laws that made racial distinctions were uncommon in the world in the 18th century. The 1794 Jay Treaty provided freedom of movement for Americans, British subjects, and Native Americans into British and American jurisdictions, Hudson's Bay Company land excepted. The treaty is still in effect to the degree that it allows Native Americans born in Canada (subject to a blood quantum test) to enter the United States freely. In the early years of the United States, immigration (not counting the enslaved, who were treated as merchandise rather than people) was fewer than 8,000 people a year, including French refugees from the slave revolt in Haiti. Legal importation of enslaved African was prohibited after 1808, though many were smuggled in to sell. After 1820, immigration gradually increased. From 1836 to 1914, over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States.",341
186,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"After 1820, immigration gradually increased. From 1836 to 1914, over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States. === First U.S. laws restricting immigration ===
After an initial wave of immigration from China following the California Gold Rush, racist attitudes toward the Chinese population of the West Coast led to Congress passing the very first U.S. law restricting immigration: The Page Act of 1875 banned Chinese women who, it was claimed, were arriving to engage in prostitution. This was followed by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, banning virtually all immigration from China until the law's repeal in 1943. In the late 1800s, immigration from other Asian countries, especially to the West Coast, became more common. === Exclusion Era ===
The peak year of European immigration was in 1907, when 1,285,349 persons entered the country. By 1910, 13.5 million immigrants were living in the United States. While the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 had already excluded immigrants from China, the immigration of people from Asian countries in addition to China was banned by the Immigration Act of 1917, also known as the Asiatic Barred Zone Act, which also banned homosexuals, people with intellectual disability, and people with an anarchist worldview. The Emergency Quota Act was enacted in 1921, limiting immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere by national quotas equal to 3 percent of the number of foreign-born from each nation in the 1910 census. The Act aimed to further restrict immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, particularly Italian, Slavic, and Jewish people, who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s. The temporary quota system was superseded by the National Origins Formula of the Immigration Act of 1924, which computed national quotas as a fraction of 150,000 in proportion to the national origins of the entire White American population as of the 1920 census, except those having origins in the nonquota countries of the Western Hemisphere (which remained unrestricted).",396
187,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"The Act aimed to further restrict immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, particularly Italian, Slavic, and Jewish people, who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s. The temporary quota system was superseded by the National Origins Formula of the Immigration Act of 1924, which computed national quotas as a fraction of 150,000 in proportion to the national origins of the entire White American population as of the 1920 census, except those having origins in the nonquota countries of the Western Hemisphere (which remained unrestricted). === Origins of immigrant stock in 1920 ===
The National Origins Formula was a unique computation which attempted to measure the total contributions of ""blood"" from each national origin as a share of the total stock of White Americans in 1920, counting immigrants, children of immigrants, and the grandchildren of immigrants (and later generations), in addition to estimating the colonial stock descended from the population who had immigrated in the colonial period and were enumerated in the 1790 census. European Americans remained predominant, although there were shifts toward Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe from immigration in the period 1790 to 1920. The formula determined that ancestry derived from Great Britain accounted for over 40% of the American gene pool, followed by German ancestry at 16%, then Irish ancestry at 11%. The restrictive immigration quota system established by the Immigration Act of 1924, revised and re-affirmed by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, sought to preserve this demographic makeup of America by allotting quotas in proportion to how much blood each national origin had contributed to the total stock of the population in 1920, as presented below:

Immigration patterns of the 1930s were affected by the Great Depression. In the final prosperous year, 1929, there were 279,678 immigrants recorded, but in 1933, only 23,068 moved to the U.S. In the early 1930s, more people emigrated from the United States than to it.",389
188,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"In the final prosperous year, 1929, there were 279,678 immigrants recorded, but in 1933, only 23,068 moved to the U.S. In the early 1930s, more people emigrated from the United States than to it. The U.S. government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program which was intended to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico, but thousands were deported against their will. Altogether, approximately 400,000 Mexicans were repatriated; half of them were US citizens. Most of the Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazis and World War II were barred from coming to the United States. In the post-war era, the Justice Department launched Operation Wetback, under which 1,075,168 Mexicans were deported in 1954. === Since 1965 ===

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as the Hart–Celler Act, abolished the system of national-origin quotas. By equalizing immigration policies, the act resulted in new immigration from non-European nations, which changed the ethnic demographics of the United States. In 1970, 60% of immigrants were from Europe; this decreased to 15% by 2000. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Law of 1965 abolished the former quota system and gave preference to people with skills regarded as being ""especially advantageous"" to the United States, which resulted in an increase in immigration from Asia. In the 1980s, this accelerated as the Federal government of the United States encouraged the immigration of engineers, mathematicians, and scientists from Asia, particularly India and China, to help support STEM-related endeavors in the country. Skilled immigration from these countries was strengthened through the Immigration Act of 1990. The National Academy of Sciences has supported U.S. policymakers to design legislation that attracts foreign mathematicians, engineers and scientists to emigrate to the United States. In 1986 president Ronald Reagan signed immigration reform that gave amnesty to 3 million undocumented immigrants in the country.",390
189,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"The National Academy of Sciences has supported U.S. policymakers to design legislation that attracts foreign mathematicians, engineers and scientists to emigrate to the United States. In 1986 president Ronald Reagan signed immigration reform that gave amnesty to 3 million undocumented immigrants in the country. In 1990, George H. W. Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990, which increased legal immigration to the United States by 40%. In 1991, Bush signed the Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act 1991, allowing foreign service members who had served 12 or more years in the US Armed Forces to qualify for permanent residency and, in some cases, citizenship. In November 1994, California voters passed Proposition 187 amending the state constitution, denying state financial aid to illegal immigrants. The federal courts voided this change, ruling that it violated the federal constitution. Appointed by President Bill Clinton, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform recommended reducing legal immigration from about 800,000 people per year to approximately 550,000. While an influx of new residents from different cultures presents some challenges, ""the United States has always been energized by its immigrant populations"", said President Bill Clinton in 1998. ""America has constantly drawn strength and spirit from wave after wave of immigrants ... They have proved to be the most restless, the most adventurous, the most innovative, the most industrious of people."" In 2001, President George W. Bush discussed an accord with Mexican President Vicente Fox. Due to the September 11 attacks, the possible accord did not occur. From 2005 to 2013, the US Congress discussed various ways of controlling immigration. The Senate and House were unable to reach an agreement. Nearly 8 million people immigrated to the United States from 2000 to 2005; 3.7 million of them entered without papers. Hispanic immigrants suffered job losses during the late-2000s recession, but since the recession's end in June 2009, immigrants posted a net gain of 656,000 jobs.",386
190,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Nearly 8 million people immigrated to the United States from 2000 to 2005; 3.7 million of them entered without papers. Hispanic immigrants suffered job losses during the late-2000s recession, but since the recession's end in June 2009, immigrants posted a net gain of 656,000 jobs. Nearly 14 million immigrants entered the United States from 2000 to 2010, and over one million persons were naturalized as U.S. citizens in 2008. The per-country limit applies the same maximum on the number of visas to all countries regardless of their population and has therefore had the effect of significantly restricting immigration of persons born in populous nations such as Mexico, China, India, and the Philippines—the leading countries of origin for legally admitted immigrants to the United States in 2013; nevertheless, China, India, and Mexico were the leading countries of origin for immigrants overall to the United States in 2013, regardless of legal status, according to a U.S. Census Bureau study. Over 1 million immigrants were granted legal residence in 2011. For those who enter the US illegally across the Mexico–United States border and elsewhere, migration is difficult, expensive and dangerous. Virtually all undocumented immigrants have no avenues for legal entry to the United States due to the restrictive legal limits on green cards, and lack of immigrant visas for low-skilled workers. Participants in debates on immigration in the early 21st century called for increasing enforcement of existing laws governing illegal immigration to the United States, building a barrier along some or all of the 2,000-mile (3,200 km) Mexico-U.S. border, or creating a new guest worker program. Through much of 2006 the country and Congress was engaged in a debate about these proposals. As of April 2010 few of these proposals had become law, though a partial border fence had been approved and subsequently canceled.",370
191,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Through much of 2006 the country and Congress was engaged in a debate about these proposals. As of April 2010 few of these proposals had become law, though a partial border fence had been approved and subsequently canceled. === Modern reform attempts ===
Beginning with Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, presidents from both political parties have steadily increased the number of border patrol agents and instituted harsher punitive measures for immigration violations. Examples of these policies include Ronald Reagan's Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 and the Clinton-era Prevention Through Deterrence strategy. The sociologist Douglas Massey has argued that these policies have succeeded at producing a perception of border enforcement but have largely failed at preventing emigration from Latin America. Notably, rather than curtailing illegal immigration, the increase in border patrol agents decreased circular migration across the U.S.–Mexico border, thus increasing the population of Hispanics in the U.S.
Presidents from both parties have employed anti-immigrant rhetoric to appeal to their political base or to garner bi-partisan support for their policies. While Republicans like Reagan and Donald Trump have led the way in framing Hispanic immigrants as criminals, Douglas Massey points out that ""the current moment of open racism and xenophobia could not have happened with Democratic acquiescence"". For example, while lobbying for his 1986 immigration bill, Reagan framed unauthorized immigration as a ""national security"" issue and warned that ""terrorists and subversives are just two days' driving time"" from the border. Later presidents, including Democrats Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, used similar ""security"" rhetoric in their efforts to court Republican support for comprehensive immigration reform. In his 2013 State of the Union Address, Obama said ""real reform means strong border security, and we can build on the progress my administration has already made – putting more boots on the southern border than at any time in our history"".",369
192,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Later presidents, including Democrats Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, used similar ""security"" rhetoric in their efforts to court Republican support for comprehensive immigration reform. In his 2013 State of the Union Address, Obama said ""real reform means strong border security, and we can build on the progress my administration has already made – putting more boots on the southern border than at any time in our history"". ==== First Trump administration policies ====

ICE reports that it removed 240,255 immigrants in fiscal year 2016, as well as 226,119 in FY2017 and 256,085 in FY2018. Citizens of Central American countries (including Mexico) made up over 90% of removals in FY2017 and over 80% in FY2018. In January 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order temporarily suspending entry to the United States by nationals of seven Muslim-majority countries. It was replaced by another executive order in March 2017 and by a presidential proclamation in September 2017, with various changes to the list of countries and exemptions. The orders were temporarily suspended by federal courts but later allowed to proceed by the Supreme Court, pending a definite ruling on their legality. Another executive order called for the immediate construction of a wall across the U.S.–Mexico border, the hiring of 5,000 new border patrol agents and 10,000 new immigration officers, and federal funding penalties for sanctuary cities. The ""zero-tolerance"" policy was put in place in 2018, which legally allows children to be separated from adults unlawfully entering the United States. This is justified by labeling all adults that enter unlawfully as criminals, thus subjecting them to criminal prosecution. The Trump Administration also argued that its policy had precedent under the Obama Administration, which had opened family detention centers in response to migrants increasingly using children as a way to get adults into the country. However, the Obama Administration detained families together in administrative, rather than criminal, detention.",386
193,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"The Trump Administration also argued that its policy had precedent under the Obama Administration, which had opened family detention centers in response to migrants increasingly using children as a way to get adults into the country. However, the Obama Administration detained families together in administrative, rather than criminal, detention. Other policies focused on what it means for an asylum seeker to claim credible fear. To further decrease the amount of asylum seekers into the United States, Attorney General Jeff Sessions released a decision that restricts those fleeing gang violence and domestic abuse as ""private crime"", therefore making their claims ineligible for asylum. These new policies that had been put in place were controversial for putting the lives of the asylum seekers at risk, to the point that the ACLU sued Jeff Sessions along with other members of the Trump Administration. The ACLU claimed that the policies put in place by the Trump Administration undermined the fundamental human rights of those immigrating into the United States, specifically women. They also claimed that these policies violated decades of settle asylum law. In April 2020, President Trump said he will sign an executive order to temporarily suspend immigration to the United States because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. ==== Biden administration policies ====

In January 2023, regarding the Mexico–United States border crisis, Joe Biden announced a new immigration policy that would allow 30,000 migrants per month from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua and Venezuela but will also expel the migrants from those countries who violate US laws of immigration. The policy has faced criticism from ""immigration reform advocates and lawyers who decry any expansion of Title 42."" On October 31, 2023, Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas testified before the Senate Homeland Security Committee that more than 600,000 people illegally made their way into the United States without being apprehended by border agents during the 2023 fiscal year. In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence, up from 707,000 in 2020.",399
194,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"On October 31, 2023, Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas testified before the Senate Homeland Security Committee that more than 600,000 people illegally made their way into the United States without being apprehended by border agents during the 2023 fiscal year. In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence, up from 707,000 in 2020. ===== Border Security and Asylum Reform in the Emergency National Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024 =====
The 2024 Emergency National Security Supplemental Appropriations Act represents a change in the immigration system with a focus on strengthening border security and improving asylum processes. This bill, backed by both Republican senators and endorsed by President Biden seeks to address the surge in border crossings in the U.S. Mexico border by revolutionizing how migrants and asylum seekers are processed by border authorities. More specifically, asylum officers to consider certain bars to asylum during screening interviews, which were previously only considered by immigration judges. The legislation aims to streamline provisions for effective management. The proposed law introduces an asylum procedure in the U.S. Border, where asylum officers from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) can review asylum applications at a more rapid pace. This new process, called removal proceedings, is detailed in a new section of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) specifically Section 235B. The bill sets a bar for passing an asylum screening by requiring a ""reasonable possibility"" standard instead of the previous ""credible fear"" standard. Requiring more evidence at the preliminary screening stages at the same level needed for a full hearing. Notably excluded apprehended individuals between ports of entry from asylum eligibility except under narrow exceptions. This adjustment makes it more difficult for asylum seekers to qualify for a hearing in front of an immigration judge and has raised questions in regards to potential violations against the right to seek asylum and due process.",381
195,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Notably excluded apprehended individuals between ports of entry from asylum eligibility except under narrow exceptions. This adjustment makes it more difficult for asylum seekers to qualify for a hearing in front of an immigration judge and has raised questions in regards to potential violations against the right to seek asylum and due process. Furthermore, the legislation establishes an emergency expulsion authority that empowers the branch to expel migrants and asylum seekers during times of "" extraordinary migration circumstances."" When the seven-day average of encounters between ports of entry exceeds 2,500, the restrictions come into effect. The restrictions continue until the average falls below 1,500 for 14 consecutive days. If this occurs the DHS Secretary can promptly send migrants back to their home country unless they can prove they face a risk of persecution or torture. The proposed legislation involves around $18.3 billion in funding for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to carry out the border policies and changes in the asylum process. Moreover, it designates $2.3 billion to support arrived refugees through the ""Refugee and Entrant Assistance"" program. The program itself is designed to fund a broad range of social services to newly arrived refugees, both through states and direct service grants. The bill outlines provisions for granting status to allies safeguarding most ""Documented Dreamers "" and issuing an additional 250,000 immigrant visas. It introduces a program for repatriation enabling asylum seekers to go to their home countries at any point during the proceedings. The proposed legislation also contains clauses that do not affect the humanitarian parole initiatives of the Biden administration, for individuals from Venezuela, Cuba, Haiti and Nicaragua. These individuals are granted approval to travel and a temporary period of parole in the United States. === Origins of the U.S. immigrant population, 1960–2016 ===

Note: ""Other Latin America"" includes Central America, South America and the Caribbean.",372
196,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"These individuals are granted approval to travel and a temporary period of parole in the United States. === Origins of the U.S. immigrant population, 1960–2016 ===

Note: ""Other Latin America"" includes Central America, South America and the Caribbean. Refugee numbers

According to the Department of State, in the 2016 fiscal year 84,988 refugees were accepted into the US from around the world. In the fiscal year of 2017, 53,691 refugees were accepted to the US. There was a significant decrease after Trump took office; it continued in the fiscal year of 2018 when only 22,405 refugees were accepted into the US. This displays a massive drop in acceptance of refugees since the Trump Administration has been in place. On September 26, 2019, the Trump administration announced that it planned to allow only 18,000 refugees to resettle in the United States in the 2020 fiscal year, its lowest level since the modern program began in 1980. In 2020 the Trump administration announced that it planned to slash refugee admissions to U.S. for 2021 to a record low of 15,000 refugees down from a cap of 18,000 for 2020, making 2021 the fourth consecutive year of declining refugee admissions under the Trump term. The Biden administration pledged to welcome 125,000 refugees in 2024. == Contemporary immigration ==

As of 2018, approximately half of immigrants living in the United States are from Mexico and other Latin American countries. Until the 1930s most legal immigrants were male. By the 1990s women accounted for just over half of all legal immigrants. Contemporary immigrants tend to be younger than the native population of the United States, with people between the ages of 15 and 34 substantially overrepresented. Immigrants are also more likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native-born Americans of the same age. Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds.",384
197,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Immigrants are also more likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native-born Americans of the same age. Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds. This phenomenon has remained true throughout the history of immigration to the United States. Seven out of ten immigrants surveyed by Public Agenda in 2009 said they intended to make the U.S. their permanent home, and 71% said if they could do it over again they would still come to the US. In the same study, 76% of immigrants say the government has become stricter on enforcing immigration laws since the September 11 attacks (""9/11""), and 24% report that they personally have experienced some or a great deal of discrimination. Public attitudes about immigration in the U.S. were heavily influenced in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. After the attacks, 52% of Americans believed that immigration was a good thing overall for the U.S., down from 62% the year before, according to a 2009 Gallup poll. A 2008 Public Agenda survey found that half of Americans said tighter controls on immigration would do ""a great deal"" to enhance U.S. national security. Harvard political scientist and historian Samuel P. Huntington argued in his 2004 book Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity that a potential future consequence of continuing massive immigration from Latin America, especially Mexico, could lead to the bifurcation of the United States. The estimated population of illegal Mexican immigrants in the US decreased from approximately 7 million in 2007 to 6.1 million in 2011 Commentators link the reversal of the immigration trend to the economic downturn that started in 2008 and which meant fewer available jobs, and to the introduction of tough immigration laws in many states. According to the Pew Hispanic Center, the net immigration of Mexican born persons had stagnated in 2010, and tended toward going into negative figures.",381
198,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"The estimated population of illegal Mexican immigrants in the US decreased from approximately 7 million in 2007 to 6.1 million in 2011 Commentators link the reversal of the immigration trend to the economic downturn that started in 2008 and which meant fewer available jobs, and to the introduction of tough immigration laws in many states. According to the Pew Hispanic Center, the net immigration of Mexican born persons had stagnated in 2010, and tended toward going into negative figures. The share of international job seekers looking to work in the U.S. declined sharply in 2025  as per a report from Indeed. The slowing labor market and stricter immigration policy beginning with the Biden administration and accelerating under President Trump has led to further cooling demand for American jobs. More than 80 cities in the United States, including Washington D.C., New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, San Diego, San Jose, Salt Lake City, Phoenix, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, Detroit, Jersey City, Minneapolis, Denver, Baltimore, Seattle, Portland, Oregon and Portland, Maine, have sanctuary policies, which vary locally. === Causes of migration ===
""The current debate ... is almost totally about what to do about immigrants when they get here. But the 800-pound gorilla that's missing from the table is what we have been doing there that brings them here, that drives them here"", according to Jeff Faux, an economist who is a distinguished fellow at the Economic Policy Institute. Many Central Americans are fleeing because of desperate social and economic circumstances in their countries. Some believe that the large number of Central American refugees arriving in the United States can be explained as a ""blowback"" to policies such as United States military interventions and covert operations that installed or maintained in power authoritarian leaders allied with wealthy land owners and multinational corporations who stop family farming and democratic efforts, which have caused drastically sharp social inequality, wide-scale poverty and rampant crime.",382
199,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Many Central Americans are fleeing because of desperate social and economic circumstances in their countries. Some believe that the large number of Central American refugees arriving in the United States can be explained as a ""blowback"" to policies such as United States military interventions and covert operations that installed or maintained in power authoritarian leaders allied with wealthy land owners and multinational corporations who stop family farming and democratic efforts, which have caused drastically sharp social inequality, wide-scale poverty and rampant crime. Economic austerity dictated by neoliberal policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund and its ally, the U.S., has also been cited as a driver of the dire social and economic conditions, as has the U.S. ""war on drugs"", which has been understood as fueling murderous gang violence in the region. Another major migration driver from Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador) are crop failures, which are (partly) caused by climate change. Half of the people which are migrating from Latin America to the United States are from the Dry Corridor (El Corredor Seco) - a climatic zone that stretches through Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras suffering from different climate change impacts resulting in a flow of climate migrants to the United States. In 2007-2017 alone, immigration from the region to the US grew by a quart, and the trend is expected to continue, as far as climate change will continue to make the region drier and hotter. Climate change is crucial to understand migration from there as it have an impact on a variety of socioeconomic ""push factors"". Changes in climate patterns are part of the causes which make Mexicanes migrate as within so outside the country. In 2008–2021, 2.2 million Mexicans were displaced for reasons linked with climate change. === Origin countries ===

Before 2021, Americas included both North (inc. Central and Caribbean region) and South America.",377
200,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"In 2008–2021, 2.2 million Mexicans were displaced for reasons linked with climate change. === Origin countries ===

Before 2021, Americas included both North (inc. Central and Caribbean region) and South America. Source: US Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics


=== Charts ===


== Demography ==


=== Extent and destinations ===

2010, 2017, 2018

The United States admitted more legal immigrants from 1991 to 2000, between ten and eleven million, than in any previous decade. In the most recent decade, the 10 million legal immigrants that settled in the U.S. represent roughly one third of the annual growth, as the U.S. population increased by 32 million (from 249 million to 281 million). By comparison, the highest previous decade was the 1900s, when 8.8 million people arrived, increasing the total U.S. population by one percent every year. Specifically, ""nearly 15% of Americans were foreign-born in 1910, while in 1999, only about 10% were foreign-born"". By 1970, immigrants accounted for 4.7 percent of the US population and rising to 6.2 percent in 1980, with an estimated 12.5 percent in 2009. As of 2010, 25% of US residents under age 18 were first- or second-generation immigrants. Eight percent of all babies born in the U.S. in 2008 belonged to illegal immigrant parents, according to a recent analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data by the Pew Hispanic Center. Legal immigration to the U.S. increased from 250,000 in the 1930s, to 2.5 million in the 1950s, to 4.5 million in the 1970s, and to 7.3 million in the 1980s, before becoming stable at about 10 million in the 1990s.",375
201,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Eight percent of all babies born in the U.S. in 2008 belonged to illegal immigrant parents, according to a recent analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data by the Pew Hispanic Center. Legal immigration to the U.S. increased from 250,000 in the 1930s, to 2.5 million in the 1950s, to 4.5 million in the 1970s, and to 7.3 million in the 1980s, before becoming stable at about 10 million in the 1990s. Since 2000, legal immigrants to the United States number approximately 1,000,000 per year, of whom about 600,000 are Change of Status who already are in the U.S. Legal immigrants to the United States now are at their highest level ever, at just over 37,000,000 legal immigrants. In reports in 2005–2006, estimates of illegal immigration ranged from 700,000 to 1,500,000 per year. Immigration led to a 57.4% increase in foreign-born population from 1990 to 2000. Foreign-born immigration has caused the U.S. population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign-born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 47 million in 2015. In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants (second-generation Americans) in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population. While immigration has increased drastically over the 20th century, the foreign-born share of the population is, at 13.4, only somewhat below what it was at its peak in 1910 at 14.7%. A number of factors may be attributed to the decrease in the representation of foreign-born residents in the United States. Most significant has been the change in the composition of immigrants; prior to 1890, 82% of immigrants came from North and Western Europe.",378
202,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"A number of factors may be attributed to the decrease in the representation of foreign-born residents in the United States. Most significant has been the change in the composition of immigrants; prior to 1890, 82% of immigrants came from North and Western Europe. From 1891 to 1920, that number decreased to 25%, with a rise in immigrants from East, Central, and South Europe, summing up to 64%. Animosity towards these ethnically different immigrants increased in the United States, resulting in much legislation to limit immigration in the 20th century. === Origin ===

Foreign-born population in the United States in 2019 by country of birth


=== Views of immigrants ===


==== Religion ====
In the 2023-2024 Religious Landscape Survey carried out by Pew Research Center among those born outside the United States 58% identified as Christian, 14% as being from other religions and 26% said they were unaffiliated. == Effects of immigration ==

Immigration to the United States significantly increases the population. The Census Bureau estimates that the US population will increase from 317 million in 2014 to 417 million in 2060 with immigration, when nearly 20% will be foreign-born. In particular, the population of Hispanic and Asian Americans is significantly increased by immigration, with both populations expected to see major growth. Overall, the Pew Report predicts the population of the United States will rise from 296 million in 2005 to 441 million in 2065, but only to 338 million with no immigration. The prevalence of immigrant segregation has brought into question the accuracy of describing the United States as a melting pot. Immigration to the United States has also increased religious diversity, with Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism growing in the United States due to immigration. Changing demographics as a result of immigration have affected political affiliations. Immigrants are more likely than natives to support the Democratic Party.",379
203,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Changing demographics as a result of immigration have affected political affiliations. Immigrants are more likely than natives to support the Democratic Party. Interest groups that lobby for and against immigration play a role in immigration policy, with religious, ethnic, and business groups most likely to lobby on issues of immigration. Immigrants have not been found to increase crime in the United States, and immigrants overall are associated with lower crime rates than natives. Some research even suggests that increases in immigration may partly explain the reduction in the U.S. crime rate. According to one study, sanctuary cities—which adopt policies designed to not prosecute people solely for being an illegal immigrant—have no statistically meaningful effect on crime. Research suggests that police practices, such as racial profiling, over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in-group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of immigrants among crime suspects. Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions for immigrants. Crimmigration has emerged as a field in which critical immigration scholars conceptualize the current immigration law enforcement system. Increased immigration to the United States has historically caused discrimination and racial unrest. Areas with higher minority populations may be subject to increased policing  and harsher sentencing. Faculty in educational facilities have been found to be more responsive toward white students, though affirmative action policies may cause colleges to favor minority applicants. Evidence also shows the existence of racial discrimination in the housing market and the labor market. Discrimination also exists between different immigrant groups. According to a 2018 study of longitudinal earnings, most immigrants economically assimilate into the United States within a span of 20 years, matching the economic situations of non-immigrants of similar race and ethnicity. Immigration has been found to have little impact on the health of natives. Researchers have also found what is known as the ""healthy immigrant effect"", in which immigrants in general tend to be healthier than individuals born in the U.S.",390
204,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Immigration has been found to have little impact on the health of natives. Researchers have also found what is known as the ""healthy immigrant effect"", in which immigrants in general tend to be healthier than individuals born in the U.S. However, some illnesses are believed to have been introduced to the United States or caused to increase by immigration. Immigrants are more likely than native-born Americans to have a medical visit labeled uncompensated care. A significant proportion of American scientists and engineers are immigrants. Graduate students are more likely to be immigrants than undergraduate students, as immigrants often complete undergraduate training in their native country before immigrating. 33% of all U.S. PhDs in science and engineering were awarded to foreign-born graduate students as of 2004. === Economic impact ===

High-skilled immigration and low-skilled immigration have both been found to make economic conditions better for the average immigrant and the average American. The overall impact of immigration on the economy tends to be minimal. Research suggests that diversity has a net positive effect on productivity and economic prosperity. A 2026 white paper by the Cato Institute found that from 1994 to 2023, contributions by immigrants through taxation and economic activity exceeded the cost of services used by immigrants on an annual and cumulative basis. The study further found that over the entire period, immigrants generated a $14.5 trillion fiscal surplus in 2024 dollars and saved the country $3.9 trillion in interest on the national debt. The paper concludes that immigrants have prevented a fiscal crisis, and that without their impact the national debt would be 205% of GDP, almost double its actual proportion. Overall immigration has not had much effect on native wage inequality but low-skill immigration has been linked to greater income inequality in the native population. Labor unions have historically opposed immigration over economic concerns. Immigrants have also been found to raise economic productivity, as they are more likely to take jobs that natives are unwilling to do.",389
205,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Labor unions have historically opposed immigration over economic concerns. Immigrants have also been found to raise economic productivity, as they are more likely to take jobs that natives are unwilling to do. Research indicates that immigrants are more likely to work in risky jobs than U.S.-born workers, partly due to differences in average characteristics, such as immigrants' lower English language ability and educational attainment. Refugees have been found to integrate more slowly into the labor market than other immigrants, but they have also been found to increase government revenue overall. Immigration has also been correlated with increased innovation and entrepreneurship, and immigrants are more likely to start businesses than people born in The United States. Undocumented immigrants have also been found to have a positive effect on economic conditions in the United States. According to NPR in 2005, about 3% of illegal immigrants were working in agriculture, and the H-2A visa allows U.S. employers to bring foreign nationals to the United States to fill temporary agricultural jobs. States that imposed harsher immigration laws were found to suffer significant economic losses. In May 2024, research conducted at Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City suggested that immigration to the United States surged during 2022–2023 and the inflow of migrants to the country acted as a powerful catalyst in cooling overheated labor markets and tempering wage growth across industries and states. The study showed that from Dec 2021 to Dec 2023 there existed a negative correlation between an industry's migrant employment growth and wage growth: an increase in migrant employment growth of 1 percentage point lead to a 0.7 percentage point reduction in wage growth. It was found that an increase in employment growth, stemming from migrant workers, of 1 percentage point lead to a 0.5 percentage point reduction in job vacancy rates. == Public opinion ==

The largely ambivalent feeling of Americans toward immigrants is shown by a positive attitude toward groups that have been visible for a century or more, and much more negative attitude toward recent arrivals.",390
206,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"It was found that an increase in employment growth, stemming from migrant workers, of 1 percentage point lead to a 0.5 percentage point reduction in job vacancy rates. == Public opinion ==

The largely ambivalent feeling of Americans toward immigrants is shown by a positive attitude toward groups that have been visible for a century or more, and much more negative attitude toward recent arrivals. For example, a 1982 national poll by the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut showed respondents a card listing a number of groups and asked, ""Thinking both of what they have contributed to this country and have gotten from this country, for each one tell me whether you think, on balance, they've been a good or a bad thing for this country"", which produced the results shown in the table. ""By high margins, Americans are telling pollsters it was a very good thing that Poles, Italians, and Jews immigrated to America. Once again, it's the newcomers who are viewed with suspicion. This time, it's the Mexicans, the Filipinos, and the people from the Caribbean who make Americans nervous."" In a 2002 study, which took place soon after the September 11 attacks, 55% of Americans favored decreasing legal immigration, 27% favored keeping it at the same level, and 15% favored increasing it. In 2006, the immigration-reduction advocacy think tank the Center for Immigration Studies released a poll that found that 68% of Americans think U.S. immigration levels are too high, and just 2% said they are too low. They also found that 70% said they are less likely to vote for candidates that favor increasing legal immigration. In 2004, 55% of Americans believed legal immigration should remain at the current level or increased and 41% said it should be decreased. The less contact a native-born American has with immigrants, the more likely they would have a negative view of immigrants.",381
207,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"In 2004, 55% of Americans believed legal immigration should remain at the current level or increased and 41% said it should be decreased. The less contact a native-born American has with immigrants, the more likely they would have a negative view of immigrants. One of the most important factors regarding public opinion about immigration is the level of unemployment; anti-immigrant sentiment is where unemployment is highest, and vice versa. Surveys indicate that the U.S. public consistently makes a sharp distinction between legal and illegal immigration, and generally views those perceived as ""playing by the rules"" with more sympathy than immigrants who have entered the country illegally. According to a Gallup poll in July 2015, immigration is the fourth-most important problem facing the United States and seven percent of Americans said it was the most important problem facing America today. In March 2015, another Gallup poll provided insight into American public opinion on immigration; the poll revealed that 39% of people worried about immigration ""a great deal"". A January poll showed that only 33% of Americans were satisfied with the current state of immigration in America. Before 2012, a majority of Americans supported securing United States borders compared to dealing with illegal immigration in the United States. In 2013, that trend has reversed and 55% of people polled by Gallup revealed that they would choose ""developing a plan to deal with immigrants who are currently in the U.S. illegally"". Changes regarding border control are consistent across party lines, with the percentage of Republicans saying that ""securing U.S. borders to halt flow of illegal immigrants"" is extremely important decreasing from 68% in 2011 to 56% in 2014. Meanwhile, Democrats who chose extremely important shifted from 42% in 2011 to 31% in 2014. In July 2013, 87% of Americans said they would vote in support of a law that would ""allow immigrants already in the country to become U.S. citizens if they meet certain requirements including paying taxes, having a criminal background check and learning English"".",397
208,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Meanwhile, Democrats who chose extremely important shifted from 42% in 2011 to 31% in 2014. In July 2013, 87% of Americans said they would vote in support of a law that would ""allow immigrants already in the country to become U.S. citizens if they meet certain requirements including paying taxes, having a criminal background check and learning English"". However, in the same survey, 83% also said they would support the tightening of U.S. border security. Donald Trump's campaign for presidency focused on a rhetoric of reducing illegal immigration and toughening border security. In July 2015, 48% of Americans thought that Donald Trump would do a poor job of handling immigration problems. In November 2016, 55% of Trump's voters thought that he would do the right thing regarding illegal immigration. In general, Trump supporters are not united upon how to handle immigration. In December 2016, Trump voters were polled and 60% said that ""undocumented immigrants in the U.S. who meet certain requirements should be allowed to stay legally"". After Trump claimed during his 2024 presidential campaign that immigrants are ""poisoning the blood of our country"", a Public Religion Research Institute survey showed that 34% of Americans agreed, and 35% agreed that ""immigrants are invading our country and replacing our cultural and ethnic background"". American opinion regarding how immigrants affect the country and how the government should respond to illegal immigration have changed over time. In 2006, out of all U.S. adults surveyed, 28% declared that they believed the growing number of immigrants helped American workers and 55% believed that it hurt American workers. In 2016, those views had changed, with 42% believing that they helped and 45% believing that they hurt. The PRRI 2015 American Values Atlas showed that between 46% and 53% of Americans believed that ""the growing number of newcomers from other countries ... strengthens American society"".",377
209,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"In 2016, those views had changed, with 42% believing that they helped and 45% believing that they hurt. The PRRI 2015 American Values Atlas showed that between 46% and 53% of Americans believed that ""the growing number of newcomers from other countries ... strengthens American society"". In the same year, between 57% and 66% of Americans chose that the U.S. should ""allow [immigrants living in the U.S. illegally] a way to become citizens provided they meet certain requirements"". In February 2017, the American Enterprise Institute released a report on recent surveys about immigration issues. In July 2016, 63% of Americans favored the temporary bans of immigrants from areas with high levels of terrorism and 53% said the U.S. should allow fewer refugees to enter the country. In November 2016, 55% of Americans were opposed to building a border wall with Mexico. Since 1994, Pew Research center has tracked a change from 63% of Americans saying that immigrants are a burden on the country to 27%. The Trump administration's zero-tolerance policy  was reacted to negatively by the public. One of the main concerns was how detained children of illegal immigrants were treated. Due to very poor conditions, a campaign was begun called ""Close the Camps"". Detainment facilities were compared to concentration and internment camps. After the 2021 evacuation from Afghanistan in August 2021, an NPR/Ipsos poll (±4.6%) found 69% of Americans supported resettling in the United States Afghans who had worked with the U.S., with 65% support for Afghans who ""fear repression or persecution from the Taliban"". There was lower support for other refugees: 59% for those ""fleeing from civil strife and violence in Africa"", 56% for those ""fleeing from violence in Syria and Libya"", and 56% for ""Central Americans fleeing violence and poverty"".",380
210,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"After the 2021 evacuation from Afghanistan in August 2021, an NPR/Ipsos poll (±4.6%) found 69% of Americans supported resettling in the United States Afghans who had worked with the U.S., with 65% support for Afghans who ""fear repression or persecution from the Taliban"". There was lower support for other refugees: 59% for those ""fleeing from civil strife and violence in Africa"", 56% for those ""fleeing from violence in Syria and Libya"", and 56% for ""Central Americans fleeing violence and poverty"". 57% supported the Trump-era Remain in Mexico policy, and 55% supported legalizing the status of those illegally brought to the U.S. as children (as proposed in the DREAM Act). === Religious responses ===
Religious figures in the United States have stated their views on the topic of immigration as informed by their religious traditions. Catholicism – Due to persecution abroad, Catholics comprised the largest group of migrants to the U.S. during the mid-19th and early-20th centuries. As a result of the large immigrant population within the Church, as well as anti-Catholic sentiment within the U.S., the Catholic church organized resources to support recently arrived immigrants. While the rate of Catholic migration has slowed, the Church has largely remained supportive of humanitarian migration due to biblical principals. In 1988, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops established the Catholic Legal Immigration Network (CLINIC) to help meet the increased demand for legal assistance following major immigration reform. CLINIC is now the largest nonprofit immigration law organization in the U.S. In 2018, Catholic leaders stated that asylum-limiting laws proposed by the Trump administration were immoral. Some bishops considered imposing sanctions (known as ""canonical penalties"") on church members who have participated in enforcing such policies.",373
211,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"In 2018, Catholic leaders stated that asylum-limiting laws proposed by the Trump administration were immoral. Some bishops considered imposing sanctions (known as ""canonical penalties"") on church members who have participated in enforcing such policies. Judaism – American Jewish rabbis from various denominations have stated that their understanding of Judaism is that immigrants and refugees should be welcomed, and even assisted. The exception would be if there is significant economic hardship or security issues faced by the host country or community, in which case immigration may be limited, discouraged or even prohibited altogether. Some liberal denominations place more emphasis on the welcoming of immigrants, while Conservative, Orthodox and Independent rabbis also consider economic and security concerns. Some provide moral arguments for both the right of country to enforce immigration standards as well as for providing some sort of amnesty for illegal migrants. == Legal issues ==

Laws concerning immigration and naturalization include the Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT), the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), the Naturalization Act of 1790, the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924. AEDPA and IIRARA exemplify many categories of criminal activity for which immigrants, including green card holders, can be deported and have imposed mandatory detention for certain types of cases. The Johnson-Reed Act limited the number of immigrants and the Chinese Exclusion Act banned immigration from China altogether. Refugees are able to gain legal status in the United States through asylum, and a specified number of legally defined refugees, who either apply for asylum overseas or after arriving in the U.S., are admitted annually. In 2014, the number of asylum seekers accepted into the U.S. was about 120,000. By comparison, about 31,000 were accepted in the UK and 13,500 in Canada.",394
212,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"In 2014, the number of asylum seekers accepted into the U.S. was about 120,000. By comparison, about 31,000 were accepted in the UK and 13,500 in Canada. Asylum offices in the United States receive more applications for asylum than they can process every month and every year, and these continuous applications cause a significant backlog. Removal proceedings are considered administrative proceedings under the authority of the United States Attorney General, and thus part of the executive branch rather than the judicial branch of government. in removal proceedings in front of an immigration judge, cancellation of removal is a form of relief that is available for some long-time residents of the United States. Eligibility may depend on time spent in the United States, criminal record, or family in the country. Members of Congress may submit private bills granting residency to specific named individuals. The United States allows immigrant relatives of active duty military personnel to reside in the United States through a green card. As of 2015, there are estimated to be 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States, making up about 5% of the civilian labor force. Under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, unauthorized immigrants that arrived as children were granted exemptions to immigration law. According to an August 2025 Pew Research Center report, the unauthorized immigrant population grew by 3.5 million between 2021 and 2023, reaching a record 14 million. Most immigration proceedings are civil matters, though criminal charges are applicable when evading border enforcement, committing fraud to gain entry, or committing identity theft to gain employment. Due process protections under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution have been found to apply to immigration proceedings, but those of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution have not due to their nature as civil matters. In Department of State v. Muñoz, the U.S. Supreme court decided that U.S. citizens do not have a fundamental liberty to admit their foreign spouses.",392
213,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Due process protections under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution have been found to apply to immigration proceedings, but those of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution have not due to their nature as civil matters. In Department of State v. Muñoz, the U.S. Supreme court decided that U.S. citizens do not have a fundamental liberty to admit their foreign spouses. On January 14, 2026 the State Department announced it was suspending visa processing for 75 nations including Somalia, Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Brazil, Nigeria, and Thailand. == Immigration in popular culture ==

The history of immigration to the United States is the history of the country itself, and the journey from beyond the sea is an element found in American folklore, appearing in many works, such as The Godfather, Gangs of New York, ""The Song of Myself"", Neil Diamond's ""America"", and the animated feature An American Tail. From the 1880s to the 1910s, vaudeville dominated the popular image of immigrants, with very popular caricature portrayals of ethnic groups. The specific features of these caricatures became widely accepted as accurate portrayals. In The Melting Pot (1908), playwright Israel Zangwill (1864–1926) explored issues that dominated Progressive Era debates about immigration policies. Zangwill's theme of the positive benefits of the American melting pot resonated widely in popular culture and literary and academic circles in the 20th century; his cultural symbolism – in which he situated immigration issues – likewise informed American cultural imagining of immigrants for decades, as exemplified by Hollywood films. The popular culture's image of ethnic celebrities often includes stereotypes about immigrant groups. For example, Frank Sinatra's public image as a superstar contained important elements of the American Dream while simultaneously incorporating stereotypes about Italian Americans that were based in nativist and Progressive responses to immigration. The process of assimilation has been a common theme of popular culture.",393
214,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"For example, Frank Sinatra's public image as a superstar contained important elements of the American Dream while simultaneously incorporating stereotypes about Italian Americans that were based in nativist and Progressive responses to immigration. The process of assimilation has been a common theme of popular culture. For example, ""lace-curtain Irish"" refers to middle-class Irish Americans desiring assimilation into mainstream society in counterpoint to the older, more raffish ""shanty Irish"". The occasional malapropisms and social blunders of these upward mobiles were lampooned in vaudeville, popular song, and the comic strips of the day such as Bringing Up Father, starring Maggie and Jiggs, which ran in daily newspapers for 87 years (1913 to 2000). In The Departed (2006), Staff Sergeant Dignam regularly points out the dichotomy between the lace-curtain Irish lifestyle Billy Costigan enjoyed with his mother, and the shanty Irish lifestyle of Costigan's father. Since the late 20th century popular culture has paid special attention to Mexican immigration; the film Spanglish (2004) tells of a friendship of a Mexican housemaid (played by Paz Vega) and her boss (played by Adam Sandler). === Immigration in literature ===

Novelists and writers have captured much of the color and challenge in their immigrant lives through their writings. Regarding Irish women in the 19th century, there were numerous novels and short stories by Harvey O'Higgins, Peter McCorry, Bernard O'Reilly and Sarah Orne Jewett that emphasize emancipation from Old World controls, new opportunities and expansiveness of the immigrant experience. Fears of population decline have at times fueled anti-emigration sentiment in foreign countries. Hladnik studies three popular novels of the late 19th century that warned Slovenes not to migrate to the dangerous new world of the United States.",379
215,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Fears of population decline have at times fueled anti-emigration sentiment in foreign countries. Hladnik studies three popular novels of the late 19th century that warned Slovenes not to migrate to the dangerous new world of the United States. In India some politicians oppose emigration to the United States because of a supposed brain drain of highly qualified and educated Indian nationals. Jewish American writer Anzia Yezierska wrote her novel Bread Givers (1925) to explore such themes as Russian-Jewish immigration in the early 20th century, the tension between Old and New World Yiddish culture, and women's experience of immigration. A well established author Yezierska focused on the Jewish struggle to escape the ghetto and enter middle- and upper-class America. In the novel, the heroine, Sara Smolinsky, escapes from New York City's ""down-town ghetto"" by breaking tradition. She quits her job at the family store and soon becomes engaged to a rich real-estate magnate. She graduates college and takes a high-prestige job teaching public school. Finally Sara restores her broken links to family and religion. The Swedish author Vilhelm Moberg, in the mid-20th century, wrote a series of four novels describing one Swedish family's migration from Småland to Minnesota in the late 19th century, a destiny shared by almost one million people. The author emphasizes the authenticity of the experiences as depicted (although he did change names). These novels have been translated into English (The Emigrants, 1951, Unto a Good Land, 1954, The Settlers, 1961, The Last Letter Home, 1961). The musical Kristina från Duvemåla by ex-ABBA members Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson is based on this story. The Immigrant is a musical by Steven Alper, Sarah Knapp, and Mark Harelik.",390
216,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"The musical Kristina från Duvemåla by ex-ABBA members Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson is based on this story. The Immigrant is a musical by Steven Alper, Sarah Knapp, and Mark Harelik. The show is based on the story of Harelik's grandparents, Matleh and Haskell Harelik, who traveled to Galveston, Texas in 1909. == Documentary films ==

In their documentary How Democracy Works Now: Twelve Stories, filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini examine the American political system through the lens of immigration reform from 2001 to 2007. Since the debut of the first five films, the series has become an important resource for advocates, policy-makers and educators. That film series premiered nearly a decade after the filmmakers' landmark documentary film Well-Founded Fear which provided a behind-the-scenes look at the process for seeking asylum in the United States. That film still marks the only time that a film crew was privy to the private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), where individual asylum officers ponder the often life-or-death fate of immigrants seeking asylum. The documentary Trafficked with Mariana van Zeller argued that weapons smuggling from the United States contributed to insecurity in Latin America, itself triggering more migration to the United States. == Overall approach to regulation ==

University of North Carolina School of Law professor Hiroshi Motomura has identified three approaches the United States has taken to the legal status of immigrants in his book Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States. The first, dominant in the 19th century, treated immigrants as in transition; in other words, as prospective citizens.",358
217,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"== Overall approach to regulation ==

University of North Carolina School of Law professor Hiroshi Motomura has identified three approaches the United States has taken to the legal status of immigrants in his book Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States. The first, dominant in the 19th century, treated immigrants as in transition; in other words, as prospective citizens. As soon as people declared their intention to become citizens, they received multiple low-cost benefits, including the eligibility for free homesteads in the Homestead Act of 1862, and in many states, the right to vote. The goal was to make the country more attractive, so large numbers of farmers and skilled craftsmen would settle new lands. By the 1880s, a second approach took over, treating newcomers as ""immigrants by contract"". An implicit deal existed where immigrants who were literate and could earn their own living were permitted in restricted numbers. Once in the United States, they would have limited legal rights, but were not allowed to vote until they became citizens, and would not be eligible for the New Deal government benefits available in the 1930s. The third policy is ""immigration by affiliation"", originating in the later half of the 20th century, which Motomura argues is the treatment which depends on how deeply rooted people have become in the country. An immigrant who applies for citizenship as soon as permitted, has a long history of working in the United States, and has significant family ties, is more deeply affiliated and can expect better treatment. The American Dream is the belief that through hard work and determination, any American can achieve a better life, usually in terms of financial prosperity and enhanced personal freedom of choice.",344
218,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"An immigrant who applies for citizenship as soon as permitted, has a long history of working in the United States, and has significant family ties, is more deeply affiliated and can expect better treatment. The American Dream is the belief that through hard work and determination, any American can achieve a better life, usually in terms of financial prosperity and enhanced personal freedom of choice. According to historians, the rapid economic and industrial expansion of the U.S. is not simply a function of being a resource rich, hard working, and inventive country, but the belief that anybody could get a share of the country's wealth if he or she was willing to work hard. This dream has been a major factor in attracting immigrants to the United States. == See also ==
Demographics of the United States
United States immigration statistics
Emigration from the United States
European colonization of the Americas
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
How Democracy Works Now: Twelve Stories
Illegal immigration to the United States
Immigration policies of American labor unions
Inequality within immigrant families in the United States
Nativism (politics), opposition to immigration
Opposition to immigration
Immigrant benefits urban legend, a hoax regarding benefits comparison
Yellow peril § United States


== Notes ==


== References ==

Massey, Douglas Steven (2021). ""The Bipartisan Origins of White Nationalism"". Daedalus. 150 (2): 5–22. doi:10.1162/daed_a_01843. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021. == Further reading ==


=== Surveys ===
Anbinder, Tyler. City of Dreams: The 400-Year Epic History of Immigrant New York (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016). 766 pp. ISBN 978-0544104655
Archdeacon, Thomas J.",394
219,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"766 pp. ISBN 978-0544104655
Archdeacon, Thomas J. Becoming American: An Ethnic History (1984)
Bankston, Carl L. III and Danielle Antoinette Hidalgo, eds. Immigration in U.S. History Salem Press, (2006) ISBN 1587652684
Barkan, Elliott Robert, ed. (2001). Making it in America: A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1576070987. short scholarly biographies With bibliographies; 448 pp. Bodnar, John. The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America Indiana University Press, (1985) ISBN 0253313473
Daniels, Roger. Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850 University of Washington Press, (1988) ISBN 0295970189
Daniels, Roger. Coming to America 2nd ed. (2005) ISBN 006050577X
Daniels, Roger. Guarding the Golden Door : American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882 (2005) ISBN 0809053446
Diner, Hasia. The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 (2004) ISBN 0520939921
Dinnerstein, Leonard, and David M. Reimers. Ethnic Americans: a history of immigration  (1999) online
Gerber, David A. American Immigration: A Very Short Introduction (2011). ISBN 0195331788
Gjerde, Jon, ed. Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History (1998). Glazier, Michael, ed. The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America (1999). ISBN 0268027552
Jones, Maldwyn A. American immigration (1960) online
Joselit, Jenna Weissman.",381
220,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America (1999). ISBN 0268027552
Jones, Maldwyn A. American immigration (1960) online
Joselit, Jenna Weissman. Immigration and American religion (2001)  online
Parker, Kunal M. Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law in America, 1600–2000. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. ISBN 1107698510
Seller, Maxine (1984). Immigrant Women (2nd ed.). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0791419038. Sowell, Thomas. Ethnic America: A History (1981). ISBN 0465020755
Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980). ISBN 0674375122


=== Before 1920 ===
Alexander, June Granatir. Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1870–1920: How the Second Great Wave of Immigrants Made Their Way in America (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2007. xvi, 332 pp.) Berthoff, Rowland Tappan. British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950 (1953). ISBN 0846210444
Briggs, John. An Italian Passage: Immigrants to Three American Cities, 1890–1930 Yale University Press, (1978). ISBN 0300020953
Diner, Hasia. Hungering for America: Italian, Irish, and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration (2003). ISBN 0674034252
Dudley, William, ed. Illegal immigration: opposing viewpoints (2002) online
Eltis, David; Coerced and Free Migration: Global Perspectives (2002) emphasis on migration to Americas before 1800.",362
221,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"ISBN 0674034252
Dudley, William, ed. Illegal immigration: opposing viewpoints (2002) online
Eltis, David; Coerced and Free Migration: Global Perspectives (2002) emphasis on migration to Americas before 1800. ISBN 0804770360
Greene, Victor R. A Singing Ambivalence: American Immigrants Between Old World and New, 1830–1930 (2004), covering musical traditions. ISBN 0873387945
Isaac Aaronovich Hourwich. Immigration and Labor: The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States (1912) (full text online)
Joseph, Samuel; Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910 Archived May 15, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Columbia University Press, (1914). Kulikoff, Allan; From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers (2000), details on colonial immigration. ISBN 0807848824
Lieberson, Stanley (2020) [1980]. A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants Since 1880. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520352865. Meagher, Timothy J. The Columbia Guide to Irish American History. (2005). ISBN 0231510705
Miller, Kerby M. Emigrants and Exiles (1985), influential scholarly interpretation of Irish immigration
Motomura, Hiroshi. Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States (2006), legal history. ISBN 0199887438. Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz; German culture in America; philosophical and literary influences, 1600–1900 (1957)
Waters, Tony. Crime and Immigrant Youth Sage Publications (1999), a sociological analysis.",370
222,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz; German culture in America; philosophical and literary influences, 1600–1900 (1957)
Waters, Tony. Crime and Immigrant Youth Sage Publications (1999), a sociological analysis. ISBN 145226337X
U.S. Immigration Commission, Abstracts of Reports, 2 vols. (1911); the full 42-volume report is summarized (with additional information) in Jeremiah W. Jenks and W. Jett Lauck, The Immigrant Problem (1912; 6th ed. 1926)
Wittke, Carl. We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant (1939), covers all major groups
Yans-McLaughlin, Virginia ed. Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics Oxford University Press. (1990)  ISBN 019536368X. === Recent: post 1965 ===
Beasley, Vanessa B. ed. Who Belongs in America? : Presidents, Rhetoric, And Immigration (2006) ISBN 1585445053
Bogen, Elizabeth. Immigration in New York (1987) ISBN 0275921999
Bommes, Michael and Andrew Geddes. Immigration and Welfare: Challenging the Borders of the Welfare State (2000) ISBN 0415223725. Borjas, George J. Heaven's Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999. xvii, 263 pp. ISBN 0-691-05966-7. Borjas, George J., ed. Issues in the Economics of Immigration (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report) (2000). ISBN 0-226-06631-2. Borjas, George. Friends or Strangers (1990) ISBN 0465025676. Borjas, George J (2002).",384
223,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Friends or Strangers (1990) ISBN 0465025676. Borjas, George J (2002). ""Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs"". International Migration Review. 36 (4): 1093–1123. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00119.x. S2CID 153858736. Briggs, Vernon M. Jr. Immigration Policy and the America Labor Force. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. ISBN 0801831687. Briggs, Vernon M. Jr. Mass Immigration and the National Interest (1992) ISBN 1563241714. Cafaro, Philip. How Many Is Too Many? The Progressive Argument for Reducing Immigration into the United States. University of Chicago Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0226190655. Chavez, Leo (April 17, 2013). The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8351-4. OCLC 846994039.
Cooper, Mark A. Moving to the United States of America and Immigration. 2008. ISBN 0741446251
Egendorf, Laura K., ed. Illegal immigration: An OpposingViewpoints guide (2007) online
Fawcett, James T., and Benjamin V. Carino. Pacific Bridges: The New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1987. ISBN 0934733104
Foner, Nancy. In A New Land: A Comparative View Of Immigration (2005) ISBN 0814727468
Garland, Libby. After They Closed the Gate: Jewish Illegal Immigration to the United States, 1921–1965. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.",381
224,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"After They Closed the Gate: Jewish Illegal Immigration to the United States, 1921–1965. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. ISBN 022612259X
Hidalgo, Javier (2018). ""26. The Libertarian Case for Open Borders"". In Brennan, Jason; van der Vossen, Bas; Scmidtz, David (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Libertarianism. New York: Routledge. pp. 377–389. ISBN 978-0367870591. OCLC 978902248. Lamm, Richard D., and Gary Imhoff. The Immigration Time Bomb: the Fragmenting of America, in series, Truman Talley Books. 1st ed. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1985. xiii, 271 pp. ISBN 0-525-24337-2. Levinson, David and Melvin Ember, eds. American Immigrant Cultures. 2 vols. (1997). ISBN 0028972082. Lowe, Lisa. Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics (1996) ISBN 0822318644
Meier, Matt S. and Gutierrez, Margo, eds. (2003). The Mexican American Experience : An Encyclopedia. ISBN 0-313-31643-0. Mohl, Raymond A. ""Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama"" Alabama Review 2002 55(4): 243–74. ISSN 0002-4341. Portes, Alejandro, and Robert L. Bach. Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0520050044. Portes, Alejandro; Böröcz, József (1989). ""Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation"" (PDF).",393
225,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Portes, Alejandro; Böröcz, József (1989). ""Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation"" (PDF). International Migration Review. 23 (3): 606–30. doi:10.2307/2546431. JSTOR 2546431. PMID 12282796. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2008. Portes, Alejandro, and Rubén Rumbaut. Immigrant America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990. ISBN 0520070380. Reimers, David. Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America. New York: Columbia University Press, (1985). ISBN 0231057709. Smith, James P., and Barry Edmonston, eds. The Immigration Debate: Studies on the Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration (1998), online version; Archived March 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Waters, Tony. Crime and Immigrant Youth. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage 1999. ISBN 0761916857. Zhou, Min and Carl L. Bankston III (1998). Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States. Russell Sage Foundation. == External links ==


=== History ===
Immigrant Servants Database
Asian-Nation: Early Asian Immigration to the U.S. Archived July 12, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
Irish Catholic Immigration to America Archived August 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Scotch-Irish Immigration to Colonial America Archived February 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
GG Archives Immigration Historical Documents, Articles, and Immigrants Archived December 27, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
Maurer, Elizabeth.",388
226,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"Russell Sage Foundation. == External links ==


=== History ===
Immigrant Servants Database
Asian-Nation: Early Asian Immigration to the U.S. Archived July 12, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
Irish Catholic Immigration to America Archived August 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Scotch-Irish Immigration to Colonial America Archived February 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
GG Archives Immigration Historical Documents, Articles, and Immigrants Archived December 27, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
Maurer, Elizabeth. ""New Beginnings: Immigrant Women and the American Experience"". National Women's History Museum. 2014. === Immigration policy ===
Immigration policy Archived December 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine reports from the Brookings Institution
Immigration policy Archived April 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine reports from the Urban Institute
Permanent Legal Immigration to the United States: Policy Overview Archived June 5, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Congressional Research Service (May 2018)
A Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy Archived December 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Congressional Research Service (November 2017)


=== Current immigration ===
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Archived September 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Archived November 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
Cornell University's Legal Information Institute: Immigration Archived November 2, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
Yearbook of Immigration Statistics Archived March 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine – United States Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics 2004, 2005 editions available.",348
227,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States,Immigration to the United States,"=== Immigration policy ===
Immigration policy Archived December 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine reports from the Brookings Institution
Immigration policy Archived April 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine reports from the Urban Institute
Permanent Legal Immigration to the United States: Policy Overview Archived June 5, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Congressional Research Service (May 2018)
A Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy Archived December 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Congressional Research Service (November 2017)


=== Current immigration ===
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Archived September 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Archived November 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
Cornell University's Legal Information Institute: Immigration Archived November 2, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
Yearbook of Immigration Statistics Archived March 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine – United States Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics 2004, 2005 editions available. ""Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2005"" Archived June 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine M. Hoefer, N. Rytina, C. Campbell (2006) ""Population Estimates (August). U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics. === Economic impact ===
Abramitzky, Ran; Boustan, Leah (2017). ""Immigration in American Economic History"". Journal of Economic Literature. 55 (4): 1311–45. doi:10.1257/jel.20151189. PMC 5794227. PMID 29398723.",350
228,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matapouri,Matapouri,"Matapouri (Māori: Matapōuri) is a coastal settlement in the Whangarei District of Northland, New Zealand. It is 7 kilometers north of Tutukaka and 35 km north-east of Whangārei, in an area known as the Tutukaka Coast. Matapouri was described by Whangarei District Council in 2010 as ""an archetypal Kiwi bach settlement"". Holiday homes make up 90 per cent of the houses and at holiday times the number of residents swells to seven times its permanent population. == History ==
The early European settlement of Matapouri was based on the milling and transport of timber. The first school was built in 1899 and the first recorded store in 1912. Te Wai o Te Taniwha, the Mermaid Pools, was an informal tourist attraction, but was closed indefinitely in 2019 by the local Māori authorities, Te Whanau ā Rangiwhakaahu Hapū Trust, due to visitors leaving toilet waste and rubbish. == Demographics ==
Statistics New Zealand describes Matapōuri as a rural settlement. The settlement covers 1.76 km2 (0.68 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 210 as of June 2025, with a population density of 119 people per km2. The settlement is part of the larger Matapouri-Tutukākā statistical area. Matapōuri had a population of 207 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 15 people (7.8%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 60 people (40.8%) since the 2013 census. There were 93 males and 111 females in 102 dwellings. 1.4% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 54.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally).",380
229,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matapouri,Matapouri,"1.4% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 54.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 27 people (13.0%) aged under 15 years, 36 (17.4%) aged 15 to 29, 90 (43.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 57 (27.5%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 76.8% European (Pākehā); 37.7% Māori; 7.2% Pasifika; 1.4% Asian; 1.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.9% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as ""New Zealander"". English was spoken by 97.1%, Māori language by 17.4%, and other languages by 4.3%. No language could be spoken by 1.4% (e.g. too young to talk). The percentage of people born overseas was 11.6, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 40.6% Christian. People who answered that they had no religion were 52.2%, and 4.3% of people did not answer the census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 33 (18.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 96 (53.3%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 36 (20.0%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $32,000, compared with $41,500 nationally. 18 people (10.0%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 63 (35.0%) people were employed full-time, 39 (21.7%) were part-time, and 3 (1.7%) were unemployed.",397
230,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matapouri,Matapouri,"18 people (10.0%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 63 (35.0%) people were employed full-time, 39 (21.7%) were part-time, and 3 (1.7%) were unemployed. === Matapouri-Tutukākā statistical area ===
Matapouri-Tutukākā, which also includes Tutukaka, covers 78.53 km2 (30.32 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1,910 as of June 2025, with a population density of 24 people per km2. Matapouri-Tutukākā had a population of 1,860 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 159 people (9.3%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 489 people (35.7%) since the 2013 census. There were 921 males and 936 females in 768 dwellings. 1.5% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 52.1 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 267 people (14.4%) aged under 15 years, 216 (11.6%) aged 15 to 29, 903 (48.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 471 (25.3%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 90.5% European (Pākehā); 17.3% Māori; 2.3% Pasifika; 2.3% Asian; 1.1% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 3.2% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as ""New Zealander"". English was spoken by 98.2%, Māori language by 4.7%, and other languages by 9.7%.",394
231,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matapouri,Matapouri,"The results were 90.5% European (Pākehā); 17.3% Māori; 2.3% Pasifika; 2.3% Asian; 1.1% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 3.2% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as ""New Zealander"". English was spoken by 98.2%, Māori language by 4.7%, and other languages by 9.7%. No language could be spoken by 1.6% (e.g. too young to talk). The percentage of people born overseas was 22.9, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 25.0% Christian, 0.3% Hindu, 0.3% Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% Buddhist, 0.8% New Age, and 1.1% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 65.0%, and 7.3% of people did not answer the census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 372 (23.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 843 (52.9%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 246 (15.4%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $37,300, compared with $41,500 nationally. 222 people (13.9%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 654 (41.1%) people were employed full-time, 330 (20.7%) were part-time, and 21 (1.3%) were unemployed.",350
232,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matapouri,Matapouri,"222 people (13.9%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 654 (41.1%) people were employed full-time, 330 (20.7%) were part-time, and 21 (1.3%) were unemployed. == Amenities ==
Matapōuri Marae is a meeting ground for Ngāti Rehua, Ngāti Toki-ki-te-Moananui of Ngātiwai, and Te Whānau a Rangiwhaakahu of Te Āki Tai. It includes Te Tokomanawa o te Aroha meeting house. The present Matapouri Hall, based on a Keith Hay Homes design, was constructed on site in the 1970s. The hall has hosted organisations such as the Women's Institute as well as providing a place for church services, polling booths, social gatherings, New Years gala and other community events throughout the years. An earlier hall built in 1912 was demolished in 1970. == References ==
Citations

Works cited

""Whangarei District Growth Strategy"" (PDF). Whangarei District Council. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.",268
233,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islampur,_West_Bengal_Assembly_constituency","Islampur, West Bengal Assembly constituency","Islampur Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Uttar Dinajpur district in the Indian state of West Bengal. == Overview ==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 29 Islampur Assembly constituency covers Islampur municipality, and Agdimti Khanti, Gaisal I, Gaisal II, Gunjaria, Islampur, Matikunda I, Matikunda II, Panditpota I, Panditpota II, Ramganj I and Ramganj II gram panchayats of Islampur community development block. Islampur Assembly constituency is part of No. 5 Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency). It was earlier part of Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)


== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==


== Election results ==


=== 2026 ===


=== 2021 ===


=== 2019 by-election ===


=== 2016 ===


=== 2011 ===
In the 2011 election, Abdul Karim Chowdhury of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Sayeda Farhat Afroz of CPI(M). Kanaia Lal Agarwal, Chairman of Islampur municipality, run by the Congress, was the rebel Congress candidate who contested as an Independent from Islampur. He was suspended from the party but the Raiganj MP, Deepa Dasmunsi, campaigned for him. .# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress and CPI(M) vote percentages, as there was a rebel Congress candidate. === 1977-2006 ===
In the 2006 state assembly elections, Md. Faruque of CPI(M) won the Islampur assembly constituency defeating his nearest rival Abdul Karim Chowdhary of Trinamool Congress. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned.",385
234,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islampur,_West_Bengal_Assembly_constituency","Islampur, West Bengal Assembly constituency","Faruque of CPI(M) won the Islampur assembly constituency defeating his nearest rival Abdul Karim Chowdhary of Trinamool Congress. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Abdul Karim Chowdhary representing Trinamool Congress in 2001 and Congress in 1996 and 1991 defeated Md. Faruque Azam of CPI(M). Md. Faruque Azam of CPI(M) defeated Abdul Karim Chowdhary of Congress in 1987. Abdul Karim Chowdhary of Congress/ Independent defeated Md. Faiukazam of CPI(M) in 1982 and Goutam Gupta, Independent, in 1977. === 1951 ===
Although Islampur constituency was formed in West Bengal in 1977, it was a constituency in independent India's first election in 1951, when the area was part of Bihar. Chowdhary Mohamad Afaque of Congress won the Islampur seat in 1951. == See also ==
Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)


== References ==",222
235,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazara_Technologies,Nazara Technologies,"Nazara Technologies is an Indian video game development company that has business interests in mobile games, esports, and sports media. Founded in 1999, it is based in Mumbai, India, and through the years acquired several companies turned into subsidiaries, including WildWorks, Curve Games, and Sportskeeda. == History ==
Nazara Technologies was founded in Mumbai by Nitish Mittersain as an online gaming portal in 1999, a year prior to the dotcom bust. In 2002, it switched to providing mobile entertainment VAS for telecom operators, including WAP content downloads of comic strips and mobile games. Early likeness rights partnerships to deliver mobile content included those with Archie Comics, Sachin Tendulkar, MS Dhoni, and Cartoon Network. Nazara later expanded mobile games VAS into the Middle East and Africa, also becoming the licensed digital distributor of EA Mobile's games in these regions apart from South Asian countries. In 2015, Nazara obtained the license from Green Gold Animations to create mobile games based on Chhota Bheem animated television series. In 2016, Nazara tied up with Indian comics company Amar Chitra Katha to develop mobile games on Tinkle characters like Shikari Shambu. In 2018, Nazara acquired a majority stake in Nextwave Multimedia, a Chennai-based mobile game developer known for World Cricket Championship titles. It also acquired 55% stake in esports firm Nodwin Gaming. Nazara was planning to go public in 2018 and had obtained approval from the market regulators, but halted the process. In 2019, Nazara Technologies purchased a 67% stake in Sportskeeda for ₹44 crore. It acquired a 51% stake in Paper Boat Apps, the developer and publisher of gamified early learning app Kiddopia, for ₹83.5 crore in the same year. In March 2021, Nazara was listed on the NSE and BSE after its initial public offering.",392
236,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazara_Technologies,Nazara Technologies,"It acquired a 51% stake in Paper Boat Apps, the developer and publisher of gamified early learning app Kiddopia, for ₹83.5 crore in the same year. In March 2021, Nazara was listed on the NSE and BSE after its initial public offering. Later the same year, it acquired the Hyderabad-based real-money gaming company OpenPlay for ₹186 crore. In 2022, Nazara acquired a 55% stake in Datawrkz, an advertising technology company based in Bangalore, for ₹124 crore. Later that year, it bought out the US-based kids gaming company WildWorks for $10.4 million. In 2023, Nazara Technologies joined the All India Gaming Federation (AIGF) as a principal member. In 2024, Nazara acquired Comic Con India for ₹55 crore through its subsidiary Nodwin Gaming. On 8 Augus, 2024, it was announced that Nazara had acquired UK based Fusebox Games for $27.2 million. The company is known for making Love Island-themed games since 2018. In September 2024, Nazara Technologies acquired 47.7% stake in Moonshine Technology, the parent company of PokerBaazi for Rs 832 crore. As of the 2024 fiscal year, the company reported an increased revenue and net income, respectivaly at ₹1,138 crore (US$130 million) and ₹89 crore (US$11 million). In January 2025, Nazara Technologies bought two mobile games King of Thieves and CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars from Zeptolab for USD 7.7 million. In May 2025, Nazara Technologies acquired Smaaash Entertainment, an arcade franchise from India that was rebranded as Zoreko a year prior, which provides on-venue activities like bowling, go-karting, and arcade gaming, as well as dining and drinking.",395
237,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazara_Technologies,Nazara Technologies,"In January 2025, Nazara Technologies bought two mobile games King of Thieves and CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars from Zeptolab for USD 7.7 million. In May 2025, Nazara Technologies acquired Smaaash Entertainment, an arcade franchise from India that was rebranded as Zoreko a year prior, which provides on-venue activities like bowling, go-karting, and arcade gaming, as well as dining and drinking. Also in May 2025, Nazara Technologies acquired British indie game publisher Curve Games, whose released titles include Human: Fall Flat. == Subsidiaries ==


=== Sportskeeda ===

Sportskeeda is a global sports and esports media subsidiary of Nazara Technologies headquartered in Bangalore, India. It features news, articles, and live coverage of sports such as cricket, association football, American football, basketball, mixed martial arts, and professional wrestling. In 2009, the company was founded by Porush Jain. After a few months, the company raised an undisclosed amount of funding from angel investors. In 2011, an early stage venture capital funding company, Seedfund, invested ₹2.8 crore. In 2019, Nazara Technologies acquired a 67% stake in Sportskeeda for ₹44 crore, valuing Sportskeeda at ₹65 crore. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the company launched two video series: Freehit and SKlive, featuring interviews with prominent sportspeople. In May 2022, Nazara set up its subsidiary Sportskeeda Inc. in Delaware, US. In November 2022, Porush Jain resigned as CEO and Ajay Pratap Singh was promoted to take his place. In 2023, Sportskeeda acquired a 73.27% stake in Pro Football Network LLC, a US-based sports analysis website that covers the NFL and college football, for ₹16 crore (US$1.82 million).",394
238,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazara_Technologies,Nazara Technologies,"In November 2022, Porush Jain resigned as CEO and Ajay Pratap Singh was promoted to take his place. In 2023, Sportskeeda acquired a 73.27% stake in Pro Football Network LLC, a US-based sports analysis website that covers the NFL and college football, for ₹16 crore (US$1.82 million). In 2024, Nazara Technologies further acquired 19.35 % for ₹145.5 crore in Absolute Sports, the parent company of Sportskeeda, increasing its total ownership to 91%. In 2025, Nazara Technologies acquired Curve Games, the parent company of Sportskeeda, 100% for ₹247 crore, increasing its total ownership to 100%. == Games ==
World Cricket Championship
Kiddopia
Animal Jam Classic
Motu Patlu Run


== References ==


== External links ==
Official site",182
239,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Planters%27_Rifle_Corps,Ceylon Planters%27 Rifle Corps,"The Ceylon Planters Rifle Corps was a regiment of the Ceylon Defence Force, which existed between 1900 and 1949. It was a volunteer (reserve) regiment based in Kandy, made up of only Europeans that were tea and rubber planters of the hills of Sri Lanka. The regiment deployed personnel to fight in the Second Boer War, the First, and Second World Wars. == History ==
After the disbandment of the Ceylon Rifle Regiment (CRR) in 1873, some British planters and mercantile elite tried to form a volunteer infantry unit loosely known as the Matale Rifle Volunteer Corps but it was disbanded only months after its creation. In 1900, a new regiment named the Ceylon Planters Rifle Corps was established with its headquarters at Kandy; the officers and other ranks were made up of Europeans, who were tea and rubber planters in the central highlands of Ceylon. Its first commanding officer was Colonel R.N. Farquharson, a retired naval captain. The regiment was a volunteer regiment mobilized to respond to internal emergencies or for deployments overseas. The regiment's first deployment took place on 1 February 1900 when a detachment was sent to South Africa under the command of Major Murray-Menzies during the Second Boer War, seeing action in Cape Colony as well as at Drifontein, Johannesberg, Diamond Hill and Wittebergen, and earning the Queen's and the King's Medals with seven clasps. During the conflict, the detachment lost one officer (Lieutenant A.H. Thomas, killed in action) and seven other ranks. A second detachment was sent to South Africa in 1902 arriving just before hostilities ended, and did not see combat. The overall conduct of Ceylon troops received accolades from General Kitchener, Chief of Staff to Lord Roberts in South Africa, who affirmed, ""The Ceylon Contingent did very good work in South Africa I only wish we had more of them.""",399
240,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Planters%27_Rifle_Corps,Ceylon Planters%27 Rifle Corps,"A second detachment was sent to South Africa in 1902 arriving just before hostilities ended, and did not see combat. The overall conduct of Ceylon troops received accolades from General Kitchener, Chief of Staff to Lord Roberts in South Africa, who affirmed, ""The Ceylon Contingent did very good work in South Africa I only wish we had more of them."" During the First World War, the regiment sent a force of eight officers and 229 other ranks under the command of Major J. Hall Brown. The unit sailed for Egypt in October 1914, and was initially deployed in defence of the Suez Canal. The unit was later transferred to the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) and in mid-1915 was committed to the Gallipoli Campaign, landing at Anzac Cove ('Z' Beach) on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The CPRC also performed operational duties as providing guards to ANZAC headquarter staff, including the General Officer Commanding ANZAC, Lieutenant General William Birdwood, who remarked, ""I have an excellent guard of Ceylon Planters who are such a nice lot of fellows."" According to its onetime commanding officer, Colonel T.Y. Wright (1904–1912), the CPRC sustained overall losses of 80 killed and 99 wounded in the First World War. The CPRC was mobilized once more when World War II began in 1939. Although primarily deployed for home defence in Ceylon the CPRC was a source for officer reinforcements, providing an estimated 700 volunteers who were commissioned as officers in the British Army and British Indian Army. Between August 1940 and July 1942, the CPRC dispatched six contingents amounting to 172 soldiers as officer reinforcements to the Officer Training School at Belgaum, India. When Ceylon gained independence from Britain the Ceylon Planters Rifle Corps was disbanded on 11 April 1949 along with the Ceylon Defence Force, which led to the formation of the Ceylon Army.",394
241,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Planters%27_Rifle_Corps,Ceylon Planters%27 Rifle Corps,"Between August 1940 and July 1942, the CPRC dispatched six contingents amounting to 172 soldiers as officer reinforcements to the Officer Training School at Belgaum, India. When Ceylon gained independence from Britain the Ceylon Planters Rifle Corps was disbanded on 11 April 1949 along with the Ceylon Defence Force, which led to the formation of the Ceylon Army. == Recent years ==
In 1984, at the behest of planters in the highlands, the Sri Lanka Rifle Corps – consisting of two battalions – was created, modelled on the Ceylon Planters Rifle Corps. The battalions were raised in Pallekele and Neuchatel Estate Neboda, drawing their personnel from the highlands and the surrounding plantations, and since then the Rifle Corps has been deployed both in the central highlands and other parts of Sri Lanka in response to the civil war. == Honorary Colonels ==
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester


== Notable members ==
Colonel Thomas Yates Wright, MBE, VD - appointed member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon and the Senate of Ceylon and commanding officer of the Ceylon Planters' Rifle Corps
Major John William Oldfield, CMG, CBE, MC, ED - appointed member of the State Council of Ceylon and the Parliament of Ceylon. Major Ronald McClintock, MC - British World War I flying ace
Lieutenant Basil Blackett - British World War I flying ace
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Douglas Sutherland  - British Army officer of the First and Second world wars. Colonel C. B.",324
242,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Planters%27_Rifle_Corps,Ceylon Planters%27 Rifle Corps,"Major Ronald McClintock, MC - British World War I flying ace
Lieutenant Basil Blackett - British World War I flying ace
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Douglas Sutherland  - British Army officer of the First and Second world wars. Colonel C. B. 'Bosun' Loudoun-Shand, VD - commanding officer of the Ceylon Planters' Rifle Corps
Colonel George Bridges Stevens, CBE, VD - commanding officer of the Ceylon Planters' Rifle Corps
Gerald Gardner - Author


== References ==


== External links and sources ==
Cap badge, collar badges, shoulder titles, large and small button
Sri Lanka Army
Sri Lanka Rifle Corps
[1]
[2]
Ceylon Defence Force
[3]
regiments.org
[4]",174
243,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Winifred_West,Barbara Winifred West,"Barbara ""Bar"" Winifred West (9 November 1913 – 4 November 2014) was a British hockey player, coach, and administrator. She and her twin Bridget West played Hockey for England and she was involved with British hockey for 50 years. == Life ==
West was born in Rugby in 1913, twenty minutes before her identical sister, Bridget. She had two other sisters and in time a half brother. She was known as ""Bar"". Her father Francis Charles Bartholomew (Frank) West, a vicar’s son was called to the bar. He was of independent means and never practised. Her mother had attended Newnham College. Her father died as a soldier when she was a child. Her mother remarried and they had another son, Roger. She trained to be a teacher at Froebel Institute in Roehampton. She then taught at Bartram Gables School, Downes School and Brighton and Hove High School. She taught at Chelsea College of Physical Education in Eastbourne for 22 years where she also coached. In her spare time she was a leader for the Girl Guides. She was a member of the Women's Institutes and she helped her village of Alfriston to become the Best kept village competition. West died in East Surrey Hospital in 2014 at the age of 100. == Hockey ==
She toured New Zealand as part of the England women's hockey team in 1938 when they won all of their fifteen matches. During the war she told the story of how a school game was interrupted when a passing German plane decide to machine gun the players. The only injury was a nettle sting as one girl dived for cover. After the war she played hockey for England touring the USA in 1947. The team included her sister Bridget West and Mary Russell Vick. They played 18 matches on that tour with one goalkeeper confused when two identical players both had a try at scoring a goal.",391
244,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Winifred_West,Barbara Winifred West,The team included her sister Bridget West and Mary Russell Vick. They played 18 matches on that tour with one goalkeeper confused when two identical players both had a try at scoring a goal. The sisters were lifelong chums and in 1971 they were asked to look after the klaxon during a Scotland-England hockey match. They were so engrossed in the game that they forget to ring the klaxon and Scotland won the game 2-1. West acted as a selector and a coach. The goalkeeper Hazel Feltwell and the forward Val Robinson were two of her mentees. == References ==,123
245,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sun,The Moon and the Sun,"The Moon and the Sun is a novel by American writer Vonda N. McIntyre, published in 1997. The book combines two major genres: science fiction (specifically the alternate history subgenre) and historical romance. It won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1997, beating out A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin. The novel was inspired by the short story (written in the form of a faux-encyclopedia article) ""The Natural History and Extinction of the People of the Sea"", also by McIntyre, which was illustrated by fellow author Ursula K. Le Guin. The novel was re-released as The King’s Daughter in 2021 as a tie-in with the film of that name based on the book. == Plot summary ==
Set in 17th-century France at the court of the Sun King, King Louis XIV, the young, colony-raised, naïve Mademoiselle Marie-Josèphe de la Croix is the lady-in-waiting to King Louis XIV's niece. Her brother, Father Yves de la Croix (a natural philosopher and explorer), has recently returned from a mission commissioned by the king: to bring back the endangered sea monster whose flesh is rumoured to give the consumer immortality. Father Yves brings back two specimens: one, a dead male sea monster covered in sawdust and ice; the other, a live female sea monster placed in the Apollo fountain in the Palace of Versailles. Acting as her brother's assistant, sketching the dead sea monster's dissection, and caring for the live specimen, Marie-Josèphe soon realizes the creature is not a sea monster, but a sea woman. Thus, Marie-Josèphe tries to convince the others at court, including her brother, that the sea woman is intelligent and hopefully free her.",382
246,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sun,The Moon and the Sun,"Acting as her brother's assistant, sketching the dead sea monster's dissection, and caring for the live specimen, Marie-Josèphe soon realizes the creature is not a sea monster, but a sea woman. Thus, Marie-Josèphe tries to convince the others at court, including her brother, that the sea woman is intelligent and hopefully free her. Unfortunately, only Marie-Josèphe can understand the sea woman (now called Sherzad) and her musical way of talking. As a result, the court ignores her. They bleed her for hysteria, the pope openly shows outrage over the impropriety of her composing a cantata, and several court men harass her on the King's hunt. At the same time, her slave Odelette (really called Haleed) struggles to gain her freedom. Only the stoic Count Lucien believes Marie-Josèphe about the sea woman, calmly taking the sea woman and Marie-Josèphe's scientific endeavors in stride. In order to save her own life, Sherzad, the sea monster, offers the king the location of a sunken treasure ship in return for her freedom. But despite the discovery of Spanish gold found from the wreck, the king intends to keep Sherzad and eat her, the lure of immortality being too strong. Marie-Josèphe and Count Lucien (whom she has fallen in love with) plot secretly to release Sherzad, defying the pope, their king and her brother. Their attempt fails, but Yves (finally realizing Sherzad's sentience and its repercussions on his actions) aids them in finally releasing Sherzad. In the end, Marie-Josèphe and Count Lucien are exiled, but Sherzad, who had declared vengeance on all humanity, showers them with forgotten sunken treasures in gratitude.",388
247,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sun,The Moon and the Sun,"Their attempt fails, but Yves (finally realizing Sherzad's sentience and its repercussions on his actions) aids them in finally releasing Sherzad. In the end, Marie-Josèphe and Count Lucien are exiled, but Sherzad, who had declared vengeance on all humanity, showers them with forgotten sunken treasures in gratitude. == Main character profiles ==
Marie-Josèphe de la Croix - Lady-in-waiting to King Louis XIV's niece and the younger sister of Father Yves de la Croix. She is an amateur composer and lover of mathematics who was Convent-raised and, at first, naïve. As assistant to her brother in his scientific endeavors (mainly as a sketcher of specimens), she also shares her brother's interests in natural philosophy. She befriends the sea monster, later called Sherzad, and being the only one able to understand the sea monster, becomes her translator. Father Yves de la Croix  - Marie-Josèphe's older brother. A Jesuit priest and King Louis's natural philosopher, he recently returned from an expedition commissioned by the King to find the legendary sea monster – the possible key to immortality. He is stuck between his religious obligations, his scientific endeavors, and his own pride. Yves is later revealed to be a bastard son of King Louis and thus Marie-Josèphe's half-brother. Count Lucien de Chretien - A dwarf who is an open Atheist and King Louis’ most trusted advisor. The epitome of etiquette, he is Marie-Josèphe's love interest. He is stuck between his kindling feelings for Marie-Josèphe and his duty to his beloved King.",359
248,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sun,The Moon and the Sun,"The epitome of etiquette, he is Marie-Josèphe's love interest. He is stuck between his kindling feelings for Marie-Josèphe and his duty to his beloved King. Sherzad (the sea creature/sea woman) - One of the last sea monsters in the world, she is captured by Father Yves de la Croix and caged in the Apollo fountain in the Versailles for King Louis XIV. Her flesh is rumored to make the eater immortal. Her saliva is able to heal wounds, though this fact is not realized by the other characters. She has two tails, tangled hair, and a gargoyle face, as well as an enchanting voice, the music of which is her way of communicating. However, she can only communicate with Marie-Josèphe. She later vows vengeance on all humanity. == Awards and recognitions ==
Nebula Award for Best Novel (1997)
A Publishers Weekly Best Book of 1997
1997 Locus Recommended Book
James Tiptree Jr. Award Short-List choice
Intergalactic Award for Best Novel (1997)
Seiun Award nominee (2001)


== Film adaptation ==

A film adaptation was first planned in 1999 by producer Michael London. London brought the project to Jim Henson Pictures, who said he was drawn to ""the weird juxtaposition (of) a completely imagined creature in this very specific historical world."" The film was set to be directed by Christopher Renshaw, which would've been his feature film debut, and written by Laura Harrington with McIntyre's involvement. Stephanie Allain and Kristine Belson would executive producer from Jim Henson Pictures. Film producer Bill Mechanic later joined production and brought the film to Walt Disney Pictures after signing a five-year deal with the company in December 2001.",373
249,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sun,The Moon and the Sun,"Stephanie Allain and Kristine Belson would executive producer from Jim Henson Pictures. Film producer Bill Mechanic later joined production and brought the film to Walt Disney Pictures after signing a five-year deal with the company in December 2001. Mechanic planned for the film to start pre-production in early 2002, with Natalie Portman to star and James Schamus to revise the script, with Gregory Hoblit to possibly direct. Following Sony breaking from the joint venture of Jim Henson Pictures in 1999, the film would be produced by The Jim Henson Company instead. In August 2013, it was announced that Sean McNamara would direct the film, and that casting included Pierce Brosnan as King Louis XIV, Fan Bingbing as the mermaid, and Bill Nighy as Pere de Chaise, a character created for the movie. Nighy pulled out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and was replaced by William Hurt weeks before filming. The film began production on April 23, 2014, at Victoria, Australia, along with Docklands Studios Melbourne. Additional filming also took place in Versailles, France. Mechanic had also revised the script with Barry Berman and Ronald Bass. Chinese film company Kylin Films invested $20.5 million into the movie, making it China's biggest financial contribution to a non-studio film produced outside China. Paramount Pictures acquired US distribution rights and set the movie for wide release on April 10, 2015, with international sales being handled by Good Universe. However, three weeks before the film's release, the film was pulled from its schedule. A source close to the film claimed that the film needed more time to complete the special effects work. In October 2021, it was announced that Gravitas Ventures acquired distribution rights to the film, and set it for a January 21, 2022, release. == References ==


== External links ==
The Moon and the Sun title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database",395
250,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Roman_Catholic_Church_Complex,Saints Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church Complex,"Saints Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church Complex is located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 for its architectural significance. Saints Peter and Paul parish was created in 1889, a response to the upper east side's rapidly growing German immigrant population during the 1880s and 90s, at the direction of Milwaukee's vicar general, the Right Reverend Leonard Batz. The parish began with forty-three families, and they initially worshiped in a temporary chapel on the corner of East Bradford and North Cramer Streets, while the permanent church was being built nearby. The church building was designed by Henry Messmer of Milwaukee in Romanesque Revival style, with rusticated limestone foundations supporting cream brick walls. The general form is a large gable roof with a square centered tower at the front (pictured). High in the tower is a rose window, above that a belfry clad in ornamental sheet metal, and then a slate-roofed spire topped with a Latin cross. Across the front is a brick narthex added in 1939. The church's sides feature round-arched stained-glass windows. At the back is a semi-octagonal apse. The nave inside is little-changed from the 1800s, with the original oak pews, a plaster barrel vault ceiling, and the original Baroque-styled carved wood reredos. The cornerstone was laid in 1890 and the church was dedicated in 1892. The convent was built in 1889, before the current church. It is a 2+1⁄2-story building designed by Herman Paul Schnetzky of Milwaukee in simplified Romanesque Revival style. The current rectory behind the church was originally built in 1890 as the parish's elementary school. This building also was designed by Messmer, but in Neoclassical style, with a rusticated limestone foundation, cream brick walls above that, and a hip roof.",397
251,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Roman_Catholic_Church_Complex,Saints Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church Complex,"The current rectory behind the church was originally built in 1890 as the parish's elementary school. This building also was designed by Messmer, but in Neoclassical style, with a rusticated limestone foundation, cream brick walls above that, and a hip roof. Above the centered entrance is a lunette window. In 1912 the building was converted to a rectory. The second elementary school was built in 1912, a 2+1⁄2-story Romanesque Revival building designed by Erhard Brielmaier and Sons in a style rather old-fashioned for 1912, to match the other buildings. The building has some Gothic-style decorations, and an oculus in each gable. Inside, the rooms have hardwood floors and plastered walls. The parish added a three-story elementary school in 1956. The school is not included in the National Register nomination. The complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance. Each building is a distinct design, but other than the 1956 school, they harmonize in materials and era, and together, the turn-of-the-century buildings are remarkably intact. == References ==",235
252,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Flammer,Josef Flammer,"Josef Flammer (born April 21, 1948) is a Swiss ophthalmologist and long-time director of the Eye Clinic at Basel University Hospital. Flammer is a glaucoma specialist who developed a new pathogenetic concept of glaucomatous damage according to which unstable blood supply leads to oxidative stress, which in turn plays a major role in apoptosis (cell death) of cells in the optic nerve and retina in glaucoma patients. == Scientific works ==
Flammer's scientific and medical endeavors were generally interdisciplinary. His first research focus was automatic perimetry for which he established normal values; he studied short term and long term fluctuations of the human visual field and described influencing factors. Together with Hans Bebie he developed the so-called Bebie curve, which plays a major role in the diagnosis of visual field loss due to glaucoma, he introduced the visual field indices. Flammer was one of the first researchers to demonstrate systemic side effects of locally administered beta blockers (i.e. eye drops) in ophthalmology. Flammer and his collaborators found that intraocular pressure variation is as important for the development of glaucoma, one of the main causes of blindness worldwide, as a constantly elevated intraocular pressure, long considered the main, if not the only, cause of glaucoma. In numerous research projects he demonstrated that glaucoma could be caused by a dysregulation of ocular blood flow, even at normal levels of intraocular pressure. Flammer discovered that vasospasms in the eye are a manifestation of a general vasospastic syndrome. Later, he noted that such spasms are only the tip of the iceberg and an indication of a much more generalized vascular dysregulation in the human body. This increases the risk of eye disease, in particular of normal tension glaucoma.",381
253,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Flammer,Josef Flammer,"Later, he noted that such spasms are only the tip of the iceberg and an indication of a much more generalized vascular dysregulation in the human body. This increases the risk of eye disease, in particular of normal tension glaucoma. Flammer noted that people with a primary vascular dysregulation have other symptoms and signs; this led to the establishment of the term Flammer syndrome. Flammer also demonstrated the relationship between eye disease and heart disease. In numerous laboratory studies, he contributed to the understanding of the role of endothelin - which according to his studies regulates retinal venous pressure - and nitric oxide in ocular perfusion. He also described the pathogenic role of ocular blood flow in retinitis pigmentosa. == Publishing and education ==
In addition to hundreds of original papers, Flammer is the author of several books. His book ""Glaucoma"", intended for the general public, has so far been published in 22 languages and went through 30 different editions; ""Glaucoma"" is thus considered the world's most widely used non-fiction book on this ocular disease. His ""Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology"" has received praise for demonstrating the role of chemistry and physics in modern ophthalmological diagnostics and therapies. The Basel Eye Clinic organizes each year - as initiated by Flammer - one of the most renowned conferences for ophthalmologists in Europe, the Basel Ophthalmo Meeting. == Writings (by him, selection) ==
Josef Flammer, Maneli Mozaffarieh, Hans Bebie: Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology: Physics and Chemistry. Springer, Heidelberg and New York 2013. ISBN 978-3-642-32260-0. Josef Flammer: Glaucoma: A Guide for Patients, An Introduction for Care Providers, A Quick Reference.",382
254,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Flammer,Josef Flammer,"ISBN 978-3-642-32260-0. Josef Flammer: Glaucoma: A Guide for Patients, An Introduction for Care Providers, A Quick Reference. Hogrefe and Huber Publishing, Berne, Switzerland 2006. 978-0889373426
Flammer J, Konieczka K, Bruno RM, Virdis A, Flammer AJ, Taddei S. The eye and the heart. Eur Heart J 34,1270-1278 (2013) [Epub 2013]
M. Mozaffarieh, J. Flammer: New insights in the pathogenesis and treatment of normal tension glaucoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013 Feb;13(1):43-49. Josef Flammer: The role of ocular blood flow in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous damage. US Ophthalmic Review 4(2):84-87 (2011)
Maneli Mozzafarieh, Josef Flammer: Ocular Blood Flow and Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy. Springer, Heidelberg und New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-69442-7


== Literature ==
Ronald D. Gerste [Article in German]: Normaldruckglaukom und vaskuläre Dysregulationen: Augenleiden mit Tinnitus und kalten Extremitäten. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2014; 111:A 308. Ronald D. Gerste [Article in German]: Wie ein kalter Händedruck Medizingeschichte schrieb. [How a cold handshake was making medical history]. Schweizer Ärztezeitung 2018; 99:118-120. Kunin A, Polivka J Jr, Moiseeva N et al.",394
255,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Flammer,Josef Flammer,"Schweizer Ärztezeitung 2018; 99:118-120. Kunin A, Polivka J Jr, Moiseeva N et al. :""Dry mouth"" and ""Flammer"" syndromes-neglected risks in adolescents and new concepts by predictive, preventive and personalised approach. EPMA Journal 2018, 2;9(3):307-317. Konieczka K, Erb C: Diseases potentially related to Flammer syndrome. EPMA J. 2017 Sep 13;8(4):327-332
Peter Meyer [Article in German]: Geschichte der Universitäts-Augenklinik Basel. [History of the University Eye Clinic Basel] In: 100 Jahre SOG und die Entwicklung der Schweizer Augenheilkunde. Le Centenaire de la SSO et le développement de l'Ophthalmologie en Suisse. Ed.by Ulrike Novotny and Albert Franceschetti, Horw (Switzerland) 2007. == References ==


== External links ==
Flammer's research on glaucoma
Flammer's ""Glaucoma"", so far published in 24 different languages
Website on Flammer syndrome
Scientific article on the discovery of Flammer syndrome",279
256,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Hackett,Buddy Hackett,"Buddy Hackett (born Leonard Hacker; August 31, 1924 – June 30, 2003) was an American comedian and comic actor. Known for his raunchy material, heavy appearance and thick New York City accent, his notable roles include Marcellus Washburn in The Music Man (1962), Benjy Benjamin in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Tennessee Steinmetz in The Love Bug (1968) and the voice of Scuttle in The Little Mermaid (1989). He was also a frequent guest on TV game shows and variety shows. == Early life ==
Leonard Hacker was one of two children, born into a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, to Anna (née Geller), who worked in the garment trades, and father, Philip Hacker, a furniture upholsterer and part-time inventor. Hackett grew up across from Public School 103 on 54th Street and 14th Avenue in Borough Park, Brooklyn, and was active in varsity football and drama club at New Utrecht High School. Hackett suffered from Bell's palsy as a child, the lingering effects of which contributed to his distinctive slurred speech and facial expression. While still a student, Hackett worked as a ""tummler"" (Yiddish for ""tumult maker"") entertaining guests in the Catskills Borscht Belt resorts. While there, he began performing stand-up comedy in the resort nightclubs as ""Butch Hacker"". He appeared first at the Golden Hotel in Hurleyville, New York, claiming later he did not get one single laugh. Following his graduation from high school in 1942, Hackett enlisted in the United States Army and served during World War II for three years in an anti-aircraft battery. == Career ==
Hackett's first job after the war was at the Pink Elephant, a Brooklyn club.",387
257,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Hackett,Buddy Hackett,"Following his graduation from high school in 1942, Hackett enlisted in the United States Army and served during World War II for three years in an anti-aircraft battery. == Career ==
Hackett's first job after the war was at the Pink Elephant, a Brooklyn club. It was here that he changed his name from Leonard Hacker to Buddy Hackett. He made appearances in Los Angeles and Las Vegas, and continued to perform in the Catskills. He acted on Broadway, in Lunatics and Lovers, where Max Liebman saw him and put him in two television specials. Hackett's movie career began in 1950 with a 10-minute ""World of Sports"" reel for Columbia Pictures called King of the Pins. The film demonstrated championship bowling techniques, with expert Joe Wilman demonstrating the right way and Hackett (in pantomime) exemplifying the wrong way. There was an anecdote that, because of this appearance, Hackett received an offer to join the Three Stooges from Jules White, the head of Columbia short subject department, in 1952. Curly Howard had suffered a debilitating stroke in 1946; his older brother Shemp Howard was intended to replace him only on a temporary basis until he fully recovered, but Curly died in January 1952. It was said Hackett even joined Moe Howard and Larry Fine for a rehearsal, but turned down the offer eventually when he felt he did not fit with the act's comedy style and wanted to develop his own style as a solo act. Some later dismissed the story as either untrue or unfounded, despite Hackett telling Johnny Carson that it was, in fact, true. Hackett would not return to movies until 1953, after one of his nightclub routines attracted attention. With a rubber band around his head to slant his eyes, Hackett's ""The Chinese Waiter"" lampooned the frustration and communication problems encountered by a busy waiter in a Chinese restaurant.",390
258,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Hackett,Buddy Hackett,"Hackett would not return to movies until 1953, after one of his nightclub routines attracted attention. With a rubber band around his head to slant his eyes, Hackett's ""The Chinese Waiter"" lampooned the frustration and communication problems encountered by a busy waiter in a Chinese restaurant. The routine was such a hit that Hackett made a recording of it, and was hired to reprise it in the Universal-International musical Walking My Baby Back Home (1953), in which he was third-billed under Donald O'Connor and Janet Leigh. Hackett was an emergency replacement for the similarly built Lou Costello in 1954. Abbott and Costello were set to make a feature-length comedy Fireman, Save My Child, featuring Spike Jones and His City Slickers. Several scenes had been shot with stunt doubles when Costello was forced to withdraw due to illness. Universal-International salvaged the project by hiring Hugh O'Brian and Hackett to take over the Abbott and Costello roles with Jones and his band becoming the main attraction. Hackett became known to a wider audience when he appeared on television in the 1950s and 60s as a frequent guest on variety talk shows hosted by Jack Paar and Arthur Godfrey, telling brash, often off-color jokes, and mugging at the camera. Hackett was a frequent guest on both the Jack Paar and the Johnny Carson versions of The Tonight Show. His regular guest appearances on Jack Paar's Tonight Show in the early 1960s were rewarded with a coveted appearance on Paar's final Tonight program on March 29, 1962. He also appeared as a panelist and mystery guest on CBS-TV's What's My Line? and filled in as emcee for the game show Treasure Hunt. He made fifteen guest appearances on NBC-TV's The Perry Como Show between 1955 and 1961.",378
259,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Hackett,Buddy Hackett,"and filled in as emcee for the game show Treasure Hunt. He made fifteen guest appearances on NBC-TV's The Perry Como Show between 1955 and 1961. He appeared with his roommate Lenny Bruce on the Patrice Munsel Show (1957-1958), calling their comedy duo the ""Not Ready for Prime Time Players,"" twenty years before the cast of Saturday Night Live used the same name. Hackett starred as the title character on NBC's Stanley, a 1956–57 situation comedy which ran for 19 weeks on Monday evenings at 8:30 pm ET. The half-hour series also featured a young Carol Burnett and the voice of Paul Lynde. The Max Liebman-produced program aired live before a studio audience and was one of the last sitcoms from New York to do so. Stanley revolved around the adventures of the titular character (Hackett) as the operator of a newsstand in a posh New York City hotel. Hackett appeared in two episodes on ABC's The Rifleman: ""Bloodlines"" (1959) and ""The Clarence Bibs Story"" (1961). He appeared many times on the game show Hollywood Squares in the late 1960s and 1970s. In one episode, Hackett (who was Jewish) was asked which country had the highest ratio of doctors to populace; he answered Israel, or in his words, ""The country with the most Jews."" Despite the audience roaring with laughter (and Hackett's own belief that the actual answer was Sweden), the answer turned out to be correct. Hackett appeared opposite Robert Preston in the film adaptation of The Music Man (1962). In It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Hackett was paired with Mickey Rooney, with whom he had also recently made Everything's Ducky (1961), in which they played two sailors who smuggle a talking duck aboard a Navy ship.",389
260,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Hackett,Buddy Hackett,"Hackett appeared opposite Robert Preston in the film adaptation of The Music Man (1962). In It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Hackett was paired with Mickey Rooney, with whom he had also recently made Everything's Ducky (1961), in which they played two sailors who smuggle a talking duck aboard a Navy ship. Children became familiar with him as lovable hippie auto mechanic Tennessee Steinmetz in Disney's The Love Bug (1968). In 1964, he had a stint on Broadway, appearing with Richard Kiley in I Had a Ball. In the 1970s, Hackett published a book of poetry entitled The Naked Mind of Buddy Hackett, made frequent appearances on Johnny Carson's Tonight Show until Carson's retirement in 1992, delivered a dramatic performance as Lou Costello in the television movie Bud and Lou opposite Harvey Korman as Bud Abbott, and narrated the Rankin/Bass Christmas special Jack Frost (1979). Hackett appeared regularly in TV ads for Tuscan Dairy popsicles and yogurt throughout this decade, with his most famous television campaign being for Lay's potato chips (""Nobody can eat just one! ""), running from 1968 to 1971. In 1980, he starred in the film Hey Babe! and hosted a syndicated revival of the 1950–61 Groucho Marx quiz show You Bet Your Life until its cancellation one year later. Hackett also appeared on The Big Valley. The Love Boat, Murder, She Wrote, L.A. Law, and in two episodes of The Fall Guy. He guest-starred on the Space Rangers episode ""To Be Or Not To Be"" as has-been comedian Lenny Hacker, a parody of his stage persona. He also did uncensored stand-up comedy specials for HBO. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Hackett was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.",383
261,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Hackett,Buddy Hackett,"He also did uncensored stand-up comedy specials for HBO. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Hackett was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2000, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. In April 1998, Hackett guest starred in an episode of LateLine called ""Buddy Hackett"". The episode focused on a news broadcast paying tribute to Hackett following his death, only to discover that the report of his death was a mistake. Robert Reich and Dick Gephardt also appeared in the episode, paying tribute to Hackett, by singing along to Hackett's rendition of Shipoopi from The Music Man. In his final years, Hackett had a recurring spot called ""Tuesdays with Buddy"" on The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn in which he shared stories of his career and delivered some of his comedic routines. In 1999, he appeared in 13 episodes of Fox's Action TV series as a security guard and chauffeur named Lonnie Dragon. In 2021, Hackett was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. == Personal life ==
On June 12, 1955, Hackett married Sherry Cohen. They lived in Leonia, New Jersey, in the late 1950s. In August 1958, they bought the house previously owned by deceased crime boss Albert Anastasia in Fort Lee, New Jersey. After renovations, they moved in and lived there through most of the 1960s. In 2003, Hackett and his wife established the Singita Animal Sanctuary in California's San Fernando Valley. Hackett's son, Sandy, followed his father into the comedy world, and for years opened for his father before his performances. Sandy created a one-man stage show about his father after his death. He was an avid firearms collector and owned a large collection that he sold off in his later years.",387
262,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Hackett,Buddy Hackett,"Sandy created a one-man stage show about his father after his death. He was an avid firearms collector and owned a large collection that he sold off in his later years. == Death ==
In the early 1990s, Hackett was diagnosed with severe heart disease, but steadfastly refused to consider bypass surgery. His heart disease was the primary cause of his death on June 30, 2003, at his beach house in Malibu, California, at the age of 78. His son, comedian Sandy Hackett, said his father had been suffering from diabetes for several years and suffered a stroke nearly a week before his death, which also may have contributed to his demise. == Discography ==
How You Do (Coral Records CRL 757422)
The Original Chinese Waiter (Dot 3351, reissued as Pickwick SPC 3198)
Ba-Lert


== Filmography ==


=== Features ===


=== Short subjects ===


== References ==


== External links ==
Disney Legends profile
The final days: Buddy Hackett's last interview Archived January 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
Buddy Hackett at IMDb
Buddy Hackett at the Internet Broadway Database 
Premiere: Hecta Sample Buddy Hackett for Their Eerie Dance Track, ""The Concept""",276
263,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee,Murnau am Staffelsee,"Murnau am Staffelsee (often shortened to Murnau) is a market town in the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in the Oberbayern region of Bavaria, Germany. The market originated in the 12th century around Murnau Castle. Murnau is on the edge of the Bavarian Alps, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) south of Munich. Directly to its west is the Staffelsee lake and to the south are the peaks and ridges of the Ammergau Alps beginning with the Hörnle and extending up to the Ettaler Manndl, southwest of the Wetterstein. This mountain range is formed by the Zugspitze and the Alpspitze in the south as well as the Estergebirge with their striking Kistenkar and the Walchensee mountains including Heimgarten and Herzogstand in the southeast. To the south, the  is the largest continuous wetland of its kind in Central Europe. == History ==
The area around Murnau was already settled in pre-Christian times. From the reign of Septimius Severus, a Roman road called Via Raetia led above the Brenner Pass and Seefeld Saddle through the upper Isar-Loisachtal valleys all the way to Augsburg. The road continued under the name Via Imperii as an imperial road and trade route until the 19th century. Signs of Celtic and Roman settlements have been found on the now-eroded moss area around the Moosberg in the Murnauer Moos. At that time Murnau was no more than a stopping-off point for travellers, called Murau or Mureau. The name Murnau comes from Mure (""mudslide"") and Aue (""meadow""), referring to the Murnauer Moos and Loisachtal.",388
264,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee,Murnau am Staffelsee,"At that time Murnau was no more than a stopping-off point for travellers, called Murau or Mureau. The name Murnau comes from Mure (""mudslide"") and Aue (""meadow""), referring to the Murnauer Moos and Loisachtal. === Middle Ages ===
Murnau was first documented in 1150. The first official mention of the church of Saint Nicholas was in a document of 1300, and the castle (Schlossmuseum) is first mentioned in 1324. In 1350 Louis V, Duke of Bavaria granted Murnau the Blutbann (the right of high justice), the Niederlagerecht (the staple right), and the right to hold a market weekly on Wednesdays and at Michaelmas. It retains the title of ""Markt"" (""market"") to this day. === Modern era ===
From 1632 to 1648, Murnau was occupied by Swedish and French troops during the Thirty Years' War. Plague broke out in 1634. The church of Saint Nikolaus was rebuilt between 1717 and 1734. In 1722 the town was granted the right to hold the Leonhardimarkt and Skapuliermarkt fairs. In 1803 the Ettal Abbey was dissolved, the office of Pfleger was abolished and Murnau was assigned to the district court of Weilheim. The town suffered a major fire in 1835 and subsequently was almost completely rebuilt, leading to the enclosed townscape seen today. In 1879 the Weilheim to Murnau railway opened. Ten years later in 1889 the connection to Garmisch opened, followed by the line to Oberammergau in 1900.",356
265,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee,Murnau am Staffelsee,"In 1879 the Weilheim to Murnau railway opened. Ten years later in 1889 the connection to Garmisch opened, followed by the line to Oberammergau in 1900. === 20th century ===
In 1908 two pairs of artists (Gabriele Münter and Vassily Kandinsky; and Marianne von Werefkin and Alexej Jawlensky) stayed in Murnau at the same time to paint together. Through their pictures of Murnau and its scenery, which they continued to paint until 1914, the market town became famous to a worldwide art audience. In the history of art, this period before the First World War is called the ""Murnau Era"". This period is directly connected to these four artists and marks stylistically the development from expressionism to abstract art. Today, the Münter-Haus (""Russian House""), where Münter moved in 1909 with Kandinsky, is one of the most prominent cultural attractions of Murnau; as is also the Castle Museum with its art collection. From 1923 to 1933 the author Ödön von Horváth lived and worked in Murnau; he was an opponent of the Nazis. In 1924 a private girls' high school (later a Gymnasium) was founded. A new hospital, founded by Dr. hc James Loeb, was built in 1932. Some citizens of Murnau took part in Hitler's putsch in Munich and received the Blood Order. During the Nazi era, Murnau received a garrison of mountain troops for the first time. During World War II, Polish officers were imprisoned in the Werdenfelser barracks, which housed the Oflag VII-A POW camp. In 1941, the Oflag 57 POW camp was established in Murnau, but was soon relocated to Ostrołęka in German-occupied Poland. Christoph Probst was born and raised in Murnau.",399
266,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee,Murnau am Staffelsee,"In 1941, the Oflag 57 POW camp was established in Murnau, but was soon relocated to Ostrołęka in German-occupied Poland. Christoph Probst was born and raised in Murnau. In Munich he joined the White Rose an anti-Nazi group. The Gestapo arrested a few of its inner circle. Along with the Geschwister Scholl, the 23-years-old Probst was found guilty after a two-hour trial, and beheaded by guillotine the same day February 22, 1943. After the Second World War, the town was part of West Germany. In 1953 the trade association's accident clinic opened in the southeast of the town, and has since been regularly expanded. The Goethe Institute opened its gates in 1954, and in 1956 and in 1971 the barracks were occupied by the army again. Numerous country houses, including some villas and a sports hall, which was built by Emanuel von Seidl, were demolished in the 1960s and 70s. The Staffelsee high school was extended to a full school in 1967. On 1 July 1972 Murnau was separated from the administrative district of Weilheim and transferred to that of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. On 12 March 1979 the name of the municipality of Murnau was officially changed to Murnau am Staffelsee. In 1979 a youth centre was opened, and in 2006 it acquired its own building, the Erlhaus, named after its founder. In 1980 The Murnauer Moss became a nature reserve. In 1993 the Castle Museum opened. From 1998 to 2000 Murnau's historic centre underwent restoration. The redesigned Münterhaus reopened in 1999. In 2000 the pedestrian zone and the underground car park were inaugurated.",363
267,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee,Murnau am Staffelsee,"The redesigned Münterhaus reopened in 1999. In 2000 the pedestrian zone and the underground car park were inaugurated. Murnau is also a garrison location for the German army: it was a location of the 22nd Mountain Infantry Brigade 22; from 1981 the 22nd Armoured Infantry Brigade, and later the 22nd Tank Brigade which was part of the 1st Mountain Infantry Division in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. On 21 March 1993 this association was dissolved. Since 1966 Murnau has also accommodated a distance registration battalion. First founded as the mountain distant registration company 8 (1956) in Mittenwald, the mountain distant registration battalion 8 (later renamed as Gebirgsfernmeldelehrbataillon 8, afterwards Gebirgsstabsfernmeldelehrbataillon 8) moved to Murnau, where it has been stationed until 31 March 1994 in the former Kemmel barracks (named after a mountain in Belgium). On 1 April 1994 they moved to the substantially smaller but more modern Werdenfelser barracks on the northern edge of Murnau. Since the 1 January 1996 Murnau soldiers are represented regularly in international missions of the German army (IFOR, SFOR, EUFOR, FOX TERRIER TF, KFOR, ISAF). Initially, according to the structural plans of the army, the base Murnau should have been dissolved completely. In the end, only the driving school company was disbanded. Since the publication of the stationing concept in November 2004 there is a stable structure for the Werdenfelser barracks. In addition the 5th company of the 451th military police battalion and the Murnau medical unit are stationed in the Werdenfelser barracks. === 21st century ===

In 2001 the new health resort park (Kurpark), the Münter-Platz and the new Staffelsee high school were inaugurated.",398
268,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee,Murnau am Staffelsee,"In addition the 5th company of the 451th military police battalion and the Murnau medical unit are stationed in the Werdenfelser barracks. === 21st century ===

In 2001 the new health resort park (Kurpark), the Münter-Platz and the new Staffelsee high school were inaugurated. In 2002 Murnau acquired the area of the former Kemmel barracks, which is now called Kemmelpark. Currently the area is being transformed into a trade park and residential park. In 2006 Goethe Institute closed and was demolished. Since autumn 2009 three semi-detached houses have been built on its site. Since 9 December 2008, the assembly hall of the Staffelsee high school bears the name of the writer Ödön von Horvath. === Incorporations ===
On 1 July 1974 the independent municipality Weindorf was integrated. In January 1978 parts of the municipalities called Riegsee and Seehausen were added. On 1 May 1978 the incorporation of the village Hechendorf forms the final point. === Residential development ===


=== Blazon ===
The coat of arms shows a green dragon with a red tongue and claws on silver background. Its body is turned to the right but its head is pointing backwards to the left. When the dragon first appears in the Murnauer blazon can't be said exactly. The first local seal turns up in 1374. == Infrastructure ==


=== Transport ===
Murnau is a minor train hub, since Murnau station is the place where the Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Oberammergau lines intersect. The first electrical signal box of the Deutsche Bundesbahn was installed here. The municipality has three other stations on the Oberammergau line: Murnau Ort, Seeleiten-Berggeist, and Grafenaschau.",390
269,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee,Murnau am Staffelsee,"The first electrical signal box of the Deutsche Bundesbahn was installed here. The municipality has three other stations on the Oberammergau line: Murnau Ort, Seeleiten-Berggeist, and Grafenaschau. Also, the A95 motorway and the B 2 Bundesstrasse run through or near Murnau. === Schools ===

Murnau has two elementary schools, the ""James-Loeb-Grundschule"" and the ""Emmanuel-von-Seidl-Schule"", the gymnasium ""Staffelsee-Gymnasium"" and the general school ""Mittelschule Murnau"". The last one was originally planned to be a boys school but since 2013/14 it has accepted girls as well. In the beginning, the pupils have been accommodated in temporary containers. In the end of 2014 the first section was finished and the classes finally could move into the new schoolhouse. The investment sum was 21 million €. In 1964 the Camerloher music school Murnau was founded. === Hospitals ===
Murnau has two hospitals: the Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik, an emergency and accident hospital specializing in trauma surgery, and the clinic Hohenried, a professional clinic for children. Murnau is also used as a health resort by many guests and cure patients. == Notable people ==

For such a small town, Murnau has attracted quite a few noteworthy citizens over the years. Gabriele Münter and Wassily Kandinsky of the Blaue Reiter artistic collective lived there for several years. Ödön von Horvath spent a large part of his youth and young adulthood there and based some of his most well-known works (e.g.",378
270,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee,Murnau am Staffelsee,"Gabriele Münter and Wassily Kandinsky of the Blaue Reiter artistic collective lived there for several years. Ödön von Horvath spent a large part of his youth and young adulthood there and based some of his most well-known works (e.g. Jugend ohne Gott, Italienische Nacht) on happenings during the Third Reich in Murnau. Christoph Probst, executed by the Gestapo for being a member of the White Rose resistance group during the Third Reich, was born in Murnau. Filmmaker F. W. Murnau probably took his assumed name from the town, though there is no real factual evidence for this. Contemporary luthier Michael Koeberling lives and works in Murnau. === Sons and daughters of the town ===
Johann Michael Wittmer (1802–1880), painter
Thomas Alder (1932–1968), actor
Peter Utzschneider (born 1946), bobsledder
Stefan Gaisreiter (born 1947) bobsledder, won a bronze medal in the four-man event at the 1972 Winter Olympics
Johannes Schöllhorn (born 1962) contemporary German composer.",259
271,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockwardine,Wrockwardine,"Wrockwardine ( ROCK-war-dyne) is a village and civil parish in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. The village lies north of The Wrekin and the M54/A5, and west of Wellington. In 2011 the parish had a population of 3838. The origins of St Peter's Church of England parish church may go back to Saxon times, though the current building dates from the Norman period. == History ==

The place-name 'Wrockwardine' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Recordine, which was also the name of one of the Hundreds of Shropshire. It appears as Wroch Wurthin in 1169, and Wrocwurthin in 1196. The name means 'homestead by the Wrekin'. The earliest surviving court rolls for Wrockwardine Manor are from 1397–8 and  continuous court records exist from 1797 to 1936. A workhouse for the poor was built in 1801, which by 1813 had 13 beds within 5 bedrooms. Most of the poor resided in the industrialised, detached part of the parish named Wrockwardine Wood. Wrockwardine was part of the Wellington poor law union from 1836 until 1930. == The Village today ==
Most of the village lies within a designated conservation area. St Peter's Church is the main central feature but there are a number of other buildings of historical interest. Wrockwardine Hall stands by the church, on the north side. From the south are the Alms-Houses, and the Old School House, both now private houses. There is a more modern village school opposite the church, used until 2014 as a private nursery but has also been converted into private houses.",382
272,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockwardine,Wrockwardine,"From the south are the Alms-Houses, and the Old School House, both now private houses. There is a more modern village school opposite the church, used until 2014 as a private nursery but has also been converted into private houses. On a small green to the north is an unusual war memorial, unveiled in 2006, consisting of a large boulder from the nearby Leaton Quarry, listing the village's dead from both World Wars. The Alms-Houses were built in 1841 by tenants and neighbours of Edward Cludde of Orleton Hall, ""in testimony of their respect for a man who was an eminent example of pure and undefiled religion, visiting the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and keeping himself unspotted from the world."" A cedar tree was planted in 2011, to commemorate the 170th anniversary of the building. == Armorial Bearings ==
Wrockwardine Parish Council adopted (assumed) armorial bearings at its meeting of 12 December 2018 (Minute 18/104) Blazon: Armorial bearings. Vert, issuing from base a Saxon Church Or, and in chief two Fountains thereon a helmet with mantling Vert doubled Or and on a Wreath of the Liveries is set for Crest Issuing from a Mural Coronet an Owl Or perched upon a Gate Sable and in an Escrol below the achievement this Motto ""Servimus Ultro"". == St Peter's Church ==

The church is believed to be of Saxon origin, being mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, but the current building is of Norman origin with later modifications. It is of unusual plan in having a cruciform layout, with the tower at the cross-point rather than at the east or west end of the building.",369
273,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockwardine,Wrockwardine,"== St Peter's Church ==

The church is believed to be of Saxon origin, being mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, but the current building is of Norman origin with later modifications. It is of unusual plan in having a cruciform layout, with the tower at the cross-point rather than at the east or west end of the building. This dates from the 12th century, but the addition of The Cludde Chapel on the north transept at the end of the 14th century modifies this shape. The building shows various evidences of its thousand-year history, beginning with the Norman features. These include a walled-up doorway suggestive of plans for future expansion. An original Norman window in the Chancel was restored in the 19th century with stained glass depicting Holman Hunt's painting of Christ as The Light of the World. The church has several very fine stained glass windows. Some, like the one portraying St Peter, are miniatures at high level. Two windows are war memorials: one, at the east end of the south wall, portraying Joan of Arc and St Margaret of Scotland, is inscribed to the memory of Edith Mary Leake who died ""in the service of her country"" in July 1918 during World War I, the other, in the north wall of plain glass with inserted coloured fragments and uninscribed, is dedicated to the memory of Lieutenant-Colonel Oldham, 4th Gurkha Rifles killed in action in Burma in World War II, who also has an inscribed stone plaque on the left side of the chancel arch. A brass plaque commemorates men ""associated with the parish"" who served during the First World War, including four who died, one of whom, Midshipman David Frank Davies, Royal Navy, has his own stone memorial plaque on the south wall. A kitchen and disabled toilet has been built.",387
274,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockwardine,Wrockwardine,"A brass plaque commemorates men ""associated with the parish"" who served during the First World War, including four who died, one of whom, Midshipman David Frank Davies, Royal Navy, has his own stone memorial plaque on the south wall. A kitchen and disabled toilet has been built. Because of the Listed Building status, there were severe restrictions as to how this could be built. It was constructed in one corner, but no alteration to the existing walls was allowed, including for ventilation. This was covered by means of an ionisation air purifier. This method is widely used in Europe, but this is believed to be the first such use in Britain. In 2015, a scheme of restoration and reordering was proposed. This will include repairs to stonework and roofs, upgrading of the heating system and the building of new community and meeting rooms. Work should begin in 2016. Funding will come from English Heritage and local fundraising. The church is equipped with an audio induction loop system installed as part of a customised sound system. == Transport ==
Wrockwardine is located between the B4394 and B5061 roads, and north of junction 7 of the M54 motorway/A5 dual carriageway. Wellington is located directly to the east, whilst Admaston is to the north. == Civil parish ==


=== Settlements ===
In addition to the village of Wrockwardine, the eponymous civil parish includes the villages and suburban areas of Admaston and Bratton, the villages of Allscott and Walcot, and the hamlets of Aston, Charlton, Cluddley, Leaton, Overley and Rushmoor. At Charlton is a Grade II listed cottage and the site of a medieval moated manor house and fishpond. At Leaton, Breedon Group quarries, crushes and processes greywacke primarily for road construction.",391
275,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockwardine,Wrockwardine,"At Charlton is a Grade II listed cottage and the site of a medieval moated manor house and fishpond. At Leaton, Breedon Group quarries, crushes and processes greywacke primarily for road construction. The quarry has been worked since the 1960s and occupied an area of 57 hectares prior to an extension granted in 2022. Leaton Grange is a Grade II listed timber-framed house. The listing dates the house from the 17th century,  although there is evidence of earlier construction in the form of a solar (upper chamber) cross-wing with an unusual hip end crown-post roof, that was originally part of a rebuilt medieval hall. In 1890, the British Women's Emigration Association founded a Colonial Training Home at the Grange, where women of mostly middle-class, genteel background were trained for domestic service abroad. The women emigrated chiefly to British Colombia and South Africa. The success of the training home led to the setting up of similar institutions throughout the country. In 1907, the establishment relocated to larger premises at Stoke Prior in Worcestershire. === Geography ===
Wrockwardine civil parish borders the parishes of Rodington, Wellington, Little Wenlock, Eyton upon the Weald Moors and Waters Upton in Telford and Wrekin, and the Shropshire district parishes of Wroxeter and Uppington and Withington. === History ===
In the early 15th century, the townships of Burcot and Nash are noted within Wrockwardine Manor. A gazetteer of 1824 places Wrockwardine parish in the Wellington division of the hundred of Bradford South and includes under Wrockwardine parish the townships of Admaston, Allscot, Bratton, Burcot, Charlton (or Chorlton), Clotley, Leaton and Wrockwardine Wood.",391
276,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrockwardine,Wrockwardine,"=== History ===
In the early 15th century, the townships of Burcot and Nash are noted within Wrockwardine Manor. A gazetteer of 1824 places Wrockwardine parish in the Wellington division of the hundred of Bradford South and includes under Wrockwardine parish the townships of Admaston, Allscot, Bratton, Burcot, Charlton (or Chorlton), Clotley, Leaton and Wrockwardine Wood. Aston and Walcot are shown within the parish of Wellington. An 1871 publication includes within Wrockwardine parish the townships of Long Lane with the hamlet of Rushmoor and Cluddley, but not Clotley. Wrockwardine Wood, formerly a detached part of Wrockwardine parish five miles to the east, became a separate civil parish in 1884. Wrockwardine parish was part of Wellington Rural District from that district's formation in 1894 to its abolition in 1974. === Geology ===
The land from Wrockwardine village through Leaton to Overley Hill has a bedrock of volcanic lava Uriconian rocks, which with The Wrekin forms the northern extremity of the Church Stretton Fault. At Overley Hill, in a cutting made for the A5 road, is an exposure of pink rhyolites with grey tuffs, showing flow banding. == Scenes of Wrockwardine ==


== See also ==
Nash - ""lost"" village near Wrockwardine


== References ==


== External links ==

St Peter's Church on A Church Near You
Wrockwardine Parish Council website",344
277,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglee_Pictures,Junglee Pictures,"Junglee Pictures is a film production and distribution company that was established by Vineet Jain of The Times Group in 2014. As of 2022, the company has produced nine Hindi films. Their first release came out in 2015 with Zoya Akhtar's family drama Dil Dhadakne Do. In the same year, they produced Meghna Gulzar's crime drama Talvar, which won two National Film Awards. Junglee Pictures went on to collaborate with the actor Ayushmann Khurrana in three films, the romantic comedy Bareilly Ki Barfi (2017), the comedy-drama Badhaai Ho (2018), and campus medical comedy film, Doctor G (2022). Badhaai Ho (2018) became the company's highest-grossing release. They also reunited with Gulzar in the Alia Bhatt-starring spy film Raazi (2018), which ranks among the highest-grossing female-led Hindi films. == History ==
Before Junglee Pictures, The Times Group was already involved into film production and distribution through Times Infotainment Media Limited. Their first feature film was Being Cyrus (2005), an Indian English-language drama directed by Homi Adajania and starring Saif Ali Khan and Naseeruddin Shah. Later, they rebranded the company as Mirchi Movies and produced Hindi and Tamil movies such as Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors (2008) Velli Thirai (2008) Aloo Chaat (2009) and With Love, Delhi! (2011)
In February 2014, Vineet Jain of The Times Group re-established the company as Junglee Pictures.",337
278,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglee_Pictures,Junglee Pictures,"Later, they rebranded the company as Mirchi Movies and produced Hindi and Tamil movies such as Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors (2008) Velli Thirai (2008) Aloo Chaat (2009) and With Love, Delhi! (2011)
In February 2014, Vineet Jain of The Times Group re-established the company as Junglee Pictures. The newly formed company's first film release came the following year with Dil Dhadakne Do, a family drama directed by Zoya Akhtar, which featured an ensemble cast headlined by Anil Kapoor, Shefali Shah, Priyanka Chopra, Ranveer Singh, Anushka Sharma and Farhan Akhtar. A significant portion of the film was photographed in the Pullmantur Cruises ship MS Sovereign. The film received positive reviews for its performances and direction, but received criticism for its running time and climax. It earned ₹145 crores against a budget of ₹83 crores. The company's second film release came in the same year with Bangistan (2015), a comedy directed by Karan Anshuman, and starring Riteish Deshmukh and Pulkit Samrat. Keen to ""tell stories that were inspired by real incidents"", Junglee Pictures next produced Talvar, a partly fictional retelling of the 2008 Noida double murder case. Starring Irrfan Khan, Konkona Sen Sharma, Neeraj Kabi and Sohum Shah, the film was directed by Meghna Gulzar and penned by Vishal Bhardwaj. Bhardwaj has said that his screenplay was influenced by the Rashomon effect (in which the same event is given different interpretations by the individuals involved).",358
279,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglee_Pictures,Junglee Pictures,"Starring Irrfan Khan, Konkona Sen Sharma, Neeraj Kabi and Sohum Shah, the film was directed by Meghna Gulzar and penned by Vishal Bhardwaj. Bhardwaj has said that his screenplay was influenced by the Rashomon effect (in which the same event is given different interpretations by the individuals involved). Rajeev Masand termed the film a ""gripping, then baffling, and ultimately disturbing account"" of the murder, ""deliberately unsentimental and melodrama-free"". Joe Leydon of Variety called the film's screenplay ""solidly constructed"" and its narrative ""satisfyingly brisk"". Talvar won two awards each at the National Film Awards and the Filmfare Award ceremonies, including the Best Adapted Screenplay Award for Bhardwaj at the former. In 2017, the company produced the romantic comedy Bareilly Ki Barfi, directed by Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari and written by Nitesh Tiwari and Shreyas Jain. It starred Ayushmann Khurrana, Kriti Sanon and Rajkummar Rao and tells the story of a love triangle involving a headstrong young woman living in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times praised the film for effectively capturing ""the flavour of small-town India"". It emerged as a sleeper hit. At the 63rd Filmfare Awards, the film won Best Director for Tiwari and Best Supporting Actor for Rao. Junglee Pictures had two film releases in 2018. The spy film Raazi marked their second collaboration with Meghna Gulzar.",342
280,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglee_Pictures,Junglee Pictures,"Junglee Pictures had two film releases in 2018. The spy film Raazi marked their second collaboration with Meghna Gulzar. Starring Alia Bhatt and Vicky Kaushal, the film is an adaptation of Harinder Sikka's novel Calling Sehmat, which was inspired by real events of a Kashmiri spy who married a Pakistani policeman prior to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The film emerged as one of the highest-grossing Hindi films featuring a female protagonist. The company's second film release that year came with Badhaai Ho, starring Ayushmann Khurrana, Neena Gupta, Gajraj Rao, and Sanya Malhotra, which is about a middle-aged couple who get pregnant much to the disappointment of their adult son. Both Raazi and Badhaai Ho gained critical acclaim and rank among the highest-grossing Hindi films of 2018. The latter earned over ₹221 crores to emerge as the company's biggest commercial success. Both films also won several awards at the 64th Filmfare Awards, with Raazi winning a leading five, including Best Film and Best Director for Gulzar. The company's sole film release of 2019 came with Chuck Russell's Junglee, an adventure film starring Vidyut Jammwal, which performed poorly at the box office. Future projects of the company include Vishal Bhardwaj's crime film based on the murder of Pradyuman Thakur. Junglee Pictures will also produce an as-yet untitled web series adapted from Arnab Ray's novel The Mahabharata Murders. In March 2020, Junglee Pictures announced spiritual sequel of Badhaai Ho, titled Badhaai Do starring Rajkummar Rao and Bhumi Pednekar. On 11 February 2022, Badhaai Do released in theatres to critical acclaim. Their ninth film, Doctor G is slated for release on 14 October 2022.",396
281,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglee_Pictures,Junglee Pictures,"On 11 February 2022, Badhaai Do released in theatres to critical acclaim. Their ninth film, Doctor G is slated for release on 14 October 2022. It is a campus medical comedy film directed by Anubhuti Kashyap (in her directorial debut). It stars Ayushmann Khurrana (third collaboration with actor) and Rakul Preet Singh
Their tenth film,Babli Bouncer, was released on 23 September 2022. It is a comedy-drama film directed by Madhur Bhandarkar. The film stars Tamannaah Bhatia in the lead role, marking her first collaboration with the production house. In May 2023, Junglee Pictures announced their upcoming film Ulajh, directed by Sudhanshu Saria. The film stars Janhvi Kapoor, Gulshan Devaiah, and Roshan Mathew, and is set in the world of Indian Foreign Services. The film was released on 2 August 2024. In June 2024, Junglee Pictures, under the name of Maverik Movies Pvt Ltd, announced their upcoming film Varaaham, directed by Sanal V Devan. The cast includes Suresh Gopi, Suraj Venjaramoodu, Gautham Vasudev Menon, Navya Nair, and Prachi Tehlan, among others. In September 2024, the company announced their upcoming film Dosa King, directed by T. J. Gnanavel. == Filmography ==


== References ==",314
282,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahlia_Meyer,Tahlia Meyer,"Tahlia Meyer (born 6 July 1995) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Gold Coast and St Kilda in the AFL Women's (AFLW). She was signed by St Kilda as an undrafted free agent selection in October 2020. == Pre-AFLW career ==
Meyer began her footballing career with the Morphettville Park Football Club in the southern suburbs of Adelaide. After playing with the Norwood Football Club, she then played for the South Adelaide Football Club in the SANFL Women's League. After a breakout 2020 season, she was named in the SANFLW Team of the Year on the wing. == AFLW career ==
Meyer debuted for St Kilda in the opening round of the 2021 AFL Women's season. On debut, Meyer collected just 6 disposals, and was omitted from the team for round 2. She was brought back into the team in round 4, and kept her place for the rest of the season. It was revealed that Meyer had signed on with the Saints for one year on 29 June 2021, tying her to the club until the end of the 2022 season. In May 2022, Meyer was delisted by St Kilda. In June 2022, Meyer was signed by Gold Coast as a delisted free agent. == Statistics ==
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2021 season. == References ==


== External links ==
Tahlia Meyer's profile on the official website of the Gold Coast Football Club
Tahlia Meyer at AustralianFootball.com",315
283,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_John_Knowles,Paul John Knowles,"Paul John Knowles (April 25, 1946 – December 18, 1974), also known as The Casanova Killer, was an American serial killer tied to the deaths of 18 people in 1974, although he claimed at least 35. == Early life ==
Paul Knowles was born in Orlando, Florida, on April 25, 1946, to Thomas Jefferson Knowles and Bonnie Strickland. Knowles lived in foster homes before first being incarcerated at the age of 19. In early 1974, Knowles was serving time at Raiford Prison in Florida (now known as Florida State Prison) when he began corresponding with a divorcee named Angela Covic in San Francisco, eventually becoming engaged. His fiancée paid for his legal counsel and, upon his release, Knowles flew directly to California to be with her, but she called off the wedding. The woman said Knowles projected an ""aura of fear"" that terrified her. Knowles claimed to have murdered three people on the streets of San Francisco that night, but that has never been verified. Knowles returned to Jacksonville, Florida. He was soon arrested after stabbing a bartender during a fight, but he picked a lock in his detention cell and escaped on July 26, 1974. == Crime spree ==
After his escape from police custody, Knowles began a four-month, multistate crime spree. At the time, the crimes were not linked but after Knowles' capture authorities discovered he had recorded audiotaped confessions that he mailed to an attorney. These tapes were never released to the public, but were reviewed by a grand jury in 1975. The tapes, along with all transcripts, were destroyed ""after being ruined beyond repair in a flood of the Federal Courthouse in Macon,"" according to the Georgia Bureau of Investigation.",359
284,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_John_Knowles,Paul John Knowles,"These tapes were never released to the public, but were reviewed by a grand jury in 1975. The tapes, along with all transcripts, were destroyed ""after being ruined beyond repair in a flood of the Federal Courthouse in Macon,"" according to the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. On the night of his escape from police custody on July 26, 1974, Knowles broke into the Jacksonville, Florida, home of 65-year-old Alice Heneritta Curtis and gagged her, ransacked her home for money and valuables, then stole her car. Curtis choked to death due to being gagged. In his taped confessions, Knowles claimed to have murdered a teenage girl named ""Alma."" On December 21, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation identified this victim as 13-year-old Ima Jean Sanders, who disappeared on August 1, 1974, in Warner Robins, Georgia, and whose skeletal remains were found in April 1976. Knowles claimed to have kidnapped and killed 11-year-old Lillian Annette Anderson and 7-year-old Mylette Josephine Anderson outside of Jacksonville, Florida, on August 1, 1974. Although the girls' disappearance was never solved, investigators have said they believe this was a false confession. On August 2, 1974, Knowles met Marjorie Howie, 49, in Atlantic Beach, Florida. She was found strangled in her apartment and her television was stolen. On August 23, 1974, Knowles forced his way into the home of 24-year-old Kathie Sue Pierce in Musella, Georgia. Knowles strangled Pierce, but left her 3-year-old son physically unharmed. On September 3, 1974, 32-year-old William Bates was seen with a redheaded man at Scott's Inn, a roadside pub near Lima, Ohio. Bates' wife reported him missing. Near the bar, police found Curtis's vehicle abandoned but Bates' car was missing.",395
285,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_John_Knowles,Paul John Knowles,"Bates' wife reported him missing. Near the bar, police found Curtis's vehicle abandoned but Bates' car was missing. In October, Bates' nude body was found. He had been strangled and dumped in the woods. Now driving Bates' car, Knowles bound and killed two campers, 62-year-old Emmett Alexander Johnson and 59-year-old Lois Mildred Johnson, at a rest stop near Ely, Nevada on September 18, 1974. 42-year-old Ebon Charlynn Hicks was reported missing by family on September 22, 1974. Her body was found discarded beside the road on September 25, 1975, near a rest stop outside of Seguin, Texas. Her vehicle was found at the rest stop. She had been raped and strangled. Knowles appears to have met 49-year-old beautician Ann Jean Dawson on September 23, 1974, in Birmingham, Alabama. It is unclear as to whether he abducted her or if she traveled with him willingly, but she paid the bills while they traveled together. Knowles claimed that he killed Dawson on September 29, 1974, and threw her body into the Mississippi River. Her remains were found in Mississippi on November 15, 1977, by two squirrel hunters. On October 16, 1974, 35-year-old Karen Wine and her 16-year-old daughter Dawn Marie Wine were both bound, raped and strangled after their Marlborough, Connecticut, home was broken into. The only thing found missing from their home was a tape recorder. Authorities say that Knowles was the perpetrator. On October 18, 1974, 53-year-old Doris Hosey was shot to death with her husband's rifle. The gun was placed beside her body. Knowles picked up two hitchhikers in Key West, Florida and was stopped by a policeman. Knowles was driving a car stolen from victim Bates, but the officer let Knowles go with a warning.",396
286,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_John_Knowles,Paul John Knowles,"Knowles picked up two hitchhikers in Key West, Florida and was stopped by a policeman. Knowles was driving a car stolen from victim Bates, but the officer let Knowles go with a warning. Shaken by the experience, Knowles dropped off the hitchhikers in Miami, Florida without harming them. Around this time, Knowles recorded audiotaped confessions to crimes, mailing them to a lawyer in Florida. On November 2, 23-year-old Edward Hillard and 20-year-old Debbie Griffin disappeared while hitchhiking near Macon, Georgia. Hillard's body was found in nearby woods, while Griffin's remains were found in Crawford County, Georgia, on August 29, 1975. Knowles is reportedly suspected in their murders. On November 6, 1974, in Milledgeville, Georgia, Knowles befriended 45-year-old Carswell Hall Carr Sr. and was invited back to Carr's house to spend the night. He stabbed Carr to death and strangled Carr's 15-year-old daughter, Amanda Beth Carr, and attempted necrophilia with the teenager's body. On November 8, Knowles met 45-year-old British journalist Sandy Fawkes in Atlanta. Fawkes said that he impressed her with his looks which were a ""cross between Robert Redford and Ryan O'Neal."" The pair spent the next few days together, but Fawkes said Knowles was unable to perform when they attempted to have sex. They parted ways on November 10. The next day, Knowles picked up Susan MacKenzie, an acquaintance of Fawkes and demanded sex from her at gunpoint. She escaped and notified the police. When patrolmen tried to apprehend him, Knowles brandished a sawed-off shotgun and made his escape.",363
287,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_John_Knowles,Paul John Knowles,"She escaped and notified the police. When patrolmen tried to apprehend him, Knowles brandished a sawed-off shotgun and made his escape. On November 14, in West Palm Beach, Florida, he invaded the home of invalid Beverly Mabee, where he abducted her sister, 32-year-old Barbara Mabee Abel, and stole their car. From there, he traveled to Fort Pierce, Florida, arriving the following night. As Barbara later publicized in her book ONE SURVIVOR, she was raped during her captivity before Knowles released her. On the morning of November 16, 35-year-old Florida Highway Patrol Trooper Charles Eugene Campbell recognized the stolen car near Perry, Florida. Knowles was able to wrestle the officer's pistol away from him and, taking Campbell hostage, drove away in the patrol car. Knowles used the police siren to stop a 29-year-old motorist named James Meyer, putting both hostages in Meyer's car. Knowles took the two men into a wooded area in Pulaski County, Georgia, and handcuffed them to a tree before shooting each of them in the head at close range. == Capture ==
Shortly after murdering Campbell and Meyer, Knowles became involved in a car chase with Henry County Sheriff's Deputy Charles Hancock. He eventually crashed the car through a police roadblock in Henry County, Georgia and Officer Jerry Key was injured when Knowles' stolen car crashed into his patrol car. Knowles escaped the vehicle on foot, firing several shots at the pursuing officers. A lengthy and chaotic foot chase ensued, with Knowles pursued by dogs, law enforcement officers from several agencies, and helicopters. Knowles was shot in the foot by Chief Detective Philip Howard during the foot chase, before finally being cornered on November 17, 1974, by David Clark, a 27-year-old Vietnam War veteran and hospital maintenance worker.",381
288,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_John_Knowles,Paul John Knowles,"A lengthy and chaotic foot chase ensued, with Knowles pursued by dogs, law enforcement officers from several agencies, and helicopters. Knowles was shot in the foot by Chief Detective Philip Howard during the foot chase, before finally being cornered on November 17, 1974, by David Clark, a 27-year-old Vietnam War veteran and hospital maintenance worker. Clark, who happened to be out hunting with a shotgun at the time, held Knowles at gunpoint until Henry County investigators Paul Robbins and Billy Payne arrived on the scene. Robbins and Payne arrested and handcuffed Knowles, who was outside of the perimeter established for the formal manhunt and might well have escaped if not for Clark's intervention. == Death ==
On December 18, 1974, Sheriff Earl Lee and Agent Ronnie Angel from the Georgia Bureau of Investigation were traveling down Interstate 20 with Knowles, who was handcuffed in the back seat. Their destination was Henry County, Georgia, where Knowles had, per a Georgia Bureau of Investigation press release, admitted to dumping a handgun he had taken from Florida State Trooper Charles Eugene Campbell, after killing him with it. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation reported, ""Knowles grabbed Lee's handgun, discharging it through the holster in the process and while Lee was struggling with Knowles and attempting to keep control of the vehicle, Angel fired three shots into Knowles' chest, killing him instantly."" == See also ==
List of serial killers in the United States
List of serial killers by number of victims


== References ==


== Bibliography ==
Sandy Fawkes, Killing Time, 1977, Taplinger Publishing Co, London
Sandy Fawkes, Natural Born Killer: In Love and on the Road with a Serial Killer, 2004, John Blake Publishing, London
Georgina Lloyd, One was not enough, 1976, London


== External links ==
Trooper Campbell's page at the Officer Down Memorial Page
Gravesite",392
289,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_(baseball),Count (baseball),"In baseball and softball, the count is the number of balls and strikes the batter has. If the count reaches three strikes, the batter strikes out; if the count reaches four balls, the batter earns a base on balls (a ""walk""). == Usage ==
The count is usually announced as a pair of numbers, for example, 3–1 (pronounced as ""three and one""), the number of balls followed by the number of strikes. Zero is almost always pronounced as ""oh"". The count is often used as adjective—an individual pitch may be referred to by the count prior to its delivery; for example, a pitch thrown on a 3–1 count is a ""three-one pitch"" or a ""three-and-one pitch"". A count of 0–0 is rarely stated; the count is typically not mentioned until at least one pitch has been thrown. A count of 1–1 or 2–2 may be described as even. A count of 3–2 is full, which is discussed below. The home plate umpire signals the count with the number of balls on the left hand, and the number of strikes on the right hand. (As a result, it reads backwards when viewed from the pitcher's point of view.) Individual umpires vary in how frequently they give this signal; it is often done as a reminder when there has been a slight delay between pitches, such as due to the batter stepping out of the batter's box. It can also signal the scoreboard operator that the board shows an incorrect count. Some umpires may also call out the count, although usually only the batter and catcher can hear it. == Significance ==
Baseball statistics measure which counts are most likely to produce favorable outcomes for the pitcher or the batter.",361
290,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_(baseball),Count (baseball),"Some umpires may also call out the count, although usually only the batter and catcher can hear it. == Significance ==
Baseball statistics measure which counts are most likely to produce favorable outcomes for the pitcher or the batter. Counts of 3–1 and 2–0 are considered advantageous to batters (""hitters' counts""), because the pitcher—faced with the possibility of walking the batter—is more likely to throw a ball in the strike zone, particularly a fastball. Counts with two strikes (except 3–2) are considered advantageous to pitchers (""pitchers' counts""). An 0–2 count is very favorable to a pitcher, who has the freedom to throw one or two pitches out of the strike zone intentionally, to get the batter to ""chase"" the pitch (swing at it), and strike out. A 3–0 count tends to yield fewer hittable pitches, perhaps because the umpire is reluctant to call four straight balls and may tolerate a fourth pitch that barely misses the strike zone. Batters often ""take"" (do not swing at) a 3–0 pitch, since the pitcher has missed the strike zone three straight times already, and a fourth would earn the batter a walk. This is a sound strategy because the batter is more likely to eventually reach base even if the count becomes 3–1 than he is if he puts the ball in play on 3–0. It is sometimes also advantageous to take on 2–0 and 3–1. == Full count ==

A 3–2 count is called a full count and the ensuing pitch is called a ""payoff pitch"", since a mistake by either the pitcher or the batter ends the plate appearance. The payoff pitch is not necessarily the final pitch in the plate appearance, as a batter may maintain two strikes indefinitely by hitting foul balls.",373
291,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_(baseball),Count (baseball),"== Full count ==

A 3–2 count is called a full count and the ensuing pitch is called a ""payoff pitch"", since a mistake by either the pitcher or the batter ends the plate appearance. The payoff pitch is not necessarily the final pitch in the plate appearance, as a batter may maintain two strikes indefinitely by hitting foul balls. The full count term may derive from older scoreboards, which had spaces (rather than numerals) to denote up to three balls and up to two strikes. Many scoreboards still use light bulbs for this purpose; thus a 3–2 count means that all the bulbs are lit. The alternate term full house (more commonly used in softball) is inspired by the full house hand in poker, consisting of three of a kind and a pair. With two outs and a full count, any baserunners who might be forced out start to run toward the next base at the moment the pitcher begins to deliver the pitch. This is because either the batter will walk (awarding such runners the next base), strike out to end the inning, foul off the pitch (allowing runners to return to their original bases), or put the ball into play. === History ===
The full count was not always 3–2, and went through an evolution in the 1870s and 1880s, seeing a gradual reduction in balls allowed before a bases on balls was called. Prior to 1901, fouls were not counted as strikes (though foul bunts were, onwards from 1894). == Notes ==


== References ==",315
292,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Nash,Norman Nash,"Norman Burdett Nash (June 5, 1888 – January 3, 1963) was the tenth bishop of Massachusetts in The Episcopal Church. == Early life and education ==
Nash was born in Bangor, Maine, on June 5, 1888, the son of the Reverend Henry Sylvester Nash and Bessie Keefler Curtis. He was educated at the Cambridge Latin School of Harvard College and at Williams College. He graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity from Episcopal Theological Seminary in 1915. He was awarded a Doctor of Sacred Theology from Western Theological Seminary, Williams College and Trinity College, respectively. == Ordination ==
Nash was ordained deacon on May 27, 1915 and priest on October 4, 1916 by the bishop of Massachusetts William Lawrence. After ordination he became professor of Christian social ethics at the Episcopal Theological Seminary and in 1939 became rector of St Paul's school in Concord, New Hampshire. == Bishop ==
Nash was elected Coadjutor Bishop of Massachusetts on the first ballot during a special convention that took place in St Paul's Cathedral in Boston in December 1946. He was consecrated on February 14, 1947, by Presiding Bishop Henry Knox Sherrill in Trinity Church, Boston. He became diocesan that same year and remained in the post till 1956. == References ==",271
293,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Interface_for_Network_Services,XML Interface for Network Services,"XML Interface for Network Services (XINS) is an open-source technology for definition and implementation of internet applications, which enforces a specification-oriented approach. == Specification-oriented approach ==
The specification-oriented approach is at the heart of XINS:

first specifications need to be written;
then documentation and code is generated from these specifications;
then both testing and implementation can start. From specifications, XINS is able to generate:

HTML documentation
test forms
SOAP-compliant WSDL
a basic Java web application
unit test code (in Java)
stubs (in Java)
client-side code (in Java)


== Components of the XINS technology ==
Technically, XINS is composed of the following:

An XML-based specification format for projects, APIs, functions, types and error codes
A POX-style RPC protocol (called the XINS Standard Calling Convention), compatible with web browsers (HTTP parameters in, XML out). A tool for generating human-readable documentation, from the specifications. A tool for generating WSDL, from the specifications. A Log4J-based technology for logging (called Logdoc), offering a specification format, internationalization of log messages, generation of HTML documentation and generation of code. A Java library for calling XINS functions, the XINS/Java Client Framework; in xins-client.jar. A server-side container for Java-based XINS API implementations, the XINS/Java Server Framework; in xins-server.jar. This is like a servlet container for XINS APIs. A Java library with some common functionality, used by both the XINS/Java Client Framework and the XINS/Java Server Framework: the XINS/Java Common Library, in xins-common.jar.",378
294,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Interface_for_Network_Services,XML Interface for Network Services,"This is like a servlet container for XINS APIs. A Java library with some common functionality, used by both the XINS/Java Client Framework and the XINS/Java Server Framework: the XINS/Java Common Library, in xins-common.jar. An introductory tutorial called the XINS Primer takes the reader by the hand with easy-to-follow steps to perform, with screenshots. Since version 1.3.0, the XINS/Java Server Framework supports not only POX-style calls, but also SOAP and XML-RPC. And it supports conversion using XSLT. As of version 2.0, it also supports JSON and JSON-RPC. XINS is open-source and is distributed under the liberal BSD license. == Specifications ==
All XINS specification files are Plain Old XML. Compared to SOAP/WSDL/UDDI/etc. the format is extremely simple. There are specifications for projects, environment lists, APIs, functions, types and error codes. Below is an example of a XINS project definition. Here is an example of a specification of an environment list:

An example of an API specification file:

An example of a function definition:


== RPC protocol ==
The XINS Standard Calling Convention is a simple HTTP-based RPC protocol. Input consists of HTTP parameters, while output is an XML document. This approach makes it compatible with plain Web browsers. Example of a request:

http://somehost/someapi/?_convention=_xins-std&_function=SayHello&firstName=John&lastName=Doe

Example of a successful response:


== Competition ==
There are no known products that provide an integrated approach to specification-oriented development, similar to XINS.",374
295,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Interface_for_Network_Services,XML Interface for Network Services,"This approach makes it compatible with plain Web browsers. Example of a request:

http://somehost/someapi/?_convention=_xins-std&_function=SayHello&firstName=John&lastName=Doe

Example of a successful response:


== Competition ==
There are no known products that provide an integrated approach to specification-oriented development, similar to XINS. However, there are several frameworks and libraries that provide functionality similar to individual parts of XINS, including:

JWSDP: Collection of various XML and SOAP technologies for the Java programming language. Apache Axis: Java-based framework for SOAP implementations. Codehaus XFire: Idem. Hessian Web Service Protocol: Binary alternative to the XINS Standard Calling Convention. == References ==


== External links ==
XINS website
Frequently Asked Questions",181
296,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Venezia%22,19th Artillery Regiment %22Venezia%22,"The 19th Artillery Regiment ""Venezia"" (Italian: 19° Reggimento Artiglieria ""Venezia"") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Sequals in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed in 1888 and served in World War I on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 19th Infantry Division ""Gavinana"", which participated in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. In 1939 the division was renamed 19th Infantry Division ""Venezia"". The division fought in the Greco-Italian War of World War II and then remained in Yugoslavia on anti-partisan duty. The division and regiment were located in Montenegro, when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943. The division resisted German demands to surrender and on 10 October entered the 2nd Corps of the Yugoslav National Liberation Army. On 1 December 1943 the division was disbanded and the regiment's personnel entered the Partisan Division ""Garibaldi"". The unit was reformed in 1975 as 19th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group ""Rialto"" and assigned to the 8th Mechanized Brigade ""Garibaldi"". In 1993 the group was disbanded and its personnel, materiel, and base were assigned to the 132nd Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment ""Ariete"". The regimental anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918. == History ==
On 1 November 1888 the 14th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Florence. The new regiment consisted of eight batteries and one train company ceded by the 7th Field Artillery Regiment. The ceded batteries had participated in the First, Second, and Third Italian War of Independence.",389
297,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Venezia%22,19th Artillery Regiment %22Venezia%22,"The new regiment consisted of eight batteries and one train company ceded by the 7th Field Artillery Regiment. The ceded batteries had participated in the First, Second, and Third Italian War of Independence. One of the ceded batteries had distinguished itself in the First Italian War of Independence during the multi-day Battle of Custoza in 1848 and been awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms. In 1895–96 the regiment formed the 8th Battery, which consisted of eight officers and 116 troops. The battery was sent to Eritrea for the First Italo-Ethiopian War. In 1911–12 the regiment's 3rd Battery and one of its group commands were sent to Rhodes in the Italian Islands of the Aegean for the duration of the Italo-Turkish War. The regiment also provided eight officers and 245 troops for other deployed units. On 1 March 1912 the regiment ceded its III Group to help form the 32nd Field Artillery Regiment. === World War I ===
At the outbreak of World War I the regiment was assigned, together with the Brigade ""Ancona"" and Brigade ""Venezia"", to the 15th Division. At the time the regiment consisted of a command, two groups with 75/27 mod. 06 field guns, one group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, and a depot. During the war the regiment's depot formed three siege batteries. During the war the regiment fought on the Monte Cellina in 1915, on Monte Carbonile in the Valsugana in April 1916. At the beginning of the Battle of Asiago on 15 May 1916 the regiment was on Monte Collo. From July to October 1916 the regiment was in the sector of the Colbricon.",373
298,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Venezia%22,19th Artillery Regiment %22Venezia%22,"At the beginning of the Battle of Asiago on 15 May 1916 the regiment was on Monte Collo. From July to October 1916 the regiment was in the sector of the Colbricon. During the Battle of Caporetto the regiment was on Monte Pertica and then fell back to the Col della Berretta. In December 1917 the regiment fought on Monte Grappa on the Asolone ridge. The year 1918 began for the regiment with the Battles of Monte Grappa on Asolone, before fighting in the Second Battle of the Piave River on Monte Pertica again. During the Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment advanced from Monte Pertica over the Asolone to Fonzaso. In 1926 the regiment was assigned to the 19th Territorial Division of Florence and consisted of a command, one group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, two groups with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, one group with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and a depot. In September 1932 the regiment's III Group replaced its 75/27 mod. 11 field guns with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns. On 30 September 1934 the regiment's IV Group with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns was disbanded and the group's personnel, materiel and mules transferred to the 1st Field Artillery Regiment. The next day a new IV Group for the regiment was formed with the 10th and 11th batteries of the Complement Officer Cadets School in Lucca. The new IV Group remained in Lucca and continued its assignment of training officer cadets. === Second Italo-Ethiopian War ===
In January 1935 the division was renamed 19th Infantry Division ""Gavinana"" and consequently the regiment changed its name to 19th Artillery Regiment ""Gavinana"".",391
299,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Venezia%22,19th Artillery Regiment %22Venezia%22,"The new IV Group remained in Lucca and continued its assignment of training officer cadets. === Second Italo-Ethiopian War ===
In January 1935 the division was renamed 19th Infantry Division ""Gavinana"" and consequently the regiment changed its name to 19th Artillery Regiment ""Gavinana"". On 6 February 1935 the regiment was mobilized in preparation for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The regiment departed Italy with three groups with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns. One of the groups had been transferred from the 21st Artillery Regiment ""Po"" and one from the 26th Artillery Regiment ""Rubicone"". The regiment's remaining two groups in Florence and its detached group in Lucca entered the reformed 43rd Artillery Regiment ""Gavinana II"". The 19th Infantry Division ""Gavinana"" and with it the regiment fought October 1935 in the battles at Adwa in February 1936 in the Second Battle of Tembien and the following attack near Shire. The division was demobilized in July 1936 and the regiment returned to Italy, where the two attached groups returned to their regiments. On 30 September 1936 the 43rd Artillery Regiment ""Gavinana II"" was disbanded and the next day the 19th Artillery Regiment ""Gavinana"" consisted of a command, a command unit, the I Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, the II Group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, the III and IV groups with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and a depot. A few month later the regiment added an anti-aircraft battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. On 15 April 1939 the division was renamed 19th Infantry Division ""Venezia"" and consequently the regiment was renamed 19th Artillery Regiment ""Venezia"".",387
300,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Venezia%22,19th Artillery Regiment %22Venezia%22,"35 anti-aircraft guns. On 15 April 1939 the division was renamed 19th Infantry Division ""Venezia"" and consequently the regiment was renamed 19th Artillery Regiment ""Venezia"". The division also included the 83rd Infantry Regiment ""Venezia"" and 84th Infantry Regiment ""Venezia"". The same month Italy invaded Albania and the division was transferred to Albania as occupation force. As the 19th Infantry Division ""Venezia"" was now based permanently in the Italian protectorate of Albania, the division's depots in Italy formed the 41st Infantry Division ""Firenze"", which included the 41st Artillery Regiment ""Firenze"", as replacement. === World War II ===

During World War II the regiment was assigned to the 19th Infantry Division ""Venezia"", which also included the 83rd Infantry Regiment ""Venezia"" and 84th Infantry Regiment ""Venezia"". In July 1940, the regiment transferred a group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns to the 14th Artillery Regiment ""Ferrara"" and received a newly formed group with 100/17 mod. 16 howitzers in return. Afterwards the regiment consisted of a command, command unit, the I Group with 100/17 mod. 16 howitzers, the II Group with 75/18 mod. 34 howitzers, the III Group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, the IV Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, and an anti-aircraft battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. The 19th Infantry Division ""Venezia"" participated in the Greco-Italian War from the beginning. On 3 November 1940 the division clashed with Greek forces on its right flank.",359
301,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Venezia%22,19th Artillery Regiment %22Venezia%22,"The 19th Infantry Division ""Venezia"" participated in the Greco-Italian War from the beginning. On 3 November 1940 the division clashed with Greek forces on its right flank. On 16 November the Venezia was outflanked by the Greek breakthrough to Ersekë and by 21 November the Venezia barely held the Pogradec–Buçimas–Bregu i Zervaskës line on the southern tip of Lake Ohrid. The Greeks resumed their attack 26 November and the Venezia was forced to retreat on 29 November 1940. The rapid Greek advance resulted in elements of the division being stranded on 9 December on the Breshenihcut mountain and a rescue was only mounted on 23–24 December 1940. During the German invasion of Greece in April 1941, the Venezia pursued retreating Greek forces. After the war the division remained on garrison duty in Albania. For its conduct and sacrifice in the Greco-Italian War the 19th Artillery Regiment ""Venezia"" was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms. In July 1941 the division was transferred to the Sandžak in Montenegro. Throughout its time in Montenegro the division was locked in fighting with Yugoslav partisans. In May 1942 the regiment transferred its IV Group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers and a newly formed Group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns to the 159th Artillery Regiment ""Veneto"" of the 159th Infantry Division ""Veneto"". After the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943, Wehrmacht forces and Yugoslav Chetniks demanded the Venezia disarm, but both were refused. The division consolidated at Berane and on 10 October 1943 the division entered the 2nd Corps of Tito's National Liberation Army.",389
302,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Venezia%22,19th Artillery Regiment %22Venezia%22,"After the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943, Wehrmacht forces and Yugoslav Chetniks demanded the Venezia disarm, but both were refused. The division consolidated at Berane and on 10 October 1943 the division entered the 2nd Corps of Tito's National Liberation Army. On 13 October the division began an offensive against German forces in Brodarevo, Murina, Berane and Kolašin. On 1 December 1943 the division was split in smaller units and the 19th Artillery Regiment ""Venezia"" was disbanded. For its conduct and bravery in the Montenegro in fall 1943 the 19th Artillery Regiment ""Venezia"" was awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms. === Cold War ===

During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags. On 1 December 1975 the 132nd Armored Artillery Regiment's II Self-propelled Field Artillery Group in Sequals was renamed 19th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group ""Rialto"" and assigned to the 8th Mechanized Brigade ""Garibaldi"". To avoid confusion with the 84th Infantry Battalion ""Venezia"" the group was named Rialto, which is the central area of Venice. The group consisted of a command, a command and services battery, the 1st Battery ""Firenze"", the 2nd Battery ""Gavinana"", and the 3rd Battery ""Venezia"". The group was equipped with M109G 155 mm self-propelled howitzers and fielded 477 men (38 officers, 62 non-commissioned officers, and 377 soldiers).",371
303,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Artillery_Regiment_%22Venezia%22,19th Artillery Regiment %22Venezia%22,"The group consisted of a command, a command and services battery, the 1st Battery ""Firenze"", the 2nd Battery ""Gavinana"", and the 3rd Battery ""Venezia"". The group was equipped with M109G 155 mm self-propelled howitzers and fielded 477 men (38 officers, 62 non-commissioned officers, and 377 soldiers). On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 19th Artillery Regiment ""Venezia"" to the group. For its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the group was awarded a Bronze Medal of Army Valor, which was affixed to the group's flag and added to the group's coat of arms. On 25 April 1979 Venice awarded the group an honorary citizenship for the conduct of the 19th Artillery Regiment ""Venezia"" between 8 September and 1 December 1943 in Montenegro. === Recent times ===
On 30 January 1991 the group was transferred from the 8th Mechanized Brigade ""Garibaldi"" to the 132nd Armored Brigade ""Ariete"". On 8 October 1993 the flag of the 19th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group ""Rialto"" departed the group's base in Sequals and began its journey to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome. The next day personnel and materiel of the disbanded group were used to reform the 132nd Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment ""Ariete"". On 11 November of the same year the flag of the 19th Artillery Regiment ""Venezia"" was deposited in Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome for safekeeping until the regiment is reactivated again. == See also ==
Armored Brigade ""Ariete""


== References ==",374
304,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushil_Ramgoolam,Sushil Ramgoolam,"Sushil Ramjoorawon, The Right Honorable Lady Ramgoolam (2 October 1922 – 5 January 1984; commonly known as Lady Sushil Ramgoolam) was the wife of the late Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, father of the nation, leader of the Labour Party from 1959 to 1982, ex-Prime Minister of Mauritius (1968–1982) and ex-Governor General of Mauritius (1983–1985). She was First Lady of Mauritius while her husband was in office of Governor General and Prime Minister of Mauritius from 1968 to 1982. Her son Dr Navin Ramgoolam has also been Prime Minister of Mauritius (1995–2000, 2005–2014, 2024–Present). == Personal life ==
Sushil Ramgoolam born in Saint Aubin, Rivière des Anguilles, was the eldest daughter of Thacoordial and Anjanee Ramjoorawon. She had five sisters and two brothers. In 1939, at the age of 17, she married Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. They had a daughter, Sunita (now Mrs. Joypaul) and a son, Navin(chandra), who has been elected Prime Minister of Mauritius three times. She was married to Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam for 46 years. On 5 January 1984, just after the new year celebrations, Lady Sushil died at the age of 61 at State House, Le Réduit and was given a state funeral. == Memorial ==
Various public places such as a college in Triolet, a social welfare complex in Bel Air Rivière Sèche, a recreational center in Pointe Aux Piments and a Medi-Clinic in Flacq, among others, bear the name of Lady Sushil Ramgoolam.",386
305,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushil_Ramgoolam,Sushil Ramgoolam,"On 5 January 1984, just after the new year celebrations, Lady Sushil died at the age of 61 at State House, Le Réduit and was given a state funeral. == Memorial ==
Various public places such as a college in Triolet, a social welfare complex in Bel Air Rivière Sèche, a recreational center in Pointe Aux Piments and a Medi-Clinic in Flacq, among others, bear the name of Lady Sushil Ramgoolam. == See also ==
First Lady of Mauritius
Spouse of the prime minister of Mauritius
Veena Ramgoolam
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam
Navin Ramgoolam


== References ==",155
306,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"France was the host nation of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024. France is one of five countries to have appeared in every Summer Olympic Games of the modern era, alongside Australia, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland. There were 573 athletes that competed at this edition, becoming the nation's largest delegation since the 1900 Olympics, which were also held in Paris. They won 64 medals, including 16 gold medals. As a result, France finished fifth in the medal table, marking their first top-five finish since the 1996 Summer Olympics. Two days before the opening ceremony, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that the French Alps would host the 2030 Winter Olympics, returning the Winter Olympics to its birthplace after 38 years. The opening ceremony will take place on 1 February 2030. == Medalists ==


== Competitors ==
The French Olympic Committee officialized the list of competitors on 8 July 2024. == Archery ==

As the host nation, France received a direct quota place in the men's and women's individual and team events as well as the mixed team event. The athletes were named on 28 June 2024. Men

Women

Mixed


== Artistic swimming ==

As the host nation, France received a direct quota place both in the women's duet and the eight-member mixed team events. The teams were named on 18 May 2024, and the alternates were named on 6 July 2024. == Athletics ==

French track and field athletes achieved the entry standards for Paris 2024 either by passing the direct qualifying mark (or time for track and road races) or by world ranking with a maximum of 3 athletes per event. France qualified a team for the mixed marathon walk relay through a top-ten finish at the 2024 World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships. France qualified its relays through the 2024 World Athletics Relays. The final selection of athletes was made on 7 July 2024.",395
307,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"France qualified its relays through the 2024 World Athletics Relays. The final selection of athletes was made on 7 July 2024. Men
Track and road events

Field events

Combined events – Men's decathlon

Women
Track and road events

Field events

Combined events – Women's heptathlon

Mixed


== Badminton ==

Delphine Delrue and Thom Gicquel qualified for the mixed doubles tournament through their BWF World Ranking, as did Anne Tran and Margot Lambert for the women's doubles tournament. Lucas Corvée and Ronan Labar were supposed to be the French pair in the men's doubles tournament after their results at the 2024 European Championships, but an error by the Badminton World Federation in the rankings qualification resulted in the Popov brothers qualifying instead. Corvée and Labar qualified through an appeal after the ranking calculation error. As the host nation, France had two singles quotas, and Toma Junior Popov and Qi Xuefei were selected following their performance at the 2024 European Championships. Men

Women

Mixed


== Basketball ==


=== 5×5 basketball ===
Summary


==== Men's tournament ====

The French men's basketball team qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Team roster
A 19-player roster was announced on 16 May 2024. The final squad was announced on 7 July 2024. Group play

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Gold medal game


==== Women's tournament ====

The French women's basketball team qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Team roster
An 18-player roster was announced on 16 May 2024. The final roster was announced on 8 June 2024.",363
308,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"Team roster
An 18-player roster was announced on 16 May 2024. The final roster was announced on 8 June 2024. Group play

Quarterfinals

Semifinal

Final


=== 3×3 basketball ===
Summary


==== Men's tournament ====

The French men's 3x3 team qualified for the Olympics with a top three finish at the 2024 FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Debrecen, Hungary. Team roster
The team was announced on 8 June 2024. Lucas Dussoulier
Jules Rambaut
Franck Seguela
Timothé Vergiat
Group play

Play-in

Semifinal

Gold medal game


==== Women's tournament ====

The French women's 3x3 team qualified for the Olympics as the host nation. Team roster
The team was announced on 8 June 2024. Myriam Djekoundade
Laëtitia Guapo
Hortense Limouzin
Marie-Ève Paget
Group play


== Boxing ==

France entered eight boxers, four men and four women, into the Olympic tournament. The 2019 World bronze medalist and 2020 Olympian in men's flyweight Billal Bennama, 2016 Olympic silver medalist and two-time Olympian  in men's lightweight Sofiane Oumiha, and 2016 Olympic women's lightweight champion Estelle Mossely, along with four rookies (Traoré, Lkhadiri, Zidani, and Michel), secured the spots on the host nation's squad in their respective weight divisions, either by advancing to the semifinal match or finishing in the top two, at the 2023 European Games in Nowy Targ, Poland.",362
309,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"Myriam Djekoundade
Laëtitia Guapo
Hortense Limouzin
Marie-Ève Paget
Group play


== Boxing ==

France entered eight boxers, four men and four women, into the Olympic tournament. The 2019 World bronze medalist and 2020 Olympian in men's flyweight Billal Bennama, 2016 Olympic silver medalist and two-time Olympian  in men's lightweight Sofiane Oumiha, and 2016 Olympic women's lightweight champion Estelle Mossely, along with four rookies (Traoré, Lkhadiri, Zidani, and Michel), secured the spots on the host nation's squad in their respective weight divisions, either by advancing to the semifinal match or finishing in the top two, at the 2023 European Games in Nowy Targ, Poland. Additionally, Djamili Aboudou Moindze qualified in men's super heavyweight by winning the quota bouts round at the 2024 World Olympic Qualification Tournament 1 in Busto Arsizio, Italy. Men

Women


== Breaking ==

As the host nation, France is automatically received a quota place each for the B-Boys and B-Girls events. Dany Dann (Dany) secured a direct spot on the host nation's team by winning the B-boy final battle at the 2023 European Games in Nowy Sącz, Poland. Athletes qualified through their performance at the 2024 Olympic qualifier series. == Canoeing ==


=== Slalom ===
France qualified four boats for the slalom competition at the 2023 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in London, Great Britain. The selection of athletes was announced on 12 October 2023. === Kayak cross ===
As the host nation, France received one quota in both the men's and women's kayak cross events.",389
310,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"The selection of athletes was announced on 12 October 2023. === Kayak cross ===
As the host nation, France received one quota in both the men's and women's kayak cross events. The selection of athletes was announced on 12 October 2023. Angèle Hug and Boris Neveu earned additional quotas with top three finishes at the ICF Kayak Cross Global Qualification Competition in Prague. === Sprint ===
French canoeists qualified two boats in each of the following distances at the 2023 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Duisburg, Germany. The first athletes were named on 15 May 2024. Men

Women

Qualification Legend: FA = Qualify to final (medal); FB = Qualify to final B (non-medal)


== Cycling ==


=== Road ===
In the women's individual time trial, France obtained one quota with a top 10 finish at the 2023 UCI Road World Championships in Glasgow, Great Britain, while the other two quotas were obtained in men's and women's road race events, as the host nation allocation quotas. The women's team was announced on 18 May 2024, and the men's team was announced on 8 July 2024. Men

Women


=== Track ===
France obtained spots for men's and women's sprint, keirin, team pursuit, madison, and omnium events following the conclusion of the final UCI Olympic rankings. The sprint and keirin team was announced on 3 May 2024. The rest of the team was announced on 28 June 2024. Sprint

Team sprint

Qualification legend: FA=Gold medal final; FB=Bronze medal final

Pursuit

Keirin

Omnium

Madison


=== Mountain biking ===
France qualified a full squad of mountain bikers through the final Olympic mountain biking rankings.",383
311,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"The rest of the team was announced on 28 June 2024. Sprint

Team sprint

Qualification legend: FA=Gold medal final; FB=Bronze medal final

Pursuit

Keirin

Omnium

Madison


=== Mountain biking ===
France qualified a full squad of mountain bikers through the final Olympic mountain biking rankings. === BMX ===


==== Freestyle ====
France qualified one athlete per gender through its host country quota. Anthony Jeanjean and Laury Perez were selected following their performances at the 2024 Olympic Qualifier Series. ==== Race ====
French riders secured four quota places (three men's and one women's) through the allocations of the final Olympic BMX ranking. The selection of riders was announced on 5 June 2024. Arthur Pilard and Tessa Martinez were designated as the replacement athletes. == Diving ==

As the host nation, France received four men's and four women's spots in each of the synchronized diving events. Jules Bouyer and Gwendal Bisch secured a spot for the men's 3 m springboard through their performance at the 2024 World Aquatics Championships. The divers were named on 28 May 2024 by the French federation. == Equestrian ==

As the host nation, France automatically entered a full squad of equestrian riders each to the team dressage, eventing, and jumping competitions at the Games. The team was named on 6 July 2024. === Dressage ===

Qualification Legend: Q = Qualified for the final based on position in group; q = Qualified for the final based on overall position


=== Eventing ===


=== Jumping ===


== Fencing ==

France entered a full-squad of 18 fencers (nine per gender), and one alternate per weapon.",377
312,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"The team was named on 6 July 2024. === Dressage ===

Qualification Legend: Q = Qualified for the final based on position in group; q = Qualified for the final based on overall position


=== Eventing ===


=== Jumping ===


== Fencing ==

France entered a full-squad of 18 fencers (nine per gender), and one alternate per weapon. Each weapon qualified for the games by placing amongst the four highest ranked worldwide team, or being the top ranked European team, at the cut-off date. Fencers were named through four selections. Men

Women


== Field hockey ==

Summary


=== Men's tournament ===

As the host nation, the French men's national field hockey team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
France announced their squad on 8 July 2024. Head coach: Fred Soyez

Group play


=== Women's tournament ===
 As the host nation, the French women's national field hockey team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
The squad was announced on 8 July 2024. Head coach: Gaël Foulard

Group play


== Football ==

Summary


=== Men's tournament ===

As the host nation, the French men's football team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
France announced a 25-men preliminary squad on 3 June 2024. Lucas Chevalier, Bafodé Diakité, Leny Yoro, Warren Zaïre-Emery, Bradley Barcola and Mathys Tel withdrew from the squad due to their club's refusal to release them and were replaced by Chrislain Matsima, Andy Diouf and Rayan Cherki on 11 June 2024. A week later, Maxime Estève withdrew and was replaced by Loïc Badé.",381
313,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"Lucas Chevalier, Bafodé Diakité, Leny Yoro, Warren Zaïre-Emery, Bradley Barcola and Mathys Tel withdrew from the squad due to their club's refusal to release them and were replaced by Chrislain Matsima, Andy Diouf and Rayan Cherki on 11 June 2024. A week later, Maxime Estève withdrew and was replaced by Loïc Badé. On 26 June, Robin Risser withdrew injured and was replaced by Théo De Percin. In the same day, Soungoutou Magassa was added to the squad. On 3 July, Khéphren Thuram withdrew due to his new club's refusal to ultimately release him. The final squad was announced on 4 July. Lesley Ugochukwu withdrew on 21 July after being recalled by his club and was replaced by Johann Lepenant in the alternative list. Head coach: Thierry Henry

* Overage player. Group play

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Gold medal match


=== Women's tournament ===

As the host nation, the French women's football team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
France named a squad of 18 players and 4 alternates for the tournament on 8 July 2024. Head coach: Hervé Renard

Group play

Quarter-finals


== Golf ==

France qualified four golfers through the Olympic rankings. == Gymnastics ==


=== Artistic ===
As the host nation, France automatically received one guaranteed place in the men's and women's artistic gymnastics events. France qualified a full women's team at the 2023 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Samir Aït Saïd qualified on the rings with his results in the 2024 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series.",389
314,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"France qualified a full women's team at the 2023 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Samir Aït Saïd qualified on the rings with his results in the 2024 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series. The final selection for the women's team was made on 7 July 2024. Men

Women
Team


=== Rhythmic ===
As the host nation, France automatically received a guaranteed place in the individual and group all-around competitions. Hélène Karbanov was named as the individual on 14 June 2024. The group competitors were named on 28 June 2024. === Trampoline ===
As the host nation, France automatically received one guaranteed place in the men's and women's trampoline events. The athletes were selected on 3 May 2024. == Handball ==

Summary


=== Men's tournament ===

As the host nation, the French men's national handball team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
A 21-player roster was announced on 10 June 2024. The final squad was named on 8 July 2024. Head coach: Guillaume Gille

Group play

Quarterfinal


=== Women's tournament ===

As the host nation, the French women's national handball team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
A 21-player squad was announced on 17 May 2024. The final squad was announced on 8 July 2024. On 29 July, Grâce Zaadi and Cléopatre Darleux replaced Méline Nocandy and Hatadou Sako and on 31 July, Oriane Ondono replaced Sarah Bouktit. Head coach: Olivier Krumbholz

Group play

Quarterfinals

Semifinal

Gold medal game


== Judo ==

As the host nation, French judoka received fourteen quota places (seven in each gender) at their disposal for the Games.",400
315,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"On 29 July, Grâce Zaadi and Cléopatre Darleux replaced Méline Nocandy and Hatadou Sako and on 31 July, Oriane Ondono replaced Sarah Bouktit. Head coach: Olivier Krumbholz

Group play

Quarterfinals

Semifinal

Gold medal game


== Judo ==

As the host nation, French judoka received fourteen quota places (seven in each gender) at their disposal for the Games. Judoka were named throughout the beginning of 2024. Men

Women

Mixed
Nations qualifying at least one athlete in the −57 (−48, −52 & −57), −70 (−57, −63 & −70) & +70 (−70, −78 & +78) weight categories for women, and at least one athlete in the −73 (−60, −66 & −73), −90 (−73, −81 & −90) & +90 (−90, −100 & +100) weight categories for men, would compete in the team event. == Modern pentathlon ==

French modern pentathletes confirmed four quota places (two per gender) for Paris 2024. Tokyo 2020 Olympian Marie Oteiza, with Valentin Prades slated to compete at his third straight Games on the men's side, secured a spot each in their respective individual events by finishing among the eight highest-ranked modern pentathletes eligible for qualification at the 2023 European Games in Kraków, Poland. Pentathletes were named on 21 June 2024. == Rowing ==

French rowers qualified boats in each of the following classes through the 2023 World Rowing Championships in Belgrade, Serbia, and the 2024 Final Qualification Regatta in Luzern, Switzerland. The selection was officialized on 5 June 2024.",382
316,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"== Rowing ==

French rowers qualified boats in each of the following classes through the 2023 World Rowing Championships in Belgrade, Serbia, and the 2024 Final Qualification Regatta in Luzern, Switzerland. The selection was officialized on 5 June 2024. Men

Women

Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage


== Rugby sevens ==

Summary


=== Men's tournament ===

As the host nation, the French national rugby sevens team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
France's squad of 12 players was named on 8 July 2024. Additionally, Nelson Epee and William Iraguha were named as traveling reserves. Head coach: Jérôme Daret

Group stage

Quarter-final

Semi-final

Final


=== Women's tournament ===

As the host nation, the French women's national rugby sevens team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
France's squad of 12 players was named on 8 July 2024. Additionally, Alycia Chrystiaens and Shannon Izar were named as traveling reserves. Head coach: David Courteix

Group stage

Quarter-finals

5–8th place playoff semi-finals

Fifth place match


== Sailing ==

As the host nation, France automatically received a spot in every competition of the sport.",391
317,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"Additionally, Alycia Chrystiaens and Shannon Izar were named as traveling reserves. Head coach: David Courteix

Group stage

Quarter-finals

5–8th place playoff semi-finals

Fifth place match


== Sailing ==

As the host nation, France automatically received a spot in every competition of the sport. Sailors were named throughout the beginning of 2024. Elimination events

Medal race events

Mixed

M = Medal race; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race


== Shooting ==

As the host nation, France automatically received a minimum of twelve quota places, with one in each of the individual shooting events. The final selection was announced on 21 June 2024. Men

Women

Mixed


== Skateboarding ==

France automatically had at least one athlete per event as the host nation. More skateboarders were able to qualify through the Olympic rankings. Aurélien Giraud qualified after reaching the semi finals at the Budapest qualifying event. == Sport climbing ==

France qualified seven sport climbers for the Olympic Games. Bassa Mawem qualified directly for the Games by winning the 2023 European Speed Qualification Tournament in Rome, Italy; Oriane Bertone qualified directly for the Games after winning the 2023 European Qualifying Event in Laval, France; Zélia Avezou, Manon Lebon, Capucine Viglione, Paul Jenft & Sam Avezou qualified through the 2024 Olympic Qualifier Series. Boulder & lead combined

Speed


== Surfing ==

French surfers confirmed four shortboard quota places (two male and two female) for Tahiti.",359
318,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"Bassa Mawem qualified directly for the Games by winning the 2023 European Speed Qualification Tournament in Rome, Italy; Oriane Bertone qualified directly for the Games after winning the 2023 European Qualifying Event in Laval, France; Zélia Avezou, Manon Lebon, Capucine Viglione, Paul Jenft & Sam Avezou qualified through the 2024 Olympic Qualifier Series. Boulder & lead combined

Speed


== Surfing ==

French surfers confirmed four shortboard quota places (two male and two female) for Tahiti. Tokyo 2020 Olympian Johanne Defay secured a direct spot for her second Games, following a top-eight placement among those eligible for qualification in the 2023 World Surf League rankings. Meanwhile, Tahitian natives Kauli Vaast and Vahiné Fierro topped the list of eligible European surfers in their respective shortboard races at the 2023 ISA World Surfing Games in Surf City, El Salvador. Joan Duru also get one additional quota with a top six result at the 2024 World Surfing Games in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Qualification legend: R3 – Qualifies to elimination rounds; R2 – Qualifies to repechage round


== Swimming ==

French swimmers achieved the entry standards in the following events with a maximum of two swimmers under the Olympic Qualifying Time (OQT) or the Olympic Consideration Time (OCT). French swimmers that achieved the OQT were selected for the team at the France Championships in Chartres. The full list of swimmers including relayers was confirmed on 8 June 2024. Men

Women

Mixed


== Table tennis ==

France qualified two full teams (one per gender) for the Olympic Tournament through their host country quota.",379
319,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"The full list of swimmers including relayers was confirmed on 8 June 2024. Men

Women

Mixed


== Table tennis ==

France qualified two full teams (one per gender) for the Olympic Tournament through their host country quota. Via the qualification of the teams, France had two singles players per gender and one mixed double pair. Alexis Lebrun and Jianan Yuan qualified as the highest ranked French pair in mixed doubles. The full team was announced on 21 June 2024. Men

Women

Mixed


== Taekwondo ==

Tokyo 2020 bronze medalist Althéa Laurin and 2023 World champion Magda Wiet-Hénin earned additional spots by finishing within the top five in the Olympic rankings in their respective division. The other two athletes were selected on 3 May 2024. == Tennis ==

France qualified one player per gender through its host country quota. The final team was announced on 21 June 2024 amongst players having sufficient ranking to participate in the Olympic Tournament. Men

Women

Mixed


== Triathlon ==

As the host nation, France received four quota places with two for each gender in the individual and mixed relay triathlon events. The official selection was made on 5 June 2024. Individual

Relay


== Volleyball ==


=== Beach ===

As the host, France qualified a pair for each event automatically. Alexia Richard and Lézana Placette qualified through the 
FIVB Olympic Rankings on 7 June 2024, leaving an extra spot for a women's French pair. A second men's pair also qualified through winning the 2024 CEV Continental Cup Final in Jūrmala, Latvia. === Indoor ===
Summary


==== Men's tournament ====

As the host nation, the French men's national volleyball team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament.",390
320,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"A second men's pair also qualified through winning the 2024 CEV Continental Cup Final in Jūrmala, Latvia. === Indoor ===
Summary


==== Men's tournament ====

As the host nation, the French men's national volleyball team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
The roster was announced on 8 July 2024. Head coach:  Andrea Giani

Group play

Quarterfinal

Semifinal

Gold medal game


==== Women's tournament ====

As the host nation, the French women's national volleyball team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
The roster was announced on 8 July 2024. Head coach:  Émile Rousseaux

Group play


== Water polo ==

Summary


=== Men's tournament ===
 
As the host nation, the French men's national water polo team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
The roster was announced on 8 July 2024. Head coach: Florian Bruzzo

Group play


=== Women's tournament ===
 
As the host nation, the French women's national water polo team directly qualified for the Olympic tournament. Team roster
The roster was announced on 8 July 2024. Head coach: Émilien Bugeaud

Group play


== Weightlifting ==

As the host nation, France entered three weightlifters into the Olympic competition. Dora Tchakounté (women's 59 kg), Marie Fegue (women's 71 kg) and Romain Imadouchène (men's 89 kg) secured one of the top ten slots in their respective weight divisions based on the IWF Olympic Qualification Rankings. The final weightlifter, Bernardin Kingue Matam was announced on 14 June. == Wrestling ==

France initially qualified four wrestlers for each of the following classes into the Olympic competition.",392
321,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics,France at the 2024 Summer Olympics,"The final weightlifter, Bernardin Kingue Matam was announced on 14 June. == Wrestling ==

France initially qualified four wrestlers for each of the following classes into the Olympic competition. Koumba Larroque qualified for the Games with a top five finish at the 2023 World Championships in Belgrade, Serbia. On 8 July, after a Russian athlete withdrew, the quota for the 62 kg category was adjusted, and French wrestler Ameline Douarre was also allowed to compete. == See also ==
France at the 2024 Summer Paralympics
France at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics


== References ==",125
322,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Square,Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC Square,"Sarayönü (Greek: Πλατεία του Σεραγίου), officially Atatürk Square (Turkish: Atatürk Meydanı; Greek: Πλατεία Ατατούρκ), is a square in North Nicosia. It is the centre of the Turkish part of the city and was the administrative center of the island for centuries. The Turkish Cypriot central Law Courts, the Nicosia Post Office, as well as a police station and a number of banks in the square. The thoroughfare of Girne Avenue ends in the square. The Ottoman governor's mansion, originally a Lusignan, and later Venetian palace, also stood in the south west of the square, before it was destroyed by the British in early 20th century. == Name ==
The name ""Sarayönü"", meaning ""the front of the palace"" has been commonly used for a long time. The square was reportedly known as ""Orduönü Square"" before the 18th century. Giovanni Mariti wrote in 1767 that the square was called ""Saray Square"" by the local population. The first British administrative records mention the square as ""Serai Eunu Meidanlik"" (""Sarayönü Meydanlığı"", Sarayönü Square) and ""Hioukioumet Konaghi Meidani"" (""Hükümet Konağı Meydanı"", Government House Square). The name was then switched to ""Konak Square"" (""Mansion Square"") prior to the last years of British sovereignty on the island.",363
323,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Square,Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC Square,"The first British administrative records mention the square as ""Serai Eunu Meidanlik"" (""Sarayönü Meydanlığı"", Sarayönü Square) and ""Hioukioumet Konaghi Meidani"" (""Hükümet Konağı Meydanı"", Government House Square). The name was then switched to ""Konak Square"" (""Mansion Square"") prior to the last years of British sovereignty on the island. The square was officially renamed ""Atatürk Square"" after Turkish statesman Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1943 by the Nicosia Municipality under Themistoklis Dervis. According to the contemporary Turkish Cypriot newspaper Söz, the change was greeted with appreciation by the Turkish Cypriot community and helped Dervis boost his popularity prior to the upcoming elections. == History ==


=== Lusignan and Venetian era ===
A defining feature of the square was the royal palace constructed by the Lusignan dynasty until its demolition. It was originally constructed as the house of Sir Hugh de la Baume, the Constable of Cyprus, but the royal family decided to move into the house following the burning of their second royal palace by the Mamluks. The move occurred in 1427 after some alterations and the building became the third Lusignan royal palace in Nicosia. The place where the Venetian Column stands today was occupied by raspberry trees when the Lusignan palace was constructed. When the Republic of Venice captured Cyprus in 1489, the palace was modified and kept actively used as the mansion of the governor. It was called ""Palazzo del Governo"" by the Venetians.",360
324,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Square,Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC Square,"When the Republic of Venice captured Cyprus in 1489, the palace was modified and kept actively used as the mansion of the governor. It was called ""Palazzo del Governo"" by the Venetians. It was during the Venetian period, in 1550, that the Venetian column was transported to the square and erected with a Lion of St. Mark placed on its top to symbolize Venetian dominance. It was also reported that the square was home to a Carmelite church during this period. === Ottoman era ===
In 1570, following the fall of Nicosia during the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus, a last pocket of resistance continued in the palace, as the governor and his men kept fighting. The Ottoman commander, Lala Mustafa Pasha, called for the surrender of the palace, which the Venetians complied with. This was followed by the slaughter of the Venetian governor and other members of the city elite. On 5 November 1764, another bloody incident happened in the square as the people of Cyprus attacked the palace to kill the governor Çil Osman Ağa and his 18 men for the higher taxes that they demanded. The Ottoman rule saw several developments in the square. The palace was modified again and kept being used as the governor's mansion. Information regarding the structure of the building at this time has been retrieved from contemporary land title archives and the accounts of A.L. Salvator, who visited the city in 1873. The mansion had two floors and a rectangular shape. After the gates, an arched gateway led to a yard surrounded by porticoes, where a well and a large tree used for executions could be found. In the upper floor, some rooms were reserved for the personal use of the governor, while some were used as his offices. The ground floor was used as further offices, a barn and the central prison.",386
325,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Square,Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC Square,"In the upper floor, some rooms were reserved for the personal use of the governor, while some were used as his offices. The ground floor was used as further offices, a barn and the central prison. The palace extended to cover almost the half of the present-day square, while the Venetian Column was located at the yard of the Sarayönü Mosque, with a raspberry tree at its modern-day place. The old Latin Carmelite church was converted into the Sarayönü Mosque, also known as the Orduönü Masjid (Turkish: Orduönü Mescidi). Its exterior displayed arched Gothic architecture, while its interior reflected classical Ottoman architecture. The Sarayönü madrasa, a cemetery, a bazaar, law courts, a fountain, coffeehouses, an arsenal, a military hospital, coffeehouses, a Turkish bath and the Ottoman qadi's residence were built during the Ottoman period in the square. However, as the city's population grew, the military facilities were relocated outside the city and houses with classical Ottoman architecture, featuring bay windows were built. == Features ==


=== Venetian column ===
The Venetian Column, which was transported from the ruins of Salamis, stands at the square. The column is made of granite and it is believed to have been aquarried from the temple of Zeus at Salamis. It was brought to Nicosia from Salamis in 1550 and was stored in the grounds of the ""Sarayönü Mosque"". It was placed in its current place in 1915 and then was decorated with an engraving at its base of the date it was brought to Nicosia and the date it was erected (1550 and 1915). In the north of the square, there is a fountain built during the Ottoman rule.",373
326,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Square,Saray%C3%B6n%C3%BC Square,"It was placed in its current place in 1915 and then was decorated with an engraving at its base of the date it was brought to Nicosia and the date it was erected (1550 and 1915). In the north of the square, there is a fountain built during the Ottoman rule. === Fountain ===

The fountain at the square, which stands at the corner of the Law Courts, was built in the Ottoman period. Giovanni Mariti wrote of the fountain's existence in the 1760s, stating that it was well-supplied with water. The fountain was once supplied with water from the Arab Ahmet water source, but has not been functional for a long time. The fountain has an octagonal plan and has one fountain on every side, within niches. The fountain was covered by a frame supported by columns until the 1950s, but this frame was removed at that time. In 1976, the fountain was restored by the Turkish Cypriot Department of Antiquities. == References ==",203
327,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Brienne","Isabella, Countess of Brienne","Isabella of Brienne (1306–1360) was suo jure Countess of Lecce and Conversano, claimant to the Duchy of Athens and Kingdom of Jerusalem, etc. == Early life ==
Isabella was daughter of Walter V of Brienne, Duke of Athens, and Jeanne of Chatillon. As the granddaughter of Hugh of Brienne, Count of Lecce etc., she was a descendant of the Kings of Jerusalem and of Cyprus. Her father's life was largely spent in Greece, where he tried to win back his mother's inheritance, the Duchy of Athens. Walter V of Brienne hired the Catalan Company, a group of mercenaries founded by Roger de Flor, to fight against the Byzantine successor states of Epirus and Nicaea, but when he tried to cheat and kill them in 1311, they slew him at the Battle of Halmyros and took over the Duchy, making Catalan the official language and replacing the French and Byzantine-derived laws of the Principality of Achaea with the laws of Catalonia, soon making it up as Duchy of Neopatras. When the duke Gauthier was killed, Isabella's mother Jeanne de Châtillon (died 1354), daughter of count of Porcien, may have tried to hold the Acropolis of Athens against the attacking Catalans, but eventually surrendered it. The Brienne family retainers continued to hold the Lordship of Argos and Nauplia under Walter of Foucherolles. Duchess Joanna however fled with her two young children to France, where the family had properties in Champagne, around Brienne-le-Chateau. The impoverished family was not able to provide better, and Isabella married Walter III of Enghien, whose lordships in and around the Hainaut were not unsubstantial (Condé, Enghien).",396
328,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Brienne","Isabella, Countess of Brienne","Duchess Joanna however fled with her two young children to France, where the family had properties in Champagne, around Brienne-le-Chateau. The impoverished family was not able to provide better, and Isabella married Walter III of Enghien, whose lordships in and around the Hainaut were not unsubstantial (Condé, Enghien). == Countess of Lecce and Brienne ==
Her brother Walter VI of Brienne gradually gained better positions, and by allying with the Angevin kings of Naples, recovered some Italian fiefs. As constable of France, he was killed in the battle of Poitiers in 1356. He had also been Lord of Florence, Marshal of France, Count of Lecce, Conversano etc. He was an ally of the Angevins of Naples, and participated in their policies in Italy. His children died young, both with his first wife Margherita of Anjou-Tarent and his second, his distant kinswoman Jeanne de Brienne. His sister Isabella's children therefore succeeded to his possessions and claims. Already by 1350, Isabella's heir Sohier of Enghien resided in Greece and held Argos and Nauplia. Isabella survived her brother, whom she succeeded, and died in 1360. Her husband Walter of Enghien had died in 1345. For a few years, she was Countess of Lecce and Brienne, as well as titular Duchess of Athens and of other claimed titles. Since her eldest son Gauthier had died before her brother, her heir was her second son Sohier of Enghien. She allowed her inherited lands to be divided between her numerous children during her own lifetime.",366
329,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Brienne","Isabella, Countess of Brienne","Since her eldest son Gauthier had died before her brother, her heir was her second son Sohier of Enghien. She allowed her inherited lands to be divided between her numerous children during her own lifetime. Isabella's brother Gauthier had left Greece sometime in the 1340s, and her eldest surviving son Sohier of Enghien apparently was resident lord of Argos and Nauplia from c. 1350. In the division of the inheritance in 1356–60, he received the title of Duke of Athens, and certain rights in Argos-Nauplia. However, her sixth son Guy of Enghien received the lordship of Argos and Nauplia in the division and resided there as the lord from 1356 to 1377. Guy was also sometimes titled Duke of Athens, although the title officially belonged to his elder brother and the latter's son, and they as Dukes of Athens were overlords of Guy and Guy's heirs. Isabella's fourth son Louis of Enghien, Lord of Conversano, received the (titular) Duchy of Athens in 1381, when his nephew's inheritance was divided. Guy's daughter Maria d'Enghien, Isabella's granddaughter, married Pietro Cornaro, a Venetian. They sold the lordship to Venice in 1388. Her main inheritance went, after some interludes, to the children of her third son John of Enghien: Peter I of Enghien, who died childless, and  Mary of Enghien (1367–1446).",328
330,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Brienne","Isabella, Countess of Brienne","They sold the lordship to Venice in 1388. Her main inheritance went, after some interludes, to the children of her third son John of Enghien: Peter I of Enghien, who died childless, and  Mary of Enghien (1367–1446). == Children ==
Isabella's children were:

Walter (June 5, 1322 – November 18, 1340)
Isabella (d. December 28, 1357), Abbess of Flines
Sohier (d. March 21, 1364), count of Brienne, titular duke of Athens
John, (d. 1380), count of Lecce and lord of Castro (father of Mary of Enghien)
Margaret, married Pierre de Préaux
Louis (d. March 17, 1394), lord (later count) of Conversano, later count of Brienne and titular duke of Athens
James, a canon in Liège
Guy,(d. 1377), lord of Argos and Nauplia
Engelbert (c. 1330–February 20, 1403), lord of Ramerupt, La Follie, and Seneffe
Frances, married Peter, Count of Montebello
Joan, a nun at Flines


== Notes ==


== References ==


== Sources ==
Perry, Guy (2018). The Briennes: The Rise and Fall of a Champenois Dynasty in the Age of the Crusades, c.950-1356. Cambridge University Press.",335
331,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempner_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Natural_and_Artificial_Intelligence,Kempner Institute for the Study of Natural and Artificial Intelligence,"The Kempner Institute for the Study of Natural and Artificial Intelligence is a research institute at Harvard University devoted to advancing understanding of intelligence in biological and machine systems. == History and mission ==
The institute was publicly launched in 2022 with the aim of bridging brain science and artificial intelligence, cultivating researchers across neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, and related fields. In addition to research, a key part of the institute's mission is training the next generation of scientists and researchers in the field of intelligence. == Leadership ==
The institute is co-directed by computer scientist Sham Kakade and neuroscientist Bernardo Sabatini. == Research ==
The institute focuses on understanding the basis of intelligence in natural and artificial systems. The institute's three major research focus areas are: Science of AI, Innovation in AI, and AI and the Brain. Kempner‑affiliated researchers contribute to a broad range of topics in machine learning, neuroscience, and biomedical AI. The institute is committed to open science and publishes research and code through its Deeper Learning blog, as well as on Github and Huggingface. It also collaborates with external partners on large‑scale open‑science efforts. In February 2024, the Allen Institute for AI (AI2) released the OLMo 7B (Open Language Model) framework, a release partly enabled by a collaboration with the Kempner Institute, alongside partners such as AMD, Databricks, CSC (Finland), and the University of Washington. == Researchers ==
Researchers with formal roles within the Kempner Institute include institute investigators, associate faculty, and research fellows. Institute investigators include: Kanaka Rajan, Yilun Du, SueYeon Chung, Michael Albergo, Kianté Brantley, and Qianqian Wang.",357
332,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempner_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Natural_and_Artificial_Intelligence,Kempner Institute for the Study of Natural and Artificial Intelligence,"== Researchers ==
Researchers with formal roles within the Kempner Institute include institute investigators, associate faculty, and research fellows. Institute investigators include: Kanaka Rajan, Yilun Du, SueYeon Chung, Michael Albergo, Kianté Brantley, and Qianqian Wang. Associate faculty members include:  Haim Sompolinsky, Venkatesh Murthy, Boaz Barak, Susan Murphy, Samuel Gershman, Marinka Zitnik,, Demba Ba, Talia Konkle, Cengiz Pelhevan, Stephanie Gil, David Alverez-Melis, and Patrick Slade. == Education ==
The Kempner Graduate Fellowship supports Ph.D. students at Harvard whose research aligns with the institute’s mission. The institute also runs multiple programs for Harvard undergraduates interested in intelligence‑related research. Several Kempner-affiliated undergraduate student researchers have been awarded Rhodes Scholarships. The Kempner Post‑Baccalaureate Program is a two‑year training program for recent college graduates who intend to apply to Ph.D. programs related to the study of intelligence and who seek additional research experience and technical training. == Computing infrastructure ==
The Kempner Institute hosts a supercomputing cluster—the Kempner AI Cluster—at the Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center (MGHPCC). In 2024, the Kempner AI cluster ranked 85th in the world in speed (TOP500) and 32nd in energy-efficiency (Green500). == Building ==
The Kempner Institute is housed in a 20,000 square foot computational lab and office suite, located on the sixth floor of the Harvard Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston, MA. == References ==",356
333,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_Law_(band),Murphy%27s Law (band),"Murphy's Law is an American hardcore punk band from New York City, formed in 1982. Vocalist Jimmy Drescher remains the only founding member of the band, and the line-up has consisted of numerous musicians who have performed with a diverse selection of musical acts across multiple genres, such as Skinnerbox, Danzig, The Bouncing Souls, Mucky Pup, Dog Eat Dog, Hanoi Rocks, Fishbone, Agnostic Front, Warzone, the Cro-Mags, D Generation, New York Dolls, Joan Jett & the Blackhearts, The Slackers, Thursday, Skavoovie and the Epitones, White Trash and Glen Campbell. Over the course of their career, Murphy's Law has released five albums, the last of which, The Party's Over, was released in 2001. == History ==
Murphy's Law's self-titled debut album was released in 1986. Their second album, Back with a Bong!, was released in 1989 on Profile Records, and subsequently re-released on Another Planet Records in 1994, with the previous self-titled album on the same disc. The band underwent a transformation, with Jimmy Drescher being the only remaining member. Alex Morris had been replaced on guitar by Todd Youth – previously of fellow New York City hardcore bands, Agnostic Front and Warzone, and later of Danzig. Chuck Valle replaced Pete Martinez on bass, and Doug E. Beans took over drumming duties from Petey Hines. In 1989, Murphy's Law opened for the Red Hot Chili Peppers on their Mother's Milk tour. Stylistically, Murphy's Law made a jump on The Best of Times (1991). While the band dabbled in skacore long before it exploded, The Best of Times combined funk, reggae, ska, and hardcore.",377
334,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_Law_(band),Murphy%27s Law (band),"Stylistically, Murphy's Law made a jump on The Best of Times (1991). While the band dabbled in skacore long before it exploded, The Best of Times combined funk, reggae, ska, and hardcore. The album was produced by Fishbone's John ""Norwood"" Fisher and Philip ""Fish"" Fisher, containing guest instrumentation from several members of Fishbone. Dedicated was released by Another Planet on March 19, 1996. The label had already picked up the rights to their previous material from Profile Records and in 1994 had released a split CD with the self-titled and Back with a Bong! albums on the same disc. Dedicated was produced by Daniel Rey, who also wrote ""Greenbud"" on the album. It follows 1993's Good for Now EP and the 1991 studio album The Best of Times. Dedicated was dedicated to former bass player, Chuck Valle, who was killed in a knife related incident in 1994. His picture appears on the back page of the CD inlay and a picture of a tattoo inscribed with the words ""In Memory of Chuck"" appears on the jewel case inlay. The band did not record another album until The Party's Over in 2001, but released singles, compilations, and split EPs with other bands in between. In 2002 Reflex/Wolfpack Records released a European vinyl pressing of The Party's Over. In 2002, the band appeared in Matthew Barney's film Cremaster 3 along with Agnostic Front. In 2004, the song ""Vicky Crown"" appeared in a music video montage featuring Nick Mondo in the game Backyard Wrestling 2. In 2008, the song ""A Day in the Life"" was featured, as well as Jimmy G. himself as the DJ of Liberty City Hardcore (L.C.H.C) radio station in the action videogame Grand Theft Auto IV.",385
335,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_Law_(band),Murphy%27s Law (band),"In 2004, the song ""Vicky Crown"" appeared in a music video montage featuring Nick Mondo in the game Backyard Wrestling 2. In 2008, the song ""A Day in the Life"" was featured, as well as Jimmy G. himself as the DJ of Liberty City Hardcore (L.C.H.C) radio station in the action videogame Grand Theft Auto IV. On April 12, 2010, Murphy's Law announced in a MySpace blog entry that they were working on a sixth studio album as well as a DVD and vinyl reissues of their back catalog. On May 4, 2011, it was announced that Murphy's Law were signed to I Scream Records, who were scheduled to release the band's first studio album of original material since 2001's The Party's Over, as well as reissues of their back catalog. The reissued albums were released on CD, digital download, and vinyl in 2014 with previously unreleased bonus tracks. There had been no news or updates on new music from Murphy's Law until April 2025, when the band announced that they were in the studio recording a new album. Their first song in 24 years, ""Go, Jimmy, Go! "", was released digitally as a single in October 2025. == Members ==


=== Current members ===
James Drescher – lead vocals (1982–present)
Joe James – guitars
Larry The Hunter – guitars
Gary Bennett – guitars
Walter ""Monsta"" Ryan – drums
Big B – bass


=== Past members ===


=== Timeline ===


== Discography ==


== References ==


== External links ==

Official Website
Murphy's Law on Facebook
Murphy's Law at AllMusic 
Tour dates at Crawlspace Booking",360
336,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Zheng,Duke Zhuang of Zheng,"Duke Zhuang of Zheng (Chinese: 鄭莊公; 757–701 BC) was the third ruler of the State of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn period in ancient China. His ancestral name was Ji (姬), given name Wusheng (寤生), which means ""difficult birth"" with breech presentation. In 743 BC, he became the duke of Zheng, and later defeated his younger brother Gongshu, who had led a rebellion against him. Duke Zhuang led military campaigns in the name of the Zhou king against the Rong people and other Zhou states. == Early life and rule ==
Wusheng was the first of two sons and groomed for the throne. His mother nevertheless preferred her second son, Gongshu, because it was said that she had suffered extraordinary pain giving birth to him. Wusheng ascended to the dukedom in 743 BC as Duke Zhuang over the violent objections of his mother. She began plotting to get Gongshu into power. First, she asked Zhuang to give Gongshu the city of Duan as a fiefdom. Duan, at that time, was the second largest city in Zheng, and was also a very important fortress. Zhuang was extremely reluctant to give away the city of Duan. His courtiers begged him to reject the proposal, but out of courtesy for his mother he agreed. Seeing that her plan was going well, Zhuang's mother urged Gongshu to build walls, stockpile arms and recruit mercenaries to the rebel cause. Soon news of these actions reached the capital and its implications. Zhuang's ministers urgently reported the news to him, urging him to retake Duan from Gongshu before it was too late.",362
337,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Zheng,Duke Zhuang of Zheng,"Soon news of these actions reached the capital and its implications. Zhuang's ministers urgently reported the news to him, urging him to retake Duan from Gongshu before it was too late. However, Zhuang dismissed these proposals, stating that he found no fault in Gongshu's actions and Zhuang has no clear proof that Gongshu was plotting a coup, instead of just merely reinforcing the city's borders. Zhuang also argued that as Gongshu was his brother, and he could not take up arms against him. Soon afterwards Zhuang departed the dukedom for Luoyang to deal with diplomatic matters. His mother then wrote a letter to Gongshu, ordering him to revolt against his brother and she would open the gates of the capital for him. So Gongshu started a revolt against Duke Zheng and, not long after, he reached the capital's walls. However, by the this time, Duke Zhuang was aware that a revolt was to take place. So he returned in time to raise an army which defeated Gongshu at Yan (north of present-day Yanling County) during the summer of 722 BC. Seeing his demoralised forces melt away and with nowhere to run, Gongshu committed suicide. Upon hearing this, Zhuang rushed to see his brother's corpse; weeping greatly, he said to him, ""Gongshu, you knew that your older brother would always forgive you; why has it come to this?"" After pacifying the rebellion Zhuang put his mother under strict confinement, telling her that ""We will meet again under the ground!"". But when public opinion began to turn against him as a result of this, he soon dug a tunnel linking his and his mother's palaces, and there they met and 'buried the hatchet' regarding their past actions. Duke Zuang was appointed Left Advisor by King Ping of Zhou.",385
338,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Zheng,Duke Zhuang of Zheng,"But when public opinion began to turn against him as a result of this, he soon dug a tunnel linking his and his mother's palaces, and there they met and 'buried the hatchet' regarding their past actions. Duke Zuang was appointed Left Advisor by King Ping of Zhou. After King Ping's death, the following king, King Huan, removed Zuang from office. In response to this slight, Duke Zhuang refused to go to the capital to meet with King Huan. King Huan then led a coalition in 707 BC against Duke Zhuang, which culminated in a Zheng victory at the Battle of Xuge. Duke Zhuang's army humiliated the king, defeating the king's army and inflicting an arrow wound on King Huan's shoulder, and further diminishing the prestige of the Zhou royal house. After Zhuang's death in 701 BC, his sons fought a protracted war of succession (701–680 BC) over the leadership of Zheng. == Succession ==

Duke Zhuang had 11 sons, among whom the most famous ones were Hu, Tu, Men and Yi. Hu was the heir and was created Duke Zhao of Zheng initially, but soon Duke Zhuang of Song interfered in the succession of Zheng and the minister of Zheng, Ji Zu, was forced to exile Duke Zhao and created Tu as Duke Li of Zheng. Men and Yi also escaped. Duke Li was also forced into exile after a failed plot against Ji Zu out of his hatred of feeling controlled by the latter, and Duke Zhao was restored. However, 3 years later, the vice minister, Gao Qumi, who had befriended Men and disliked Duke Zhao, committed an assassination and murdered Duke Zhao while Ji Zu was away, and created Men ruler instead, but the position of Ji Zu never changed.",371
339,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Zheng,Duke Zhuang of Zheng,"Duke Li was also forced into exile after a failed plot against Ji Zu out of his hatred of feeling controlled by the latter, and Duke Zhao was restored. However, 3 years later, the vice minister, Gao Qumi, who had befriended Men and disliked Duke Zhao, committed an assassination and murdered Duke Zhao while Ji Zu was away, and created Men ruler instead, but the position of Ji Zu never changed. No more than 1 year later, Duke Xiang of Qi, who wanted fame, pretended to invite Men and Gao Qumi to Shouzhi and had them killed. Ji Zu created Yi as the duke and promised to be affiliated to Chu, while the exiled Duke Li also planned a restoration for himself. 17 years later, Duke Li with Qi troops defeated Yi, killed his two sons and managed to restore himself to power (in 680 BCE). The later dukes of Zheng were all descendants of Duke Li. == Quotes ==
'多行不義必自斃' (duō xíng bùyì bì zìbì; 'If he repeatedly commits undutiful acts, he surely will bring himself down. '; referring to his younger brother; similar to 'the wages of sin is death')
'國不堪貳' (guó bùkān èr; 'a nation cannot have two leaders' advice given to Duke Zhuang by his minister Gongzi Lü)


== Notes ==


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Zuo zhuan",341
340,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"The DC-3 was one of several early design proposals for the NASA Space Shuttle designed by Maxime Faget at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in Houston. It was nominally developed by North American Aviation (NAA), although it was a purely NASA-internal design. Unlike the design that eventually emerged, the DC-3 was a fully reusable launch vehicle two-stage-to-orbit spaceplane design with a small payload capacity of about 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) and limited maneuverability. Its inherent strengths were good low-speed handling during landing, and a low-risk development that was relatively immune to changes in weight and balance. Work on the DC-3 program ended when the US Air Force joined the Shuttle program and demanded a much greater ""cross-range"" maneuverability than the DC-3 could deliver. There were also serious concerns about its stability during re-entry, as well as heating conditions on its straight wings. NAA eventually won the Shuttle Orbiter contract,  based on a very different design from another team at MSC. == History ==


=== Background ===
In the mid-1960s the US Air Force conducted a series of classified studies on next-generation space transportation systems. Among their many goals, the new launchers were intended to support a continued crewed military presence in space, and so needed to dramatically lower the cost of launches and increase launch rates. Selecting from a series of proposals, the Air Force concluded that semi-reusable designs were the best choice from an overall cost basis, and the Lockheed Star Clipper design was one of the most-studied examples. They proposed a development program with an immediate start on a ""Class I"" vehicle based on expendable boosters, followed by a slower development of a ""Class II"" semi-reusable design, and perhaps a ""Class III"" fully reusable design in the further future.",390
341,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"Selecting from a series of proposals, the Air Force concluded that semi-reusable designs were the best choice from an overall cost basis, and the Lockheed Star Clipper design was one of the most-studied examples. They proposed a development program with an immediate start on a ""Class I"" vehicle based on expendable boosters, followed by a slower development of a ""Class II"" semi-reusable design, and perhaps a ""Class III"" fully reusable design in the further future. Although it is estimated that the Air Force spent up to $1 billion on the associated studies, only the Class I program proceeded to development, as the X-20 Dyna-Soar, which was later cancelled. Not long after the Air Force studies, NASA started studying the post-Project Apollo era. A wide variety of projects were examined, many based on re-using Apollo hardware (Apollo X, Apollo Applications Program, etc.) Flush with the success of the Moon landings, a series of ever-more ambitious projects gained currency, a process that was considerably expanded under the new NASA director, Thomas O. Paine. By about 1970 these had settled on the near-term launching of a 12-man space station in 1975, expanding this to a 50-man ""space base"" by 1980, a smaller lunar-orbiting station, and then eventually a crewed mission to Mars in the 1980s. NASA awarded $2.9-million study contracts for the space stations to North American and McDonnell Douglas in July 1969. Almost as an afterthought the idea of a small and inexpensive ""logistics vehicle"" for supporting these missions developed in the late 1960s. George Mueller was handed the task of developing plans for such a system, and held a one-day symposium at NASA headquarters in December 1967 to study various options.",371
342,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"Almost as an afterthought the idea of a small and inexpensive ""logistics vehicle"" for supporting these missions developed in the late 1960s. George Mueller was handed the task of developing plans for such a system, and held a one-day symposium at NASA headquarters in December 1967 to study various options. Eighty people attended and presented a wide variety of potential designs, many from the earlier Air Force work, from small Dyna-Soar like vehicles primarily carrying crew and launched on existing expendable boosters, to much larger fully reusable designs. === ILRV ===
On 30 October 1968 NASA officially began work on what was then known as the ""Integral Launch and Re-entry Vehicle"" (ILRV), a name they borrowed from the earlier Air Force studies. The development program was to take place in four phases; Phase A: Advanced Studies; Phase B: Project Definition; Phase C: Vehicle Design; and Phase D: Production and Operations. Four teams were to participate in Phase A; two in Phase B; and then a single prime contractor for Phases C and D. A separate Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) competition was to run in parallel. NASA Houston and Huntsville jointly issued the Request for Proposal (RFP) for eight-month Phase A ILRV studies. The requirements were for 5,000 to 50,000 lb of payload to be delivered into a 500 km altitude orbit. The re-entry vehicle should have a cross range of at least 450 miles, meaning that it could fly to the left or right of its normal orbital path. General Dynamics, Lockheed, McDonnell-Douglas, Martin Marietta, and (the newly named) North American Rockwell were invited to bid. In February 1969, following study of the RFPs, Martin Marietta's entry was dropped, although they continued work on their own. The other entries were all given additional Phase A funding.",390
343,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"In February 1969, following study of the RFPs, Martin Marietta's entry was dropped, although they continued work on their own. The other entries were all given additional Phase A funding. Supported by Paine's ambitious plans, in August 1969 the ILRV program was re-defined to be a ""maximum effort"" design, and only fully reusable designs would be accepted. This led to a second series of Phase A studies. The designs that were returned varied widely, meeting the huge payload range specified in the original RFP. Two basic fuselage designs seemed to be the most common; lifting body designs that offered high cross-range but limited maneuverability after re-entry, and delta-winged designs that reversed these criteria. === DC-3 ===

Faget felt that all of the proposed designs incorporated an unacceptable amount of development risk. Unlike a conventional aircraft, with separate fuselage and wings, the ILRV designs had blended wing-body layouts. This meant that changes in weight and balance, which are almost unavoidable during development, would require changes to the entire orbiter structure to compensate. He also felt that the poor low-speed handling of any of these layouts presented a real danger during landing. Upset by what he felt was a project that seemed to guarantee failure, he started work on his own design, and presented it as the DC-3. Unlike the other entries, DC-3 was much more conventional in layout, with an almost cylindrical fuselage and low-mounted slightly swept wings. The design looked more like a cargo aircraft than a spacecraft. Re-entry was accomplished in a 60 degree nose-high attitude that presented the lower surface of the spacecraft to the airflow, using a ballistic blunt-body approach that was similar to the one Faget had successfully pioneered on the Mercury capsule. During re-entry, the wings provided little or no aerodynamic lift.",388
344,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"Re-entry was accomplished in a 60 degree nose-high attitude that presented the lower surface of the spacecraft to the airflow, using a ballistic blunt-body approach that was similar to the one Faget had successfully pioneered on the Mercury capsule. During re-entry, the wings provided little or no aerodynamic lift. After re-entry, when the spacecraft entered the lower atmosphere, it would pitch over into a conventional flying attitude, ducts would open, and jet engines would start up for landing. The upside of this design approach was that changes in the weight and balance could be addressed simply by moving the wing or re-shaping it, a common solution that had been used for decades in aircraft design—including the original Douglas DC-3 whose wings were swept rearward for just this reason. The downside was that the spacecraft would have little hypersonic lift, so its ability to maneuver while re-entering would be limited and its cross-range would be about 300 miles. It could make up for some of this with its improved low-speed flying ability, but would still not be able to match the mandated 450 miles. The ballistic portion of its reentry profile also meant flying in a stall, which many NASA astronauts perceived as risky. Although the DC-3 had never been part of the original ILRV plans, Faget's name was so well respected that others at NASA MSC in Houston quickly rallied around him. Other NASA departments all selected their own favorite designs, including recoverable versions of Saturn boosters developed at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, lifting-bodies based on the HL-10 that were favored by the Langley Research Center and Dryden Flight Research Center (Edwards), and even a single-stage-to-orbit Aerospaceplane were also proposed. From then on, the entire program was beset with in-fighting between the various teams.",383
345,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"Other NASA departments all selected their own favorite designs, including recoverable versions of Saturn boosters developed at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, lifting-bodies based on the HL-10 that were favored by the Langley Research Center and Dryden Flight Research Center (Edwards), and even a single-stage-to-orbit Aerospaceplane were also proposed. From then on, the entire program was beset with in-fighting between the various teams. On 1 June 1969, a report was published that attacked the DC-3 design, followed by several others over the remainder of the year. In spite of this, North American quickly took up the DC-3 design, having learned over the years that the best way to win a NASA contract was to make whatever design Faget favored. They won contract NAS9-9205 to develop the DC-3 in December 1969. In order to clear the logjam developing between the departments, on 23 January 1970 a meeting was held in Houston to study all of the in-house concepts. Over the next year a number of proposed designs would be dropped, including the entire series of lifting-body-derived vehicles as it proved too difficult to fit cylindrical tanks into the airframe. This left two basic approaches, delta wings and Faget's DC-3 series. Development of the DC-3 continued, with a drop test of a 1/10-scale model starting on 4 May. === Space Task Group ===
On 12 February 1969 Richard Nixon formed the Space Task Group under the direction of Vice President Spiro Agnew, giving them the task of selecting missions for a post-Apollo NASA. Agnew quickly became a proponent of NASA's ambitious plans that would culminate in a Mars attempt.",356
346,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"=== Space Task Group ===
On 12 February 1969 Richard Nixon formed the Space Task Group under the direction of Vice President Spiro Agnew, giving them the task of selecting missions for a post-Apollo NASA. Agnew quickly became a proponent of NASA's ambitious plans that would culminate in a Mars attempt. The Task Group's final report, delivered on 11 September 1969, outlined three broad plans; the first required funding at $8 to $10 billion a year and would fulfill all of NASA's goals, the second would reduce this to $8 billion or less if the crewed lunar orbiting station was dropped, and finally the third would require only $5 billion a year and would develop only the space stations and shuttle. At first Nixon did not comment on the plans. Later he demanded that the program be greatly reduced even from the smallest of the Task Group's proposals, forcing them to select either the space base or the shuttle. Discussing the problem, NASA engineers concluded that the development of a shuttle would lower the cost of launching portions of the space station, so it seemed that proceeding with the shuttle might make the future development of the station more likely. However, NASA's estimates of the shuttle development costs were met with great skepticism by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Studies by RAND in 1970 showed that there was no benefit to developing a reusable spacecraft when development costs were taken into account. The report concluded that a crewed station would be more cheaply supported with expendable boosters. By this time Paine had left NASA to return to General Electric, and had been replaced by the more pragmatic James Fletcher. Fletcher ordered independent reviews of the shuttle concept; Lockheed was to prepare a report on how the shuttle could reduce payload costs, Aerospace Corporation was to make an independent report on development and operational costs, and Mathematica would later combine these two into a final definitive report.",379
347,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"By this time Paine had left NASA to return to General Electric, and had been replaced by the more pragmatic James Fletcher. Fletcher ordered independent reviews of the shuttle concept; Lockheed was to prepare a report on how the shuttle could reduce payload costs, Aerospace Corporation was to make an independent report on development and operational costs, and Mathematica would later combine these two into a final definitive report. Mathematica's report was extremely positive; it showed that development of a fully reusable design would lower the per-launch cost, thereby reducing payload costs and driving up demand. However, the report was based on a greatly increased rate of launch; inherent in the math was that lower launch rates would completely upset any advantage. Nevertheless, the report was extremely influential, and made the shuttle program an ongoing topic of discussion in Washington. Looking to shore up support for the program, Fletcher directed NASA to develop the shuttle to be able to support the Air Force's requirements as well, as initially developed in their ""Class III"" fully reusable vehicles. If the shuttle became vital to the Air Force as well as NASA, it would be effectively unkillable. The Air Force's requirements were based on a projected series of large spy satellites then under development, which were 60 feet long and weighed 40,000 lbs. They needed to be launched into polar orbits, corresponding to a normal launch from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) of 65,000 lbs (launches to the east receive a free boost from the Earth's natural rotation). The Air Force also demanded a cross-range capability of 1,500 miles, meaning that the spacecraft would have to be able to land at a point 1,500 miles (2,400 km) to either side of its orbital path when it started re-entry. This was due to the desire to be able to land again after one orbit, the so-called ""orbit-once-around"".",383
348,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"The Air Force also demanded a cross-range capability of 1,500 miles, meaning that the spacecraft would have to be able to land at a point 1,500 miles (2,400 km) to either side of its orbital path when it started re-entry. This was due to the desire to be able to land again after one orbit, the so-called ""orbit-once-around"". This capacity was useful to NASA as well, as it made more abort possibilities available if needed. === End of DC-3 ===
The new cross-range requirements doomed the DC-3 design. Satellites orbit around the center of the Earth, not the surface. If a spacecraft were launched due East from the equator into a 90-minute low Earth orbit, it will circle the Earth and return to the spot where it was launched 90 minutes later. However, the launch site will have moved due to the Earth's rotation. Over the 90-minute period, the Earth would rotate 2,500 kilometres (1,600 miles) to the east, escaping from the spacecraft as it returns. Given the orbital speed about 28,000 kilometres per hour (17,000 mph), simply starting the re-entry about 5 minutes later than the complete 90-minute orbit would make up this difference. At Kennedy Space Center's 28.5° north latitude the situation is more complicated. Over the 90-minute orbit KSC will rotate about 1,350 miles (2,170 km). Unlike the equatorial orbit case, however, letting the spacecraft stay in the inclined orbit a little longer will start taking it south of the launch site (for the most efficient launch eastward, where the orbital inclination is equal to the launch latitude, making the launch point the most northerly of its ground path), its closest point of approach being about 300 miles (480 km) to the southwest.",380
349,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"Over the 90-minute orbit KSC will rotate about 1,350 miles (2,170 km). Unlike the equatorial orbit case, however, letting the spacecraft stay in the inclined orbit a little longer will start taking it south of the launch site (for the most efficient launch eastward, where the orbital inclination is equal to the launch latitude, making the launch point the most northerly of its ground path), its closest point of approach being about 300 miles (480 km) to the southwest. A spacecraft wishing to return to its launch site will need about 300 miles of cross-range maneuverability during re-entry, and the NASA shuttle designs demanded about 450 miles in order to have some working room. Polar orbits from the Air Force's Vandenberg Air Force Base are another matter entirely. At almost 35° N, the distance it would move over a single orbit would be slightly smaller than KSC, but critically, the shuttle would be traveling south, not east. This meant that it was not flying toward the launch point as it traveled in its orbit, and when it completed one orbit it would have to make up the entire 1,350 miles during re-entry. These missions required a dramatically improved cross-range capability, set at 1,500 miles to give it a slight reserve. The ballistic re-entry profile of the DC-3 series simply could not come close to matching this requirement. On 1 May 1971 the OMB finally released a budget plan, limiting NASA to $3.2 billion per year for the next five years. Given existing project budgets, this limited any spending on the shuttle to about $1 billion a year, far less than required to develop any of the completely reusable designs. Based on these constraints, NASA returned to a Class II-like vehicle with external tankage, which led to the MSC-020 design.",374
350,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"Given existing project budgets, this limited any spending on the shuttle to about $1 billion a year, far less than required to develop any of the completely reusable designs. Based on these constraints, NASA returned to a Class II-like vehicle with external tankage, which led to the MSC-020 design. Later that year all straight-wing designs were officially abandoned, although Faget's team continued to work on them for some time in spite of this. == Description ==
The DC-3 was a two-stage vehicle with a large booster and smaller shuttle/orbiter of overall similar design. Both were similar to ""jumbo jets"" in layout in general terms, with their large cylindrical fuselage containing fuel tanks instead of passengers or cargo. The bottom of the fuselage was flattened for re-entry aerodynamics, with a slight upward toward the nose in early models. The wings were low-mounted, in-line with the bottom of the fuselage, with a 14 degree rearward sweep on the front and no sweep on the back. The general layout of the wing planform was similar to the original DC-3. The empennage was a conventional three-surface unit, although in the original MSC-001 design the delta-shaped horizontal stabilizer was located at the bottom of the fuselage and served double-duty in protecting the rear-mounted engines during re-entry. Later versions did not generally include this feature, and used more conventional surfaces mid-mounted on the fuselage. The orbiter carried a crew of two, and had accommodations for up to ten passengers. A cargo area was mounted in the middle of the craft between the liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank behind it, and a combined LH2/liquid oxygen tank in front of it. This arrangement was used in order to center the cargo over the wing, with the heavier oxygen and crew compartment balancing the weight of the engines.",393
351,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"A cargo area was mounted in the middle of the craft between the liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank behind it, and a combined LH2/liquid oxygen tank in front of it. This arrangement was used in order to center the cargo over the wing, with the heavier oxygen and crew compartment balancing the weight of the engines. The lighter weight hydrogen then filled out the rest of the internal space. The booster had no cargo area, so it used a simpler arrangement of tankage with a single LH2 tank at the rear. The booster normally flew uncrewed, but included a two-person cockpit area that was used during ferry flights. The orbiter was powered by two modified XLR-129 engines with the thrust increased from 250,000 to 300,000 lbf, two 15,000 lbf RL-10 orbital manoeuvring engines, and six Rolls-Royce RB162 jet engines for landing. The booster used eleven of the same XLR-129 engines, and four Pratt & Whitney JT8D for landing. XLR-129s on both the shuttle and booster were fired for vertical take-off. The orbiter was mounted relatively far forward for launch, its tail in-line with the booster's wings. The combined weight at launch would be about 2,030 tons. The orbiter would re-enter nose-high at an angle of about 60 degrees above horizontal, decelerating at a peak of 2G until it reached low subsonic speeds at 40,000 ft. At this point the forward speed of the craft would be very low, so the nose was pitched down and the orbiter dove to pick up airspeed over the wings and transition to level flight. Expected re-entry heating rates on the orbiter were 1650 deg C on the leading edge, and 790 deg C over 80% of the lower surface. In order to maximize overall performance, the booster released the orbiter at Mach 10 and 45 miles altitude.",400
352,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_DC-3,North American DC-3,"Expected re-entry heating rates on the orbiter were 1650 deg C on the leading edge, and 790 deg C over 80% of the lower surface. In order to maximize overall performance, the booster released the orbiter at Mach 10 and 45 miles altitude. This required the booster to carry a complete thermal protection system in order to re-enter for landing. Both the orbiter and booster were to be protected with the LI-1500 silica tiles similar to those eventually used on the Space Shuttle, a design that had recently been introduced by Lockheed and quickly became a baseline design for all of the shuttle contenders. As a result, both airframes were able to be built out of aluminum, greatly reducing airframe cost. Both craft carried just enough JP-4 for landing go-around. Both could also carry increased loads of JP-4 for test flights or ferrying. After dispatching the orbiter the booster would be too far down-range to easily turn around and return to Kennedy, so the normal mission profile had it coast across the ocean, land automatically, refuel and pick up a crew, and then be flown back to Kennedy on its  JT8D engines. Lockheed estimated that development and initial production would cost $5.912 billion over a period from 1970 to 1975. A fleet of six orbiters and four boosters would have supported a launch rate of 50 flights per year. == References ==
Maxime Faget, ""Space Shuttle: A New Configuration"", Astronautics & Aeronautics, January 1970, p. 52
Marcus Lindroos, ""MSC/North America Concept-A, 'DC-3'"", 21 January 2003 (has 4 refs)
""Shuttle"", astronautix.com Archived 2012-03-13 at the Wayback Machine


== External links ==
The DC-3 fully reusable Space Shuttle early concept, video rendering by Hazegrayart",394
353,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_conflict_(2024%E2%80%93present),Syrian conflict (2024%E2%80%93present),"The Syrian conflict is a series of ongoing disputes and clashes in Syria following the fall of the Assad regime. Numerous actors have been involved, including clashes between the newly formed Syrian transitional government, led by former Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) leader Ahmed al-Sharaa, Assad loyalists, Alawite groups, and Druze insurgents; between elements of the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) and the government on one side, and the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) on the other; as well as incidents involving a limited Israeli military invasion. == Background ==

On 27 November 2024, a coalition of opposition groups called the Military Operations Command, led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham and the Southern Operations Room, launched a major offensive against the Syrian Army and other pro-government forces in Aleppo, Idlib, Hama and Homs Governorates. This was followed by other rebel offensives from the Southern Operations Room, the SDF and the Syrian Free Army which all began seizing Syrian government territory in the country's south and east. On 29 November, rebel forces entered Aleppo as Syrian Army positions collapsed across the country. On 7 December, rebel forces entered Damascus and the next day, on 8 December, Bashar al-Assad was reported to have fled the capital. The Syrian Army confirmed Assad was no longer in power and had fled the country, resulting in the collapse of his regime and ending over 60 years of Ba'athist rule and 54 years under the Assad dynasty. Assad and his family fled to Moscow and were granted asylum in Russia. The fall of Assad has been said to mark the end of the Syrian civil war. Syrian prime minister Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali recognized the transfer of power to the Syrian Salvation Government, which established a caretaker government in Damascus with Mohammed al-Bashir serving as the prime minister.",385
354,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_conflict_(2024%E2%80%93present),Syrian conflict (2024%E2%80%93present),"The fall of Assad has been said to mark the end of the Syrian civil war. Syrian prime minister Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali recognized the transfer of power to the Syrian Salvation Government, which established a caretaker government in Damascus with Mohammed al-Bashir serving as the prime minister. Ahmed al-Sharaa, the leader of the Syrian Salvation Government and emir of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, became de facto leader of Syria. On 8 December 2024, the day that the Assad regime fell, Israel invaded southern Syria, subsuming the Golan Heights buffer zone and capturing Quneitra, Mount Hermon, and surrounding towns and villages, while also carrying out a bombing campaign against Syrian military bases. Israel has since maintained a military occupation of the buffer zone. The Turkish-backed SNA launched an offensive against the SDF, which ended with the capture of Manbij on 11 December. At the Syrian Revolution Victory conference held in Damascus on 29 January 2025, the new government appointed al-Sharaa as president of Syria during the transitional phase and announced the dissolution of several armed militias and their integration into the Syrian Army under the Ministry of Defense. == Western Syria ==


=== Lebanon border clashes ===


=== Conflicts with the Alawites ===


== Southern Syria ==


=== Israeli military invasion ===


=== Conflicts with the Druze ===


== North and East Syria ==


=== SDF–SNA clashes ===

Clashes broke out between SDF and SNA forces as SDF forces began to enter government-controlled towns in northern Aleppo, which government forces were retreating from due to the HTS-led offensive on Aleppo from Idlib. On 1 December 2024, SNA captured the towns of as-Safirah, Khanasir and the Kuweires airbase, while clashes occurred between SNA and SDF in the Sheikh Najjar district of Aleppo city.",398
355,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_conflict_(2024%E2%80%93present),Syrian conflict (2024%E2%80%93present),"== Western Syria ==


=== Lebanon border clashes ===


=== Conflicts with the Alawites ===


== Southern Syria ==


=== Israeli military invasion ===


=== Conflicts with the Druze ===


== North and East Syria ==


=== SDF–SNA clashes ===

Clashes broke out between SDF and SNA forces as SDF forces began to enter government-controlled towns in northern Aleppo, which government forces were retreating from due to the HTS-led offensive on Aleppo from Idlib. On 1 December 2024, SNA captured the towns of as-Safirah, Khanasir and the Kuweires airbase, while clashes occurred between SNA and SDF in the Sheikh Najjar district of Aleppo city. On 6 December 2024, the SNA launched an offensive targeting the SDF-controlled city of Manbij. As the last SDF-controlled area west of the Euphrates, Manbij represented a crucial strategic point for Turkey's goal of pushing the SDF eastward beyond the river to enable the SNA to advance toward Kobani. According to the SOHR and the pro-SDF thinktank Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD), Turkey conducted drone strikes on SDF positions in Manbij. On 9 December 2024, the SOHR reported, the SDF withdrew from most of Manbij after intense fighting with the SNA and Turkish airstrikes on Qarqozaq bridge. On 11 December, Mazloum Abdi, commander-in-chief of the SDF, announced that SDF soldiers ""will be withdrawn from the area as soon as possible"" following a US-brokered ceasefire agreement. On 12 December 2024, a truce mediated by the United States was announced, though it was ended days later. On 17 December 2024, the truce was extended by a week.",387
356,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_conflict_(2024%E2%80%93present),Syrian conflict (2024%E2%80%93present),"On 12 December 2024, a truce mediated by the United States was announced, though it was ended days later. On 17 December 2024, the truce was extended by a week. Turkish Armed Forces launched airstrikes in the vicinity of Kobani later that month. On 23 December 2024, the SDF's Manbij Military Council (MMC) launched a counteroffensive in the eastern countryside of Aleppo to regain control of positions around the Tishrin Dam and to gain further territory along the Euphrates River. Fighting was halted following the signing of the 10 March agreement, between the SDF and the Syrian transitional government. === 10 March agreement ===

On 10 March 2025, the SDF signed the 10 March agreement with the Syrian caretaker government, agreeing to integrate into Syria's state institutions, securing minority rights, establishing a ceasefire throughout Syria, and retaining limited authority over North and East Syria. === SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes ===

Delays in implementing the 10 March agreement, with both sides accusing each other of obstruction, along with the cancellation of the SDF–STG talks in Paris on 25 July and again on 9–10 August, heightened hostilities between the SDF and the Syrian transitonal government, which ultimately led to clashes between the two. The first clashes were reported on 2 August 2025, near Dayr Hafir and al-Khafsah. On 12 August, one Syrian Army soldier was killed in clashes with the SDF near Dayr Hafir. In addition the government's Ministry of Information claimed that two civilians were killed and three injured. Coinciding with the clashes the Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) warned of a 'wider conflict' if the US does not remain fully engaged in preventing the collapse of the March agreement. ==== Aleppo clashes ====

On 6 October 2025, clashes erupted between forces affiliated with the Syrian Democratic Forces and government troops in the neighborhoods of Ashrafiyah and Sheikh Maqsoud.",398
357,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_conflict_(2024%E2%80%93present),Syrian conflict (2024%E2%80%93present),"Coinciding with the clashes the Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) warned of a 'wider conflict' if the US does not remain fully engaged in preventing the collapse of the March agreement. ==== Aleppo clashes ====

On 6 October 2025, clashes erupted between forces affiliated with the Syrian Democratic Forces and government troops in the neighborhoods of Ashrafiyah and Sheikh Maqsoud. Following the confrontation, government forces closed all roads leading into the two neighborhoods, effectively restricting movement and access. Residents protested the closures, demanding freedom of movement, and some demonstrations were met with tear gas and live fire by security forces. Heavy exchanges of fire, including small arms and medium weapons, were reported in the neighborhoods, resulting in casualties on both sides and displacing some families. Kurdish authorities accused the government-aligned forces of attempting to infiltrate the neighborhoods and targeting civilians. The Syrian Ministry of Defense stated that army movements in northern and northeastern Syria respond 'to repeated SDF attacks on civilians and security forces'. Calm returned to the Kurdish-majority neighborhoods of Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafiyah after a preliminary agreement between Syrian government forces and the Syrian Democratic Forces. ==== Offensive on SDF Territory ====


=== Anti-ISIS operations ===

Operations against ISIS sleeper cells continued after the fall of the Assad regime. In eastern Syria in particular, the SDF, in coordination with the Global Coalition, carried out 79 security operations, resulting in the arrest of 203 ISIS members, including senior figures, in 2025. These operations also led to the killing of more than 14 ISIS members, including commanders. On 13 December 2025, two U.S soldiers and an U.S civilian interpreter were killed by an alleged Islamic State gunman in the city of Palmyra, central Syria. The gunman was shot dead by security forces during the attack. According to the Syrian Interior Ministry, the attacker was a new recruit in Syria's internal security forces who was suspected of Islamic State ties.",397
358,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_conflict_(2024%E2%80%93present),Syrian conflict (2024%E2%80%93present),"The gunman was shot dead by security forces during the attack. According to the Syrian Interior Ministry, the attacker was a new recruit in Syria's internal security forces who was suspected of Islamic State ties. == See also ==
Syrian civil war


== Notes ==


== References ==",57
359,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Joyeuse,House of Joyeuse,"The House of Joyeuse is an old French noble family, particularly influential in the 16th century, which takes its name from the town of Joyeuse, in the Vivarais. It was a branch of the Châteauneuf-Randon family. It gave three Marshals of France and counts among its members the famous Anne, Duke of Joyeuse (1560–1587), who was one of Les Mignons of King Henry III. == Origin ==


=== Legend ===
If one believes the legend, the first lords of Joyeuse were warriors of the armies of Pepin the Short or his son Charlemagne. Joyeuse was the name of Charlemagne's sword, mentioned in the Song of Roland. === First lords of the house of Anduze ===
In 1230, Bernard VIII d'Anduze, husband of Vierne du Luc, paid homage to King Louis VIII for 21 localities including 4 in Vivarais: Joyeuse, Laurac, Largentière and Chassiers. == Ascension of the house of Joyeuse ==
According to the work of Pierre de Vaissières, Messieurs de Joyeuse, in the 14th century the fortune of the Joyeuses increased by the marriage of Louis de Joyeuse with Tiburge, lady and baroness of Saint Didier, then the marriage of the son of these, Randon, with Catherine de Chalus. On October 29, 1419, Louis, son of Randon, married Jeanne Louvet, daughter of Jean Louvet, president of the parliament of Provence. In the next generation, Tanneguy de Joyeuse was seneschal of Lyon. His son Guillaume married Anne de Balsac d'Antraigues and they had six children.",385
360,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Joyeuse,House of Joyeuse,"In the next generation, Tanneguy de Joyeuse was seneschal of Lyon. His son Guillaume married Anne de Balsac d'Antraigues and they had six children. It is the last, Jean, Lord of Saint-Sauveur, who continues the line; he married Françoise de Voisins who brought him important estates in Languedoc. In 1553, the Viscount of Joyeuse called himself “Lieutenant for the King in the Languedoc region”. The succession poses a problem with the death of the eldest child, Jean, killed at the battle of Thérouanne in 1555. The second, Guillaume, being bishop of Alet under the name of Guillaume V, the title passes to the third son, Jean -Paul, Baron d'Arques, but this one died in his turn and the bishop of Alet Guillaume VI (he had succeeded – without having acceded to the priesthood – to his uncle Guillaume V who died in 1540), abandons the ecclesiastical state and resumed the title of viscount of Joyeuse and lieutenant-general in the government of Languedoc. He married Marie de Batarnay, great-granddaughter of Imbert de Batarnay, mother of Anne, first Duke of Joyeuse and his brothers. Several of them were commissioners of the Abbey of Chambons. By right, the barons of Joyeuse were among the representatives of Vivarais in the Estates of Languedoc. == References ==",328
361,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paul_(British_politician),William Paul (British politician),"William Paul (1884–1958) was a British socialist politician. Born in Glasgow, Paul became an active socialist and joined the Socialist Labour Party (SLP) soon after it was founded. In 1911, he moved to Derby, where he ran a market stall selling hosiery and drapery. Moving his stall from city to city, he was able to link SLP members across northern England and the Midlands, and surreptitiously distribute radical literature. Paul fully endorsed the SLP's opposition to World War I, and he supported Derby anti-war activist Alice Wheeldon. In 1917, he authored The State: its Origin and Functions, in which he developed the Marxist theory of the state. He became co-editor of the SLP's newspaper, The Socialist, and its national organiser. He stood for the party in the 1918 general election in Ince, taking 13% of the votes cast. Within the SLP, he was a proponent of communist unity, and after this was rejected by the majority of the party, he became a founder member of the Communist Unity Group. This group joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) at its founding conference, where Paul put the case against affiliation to the Labour Party. Although the new party voted to affiliate, the Labour Party refused to accept this. In 1921, Paul became the editor of the CPGB's publication Communist Review, and he stood for Parliament in Manchester Rusholme at the 1923 and 1924 general elections. His candidacies were supported by the local Labour Party. Paul then became the editor of the Sunday Worker, published by the National Left-Wing Movement. Removed from his posts during the period of Bolshevisation, he remained active in the local peace and Anglo-Soviet friendship movements. == Bibliography ==
Compulsory Military Service-Should the working class support it? A debate between G. G. Coulton and W. Paul, 1912.",395
362,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paul_(British_politician),William Paul (British politician),"== Bibliography ==
Compulsory Military Service-Should the working class support it? A debate between G. G. Coulton and W. Paul, 1912. The State: Its Origin and Function. 1917. Reprinted in 1974 by the Communist Organisation in the British Isles. Labour and Empire: A Study in Imperialism, 1917. Scientific Socialism: Its Revolutionary Aims and Methods, 1918. The Irish Crisis: The British Communist Stand on Self-Determination, 1921. Reprinted in 1976 by the Cork Workers' Club. Communism and Society, 1922. The Path to Power: The Communist Party on Trial, (No Date) . Atomic Energy and Social Progress, 1946. == References ==
Graham Stevenson, Compendium of Communist Biography Archived 2006-07-13 at the Wayback Machine


== External links ==
William Paul archive",175
363,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_(Aarhus),Five Sisters (Aarhus),"The Five Sisters (Danish: De fem søstre) is a building and silo complex in Aarhus, Denmark which is an Industrial Heritage Site of Denmark. It is situated on the Mellemarmen pier on the industrial section of the Port of Aarhus in Aarhus city center. The silos represent the transition from manual to mechanized labor during the second wave of industrialization in the early 20th century and are symptomatic of the relationship between agriculture, industry and transport in the city. The Five Sisters were the first reinforced concrete structure to be erected in Aarhus and at the time it was the only building apart from the cathedral to rise above the city. == History ==
In the 1800s grain was typically stored in bulk or in sacks in storehouses or merchant's attics in a process that was both labor intensive and physically demanding. The risk of the products rotting or catching fire combined with the rising amount of cargo arriving made it necessary to find a more modern solution. In the 1890s silos were increasingly used. The earliest were placed inside existing buildings but later on dedicated structures of reinforced concrete became the norm. In 1898 the farmer's cooperative Jysk Andelsfoderstofforretning (JAF) was established and headquartered in Aarhus for the purpose of managing and selling agricultural products. The company became one of the largest in the country, opening trade hubs throughout the realm. In 1927 the  silo complex was erected in the south harbor with designs by the architect Hjalmar Kjær. The new structure heralded a change in labor processes with physically demanding work being replaced by electrical engines and elevators. Initially the silos had capacity for 12000 cubic meter oilseed and 13800 cubic meter grain while the lifting systems could handle 120 metric tonnes per hour.",372
364,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_(Aarhus),Five Sisters (Aarhus),"The new structure heralded a change in labor processes with physically demanding work being replaced by electrical engines and elevators. Initially the silos had capacity for 12000 cubic meter oilseed and 13800 cubic meter grain while the lifting systems could handle 120 metric tonnes per hour. Building the silos into one structure made it possible to aerate the grain by moving it from one silo to another with electrical cup elevators and later vacuums. The elevators were also used to load and unload cargo ships and at the same time unloading coal became mechanized with cranes. The system was the beginning of a greatly reduced labor force in the port. The productivity benefits quickly became apparent; ships increased in size proportionally to the amount of cargo that could be handled. The Five Sisters was the first but other complexes followed shortly; Aarhus Oliefabrik built a 20.000 cubic meter silo and in 1930 Korn- og Foderstof Kompagniet completed another large silo complex. In 1969 JAF merged with a number of other companies to form Dansk Landbrugs Grovvareselskab (DLG) which still owned the silo complex in the 2010s. The Five Sisters was initially not received well due to  their size and industrial appearance. The cathedral had since the 1500s been the dominant feature of the skyline and the equally tall silos were by many considered an eyesore in comparison. However, some architects have also noted them as an inspiration for later industrial and functionalist architecture. == Architecture ==
The Five Sisters was designed by architect Hjalmar Kjær and engineer Jørgen Christensen. It was the largest silo complex in the Nordic countries when it was completed and it was a technologically advanced replacement for the former storehouses.",368
365,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Sisters_(Aarhus),Five Sisters (Aarhus),"== Architecture ==
The Five Sisters was designed by architect Hjalmar Kjær and engineer Jørgen Christensen. It was the largest silo complex in the Nordic countries when it was completed and it was a technologically advanced replacement for the former storehouses. The complex includes 5 silos and a storehouse in 2 stories constructed of white painted re-enforced concrete with smooth, homogeneous facades absent any decoration. The area chosen was swampy in a newly developed part of the harbor making it necessary to use a piled foundation with 1200 14 meter long poles. The warehouse sits on a floating raft foundation. The Five Sisters marks the beginning of industrial Functionalist architecture in Denmark but can be best described as Neoclassical in style due to its historicist references. The name of the complex references the division of the silos into 5 parts inspired by the front gabled canal houses seen in Amsterdam and other Dutch cities. == References ==",192
366,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_tour_(Bj%C3%B6rk),Greatest Hits tour (Bj%C3%B6rk),"The Greatest Hits tour was the fifth worldwide concert tour by Icelandic musician Björk. It was launched in support of the release of her Greatest Hits album, her box set Family Tree, and to coincide with the release of her Live Box collection. The tour was supposed to take place one year earlier, but it was delayed as Björk gave birth to her daughter. The first dates of the tour were announced just two months after the birth. The tour kicked off with two shows in London on May 24, 2003, and ended with a rescheduled performance in Toronto on September 3, 2003. The tour visited Europe, Asia and North America with 28 shows in total. Björk wore outfits and creations from Jeremy Scott, Alexander McQueen and Shoplifter. The songs performed were mainly from Vespertine and Homogenic. The tour band was made up of members of previous tour bands: the Iceland string octet (which were featured also in the Homogenic tour), electronic duo Matmos and harpist Zeena Parkins (who had previously been part of the touring band for Vespertine world tour). Iranian musician Leila Arab (who had previously been part of the touring band for Post) joined the band for the European and Asian shows. There was a notable lack of focus on material from Debut and Post. The tour was appreciated by critics, who lauded Björk's performances, presence on scene and fashion choices. This is the only one of Björk's tours not to have had a corresponding DVD or CD release, although many performances were broadcast and a live track of ""All is Full of Love"" from this tour can be found on the soundtrack to the Icelandic film Screaming Masterpiece, whilst the film itself contains partial live performances of both ""All is Full of Love"" and ""Pluto"".",370
367,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_tour_(Bj%C3%B6rk),Greatest Hits tour (Bj%C3%B6rk),"The tour was appreciated by critics, who lauded Björk's performances, presence on scene and fashion choices. This is the only one of Björk's tours not to have had a corresponding DVD or CD release, although many performances were broadcast and a live track of ""All is Full of Love"" from this tour can be found on the soundtrack to the Icelandic film Screaming Masterpiece, whilst the film itself contains partial live performances of both ""All is Full of Love"" and ""Pluto"". == Background ==
In 2001, Björk embarked on her fourth tour, the Vespertine world tour, which featured the singer playing in opera houses and theatres backed by the 54-piece orchestra Il Novecento. During a press conference in Barcelona, Spain, before her concert at Liceu, Björk confirmed that there would have been another tour the following year, which would have featured more conventional locations and band. On January 26, 2002, it was announced that Björk would headline the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival which was to take place in April 2002. By the time of the show, the singer was pregnant with her second child, the first with partner Matthew Barney, and the show was the only planned appearance for the year. During the course of 2002, Björk released her first greatest hits album, aptly called Greatest Hits, and first box set, Family Tree, which followed a string of DVD releases which spanned her first ten years of solo career. Björk stated that the process ""was like spring cleaning, complete with nostalgic, boring, and mushy moments, but ultimately, it was liberating to have an absolutely clean attic. Now, I have a brand-new chalkboard on which to work"". The singer gave birth to her daughter, Ísadóra Bjarkardóttir Barney, on October 3, 2002.",385
368,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_tour_(Bj%C3%B6rk),Greatest Hits tour (Bj%C3%B6rk),"Now, I have a brand-new chalkboard on which to work"". The singer gave birth to her daughter, Ísadóra Bjarkardóttir Barney, on October 3, 2002. At the end of the year, the first dates for Björk's newest tour were announced in Verona, Paris and Hamburg. More dates were later added in March 2003, including two headlining shows in Russia, where the singer had never played before. Björk was confirmed to headline the Fuji Rock Festival in Yuzawa, Niigata, Japan and further shows were announced to take place in North America, including two shows at Brooklyn KeySpan Park. In April, it was confirmed that Zeena Parkins and Matmos, who have played with her during her last tour, would rejoin her, along with the Icelandic String Octet, that was part of the band during the Homogenic tour. Leila Arab was later confirmed to be a part of the band too, but she appeared only during the European and Asian shows due to visa issues. On May 16, Björk streamed via webcast the final rehearsal for the upcoming tour live at the Loftkastalinn Theatre in Reykjavík. The shows featured pyrotechnics, moving sculptures on stage and video projections. The London-based direction and animation collective Lynn Fox provided the backdrops for some songs on the tour, including ""Pluto"", ""Desired Constellation"", ""Unravel"" and ""It's in Our Hands"". During the tour Björk wore dresses by Jeremy Scott and Shoplifter along with ornaments by young Icelandic designer and, most notably, a pair of ear ornaments by Alexander McQueen. == Critical reception ==

The tour received positive reviews from critics. John Mulvay of Yahoo! Music noted that the show ""initially seems [...] a virtual reprise of her Vespertine performances.",396
369,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_tour_(Bj%C3%B6rk),Greatest Hits tour (Bj%C3%B6rk),"John Mulvay of Yahoo! Music noted that the show ""initially seems [...] a virtual reprise of her Vespertine performances. In fact, Vespertine idea - a sort of solemn classical fragility underpinned by volatile, glitchy rhythms - is extended to permeate rarely-visited corners of Björk's back catalogue"" and praised the show by saying ""it's closer to high art than pop, incorporating performance art, chamber music and radical sound design"". David Peschek of The Guardian, reviewing the first show in London, commented that ""there is more rhythmic invention in this show than in the rest of current electronic music. Björk has become a curator of exotic, alien sounds, the latest in a rare lineage that includes Martin Denny, Esquivel, Lalo Schifrin and Yello"", ultimately labeling the show as ""thrilling"". Ian Watson of NME wrote that ""With the help of harpist Zeena Parkins and San Franciscan sound sculptors Matmos, who've fashioned lithe, subtle beats from the sounds of cracking ice and shuffled cards, her Bjorkness is moving ever closer to her ultimate dream. A breathtaking fusion of tradition and progress, of electronica and steam, of classical beauty in a groundbreaking frame"". Neva Chonin of the San Francisco Chronicle billed the show as ""one of the most delightfully mind-blowing pop spectacles of the year"" and further commented ""the pop world’s eccentric dancing queen topped herself by putting on a show as strange, beautiful and playfully joyous as herself."" Steven Mirkin of Variety, reviewing her performance at Hollywood Bowl, opined that ""her performance did not quite live up the high bar she set"", confronting the show to her last concert in Los Angeles at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, but later added ""it was an impressive evening nonetheless"".",388
370,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_tour_(Bj%C3%B6rk),Greatest Hits tour (Bj%C3%B6rk),"Neva Chonin of the San Francisco Chronicle billed the show as ""one of the most delightfully mind-blowing pop spectacles of the year"" and further commented ""the pop world’s eccentric dancing queen topped herself by putting on a show as strange, beautiful and playfully joyous as herself."" Steven Mirkin of Variety, reviewing her performance at Hollywood Bowl, opined that ""her performance did not quite live up the high bar she set"", confronting the show to her last concert in Los Angeles at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, but later added ""it was an impressive evening nonetheless"". A more lukewarm review came for her two shows at KeySpan Park, with Andy Gensler of Rolling Stone commenting ""the sheer spectacle overwhelmed fans at the Brooklyn ballpark - even if the meaning was often lost in the explosions"" and further adding that the show was ""impressive, but it also prompted a question: Why?"". The show's fashion was critically lauded. David Peschek stated ""Björk walks on stage wearing the kind of dress [...] that the people who compile fashion pages like to laugh at, not realising she dresses that way because she finds fashion funny."" Gene Stout of the Seattle Post Globe stated that the outfits were ""fun, fanciful and typically Björk"" and noted how the singer's eclectic fashion choices influenced her fans by saying that they ""also expressed their individual Björk-ness with odd costumes and gender-blending accessories. What was most striking about Björk’s fans was their attentiveness. Many appeared mesmerized by the diminutive, fairy-like singer and her soaring, eccentric blend of pop, electronica, classical and old-European musical elements."" Ta-Nehisi Coates of The Village Voice stated that ""she looked exquisitely ridiculous"". == Set list ==
This set list is from the May 24, 2003 concert in London, England.",392
371,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_tour_(Bj%C3%B6rk),Greatest Hits tour (Bj%C3%B6rk),"Ta-Nehisi Coates of The Village Voice stated that ""she looked exquisitely ridiculous"". == Set list ==
This set list is from the May 24, 2003 concert in London, England. It is not intended to represent all concerts for the tour. === Other songs performed ===

Notes


== Tour dates ==


=== Festivals and other performances ===


=== Rescheduled shows ===


== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from the Live Book. Björk
Matmos – electronics
Leila Arab – electronics (absent during the North American leg)
Zeena Parkins – harp
Icelandic String Octet – strings
Sigrún Eðvaldsdóttir
Una Sveinbjarnardóttir
Ari Þór Vilhjálmsson
Íma Þöll Jónsdóttir
Jónína Auður Hilmarsdóttir
Móeiður Anna Sigurðardóttir
Sigurður Bjarki Gunnarsson
Jón Ragnar Örnólfsson
LynnFox – visuals
Christian McKenzie
Patrick Chen
Bastian Glassner


== References ==


== External links ==
Greatest Hits Tour Summary at old.bjork.com
2003 gigography at bjork.com",293
372,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullhurst_Community_College,Fullhurst Community College,"Fullhurst Community College is an over-subscribed 11-16 comprehensive school in Braunstone, West Leicester. In September 2023 Ofsted graded the school ‘Good’, which reflects the continued improvements the school has made amid record summer examination results. The current Executive Headteacher is Mrs. Christina Bailey. Fullhurst Community College opened in 1991 following the closure of King Richard III School and Newarke School. It was initially located on the King Richard site while a significant refurbishment of the Newarke site took place. It moved into the Newarke buildings in 1992. After this, the college received funding from the Building Schools For The Future program. Under this, DRCC retained its 1930s red bricks and clocktower and was combined with a new, glass building 2 with 1st-century facilities to allow students to thrive. Recently, DRCC has inhabited Ellesmere College's old building and turned it into a £15 million new campus to house Year 7 and Year 8 students, also allowing the college to expand its student population to 1500 from September 2020. The school has also won awards such as the Department For Education Pupil Premium Secondary Champion, Leicester Mercury School Of The Year, and finalists for Pearson's 2018 National School Of The Year. == Notable pupils ==


=== King Richard III Secondary School ===
Claudia Webbe, former MP for Leicester East, 2019—2024


== References ==


== External links ==
School website",301
373,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_Factory_Art_Center,Torpedo Factory Art Center,"The Torpedo Factory Art Center is the former U.S. Naval Torpedo Station, a naval munitions factory on the banks of the Potomac River in Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia, which was converted into an art center in 1974. The facility is located at 105 North Union Street, near the eastern end of King Street. The Torpedo Factory Art Center is home to the largest number of publicly accessible working artist studios in the United States. Each year, more than a half-million visitors interact with its community of artists. As of March 2022, it housed 82 artists' studios, eight galleries, and workshops, with some 165 professional visual artists who work in a variety of media, including painting, ceramics, photography, jewelry, stained glass, fiber, printmaking, and sculpture. The Torpedo Factory has become a model of creative placemaking for other communities. Artists are selected as part of an annual jury and re-jury process. Once accepted, they receive a three-year lease of publicly subsidized rent. == History ==
After months of planning, on November 12, 1918—ironically the day after Armistice Day marked the end of World War I—the U.S. Navy began construction of the U.S. Naval Torpedo Station. The factory built torpedoes for five years before becoming munitions storage. With the onset of World War II, the factory produced Mark III torpedoes for aircraft and Mark XIV torpedoes for submarines. By the war's end in 1945, the complex was converted to government storage for things such as congressional documents, artifacts from the Smithsonian, and Nazi trial records. The City of Alexandria eventually bought the building in 1969. In 1974, Marian Van Landingham, as president of The Art League, proposed a project to renovate part of the factory into studio spaces for the Alexandria Bicentennial Project. The project was originally approved for only three years.",391
374,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_Factory_Art_Center,Torpedo Factory Art Center,"In 1974, Marian Van Landingham, as president of The Art League, proposed a project to renovate part of the factory into studio spaces for the Alexandria Bicentennial Project. The project was originally approved for only three years. Large-scale renovation began in May 1974 and the new center formally opened on September 15, 1974. From 1982 to 1983, the building underwent further renovation in compliance with the City's waterfront development plan and was entirely gutted and rebuilt with a new ventilation system and central heating. It formally reopened on May 20, 1983. Adjacent industrial facilities were demolished to build the Torpedo Factory Condominiums in 1985. The Torpedo Factory Artists Association created by artists and The Art League, managed the center for 12 years, from 1998 to 2010. From 2011 to 2016, it was managed by the specially created Torpedo Factory Art Center Board nonprofit. The Torpedo Factory Artists’ Association is the Torpedo Factory's professional artist community of more than 275 juried visual artists. Past presidents include Tanya Davis, and other artists, and the current president is artist Rachel Kerwin. In 2018, the City of Alexandria took control of all operations of the Torpedo Factory, despite opposition from some artists. In August 2019, one of the galleries was named after Marian Van Landingham. In October 2021, city authorities started to consider different options for funding renovations. == Gallery ==


== References ==


== External links ==

Target Gallery is the Torpedo Factory Art Center's contemporary exhibition space. Torpedo Factory Artists' Association
The Art League Gallery
The Associates Gallery (TAG)
Enamelists Gallery
Multiple Exposures Gallery (photography)
Potomac Fiber Arts Gallery
Scope Gallery (ceramics)",363
375,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Read,Bill Read,"William L. Read (born 1949 or 1950) is an American meteorologist who served in the United States Navy, the National Weather Service (NWS), and as consultant for television stations such as KPRC-TV during his career. He has worked at NWS offices in Sterling, Virginia, Fort Worth, Texas, San Antonio, Texas, Silver Spring, Maryland, Houston, Texas, and Miami, Florida over the years, reaching the post of director of the National Hurricane Center from January 25, 2008 until June 2012. == Career ==
Read studied at Texas A&M, getting his B.Sc. in 1971. He then served four years in the U.S. Navy at different bases and as an on-board meteorologist with the Hurricane hunters. Returning for to Texas A&M, he obtained his M.Sc. in meteorology in 1976. He joined the National Weather Service in 1977 at the test and evaluation division in Sterling, Virginia. He then served as a forecaster in the Fort Worth and San Antonio, Texas offices before becoming the severe thunderstorm and flash flood program leader at the National Weather Service headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland. Read was appointed to direct the Houston/Galveston weather forecast office in 1992 and led it through the National Weather Service modernization and restructuring program of the mid-1990s. He was also part of the Hurricane Liaison Team at the National Hurricane Center in Miami when Hurricane Isabel came ashore on the Outer Banks of North Carolina in September 2003. Read became  Deputy Director of the Tropical Prediction Center (TPC), which includes the National Hurricane Center and two other divisions, in Miami, Florida, in August 2007 until he was selected for the position of director in January 2008 and served until June 4, 2012 when relieved by Richard Knabb.",362
376,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Read,Bill Read,"He was also part of the Hurricane Liaison Team at the National Hurricane Center in Miami when Hurricane Isabel came ashore on the Outer Banks of North Carolina in September 2003. Read became  Deputy Director of the Tropical Prediction Center (TPC), which includes the National Hurricane Center and two other divisions, in Miami, Florida, in August 2007 until he was selected for the position of director in January 2008 and served until June 4, 2012 when relieved by Richard Knabb. After retirement, Read worked as a hurricane specialist to television networks, professor, and at the Institute for a Disaster Resilient Texas for Texas A&M at their Galveston Campus studying increased rainfall rates and hurricane behavior. == Awards ==
Read received the National Hurricane Conference Public Education Award in Spring 2004 for hurricane preparedness efforts. Under his leadership, the Houston/Galveston forecast office conducted an annual Houston/Galveston Hurricane Workshop, which was considered the largest meeting of its kind in the United States. == References ==",199
377,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"Paper is a thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. The first paper-like plant-based writing sheet was papyrus in Egypt, but the first true papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25–220 AD), traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. This plant-puree conglomerate produced by pulp mills and paper mills was used for writing, drawing, and money. During the 8th century, Chinese paper making spread to the Islamic world, replacing papyrus. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe, where it replaced animal-skin-based parchment and wood panels. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills using waterwheels in Spain. Later improvements to the papermaking process came in 19th century Europe with the invention of wood-based papers. Although there were precursors such as papyrus in the Mediterranean world and amate in the pre-Columbian Americas, these are not considered true paper. Nor is true parchment considered paper: used principally for writing, parchment is heavily prepared animal skin that predates paper and possibly papyrus. In the 20th century with the advent of plastic manufacture, some plastic ""paper"" was introduced, as well as paper-plastic laminates, paper-metal laminates, and papers infused or coated with different substances to produce special properties. == Precursors ==


=== Papyrus ===
The word ""paper"" is etymologically derived from papyrus, Ancient Greek for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean societies for writing long before paper was used in China.",371
378,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"== Precursors ==


=== Papyrus ===
The word ""paper"" is etymologically derived from papyrus, Ancient Greek for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean societies for writing long before paper was used in China. Papyrus is prepared by cutting off thin ribbon-like strips of the pith (interior) of the Cyperus papyrus plant and then laying out the strips side-by-side to make a sheet. A second layer is then placed on top, with the strips running perpendicular to the first. The two layers are then pounded together using a mallet to make a sheet. The result is very strong, but has an uneven surface, especially at the edges of the strips. When used in scrolls, repeated rolling and unrolling causes the strips to come apart again, typically along vertical lines. This effect can be seen in many ancient papyrus documents. Paper contrasts with papyrus in that the plant material is broken down through maceration or disintegration before the paper is pressed. This produces a much more even surface and no natural weak direction in the material which falls apart over time. Unlike paper, papyrus is created by pressing, matting, and pounding the Cyperus papyrus plant, which only grew in Egypt and Sicily, and drying it to create the end product. The words 'papyrus' and its derivative, 'paper', have often been used interchangeably despite referring to different products created through different methods. Although it was used to great effect in Greece and Rome, papyrus has several downsides compared to paper. It was geographically limited by the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was primarily grown in Egypt. The Arabs tried to grow the plant north of Baghdad in the 830s but failed.",391
379,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"It was geographically limited by the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was primarily grown in Egypt. The Arabs tried to grow the plant north of Baghdad in the 830s but failed. While not especially expensive, it was more laborious to create papyrus with an even surface, and paper was more abundant and affordable than papyrus. It was also fragile, sensitive to moisture, and restricted to a scroll format of no more than 30–35 feet. By the end of the 9th century, paper had become more popular than papyrus in the Muslim World. In Asia and Africa, paper displaced papyrus as the primary writing material by the mid-10th century. In Europe, papyrus co-existed with parchment for several hundred years until it largely disappeared by the 11th century. Papyrus was used in Egypt as early as the third millennium before Christ, and was made from the inner bark of the papyrus plant (Cyperus papyrus). The bark was split into pieces which were placed crosswise in several layers with an adhesive between them, and then pressed and dried into a thin sheet which was polished for writing."" Scholars of both East and West have sometimes taken it for granted that paper and papyrus were of the same nature; they have confused them as identical, and so have questioned the Chinese origin of papermaking. This confusion resulted partly from the derivation of the word paper, papier, or papel from papyrus and partly from ignorance about the nature of paper itself. Papyrus is made by lamination of natural plants, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration or disintegration. == Paper in China ==

Archaeological evidence of papermaking predates the traditional attribution given to Cai Lun, an imperial eunuch official of the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE), thus the exact date or inventor of paper cannot be deduced.",390
380,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"Papyrus is made by lamination of natural plants, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration or disintegration. == Paper in China ==

Archaeological evidence of papermaking predates the traditional attribution given to Cai Lun, an imperial eunuch official of the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE), thus the exact date or inventor of paper cannot be deduced. The earliest extant paper fragment was unearthed at Fangmatan in Gansu province, and was likely part of a map, dated to 179–141 BCE. Fragments of paper have also been found at Dunhuang dated to 65 BCE and at Yumen pass, dated to 8 BCE. The invention traditionally attributed to Cai Lun, recorded hundreds of years after it took place, is dated to 105 CE. The innovation is a type of paper made of mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishing nets, old rags, and hemp waste which reduced the cost of paper production, which prior to this, and later, in the West, depended solely on rags. === Techniques ===
During the Shang (1600–1050 BC) and Zhou (1050–256 BC) dynasties of ancient China, documents were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo (on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrolls), making them very heavy, awkward to use, and hard to transport. The light material of silk was sometimes used as a recording medium, but was normally too expensive to consider. The Han dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun (c. 50–121 AD) is credited as the inventor of a method of papermaking (inspired by wasps and bees) using rags and other plant fibers in 105 AD.",359
381,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"The light material of silk was sometimes used as a recording medium, but was normally too expensive to consider. The Han dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun (c. 50–121 AD) is credited as the inventor of a method of papermaking (inspired by wasps and bees) using rags and other plant fibers in 105 AD. However, the discovery of specimens bearing written Chinese characters in 2006 at Fangmatan in north-east China's Gansu Province suggests that paper was in use by the ancient Chinese military more than 100 years before Cai, in 8 BC, and possibly much earlier as the map fragment found at the Fangmatan tomb site dates from the early 2nd century BC. It therefore would appear that ""Cai Lun's contribution was to improve this skill systematically and scientifically, fix a recipe for papermaking"". Cai Lun's biography in the Twenty-Four Histories says:

In ancient times writings and inscriptions were generally made on tablets of bamboo or on pieces of silk called chih. But silk being costly and bamboos heavy they were not convenient to use. Tshai Lun then initiated the idea of making paper from the bark of trees, remnants of hemp, rags of cloth and fishing nets. He submitted the process to the emperor in the first year of Yuan-Hsing (105 AD) and received praise for his ability. From this time, paper has been in use everywhere and is universally called the paper of Marquis Tshai. The production process may have originated from the practice of pounding and stirring rags in water, after which the matted fibres were collected on a mat. The bark of paper mulberry was particularly valued and high quality paper was developed in the late Han period using the bark of tán (檀; sandalwood).",369
382,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"The production process may have originated from the practice of pounding and stirring rags in water, after which the matted fibres were collected on a mat. The bark of paper mulberry was particularly valued and high quality paper was developed in the late Han period using the bark of tán (檀; sandalwood). Although bark paper emerged during the Han dynasty, the predominant material used for paper was hemp until the Tang dynasty when rattan and mulberry bark paper gradually prevailed. After the Tang dynasty, rattan paper declined because it required specific growing areas, was slow in growth, and had a long regeneration cycle. The most prestigious kind of bark paper was known as Chengxintang Paper, which emerged during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and was only used for imperial purposes. Ouyang Xiu described it as shiny, elaborate, smooth, and elastic. In the Eastern Jin period a fine bamboo screen-mould treated with insecticidal dye for permanence was used in papermaking. After printing was popularized during the Song dynasty the demand for paper grew substantially. The supply of bark could not keep up with the demand for paper, resulting in the invention of new kinds of paper using bamboo during the Song dynasty. In the year 1101, 1.5 million sheets of paper were sent to the capital. === Uses ===
Open, it stretches; closed, it rolls up. it can be contracted or expanded; hidden away or displayed. Among the earliest known uses of paper was padding and wrapping delicate bronze mirrors according to archaeological evidence dating to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han from the 2nd century BCE. Padding doubled as both protection for the object as well as the user in cases where poisonous ""medicine"" were involved, as mentioned in the official history of the period. Although paper was used for writing by the 3rd century CE, paper continued to be used for wrapping (and other) purposes.",394
383,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"Padding doubled as both protection for the object as well as the user in cases where poisonous ""medicine"" were involved, as mentioned in the official history of the period. Although paper was used for writing by the 3rd century CE, paper continued to be used for wrapping (and other) purposes. Toilet paper was used in China from around the late 6th century. In 589, the Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui (531–591) wrote: ""Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes"". An Arab traveler who visited China wrote of the curious Chinese tradition of toilet paper in 851, writing: ""... [the Chinese] do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper"". During the Tang dynasty (618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. In the same period, it was written that tea was served from baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different size and shape. During the Song dynasty (960–1279) the government produced the world's first known paper-printed money, or banknote (see Jiaozi and Huizi). Paper money was bestowed as gifts to government officials in special paper envelopes. During the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), the first well-documented European in Medieval China, the Venetian merchant Marco Polo remarked how the Chinese burned paper effigies shaped as male and female servants, camels, horses, suits of clothing and armor while cremating the dead during funerary rites. === Impact of paper ===
According to Timothy Hugh Barrett, paper played a pivotal role in early Chinese written culture, and a ""strong reading culture seems to have developed quickly after its introduction, despite political fragmentation.""",387
384,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"During the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), the first well-documented European in Medieval China, the Venetian merchant Marco Polo remarked how the Chinese burned paper effigies shaped as male and female servants, camels, horses, suits of clothing and armor while cremating the dead during funerary rites. === Impact of paper ===
According to Timothy Hugh Barrett, paper played a pivotal role in early Chinese written culture, and a ""strong reading culture seems to have developed quickly after its introduction, despite political fragmentation."" Indeed, the introduction of paper had immense consequences for the book world. It meant books would no longer have to be circulated in small sections or bundles, but in their entirety. Books could now be carried by hand rather than transported by cart. As a result, individual collections of literary works increased in the following centuries. Textual culture seems to have been more developed in the south by the early 5th century, with individuals owning collections of several thousand scrolls. In the north an entire palace collection might have been only a few thousand scrolls in total. By the early 6th century, scholars in both the north and south were capable of citing upwards of 400 sources in commentaries on older works. A small compilation text from the 7th century included citations to over 1,400 works. The personal nature of texts was remarked upon by a late 6th century imperial librarian. According to him, the possession of and familiarity with a few hundred scrolls was what it took to be socially accepted as an educated man. According to Endymion Wilkinson, one consequence of the rise of paper in China was that ""it rapidly began to surpass the Mediterranean empires in book production."" During the Tang dynasty, China became the world leader in book production. In addition the gradual spread of woodblock printing from the late Tang and Song further boosted their lead ahead of the rest of the world.",379
385,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"During the Tang dynasty, China became the world leader in book production. In addition the gradual spread of woodblock printing from the late Tang and Song further boosted their lead ahead of the rest of the world. From the fourth century CE to about 1500, the biggest library collections in China were three to four times larger than the largest collections in Europe. The imperial government book collections in the Tang numbered about 5,000 to 6,000 titles (89,000 juan) in 721. The Song imperial collections at their height in the early twelfth century may have risen to 4,000 to 5,000 titles. These are indeed impressive numbers, but the imperial libraries were exceptional in China and their use was highly restricted. Only very few libraries in the Tang and Song held more than one or two thousand titles (a size not even matched by the manuscript collections of the grandest of the great cathedral libraries in Europe). However, despite the initial advantage afforded to China by the paper medium, by the 9th century its spread and development in the Middle East had closed the gap between the two regions. Between the 9th to early 12th centuries, libraries in Cairo, Baghdad, and Cordoba held collections larger than even the ones in China, and dwarfed those in Europe. From about 1500 the maturation of paper making and printing in Southern Europe also had an effect in closing the gap with the Chinese. The Venetian Domenico Grimani's collection numbered 15,000 volumes by the time of his death in 1523. After 1600, European collections completely overtook those in China. The Bibliotheca Augusta numbered 60,000 volumes in 1649 and surged to 120,000 in 1666. In the 1720s the Bibliothèque du Roi numbered 80,000 books and the Cambridge University 40,000 in 1715.",374
386,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"The Bibliotheca Augusta numbered 60,000 volumes in 1649 and surged to 120,000 in 1666. In the 1720s the Bibliothèque du Roi numbered 80,000 books and the Cambridge University 40,000 in 1715. After 1700, libraries in North America also began to overtake those of China, and toward the end of the century, Thomas Jefferson's private collection numbered 4,889 titles in 6,487 volumes. The European advantage only increased further into the 19th century as national collections in Europe and America exceeded a million volumes while a few private collections, such as that of Lord Acton, reached 70,000. European book production began to catch up with China after the introduction of the mechanical printing press in the mid fifteenth century. Reliable figures of the number of imprints of each edition are as hard to find in Europe as they are in China, but one result of the spread of printing in Europe was that public and private libraries were able to build up their collections and for the first time in over a thousand years they began to match and then overtake the largest libraries in China. Paper became central to the three arts of China – poetry, painting, and calligraphy. In later times paper constituted one of the 'Four Treasures of the Scholar's Studio,' alongside the brush, the ink, and the inkstone. == Paper in Asia ==

After its origin in central China, the production and use of paper spread steadily. It is clear that paper was used at Dunhuang by 150 CE, in Loulan in the modern-day province of Xinjiang by 200, and in Turpan by 399. Paper was concurrently introduced in Japan sometime between the years 280 and 610. === Eastern Asia ===
Paper spread to Vietnam in the 3rd century, to Korea in the 4th century, and to Japan in the 5th century.",385
387,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"Paper was concurrently introduced in Japan sometime between the years 280 and 610. === Eastern Asia ===
Paper spread to Vietnam in the 3rd century, to Korea in the 4th century, and to Japan in the 5th century. The paper of Korea was famed for being glossy white and was especially prized for painting and calligraphy. It was among the items commonly sent to China as tribute. The Koreans spread paper to Japan possibly as early as the 5th century but the Buddhist monk Damjing's trip to Japan in 610 is often cited as the official beginning of papermaking there. === Islamic world ===


==== Origin ====
Paper was used in Central Asia by the 8th century but its origin is not clear. According to the 11th century Persian historian, Al-Thaʽālibī, Chinese prisoners captured at the Battle of Talas in 751 introduced paper manufacturing to Samarkand. However, there are no contemporary Arab sources for this battle. A Chinese prisoner, Du Huan, who later returned to China reported weavers, painters, goldsmiths, and silversmiths among the prisoners taken, but no papermakers. According to Al-Nadim, a writer in Baghdad during the 10th century, Chinese craftsmen made paper in Khorasan:

Then there is the Khurasani paper made of flax, which some say appeared in the days of the Umayyads, while others say it was during the Abbasid regime. Some say that it was an ancient product and others say that it is recent. It is stated that craftsmen from China made it in Khurasan in the form of Chinese paper. According to Jonathan Bloom, a scholar of Islamic and Asian art with a focus on paper and printing, the connection between Chinese prisoners and the introduction of paper in Central Asia is ""unlikely to be factual"".",382
388,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"It is stated that craftsmen from China made it in Khurasan in the form of Chinese paper. According to Jonathan Bloom, a scholar of Islamic and Asian art with a focus on paper and printing, the connection between Chinese prisoners and the introduction of paper in Central Asia is ""unlikely to be factual"". Archaeological evidence shows that paper was already known and used in Samarkand decades before 751 CE. Seventy-six texts in Sogdian, Arabic, and Chinese have also been found near Panjakent, likely predating the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana. Bloom argues that based on differences in Chinese and Central Asian papermaking techniques and materials, the story of Chinese papermakers directly introducing paper to Central Asia is probably metaphorical. Chinese paper was mostly made of bast fibers while Islamic paper was primarily made of waste material like rags. The paper-making innovations in Central Asia may be pre-Islamic, probably aided by the Buddhist merchants and monks of China and Central Asia. The Islamic civilization helped spread paper and paper-making into the Middle East after the 8th century. By 981, paper had spread to Armenian and Georgian monasteries in the Caucasus. It arrived into Europe centuries later, and then to many other parts of the world. A historical remnant of this legacy is the continued use of the word ""ream"" to count bundles of paper, a word derived from Arabic rizma (bundle, bale). ==== Shift from parchment to paper ====
During the 8th century, paper started to replace parchment as the primary writing material for administrative uses in Baghdad, the capital of Abbasids. According to Ibn Khaldun, a renowned Muslim historiographer, parchment was rare, and a great increase in the number of correspondents throughout Islamic territories, resulted in an order issued by Al-Fadl ibn Yahya, the Abbasid's Grand Vizier, for the manufacture of paper to replace parchment.",396
389,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"==== Shift from parchment to paper ====
During the 8th century, paper started to replace parchment as the primary writing material for administrative uses in Baghdad, the capital of Abbasids. According to Ibn Khaldun, a renowned Muslim historiographer, parchment was rare, and a great increase in the number of correspondents throughout Islamic territories, resulted in an order issued by Al-Fadl ibn Yahya, the Abbasid's Grand Vizier, for the manufacture of paper to replace parchment. There are records of paper being made at Gilgit in Pakistan by the sixth century, in Samarkand by 751, in Baghdad by 793, in Egypt by 900, and in Fes, Morocco around 1100, in Syria e.g. Damascus, and Aleppo, in Andalusia around 12th century, in Persia e.g. Maragheh by 13th century, Isfahan by 14th century, Ghazvin and Kerman, in India e.g. Dowlat Abad by the 16th century. A Persian geography book written by an unknown author in the 10th century, Hodud al-Alam, is the oldest known manuscripts mentioning papermaking industry in Samarkand. The writer stated that the city was famous for paper manufacturing and the product was exported to many other cities as a high-quality item. Samarkand kept its reputation for papermaking over few centuries even once the industry spread across other Islamic areas. For instance, it is said that some ministers in Egypt preferred ordering their required paper to Samarkand from which the paper was transported all the way to Egypt. In Baghdad, particular neighborhoods were allocated to paper manufacturing  and in Bazaar paper merchants and sellers owned distinct sectors being called Paper Market or Suq al-Warraqin, a street which was lined with more than 100 paper and booksellers' shops.",382
390,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"For instance, it is said that some ministers in Egypt preferred ordering their required paper to Samarkand from which the paper was transported all the way to Egypt. In Baghdad, particular neighborhoods were allocated to paper manufacturing  and in Bazaar paper merchants and sellers owned distinct sectors being called Paper Market or Suq al-Warraqin, a street which was lined with more than 100 paper and booksellers' shops. In 1035 a Persian traveler, Nasir Khusraw, visiting markets in Cairo noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for the customers. In the 12th century one street named ""Kutubiyyin"" or book sellers Morocco as it contained more than 100 bookshops. The expansion of public and private libraries and illustrated books within Islamic lands was one of the notable outcomes of the drastic increase in the availability of paper. However, paper was still an upmarket good given the remarkable required inputs, e.g. primary materials and labours, to produce the item in the absence of advanced mechanical machinery. In one account Ibn al-Bawwab, a Persian calligrapher and illuminator, had been promised by the Sultan to be given precious garments in response to his services. When the Sultan deferred delivering the promised clothes, he instead proposed taking the papers stored in the Sultan's library as his present. In another account, the hospitality of a minister in Baghdad, Ibn Al-Forat, had been described by his generosity in freely giving away papers to his guests or visitors. ==== Types of paper ====
A wide range of papers with distinctive properties and varying places of origin were manufactured and utilised across Islamic domains.",341
391,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"In another account, the hospitality of a minister in Baghdad, Ibn Al-Forat, had been described by his generosity in freely giving away papers to his guests or visitors. ==== Types of paper ====
A wide range of papers with distinctive properties and varying places of origin were manufactured and utilised across Islamic domains. Papers were typically named based on several criteria: 

Origins (e.g.Isfahani, Baghdadi, Halabi, Mesri, Samarkandi, Dowlat Abadi, Shami, Charta Damascena),
Sizes (Solsan, Nesfi,...),
People who have supported the paper development (e.g. Nuhi, Talhi, Jafari, Mamuni, Mansouri). ==== Paper primary materials ====
Bast (hemp and flax), cotton, and old rags and ropes were the major input materials for producing the pulp. Sometimes a mixture of materials was also used for pulp making, such as cotton and hemp, or flax and hemp. Other uncommon primary materials such as fig tree bark are also reported in some manuscripts. ==== Papermaking process ====
Very few sources have mentioned the methods, phases and applied tools in the papermaking process though. A painting from an illustrated book in Persian has depicted different stages and required tools of the traditional workflow. The painting has distinguished two major phases of the papermaking process:

Pulp making and pulp dewatering: water power mill mixes linen wastes (Karbas) and rags, as the primary materials of papermaking, with water. They are well beaten in stone pits. In the next step, the watery pulp is poured into a piece of fabric, tied around two workers’ waists, to get initially dewatered and probably homogenised and purified. Once the pulp is dewatered into a considerable extent it passes through the next treatment phase.",397
392,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"In the next step, the watery pulp is poured into a piece of fabric, tied around two workers’ waists, to get initially dewatered and probably homogenised and purified. Once the pulp is dewatered into a considerable extent it passes through the next treatment phase. Paper final treatments: this phase consists of several consequent steps e.g. moulding the pulp with a square laid with wire-like lines (dipping the mould in the vat containing pulp), pressing, sizing, drying and polishing. Each step in this phase is undertaken by a particular device. For instance, in the drying process, the paper was stuck to the wall with the use of horsehair. A manuscript from the 13th century elaborates the process of papermaking. This text shows how papermakers undertook multiple steps to produce high-quality paper. This papermaking instruction or recipe is a chapter under the title of al-kāghad al-baladī ('local paper') from the manuscript of al-Mukhtaraʿ fī funūn min al-ṣunaʿ, attributed to al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Yusuf al-Ghassan (d. 694/1294), a Yemeni ruler of the Rasulid dynasty. The bark of fig trees, as the main source of papermaking in this recipe, went through frequent cycles of soaking, beating and drying. The process took 12 days to produce 100 sheets of high-quality paper. During the pulping stage, the beaten fibres were transformed into different sizes of Kubba (cubes) which they were used as standard scales to manufacture a certain number of sheets. The dimensions were determined based on three citrus fruit: limun ('lemon'), utrunja ('citron') and narenja ('Seville orange'). A summarized version of this detailed process is as below.",392
393,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"The dimensions were determined based on three citrus fruit: limun ('lemon'), utrunja ('citron') and narenja ('Seville orange'). A summarized version of this detailed process is as below. Each individual phase was repeated several times. Soaking paper in a pool
Dewatering paper through squeezing and pressing
Making balls from the pulp
Pressing the balls
Drying the paper by sticking them to the wall and exposing the final product into the sun


==== Paper properties ====
Near Eastern paper is mainly characterized by sizing with a variety of starches such as rice, kaṯīrāʾ (gum tragacanth), wheat, and white sorghum. Rice and white sorghum were more widely used. Paper usually was placed on a hard surface and a burnisher (Persian: mohreh, مهره) was used to rub the starch against the paper until it became perfectly shiny. The laborious process of papermaking was refined and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing of paper. Production began in Baghdad, where a method was invented to make a thicker sheet of paper, which helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry. The use of water-powered pulp mills for preparing the pulp material used in papermaking dates back to Samarkand in the 8th century. The use of human/animal-powered paper mills has also been identified in Abbasid-era Baghdad during 794–795, though this should not be confused with later water-powered paper mills (see Paper mills section below). The Muslims also introduced the use of trip hammers (human- or animal-powered) in the production of paper, replacing the traditional Chinese mortar and pestle method. In turn, the trip hammer method was later employed by the Chinese.",372
394,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"The Muslims also introduced the use of trip hammers (human- or animal-powered) in the production of paper, replacing the traditional Chinese mortar and pestle method. In turn, the trip hammer method was later employed by the Chinese. Historically, trip hammers were often powered by a water wheel, and are known to have been used in China as long ago as 40 BCE or maybe even as far back as the Zhou dynasty (1050 BCE–221 BCE), though the trip hammer is not known to have been used in Chinese papermaking until after its use in Muslim papermaking. By the 9th century, Muslims were using paper regularly, although for important works like copies of the revered Qur'an, vellum was still preferred. Advances in book production and bookbinding were introduced. In Muslim countries they made books lighter—sewn with silk and bound with leather-covered paste boards; they had a flap that wrapped the book up when not in use. As paper was less reactive to humidity, the heavy boards were not needed. Since the First Crusade in 1096, paper manufacturing in Damascus had been interrupted by wars, but its production continued in two other centres. Egypt continued with the thicker paper, while Iran became the center of the thinner papers. Papermaking was diffused across the Islamic world, from where it travelled further toward west into Europe. Paper manufacture was introduced to India in the 13th century by Arab merchants, where it almost wholly replaced traditional writing materials. === Indian subcontinent ===

The evidence of paper use on the Indian subcontinent appears first in the second half of the 7th century. Its use is mentioned by 7th– and 8th-century Chinese Buddhist pilgrim memoirs as well as some Indian Buddhists, as Kakali and Śaya – likely Indian transliteration of Chinese Zhǐ (tsie).",379
395,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"=== Indian subcontinent ===

The evidence of paper use on the Indian subcontinent appears first in the second half of the 7th century. Its use is mentioned by 7th– and 8th-century Chinese Buddhist pilgrim memoirs as well as some Indian Buddhists, as Kakali and Śaya – likely Indian transliteration of Chinese Zhǐ (tsie). Yijing wrote about the practice of priests and laypeople in India printing Buddha image on silk or paper, and worshipping these images. Elsewhere in his memoir, I-Ching wrote that Indians use paper to make hats, to reinforce their umbrellas and for sanitation. Xuangzang mentions carrying 520 manuscripts from India back to China in 644 CE, but it is unclear if any of these were on paper. Thin sheets of birch bark and specially treated palm-leaves remained the preferred writing surface for literary works through late medieval period in most of India. The earliest Sanskrit paper manuscript found is a paper copy of the Shatapatha Brahmana in Kashmir, dated to 1089, while the earliest Sanskrit paper manuscripts in Gujarat are dated between 1180 and 1224. Some of oldest surviving paper manuscripts have been found in Jain temples of Gujarat and Rajasthan, and paper use by Jain scribes is traceable to around 12th-century. According to the historical trade-related archives such as Cairo Geniza found in the synagogues of the Middle East, Jewish merchants – such as Ben Yiju originally from Tunisia who moved to India – imported large quantities of paper into ports of Gujarat, Malabar coast and other parts of India by the 11th century to partly offset the goods they exported from India. According to Irfan Habib, it is reasonable to presume that paper manufacturing reached Sindh (now part of south Pakistan) before 11th-century with the start of Arab rule in Sindh.",393
396,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"According to the historical trade-related archives such as Cairo Geniza found in the synagogues of the Middle East, Jewish merchants – such as Ben Yiju originally from Tunisia who moved to India – imported large quantities of paper into ports of Gujarat, Malabar coast and other parts of India by the 11th century to partly offset the goods they exported from India. According to Irfan Habib, it is reasonable to presume that paper manufacturing reached Sindh (now part of south Pakistan) before 11th-century with the start of Arab rule in Sindh. Fragments of Arabic manuscripts found in the Sindhi city ruins of Mansura, which was destroyed circa 1030, confirm the use of paper in Sindh. Amir Khusrau of Delhi Sultanate mentions paper-making operations in 1289. In the 15th century, Chinese traveler Ma Huan praised the quality of paper in Bengal, describing it as white paper that is made from ""bark of a tree"" and is as ""glossy and smooth as deer's skin"". The use of tree bark as a raw material for paper suggests that the paper manufacturing in the eastern states of India may have come directly from China, rather than Sultanates formed by West Asian or Central Asian conquests. Paper technology likely arrived in India from China through Tibet and Nepal around mid-7th century, while Nepal, Bengal, and Assam were part of the Tibetan Empire; Buddhist monks being able to freely travel, exchange ideas and goods across the empire. This exchange is evidenced by the Indian talapatra binding methods that were adopted by Chinese monasteries such as at Tunhuang for preparing sutra books from paper. Most of the earliest surviving sutra books in Tibetan monasteries are on Chinese paper strips held together with Indian manuscript binding methods. Further, the analysis of the woodblock book covers of these historic manuscripts has confirmed that it was made of tropical wood indigenous to India, not Tibet.",396
397,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"Most of the earliest surviving sutra books in Tibetan monasteries are on Chinese paper strips held together with Indian manuscript binding methods. Further, the analysis of the woodblock book covers of these historic manuscripts has confirmed that it was made of tropical wood indigenous to India, not Tibet. === Kaghaz ===
The Persian word for paper, kāghaz (كاغذ), is a borrowing from Sogdian kʾɣδʾ, itself a possible loan from Chinese (紙). This word, kaghaz, was loaned into numerous other languages, including Arabic kāghad (كاغد)—an early development which may have shaped the spelling of the Persian word itself—Bengali (কাগজ), Georgian (ქაღალდი), Kurdish, Marathi (कागद), Nepali, Telugu, and the various Turkic languages. Following the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, the Persian word kaghaz entered the languages of the region through Ottoman Turkish (كاغد, Modern Turkish kâğıt), including Serbian where it generated the word for ""documentation"" (ćage). Historian Nile Green explains that the increased access to paper had a role in the expansion of Persian into bureaucratic and in turn literary activities, that is, the domain of written Persian (""Persographia"") in large parts of Eurasia. == Paper in Europe ==

The oldest known paper document in Europe is the Mozarab Missal of Silos from the 11th century, probably using paper made in the Islamic part of the Iberian Peninsula. They used hemp and linen rags as a source of fiber. The first recorded paper mill in the Iberian Peninsula was in Xàtiva in 1056.",395
398,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"They used hemp and linen rags as a source of fiber. The first recorded paper mill in the Iberian Peninsula was in Xàtiva in 1056. Papermaking reached Europe as early as 1085 in Toledo and was firmly established in Xàtiva, Spain by 1150. During the 13th century mills were established in Amalfi, Fabriano, and Treviso, Italy, and other Italian towns by 1340. Papermaking then spread further northwards, with evidence of paper being made in Troyes, France by 1348, in Holland sometime around 1340–1350, and in Nuremberg, Germany by 1390 in a mill set up by Ulman Stromer. This was just about the time when the woodcut printmaking technique was transferred from fabric to paper in the old master print and popular prints. There was a paper mill in Switzerland by 1432 and the first mill in England was set up by John Tate around 1490 near Hertford, but the first commercially successful paper mill in Britain did not occur before 1588 when John Spilman set up a mill near Dartford in Kent. During this time, paper making spread to Austria by 1469, to Poland by 1491, to Russia by 1576, to the Netherlands by 1586, to Denmark by 1596, and to Sweden by 1612. Arab prisoners who settled in a town called Borgo Saraceno in the Italian Province of Ferrara introduced Fabriano artisans in the Province of Ancona the technique of making paper by hand. At the time they were renowned for their wool-weaving and manufacture of cloth. Fabriano papermakers considered the process of making paper by hand an art form and were able to refine the process to successfully compete with parchment which was the primary medium for writing at the time.",376
399,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"At the time they were renowned for their wool-weaving and manufacture of cloth. Fabriano papermakers considered the process of making paper by hand an art form and were able to refine the process to successfully compete with parchment which was the primary medium for writing at the time. They developed the application of stamping hammers to reduce rags to pulp for making paper, sizing paper by means of animal glue, and creating watermarks in the paper during its forming process. The Fabriano used glue obtained by boiling scrolls or scraps of animal skin to size the paper; it is suggested that this technique was recommended by the local tanneries. The introduction of the first European watermarks in Fabriano was linked to applying metal wires on a cover laid against the mould which was used for forming the paper. They adapted the waterwheels from the fuller's mills to drive a series of three wooden hammers per trough. The hammers were raised by their heads by cams fixed to a waterwheel's axle made from a large tree trunk. == Americas ==


=== Amate ===
In the Americas, archaeological evidence indicates that a similar bark-paper writing material was used by the Maya no later than the 5th century CE. Called amatl or amate, it was in widespread use among Mesoamerican cultures until the Spanish conquest. The earliest sample of amate was found at Huitzilapa near the Magdalena Municipality, Jalisco, Mexico, belonging to the shaft tomb culture. It is dated to 75 BCE. There is some uncertainty as to whether or not the Mesoamerican paper can be considered true paper owing to the thorough destruction of their civilization by the Spanish. The Mayans used a writing material called huun starting from the 5th century. It was made from the inner bark of the wild fig tree.",376
400,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"The Mayans used a writing material called huun starting from the 5th century. It was made from the inner bark of the wild fig tree. It was cut and stretched thin rather than made of randomly woven fibers, which according to one source, disqualified it as true paper. The Mayans made codices out of huun. The Toltecs and Aztecs also had their own form of paper. The Aztec amatl (amate) was used for writing, decorations, rituals, and as material for masks. Aztec paper, like Mayan paper, is not considered true paper by some. Like its predecessors, it was made from the inner bark of the wild fig tree, beaten, stretched, and dried. There are also records of paper made from agave, which was coarse and bumpy, and was probably used for purposes other than writing. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Aztecs began using paper imported by the Spanish for works such as the Codex Mendoza. There were 42 amate producing Aztec villages prior to the Spanish Conquest, all of which have ceased their operations by the modern day. The Otomi people in Mexico still make amate today but have trouble meeting demand due to a dwindling supply of fig and mulberry trees, which are in danger of extinction. === United States ===
European papermaking spread to the Americas first in Mexico by 1575 and then in Philadelphia by 1690. The American paper industry began with the establishment of the first paper mill in British America in 1690 by William Rittenhouse of Philadelphia with the help of Pennsylvania's first printer, William Bradford. For two decades it would remain the only mill in the colonies, and for the next two centuries the city would remain the preeminent center of paper manufacturing and publishing. The first paper mills relied solely on rag paper production, with cotton rags generally imported from Europe.",388
401,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"For two decades it would remain the only mill in the colonies, and for the next two centuries the city would remain the preeminent center of paper manufacturing and publishing. The first paper mills relied solely on rag paper production, with cotton rags generally imported from Europe. However, by the mid-19th century the sulfite process had begun to proliferate in other regions with better access to wood pulp, and by 1880, America had become the largest producer of paper goods in the world. While the Delaware Valley remained an important region in paper production and publishing through the late nineteenth century, Philadelphia was overtaken by regions using these new processes which had greater access to water power and wood pulp. The earliest of these mills were centered in New England and Upstate New York, the latter of which became home to International Paper, the largest pulp and paper company in the world, which held a 20% market share in 2017, and at its peak produced more than 60% of the continent's newsprint in 1898, before an industry shift to Canada. Chief among papermaking cities in New England and the world was Holyoke, Massachusetts, at one time making 80% of the writing paper of the United States and home to the ill-fated American Writing Paper Company, the world's largest producer of fine papers by 1920. By 1885 the Paper City, as it is still called, produced 190 tons per day, more than twice Philadelphia's capacity. Quickly it became a hub of paper machinery and turbine technology, host to the largest paper mills in the world in the 1890s, and D. H. & A. B. Tower, the largest paper mill engineering firm in the United States in the 19th century. The Tower Brothers and their associates would be responsible for designing mills on five continents.",362
402,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"Tower, the largest paper mill engineering firm in the United States in the 19th century. The Tower Brothers and their associates would be responsible for designing mills on five continents. In the United States the firm supported the Berkshires' paper industry, building the first mills used to make U.S. currency by the Crane Company, as well as the first sulfite process mills of Kimberly Clark in Wisconsin, allowing the company to be the first west of the Appalachians to adopt the process, with access to vast forest resources. The pulp and paper industry continued to develop in other regions, including California, Ohio's Miami Valley, with centers in Dayton, Hamilton, and Cincinnati, as well as regions of the South, like Texas and Georgia, the latter being home to Georgia Pacific and WestRock, the 2nd and 3rd respective largest paper producers in the United States today. Wisconsin's industry nevertheless endured and as of 2019 it had far and away the most paper manufacturers in the country, with 34 such enterprises. While only smaller specialty manufacturers remained in Pennsylvania and New England, New York retained 28 mills, followed by Georgia with 20, Michigan with 17, and Alabama with 16 respectively. == Paper mills ==

The use of human and animal powered mills was known to Chinese and Muslim papermakers. However, the evidence for water-powered paper mills is elusive among both prior to the 11th century. Scholars have identified paper mills, likely human or animal powered, in Abbasid-era Baghdad during 794–795. It is evident that throughout the Islamic lands e.g.",317
403,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"Scholars have identified paper mills, likely human or animal powered, in Abbasid-era Baghdad during 794–795. It is evident that throughout the Islamic lands e.g. Iran, Syria (Hama and Damascus), and North Africa (Egypt and Tripoli) water power mills were extensively used to beat the flax and rag wastes to prepare the paper pulp 

Donald Hill has identified a possible reference to a water-powered paper mill in Samarkand, in the 11th-century work of the Persian scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni, but concludes that the passage is ""too brief to enable us to say with certainty"" that it refers to a water-powered paper mill. This is seen by Halevi as evidence of Samarkand first harnessing waterpower in the production of paper, but notes that it is not known if waterpower was applied to papermaking elsewhere across the Islamic world at the time. Burns remains sceptical, given the isolated occurrence of the reference and the prevalence of manual labour in Islamic papermaking elsewhere prior to the 13th century. Clear evidence of a water-powered paper mill dates to 1282 in the Iberian Crown of Aragon. A decree by the Christian king Peter III addresses the establishment of a royal ""molendinum"", a proper hydraulic mill, in the paper manufacturing centre of Xàtiva. The crown innovation was operated by the Muslim Mudéjar community in the Moorish quarter of Xàtiva, though it appears to have been resented by sections of the local Muslim papermakering community; the document guarantees them the right to continue the way of traditional papermaking by beating the pulp manually and grants them the right to be exempted from work in the new mill. Paper making centers began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy, reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further; paper making centers reached Germany a century later.",392
404,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"The crown innovation was operated by the Muslim Mudéjar community in the Moorish quarter of Xàtiva, though it appears to have been resented by sections of the local Muslim papermakering community; the document guarantees them the right to continue the way of traditional papermaking by beating the pulp manually and grants them the right to be exempted from work in the new mill. Paper making centers began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy, reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further; paper making centers reached Germany a century later. The first paper mill north of the Alps was established in Nuremberg by Ulman Stromer in 1390; it is later depicted in the lavishly illustrated Nuremberg Chronicle. From the mid-14th century onwards, European paper milling underwent a rapid improvement of many work processes. == Fiber sources ==

Before the industrialisation of the paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from hemp, linen and cotton. It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers. It was not realized at the time how unstable wood pulp paper is. A means of removing printing inks from paper, allowing it to be re-used, was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. Today this process is called deinking. == 19th-century advances in papermaking ==
Although cheaper than vellum, paper remained expensive, at least in book-sized quantities, through the centuries, until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines in the 19th century, which could make paper with fibres from wood pulp. Although older machines pre-dated it, the Fourdrinier papermaking machine became the basis for most modern papermaking.",386
405,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"== 19th-century advances in papermaking ==
Although cheaper than vellum, paper remained expensive, at least in book-sized quantities, through the centuries, until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines in the 19th century, which could make paper with fibres from wood pulp. Although older machines pre-dated it, the Fourdrinier papermaking machine became the basis for most modern papermaking. Nicholas Louis Robert of Essonnes, France, was granted a patent for a continuous paper making machine in 1799. At the time he was working for Leger Didot with whom he quarrelled over the ownership of the invention. Didot sent his brother-in-law, John Gamble, to meet Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, stationers of London, who agreed to finance the project. Gamble was granted British patent 2487 on 20 October 1801. With the help particularly of Bryan Donkin, a skilled and ingenious mechanic, an improved version of the Robert original was installed at Frogmore Paper Mill, Hertfordshire, in 1803, followed by another in 1804. A third machine was installed at the Fourdriniers' own mill at Two Waters. The Fourdriniers also bought a mill at St Neots intending to install two machines there and the process and machines continued to develop. However, experiments with wood showed no real results in the late 18th century and at the start of the 19th century. By 1800, Matthias Koops (in London, England) further investigated the idea of using wood to make paper, and in 1801 he wrote and published a book titled Historical account of the substances which have been used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the earliest date, to the invention of paper. His book was printed on paper made from wood shavings (and adhered together). No pages were fabricated using the pulping method (from either rags or wood).",398
406,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"His book was printed on paper made from wood shavings (and adhered together). No pages were fabricated using the pulping method (from either rags or wood). He received financial support from the royal family to make his printing machines and acquire the materials and infrastructure needed to start his printing business. But his enterprise was short lived. Only a few years following his first and only printed book (the one he wrote and printed), he went bankrupt. The book was very well done (strong and had a fine appearance), but it was very costly. Then in the 1830s and 1840s, two men on two different continents took up the challenge, but from a totally new perspective. Both Friedrich Gottlob Keller and Charles Fenerty began experiments with wood but using the same technique used in paper making; instead of pulping rags, they thought about pulping wood. And at about the same time, by mid-1844, they announced their findings. They invented a machine which extracted the fibres from wood (exactly as with rags) and made paper from it. Charles Fenerty also bleached the pulp so that the paper was white. This started a new era for paper making. By the end of the 19th-century almost all printers in the western world were using wood instead of rags to make paper. Together with the invention of the practical fountain pen and the mass-produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th-century economy and society in industrialized countries. With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. Cheap wood based paper also meant that keeping personal diaries or writing letters became possible and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job.",388
407,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. Cheap wood based paper also meant that keeping personal diaries or writing letters became possible and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job. Early wood-based paper deteriorated as time passed, meaning that much of the output of newspapers and books from this period either has disintegrated or is in poor condition; some has been photographed or digitized (scanned). The acid nature of the paper, caused by the use of alum, produced what has been called a slow fire, slowly converting the paper to ash. Documents needed to be written on more expensive rag paper. In the 2nd half of the 20th century cheaper acid-free paper based on wood was developed, and it was used for hardback and trade paperback books. However, paper that has not been de-acidified was still cheaper, and remains in use (2020) for mass-market paperback books, newspapers, and in underdeveloped countries. == Determining provenance ==
Determining the provenance of paper is a complex process that can be done in a variety of ways. The easiest way is using a known sheet of paper as an exemplar. Using known sheets can produce an exact identification. Next, comparing watermarks with those contained in catalogs or trade listings can yield useful results. Inspecting the surface can also determine age and location by looking for distinct marks from the production process. Chemical and fiber analysis can be used to establish date of creation and perhaps location.",325
408,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"Inspecting the surface can also determine age and location by looking for distinct marks from the production process. Chemical and fiber analysis can be used to establish date of creation and perhaps location. == See also ==

Kaghaz
Barkcloth
History of origami
Paperless office
Papyrus


== Notes ==


== References ==


== Sources ==
Barik, Debabrata (2019), Energy From Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation, Brian Romer
Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), The Woman Who Discovered Printing, Great Britain: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7 (alk. paper)
Bloom, Jonathan (2001). Paper before print: the history and impact of paper in the Islamic world. Yale University Press. Burns, Robert I. (1996), ""Paper comes to the West, 800–1400"", in Lindgren, Uta (ed. ), Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation (4th ed. ), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp. 413–422, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9
Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1997), The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800, London: Verso, ISBN 1-85984-108-2
Kurlansky, Mark (2016), Paper: Paging Through History, W. W. Norton & Co
Lu, Yongxiang (2015), A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 2
Lucas, Adam Robert (2005), ""Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds.",355
409,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"Mann Verlag, pp. 413–422, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9
Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1997), The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800, London: Verso, ISBN 1-85984-108-2
Kurlansky, Mark (2016), Paper: Paging Through History, W. W. Norton & Co
Lu, Yongxiang (2015), A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 2
Lucas, Adam Robert (2005), ""Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe"", Technology and Culture, 46 (1): 1–30, doi:10.1353/tech.2005.0026, S2CID 109564224
Monro, Alexander (2016), The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention, Alfred A. Knopf
Stromer, Wolfgang von (1960), ""Das Handelshaus der Stromer von Nürnberg und die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Papiermühle"", Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 47: 81–104
Stromer, Wolfgang von (1993), ""Große Innovationen der Papierfabrikation in Spätmittelalter und Frühneuzeit"", Technikgeschichte, 60 (1): 1–6
Thompson, Susan (1978), ""Paper Manufacturing and Early Books"", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 314 (1): 167–176, Bibcode:1978NYASA.314..167T, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb47791.x, S2CID 85153174
Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol.",438
410,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper,History of paper,"413–422, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9
Febvre, Lucien; Martin, Henri-Jean (1997), The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800, London: Verso, ISBN 1-85984-108-2
Kurlansky, Mark (2016), Paper: Paging Through History, W. W. Norton & Co
Lu, Yongxiang (2015), A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 2
Lucas, Adam Robert (2005), ""Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe"", Technology and Culture, 46 (1): 1–30, doi:10.1353/tech.2005.0026, S2CID 109564224
Monro, Alexander (2016), The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention, Alfred A. Knopf
Stromer, Wolfgang von (1960), ""Das Handelshaus der Stromer von Nürnberg und die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Papiermühle"", Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 47: 81–104
Stromer, Wolfgang von (1993), ""Große Innovationen der Papierfabrikation in Spätmittelalter und Frühneuzeit"", Technikgeschichte, 60 (1): 1–6
Thompson, Susan (1978), ""Paper Manufacturing and Early Books"", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 314 (1): 167–176, Bibcode:1978NYASA.314..167T, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb47791.x, S2CID 85153174
Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985), Paper and Printing, Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. 5 part 1, Cambridge University Press
Wilkinson, Endymion (2012), Chinese History: A New Manual, Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute",467
411,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6,Bundesautobahn 6,"Bundesautobahn 6 (translates from German as Federal Motorway 6, short form Autobahn 6, abbreviated as BAB 6 or A 6), also known as Via Carolina (between Nuremberg and the Czech border continuing to Prague - by Czech motorway D5) is a 477 km (296.4 mi) long German autobahn. It starts at the French border near Saarbrücken in the west and ends at the Czech border near Waidhaus in the east. The first plans for the A 6 were laid out in 1935; construction on several parts began in 1938. In 1940, construction near Mannheim was stopped when the bridge across the Rhine collapsed, killing many workers. A new bridge, the Theodor Heuss Bridge (Frankenthal), was opened in 1953. Other parts of the A 6 were completed in 1941. A part near Kaiserslautern was used as an airstrip by the Luftwaffe during World War II. After the war, it was taken over by US forces and became the Ramstein Air Base, while the A 6 was re-built south of the air base. In the 1960s, construction was continued. One new section cut through the Hockenheimring, requiring a major redesign of the race track which resulted in the construction of the Motodrom stadium. Much like its southern counterpart, the A 8, the A 6 is relatively old and has received little upgrading, making it difficult for it to handle today's traffic. The section around Mannheim is currently being widened and modernised from a four-lane to a six-lane motorway requiring the construction of a new bridge over the River Neckar. The Autobahn 6 crosses the Kocher valley between Heilbronn and Nuremberg via the Kocher viaduct (German: Kochertalbrücke) near Schwäbisch Hall.",396
412,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6,Bundesautobahn 6,"The section around Mannheim is currently being widened and modernised from a four-lane to a six-lane motorway requiring the construction of a new bridge over the River Neckar. The Autobahn 6 crosses the Kocher valley between Heilbronn and Nuremberg via the Kocher viaduct (German: Kochertalbrücke) near Schwäbisch Hall. With its maximum height of 185 m (607 ft) above the valley bottom, it is the highest viaduct in Germany. The direct motorway connection between Prague and Paris was completed when the last missing section between junction Amberg-Ost and interchange Oberpfälzer Wald was inaugurated on 10 September 2008. == References ==


== External links ==
 Geographic data related to Bundesautobahn 6 at OpenStreetMap
Bundesautobahn 6 – detailed route plan (in German)",189
413,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Hanyu,Zhang Hanyu,"Zhang Hanyu (born 19 December 1964) is a Chinese actor. He is known for starring in the films Assembly (2007), The Message (2009), The Chef, the Actor, the Scoundrel (2013), The Taking of Tiger Mountain (2014), Operation Mekong (2016), The Captain (2019), and Chinese Doctors (2021), as well as the television series All Men Are Brothers (2011). Zhang became the first Chinese actor to win the ""Grand Slam"", winning Best Actor trophies from the Golden Horse Awards, Golden Rooster Awards, Hundred Flowers Awards and Huabiao Awards. == Life and career ==
Zhang was born in Beijing. He graduated from the city's Central Academy of Drama in 1988. He started his career by doing Mandarin voice dubbing for films such as Shark Tale, The Lord of the Rings trilogy, and Troy. Zhang subsequently played minor roles in some television series before appearing as supporting characters in films directed by Feng Xiaogang, such as Sorry Baby, Cell Phone, Big Shot's Funeral, and A World Without Thieves. He was called ""Feng Xiaogang's imperial film extra (calefare)"" (馮小剛御用龍套), and earned the appreciation of Feng. In 2007, Zhang was cast as a lead character for the first time in the war drama film Assembly. Zhang's performance propelled him to fame and placed him among the ranks of first-class Chinese film stars. In 2008, Zhang also won the Best Actor Award at the 29th Hundred Flowers Awards and the Best Leading Actor Award at the Golden Horse Film Awards. The following year, Zhang won the Outstanding Actor Award at the Huabiao Awards. Zhang also has supporting roles in various acclaimed films, such as Cao Baoping's crime drama The Equation of Love and Death; the espionage thriller The Message; and the action film Bodyguards and Assassins.",389
414,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Hanyu,Zhang Hanyu,"The following year, Zhang won the Outstanding Actor Award at the Huabiao Awards. Zhang also has supporting roles in various acclaimed films, such as Cao Baoping's crime drama The Equation of Love and Death; the espionage thriller The Message; and the action film Bodyguards and Assassins. Zhang also played Zhang Liang in the historical film White Vengeance. In 2012, Zhang teamed up again with Feng Xiaogang in the disaster film Back to 1942, playing a priest. In 2013, Zhang teamed up with actors Liu Ye and Huang Bo in the comedy film The Chef, the Actor, the Scoundrel directed by Guan Hu, where he played an opera actor. In 2014, Zhang starred in Tsui Hark's wuxia film The Taking of Tiger Mountain. Playing an undercover PLA soldier, he won the Golden Rooster Awards for Best Actor. He next starred in the crime film Mr. Six directed by Guan Hu; and had a supporting role in Zhang Yimou's fantasy historical epic The Great Wall. In 2016, Zhang headlined the crime thriller film Operation Mekong alongside Eddie Peng. The film received critical acclaim, and is the highest grossing Chinese cop film to date. In 2017, Zhang starred in John Woo's police thriller film, Manhunt. He also starred in Wine War, the directorial debut of Leon Lai. == Filmography ==


=== Film ===


=== Television series ===


== Awards and nominations ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Zhang Hanyu at IMDb
(in Chinese) Zhang Hanyu's blog on Sina.com",328
415,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Tall_Sally_(retailer),Long Tall Sally (retailer),"Long Tall Sally is a clothing and shoe retailer for tall women 5′8″ and over. Founded in London, UK, in 1976, the company offered clothing with sizing adjustments for longer torso lengths, rises on pants, and dart positions on blouses. It sold under several labels including and its own LTS label. The first store was opened in 1976 on Chiltern Street in the West End of London. By 2012 the company had stores in UK, US, Canada, and Germany. The company also sold via mail order using catalogues . In 2018 the business became a solely online retailer. In 2008 the company started selling in North America through catalogue and web marketing, and in 2009 acquired the Canadian assets and trade of Tall Girl, including nine stores across Canada and the United States. Since then the company has also taken over German tall business Long Fashion, US retailer Long Elegant Legs and US footwear business Bare Foot Tess. In June 2020 the company announced its closure. The business planned to wind down trading in August. On 19 August the company announced that it was acquired by AK Retail Holdings of Peterborough, UK parent of the Yours Clothing group. The business was to continue under the new owner as of 1 September 2020. A new site was launched, and the brand is stocked by other major retailers including Next, Very and Debenhams. == References ==


== External links ==
Official website",286
416,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"The Garhwali people are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who speak Garhwali, a Central Pahari language and are native to the Garhwal division of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. == Etymology ==
In modern usage, ""Garhwali"" is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, and ancestral or genetic origins is from the Garhwal Himalayas. Their ethnonym is derived from the word 'Garhwal' or 'Gadwal'. The earliest reference to this region is in the Skanda Purana which called it Kedar Khand and Himvat. It describes the area that contained Gangadwar (Haridwar and Kankhala), Badrinath, Gandhamardan, and Kailash. == History ==


=== Garhwal Kingdom ===

The Kingdom of Garhwal was founded by Parmars. The area comprises 52 principalities called garhs (fortresses). These were small and had their own chiefs who were responsible for the welfare of the garhs. The Parmar dynasty ruled the Kingdom until 1803 before the ""Gurkhas"" invaded Kumaon and Garhwal, driving the Garhwal chief into the plains. For 12 years the Gurkhas ruled the country with an iron rod, until a series of encroachments by them on British territory led to the  Anglo–Nepalese War in 1814. At the termination of the campaign, Garhwal and Kumaon were converted into British districts, while the Tehri principality was restored to a son of the former chief (that is King Pradymun), King Sudarshan Shah. A part of this kingdom was taken by the British, and later, it became known as the British Garhwal which spread over the area of 5,629  mi2 (14,580  km2).",392
417,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"At the termination of the campaign, Garhwal and Kumaon were converted into British districts, while the Tehri principality was restored to a son of the former chief (that is King Pradymun), King Sudarshan Shah. A part of this kingdom was taken by the British, and later, it became known as the British Garhwal which spread over the area of 5,629  mi2 (14,580  km2). After the British rule, Garhwal made rapid development. Two battalions of the Indian army (the 39th Garhwal Rifles) were deployed in the area, stationed at the military cantonment of Lansdowne. Grain was one of the major corps of this area. Apart from this, cloth, while salt, borax, livestock, and wool were imported from Tibet. The administrative headquarters of the area were established at Pauri. Srinagar (Garhwal) was the largest city and served as an important trade center along with the town of Kotdwara which is situated at Oudh and Rohilkhand railway tracks. Later, it became a part of the Punjab Hill States Agency of British India. Most of the Uttarkashi district acceded to the Union of India in 1949. Garhwali are known for their courage because they were preferred by the British as an army. Garhwali Kingdom was one of the few kingdoms that never came under the Muslim rule influence. The history of Garhwal is older than that of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Worshipping Lord Shiva is attributing reverent honour and homage to him. According to the great Mahabharata, Garhwal is believed to be the land where the Vedas and the Shastras were made.",365
418,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"Worshipping Lord Shiva is attributing reverent honour and homage to him. According to the great Mahabharata, Garhwal is believed to be the land where the Vedas and the Shastras were made. == Language ==

The Garhwali language (गढ़वळि भाख/भासा) is primarily spoken by the Garhwali people of the north-western Garhwal Division from the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand in the Indian Himalayas. The Garhwali language is classified as a Central Pahari language belonging to the Northern Zone of Indo-Aryan languages. Garhwali is one of the 325 recognised languages of India which is spoken by over 2,267,314 people such as in districts of Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal (except Kotdwar), Uttarkashi (except Bangan, Ravain and Parvat areas), Chamoli and Rudraprayag districts of Uttarakhand. The language has many regional dialects including: Srinagari, Tehri (Gangapariya), Badhani, Dessaulya, Lohbya, Majh-Kumaiya, Bhattiani, Nagpuriya, Rathi, Salani (Pauri), Gangadi (Uttarkashi), Chandpuri. Srinagari dialect is the literary standard, while Pauri is generally regarded as the prominent one. However, for a number of reasons, Garhwali is a rapidly shrinking language. The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages book authored by ""Theo Baumann"" has described Garhwali language one of the moribund languages that needs to be protected. == Local deities ==

Chandrabadni Devi Temple is located in Tehri Garhwal.",393
419,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages book authored by ""Theo Baumann"" has described Garhwali language one of the moribund languages that needs to be protected. == Local deities ==

Chandrabadni Devi Temple is located in Tehri Garhwal. The temple can be reached either from 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) long rout Kandikhal to Srinagar-Tehri or 9 kilometres (5.6 mi)) long Jamnikhal en route Dev Prayag-Tehri via a link road of Jurana. It can also be reached via (1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi)) long bridle path. The temple administration body organises several annual events including cultural and religious seminars. Umra Narayan is situated between the mystic and peaceful hills of Rudraprayag where ""Devine"" temple of Lord Umra Narayan (Isth Dev of gram sann) is located. According to mythology, this temple was built during the time of Adi Shankracharya, and is believed that it was constructed by Adi Shankracharya when he was on his way to Lord Badrinath's temple. The temple has been now renovated and is 5–7 kilometres (3.1–4.3 mi) away from the central city of Rudraprayag. It is also believed that most of the ""Isth Devas"" in the Garhwal region are the incarnation of ""Lord Vishnu"" (Narsingh Dev Ji), and sometimes even the incarnation of ""Vishnu"" itself. Koteshwar Mahadev is located about three kilometres inside the 'heart' of Rudraprayag, Koteshwar Mahadev temple. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This place is presumed to be the same spot where Lord Shiva was stopped for meditation where he was on his way to Kedarnath.",396
420,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This place is presumed to be the same spot where Lord Shiva was stopped for meditation where he was on his way to Kedarnath. According to local mythology, this temple has its presence since the time of Bhasmasur (the Deadly Asur/demon), who received a boon from ""Shiva"" that turned a head into Bhasma or ashes whenever he touched with boon to anyone's head. Lord Shiva accompanied by another one reached to a cave which was the home of Lord Shiva, and finally lord ""Vishnu"" helped him by killing the demon. The temple is filled with fantastic energy/aura, and one can feel it. Few drops of water are continually running through the hill. Dhari Devi temple of ""Dhari Devi"" is situated on the banks of the river Alaknanda. One has to travel 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Srinagar (Pauri Garhwal) on Srinagar-Badrinath highway to Kaliya Saur, and then turn down where one has to travel half of a kilometre towards Alaknanda river. The upper part of Goddess ""Kali"" is worshipped here. According to the local people, the face of the idol changes as a girl, a woman, and an old lady according to the passage of time. This idol is located in an open area. Many times, villagers and some philanthropists tried to build a roof for Goddess, but their efforts returned empty handed as the roof gets dismantle every time. As per ""Srimad Devi Bhagwat"", there are 108 Shakta pithas as in India, and this is one of them. Kalimath, also known as ""Kaviltha"", is a village which is regarded as a divine place and Shakta pitha.",373
421,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"As per ""Srimad Devi Bhagwat"", there are 108 Shakta pithas as in India, and this is one of them. Kalimath, also known as ""Kaviltha"", is a village which is regarded as a divine place and Shakta pitha. It lies at an altitude of around 6,000 feet (1,800 m) (1,800 m) on the river Saraswati in the Himalayas, surrounded by the peaks of Kedarnath in Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand. Kalimath is situated close to Ukhimath and Guptakashi. It is one of the ""Siddha Peeths"" of the region and is regarded a respectful place with religious importance. The temple of the goddess Kali is located in this village and is visited by many devotees throughout the year, especially during the ""Navratras"". There are 108 Shakta pithas in India, and this is one of them as described in the ""Srimad Devi Bhagwat"". The upper part of goddess Kali is worshipped in ""Dhari Devi"". Goddess Kali killed the demon ""Raktavija"" here in this area. After killing the demon, they went under the earth. Usually they have their own pantheon consisted of rural deities who are worshipped through Jagar (ritual), these deities include Narsingh, Bhairav, Nagaraja (Nagaraja is believed to be form of Krishna according to local legends), Pandav and Draupadi etc. This pantheon was headed by Durga and Mahadev, who is referred to by many names such as Bhagwati, Surkanda, Kali, Bhavani, Nanda etc.",361
422,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"Usually they have their own pantheon consisted of rural deities who are worshipped through Jagar (ritual), these deities include Narsingh, Bhairav, Nagaraja (Nagaraja is believed to be form of Krishna according to local legends), Pandav and Draupadi etc. This pantheon was headed by Durga and Mahadev, who is referred to by many names such as Bhagwati, Surkanda, Kali, Bhavani, Nanda etc. They also worship their ancestors who were locally known as Bhumiyal, which literally means guardians of Land each and every Garhwali villages have their own Bhumiyal they are worshipped in a small stone made shrine known as Thaan where they are represented by small rocks placed inside the thaan. Usually during the   crops were offered to Bhumiyal as a way to thanking them for protecting the village.",186
423,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"They also worship their ancestors who were locally known as Bhumiyal, which literally means guardians of Land each and every Garhwali villages have their own Bhumiyal they are worshipped in a small stone made shrine known as Thaan where they are represented by small rocks placed inside the thaan. Usually during the   crops were offered to Bhumiyal as a way to thanking them for protecting the village. Garhwal University)
Anirudh Kala (psychiatrist)
Chandra Prakash Kala (ecologist)
Prem Lal Joshi (accounting researcher and professor)
Ruchi Badola (ecologist)
Vijay Prasad Dimri (geophysical scientist, Padma Shri recipient)


=== Indian Armed Forces ===


==== Gallantry award recipients ====
Naik Darwan Singh Negi, Victoria Cross from 1st Battalion of 39th Garhwal Rifles
Rifleman Gabar Singh Negi, Victoria Cross from 2nd Battalion, 39th Garhwal Rifles (posthumous)
Havildar Gajender Singh Bisht, Operation Black Tornado 2008, Ashoka Chakra (posthumous)
Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, hero of Indo-China War, 1962; Maha Vir Chakra (posthumous)


==== Prominent names ====
General Bipin Rawat, Chief of Defence Staff and former Chief of the Army Staff
Lt. Gen. Anil Chauhan, Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), Indian Army
Lt. Gen. Anil Kumar Bhatt, General Officer Commanding (GOC) XV Corps, also called as the ""Chinar Corps"" of the Indian Army, former Director-General of Military Operations (DGMO), Indian Army.",379
424,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"Usually during the   crops were offered to Bhumiyal as a way to thanking them for protecting the village. Garhwal University)
Anirudh Kala (psychiatrist)
Chandra Prakash Kala (ecologist)
Prem Lal Joshi (accounting researcher and professor)
Ruchi Badola (ecologist)
Vijay Prasad Dimri (geophysical scientist, Padma Shri recipient)


=== Indian Armed Forces ===


==== Gallantry award recipients ====
Naik Darwan Singh Negi, Victoria Cross from 1st Battalion of 39th Garhwal Rifles
Rifleman Gabar Singh Negi, Victoria Cross from 2nd Battalion, 39th Garhwal Rifles (posthumous)
Havildar Gajender Singh Bisht, Operation Black Tornado 2008, Ashoka Chakra (posthumous)
Rifleman Jaswant Singh Rawat, hero of Indo-China War, 1962; Maha Vir Chakra (posthumous)


==== Prominent names ====
General Bipin Rawat, Chief of Defence Staff and former Chief of the Army Staff
Lt. Gen. Anil Chauhan, Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), Indian Army
Lt. Gen. Anil Kumar Bhatt, General Officer Commanding (GOC) XV Corps, also called as the ""Chinar Corps"" of the Indian Army, former Director-General of Military Operations (DGMO), Indian Army. Lt. Gen. Jaiveer Singh Negi, Commandant of Indian Military Academy, Indian Army
Lt. Gen. Balwant Singh Negi (Retd. ), former General Officer Commander-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), Central Command, Indian Army
Lt. Gen. Madan Mohan Lakhera (Retd.",390
425,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"Lt. Gen. Jaiveer Singh Negi, Commandant of Indian Military Academy, Indian Army
Lt. Gen. Balwant Singh Negi (Retd. ), former General Officer Commander-in-Chief (GOC-in-C), Central Command, Indian Army
Lt. Gen. Madan Mohan Lakhera (Retd. ), former Governor of Mizoram, former Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry
Lt. Gen. Tejpal Singh Rawat (Retd. ), former Director General of the Assam Rifles, Indian Army and former MP Lok Sabha
Director-General Rajendra Singh, former Director General of the Indian Coast Guard
Maj. Gen. B. C. Khanduri (Retd. ), former Union Minister of Surface Transport, former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and former MP Lok Sabha
Air Marshal Brijesh Dhar Jayal (Retd. ), PVSM AVSM VM & Bar (served as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of South Western Air Command & Deputy Chief of Air Staff). Air Marshal Arvindra Singh Butola, Air Officer Commander-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), Training Command, Indian Air Force
Brigadier Surendra Singh Panwar (Retd.) Brigadier S. K. S. Negi (Retd.) Colonel Ajay Kothiyal (Retd.",287
426,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_people,Garhwali people,"Brigadier S. K. S. Negi (Retd.) Colonel Ajay Kothiyal (Retd. ), Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra recipient


=== Bureaucracy ===
Ajit Doval, National Security Adviser of India, Kirti Chakra, President's Police Medal and Police Medal recipient
Anil Dhasmana, former chief of the Research and Analysis Wing, the external intelligence agency of India


=== Judiciary ===
Mukandi Lal (barrister, judge, politician, writer, and art critic from the Princely State of Tehri Garhwal)
Sudhanshu Dhulia (Justice, Uttarakhand High Court. Recipient of Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award and Padma Shri. Kanhaya Lal Pokhriyal (Indian Police officer and mountaineer, summited Mount Everest, Padma Shri recipient)
Major Narendra Dhar Jayal (Mountaineer, founding principal of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute at Darjeeling)
Bachendri Pal (first Indian woman to reach summit of Mt.",238
427,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlachter_Bible,Schlachter Bible,"The Schlachter-Bibel is a German translation of the Bible by Franz Eugen Schlachter, first translated from the Greek and Hebrew text of the Bible in 1905. Schlachter was a preacher of the Evangelische Gesellschaft in Bern, Switzerland influenced by the holiness movement. Schlachter initially published the Book of Job in 1893. In 1905, the so-called Miniaturbibel was published, the first German language Bible version in the twentieth century. The Miniatur-Bible was one of the smallest Bibles ever printed in the German language. It is very thin with very legible printing. The Bible would fit in any of the pockets of a man's jacket. This was followed by the house-bible (Hausbibel), published in 1907, and the hand-bible (Handbibel) published in 1908. The last edition of the original Miniaturbibel was published in 1911. The translation was concordant, and at the same time, the language flowed well. The reader could discern the meaning of the original text. By 1911, the year of Schlachter's death, he had completed 13 editions of his Bible. In 1918, two Swiss pastors named Linder and Kappeler revised the Schlachter Bible, and the Genfer Bibelgesellschaft led a new revision of the translation in 1951, although it was a light revision. The text was faithful to Schlachter's original and had only been edited slightly. In 2003, the last revision, called the Schlachter Version 2000, was completed. This version follows the same approach as the original Miniaturbibel, but is also very accurate to the Greek and Hebrew original. The new edition also includes many references. All editions of the Schlachter Bible came in three formats: there was a pocket-edition, a hand-edition, and a greater family-edition.",391
428,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlachter_Bible,Schlachter Bible,"The new edition also includes many references. All editions of the Schlachter Bible came in three formats: there was a pocket-edition, a hand-edition, and a greater family-edition. == Further reading (German language) ==
Franz Eugen Schlachter, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Theologie der Gemeinschaftsbewegung im Kanton Bern – Akzessarbeit von Walter Wieland, evang. theol. Fakultät der Uni Bern, eingereicht bei Prof. Dr. A. Lindt im Sommer-Semester 1982, Edition Neues Leben, Lützelflühstr. CH 3452 Grünenmatt
Gottfried Wüthrich: Franz Eugen Schlachter - sein Leben und Wirken, Genf, 16. März 2002 Manuskriptdruck
Karl-Hermann Kauffmann: Franz Eugen Schlachter und die Heiligungsbewegung, Biographie unter Bezugnahme auf das geistliche Umfeld Schlachters und mit einer kurzen Geschichte der Schlachter Bibel, ausführliche Fassung mit 100 Abbildungen. Gedenkschrift zum Jubiläum ""100 Jahre Schlachter-Bibel"".",306
429,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlachter_Bible,Schlachter Bible,"März 2002 Manuskriptdruck
Karl-Hermann Kauffmann: Franz Eugen Schlachter und die Heiligungsbewegung, Biographie unter Bezugnahme auf das geistliche Umfeld Schlachters und mit einer kurzen Geschichte der Schlachter Bibel, ausführliche Fassung mit 100 Abbildungen. Gedenkschrift zum Jubiläum ""100 Jahre Schlachter-Bibel"". Eigenverlag Freie Brüdergemeinde Albstadt, 2005
Karl-Hermann Kauffmann: Franz Eugen Schlachter, ein Bibelübersetzer im Umfeld der Heiligungsbewegung, Verlag Johannis, Lahr, 2007, ISBN 978-3-501-01568-1


== References ==


== External links ==
Schlachter-Bibel 1951
Audio Schlachter-Bibel 2000 online to hear and Download
Schlachter-Bibel 2000 online
Schlachter-Bibel 1951 online search
wap.axios.de/bibel – Schlachter-Bibel for WAP-Browser",272
430,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"A film adaptation transfers the details or story of an existing source text, such as a novel, into a feature film. This transfer can involve adapting most details of the source text closely, including characters or plot points, or the original source can serve as loose inspiration, with the implementation of only a few details. Although often considered a type of derivative work, film adaptation has been conceptualized recently by academic scholars such as Robert Stam as a dialogic process. While the most common form of film adaptation is the use of a novel as the basis, other works adapted into films include non-fiction (including journalism), autobiographical works, comic books, scriptures, plays, historical sources and even other films. Adaptation from such diverse resources has been a ubiquitous practice of filmmaking since the earliest days of cinema in nineteenth-century Europe. In contrast to when making a remake, movie directors usually take more creative liberties when creating a film adaptation, changing the context of factors such as audience or genre. == Fidelity ==


=== The Fidelity Argument ===
One aspect that is usually considered for analyzing adaptations is the fidelity argument. This regards the discussion between scholars, reviewers, or fans, evaluating the effectiveness and success of an adaptation based on how faithfully it follows the original plot and details. This can involve the common discourse of the ""book being better than the movie"" without considering the efforts that go towards a film adaptation. A film can choose to stay faithful, or stray from the original source text details, but regardless, this medium is created with the use of more elements. Unlike a piece of media like a novel, a film has many aspects to consider, including the script, the music, the actors and their performances, images and shots, and sound effects. All these elements must work together to translate the source material into a feature film. As a type of media that is composed of several elements, a film's runtime often impacts the final product too.",391
431,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"All these elements must work together to translate the source material into a feature film. As a type of media that is composed of several elements, a film's runtime often impacts the final product too. A film adaptation may go against adhering to fidelity for a number of reasons, including the desire for a shift in the time period, cultural context, or perspective of the original plot, and a shift in overall audience. On the other hand, a film adaptation may consider strong fidelity to help promote the work if it is already tied to a popular writer or existing title, especially since it can help financially. It can be difficult to judge or account for the effectiveness of a film adaptation based solely on fidelity, especially since an adaptation also exists as its own entity outside of the original source text. Although one can consider the original ideas and themes being consistently transposed, an adaptation can also be examined for the new elements it brings audiences. === Types of Fidelity ===
One way to think of fidelity as other than a measure of success is as different levels of faithfulness to help facilitate discourse. Although not all adaptations aim towards focusing on fidelity for their final product, these labels may help consider how much of a story translates through history. ==== Close Adaptation ====
A close adaptation would help define a work that adheres to fidelity closely, implementing most, if not all, details from the original source text. This would include embedding a majority of the original characters, plot points, and timeline. An example of this would include To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) that closely adapted a majority of the details from Harper Lee's 1960 novel of the same name, To Kill a Mockingbird. ==== Loose Adaptation ====
A loose adaptation would include any work that mainly uses the original source text as inspiration, straying far from fidelity. This can include instances of only implementing one or two elements, such as the protagonist or title of the original text.",398
432,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"==== Loose Adaptation ====
A loose adaptation would include any work that mainly uses the original source text as inspiration, straying far from fidelity. This can include instances of only implementing one or two elements, such as the protagonist or title of the original text. This type of adaptation is where the most creative liberties are taken. An example of this would include Clueless (1995), that was loosely adapted from Jane Austen's 1815 novel, Emma, into a modern day context. ==== Intermediate Adaptation ====
An intermediate adaptation would consist of a work that falls in between a close and loose adaptation, as it both embeds original source text details, takes creative liberties to incorporate new elements (such as new characters or plot points), and/or excludes certain original details. An example of this would include What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993) that was adapted from Peter Hodge's 1991 novel of the same name, What's Eating Gilbert Grape, that closely adapts a few details, while also excluding certain original characters. == Elision and interpolation ==
In 1924, Erich von Stroheim attempted a literal adaptation of Frank Norris's novel McTeague with his film Greed. The resulting film was 9½ hours long, and was cut to four hours at studio insistence. It was then cut again (without Stroheim's input) to around two hours. The result was a film that was largely incoherent. Since that time, few directors have attempted to put everything in a novel into a film. Therefore, elision is all but essential. In some cases, film adaptations also interpolate scenes or invent characters. This is especially true when a novel is part of a literary saga. Incidents or quotations from later or earlier novels will be inserted into a single film. Additionally and far more controversially, filmmakers will invent new characters or create stories that were not present in the source material at all.",388
433,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Incidents or quotations from later or earlier novels will be inserted into a single film. Additionally and far more controversially, filmmakers will invent new characters or create stories that were not present in the source material at all. Given the anticipated audience for a film, the screenwriter, director or movie studio may wish to increase character time or to invent new characters. For example, William J. Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Ironweed included a short appearance by a prostitute named Helen. Because the film studio anticipated a female audience for the film and had Meryl Streep for the role, Helen became a significant part of the film. However, characters are also sometimes invented to provide the narrative voice. == Interpretation as adaptation ==
There have been several notable cases of massive inventive adaptation, including the Roland Joffe adaptation of The Scarlet Letter with explicit sex between Hester Prynn and the minister and Native American obscene puns into a major character and the film's villain. The Charlie Kaufman and ""Donald Kaufman"" penned Adaptation, credited as an adaptation of the novel The Orchid Thief, was an intentional satire and commentary on the process of film adaptation itself. All of those are cases of Nathaniel Hawthorne's point. The creators of the Gulliver's Travels miniseries interpolated a sanity trial to reflect the ongoing scholarly debate over whether or not Gulliver himself is sane at the conclusion of Book IV. In those cases, adaptation is a form of criticism and recreation as well as translation. Change is essential and practically unavoidable, mandated both by the constraints of time and medium, but how much is always a balance. Some film theorists have argued that a director should be entirely unconcerned with the source, as a novel is a novel and a film is a film, and the two works of art must be seen as separate entities. Since a transcription of a novel into film is impossible, even holding up a goal of ""accuracy"" is absurd.",394
434,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Some film theorists have argued that a director should be entirely unconcerned with the source, as a novel is a novel and a film is a film, and the two works of art must be seen as separate entities. Since a transcription of a novel into film is impossible, even holding up a goal of ""accuracy"" is absurd. Others argue that what a film adaptation does is change to fit (literally, adapt), and the film must be accurate to the effect (aesthetics), the theme, or the message of a novel and that the filmmaker must introduce changes, if necessary, to fit the demands of time and to maximize faithfulness along one of those axes. In most cases adaptation, the films are required to create identities (for example, a characters' costume or set decor) since they are not specified in the original material. Then, the influence of film-makers may go unrecognized because there is no comparison in the original material even though the new visual identities will affect narrative interpretation. Peter Jackson's adaptations of The Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit by author JRR Tolkien represent an unusual case since many visual and stylistic details were specified by Tolkien. For the Harry Potter film series, author JK Rowling was closely consulted by the filmmakers, and she provided production designer Stuart Craig with a map of Hogwarts' grounds and also prevented director Alfonso Cuarón from adding a graveyard scene because the graveyard would appear elsewhere in a later novel. An often overlooked aspect of film adaptation is the inclusion of sound and music. In a literary text, a specific sound effect can often be implied or specified by an event, but in the process of adaptation, filmmakers must determine specific the sound characteristics that subliminally affects narrative interpretation. In some cases of adaptation, music may have been specified in the original material (usually diegetic music).",370
435,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"In a literary text, a specific sound effect can often be implied or specified by an event, but in the process of adaptation, filmmakers must determine specific the sound characteristics that subliminally affects narrative interpretation. In some cases of adaptation, music may have been specified in the original material (usually diegetic music). In Stephenie Meyer's 2005 Twilight novel, the characters Edward Cullen and Bella Swan both listen to Debussy's Clair de lune and Edward composes the piece Bella's Lullaby for Bella. While Clair de lune was a pre-existing piece of music, Bella's Lullaby was not and required original music to be composed for the 2008 movie adaptation. In the 2016 sci-fi film 2BR02B: To Be or Naught to Be adapted from the story by Kurt Vonnegut, the film-makers decided to abandon Vonnegut's choice of music. They stated that they felt that it worked in his prose only because it was not actually heard. Filmmakers' test screenings found that Vonnegut's style of music confused audiences and detracted from narrative comprehension. The film's composer, Leon Coward, stated, ""You can try to be as true to Vonnegut's material as possible, but at the end of the day also you’re working with the material that you as a team have generated, not just Vonnegut's, and that’s what you've got to make work."" == Theatrical adaptation ==

Stage plays are frequent sources for film adaptations. Many of William Shakespeare's plays, including Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Othello, have been adapted into films. The first sound adaptation of any Shakespeare play was the 1929 production of The Taming of the Shrew, starring Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks.",368
436,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Many of William Shakespeare's plays, including Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Othello, have been adapted into films. The first sound adaptation of any Shakespeare play was the 1929 production of The Taming of the Shrew, starring Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks. It was later adapted as both a musical play called Kiss Me, Kate, which opened on Broadway in 1948, and as the 1953 Hollywood musical of the same name. The Taming of the Shrew was again retold in 1999 as a teen comedy set in a high school in 10 Things I Hate about You, and also in 2003 as an urban romantic comedy, Deliver Us from Eva. The 1961 musical film West Side Story was adapted from Romeo and Juliet, with its first incarnation as a Broadway musical play that opened in 1957. The animated film The Lion King (1994) was inspired by Hamlet as well as various traditional African myths, and 2001's  O was based on Othello. Film adaptations of Shakespeare's works in languages other than English are numerous, including Akira Kurosawa's films Throne of Blood (1957, an epic film version of Macbeth),  The Bad Sleep Well (1960, inspired by Hamlet) and Ran (1985, based on King Lear); and Vishal Bhardwaj's  ""Shakespearean trilogy"" consisting of  Haider (2014, a retelling of Hamlet), Omkara (2006, based on Othello) and Maqbool (2003, based on Macbeth). Another way in which Shakespearean texts have been incorporated in films is to feature characters who are either actors performing those texts or characters who are somehow influenced or effected by seeing one of Shakespeare's plays, within a larger non-Shakespearean story. Generally, Shakespeare's basic themes or certain elements of the plot will parallel the main plot of the film or become part of a character's development in some way.",392
437,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Another way in which Shakespearean texts have been incorporated in films is to feature characters who are either actors performing those texts or characters who are somehow influenced or effected by seeing one of Shakespeare's plays, within a larger non-Shakespearean story. Generally, Shakespeare's basic themes or certain elements of the plot will parallel the main plot of the film or become part of a character's development in some way. Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet are the two plays which have most often been used in this way. Éric Rohmer's 1992 film Conte d'hiver (A Tale of Winter) is one example. Rohmer uses one scene from Shakespeare's A Winter's Tale as a major plot device within a story that is not based on the play at all. In Britain, where stage plays tend to be more popular as a form of entertainment than currently in the United States, many films began as a stage productions. Some British films and British/American collaborations that were based on successful British plays include Gaslight (1940), Blithe Spirit (1945), Rope (1948), Look Back in Anger (1959), Oh! What a Lovely War (1969), Sleuth (1972), The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), Shirley Valentine (1989), The Madness of King George (1994), The History Boys (2006),  Quartet (2012), and The Lady in the Van (2015). Similarly, hit Broadway plays are often adapted into films, whether from musicals or dramas. Some examples of American film adaptations based on successful Broadway plays are Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), Born Yesterday (1950), Harvey (1950), A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), The Odd Couple (1968), The Boys in the Band (1970), Agnes of God (1985), Children of a Lesser God (1986), Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), Real Women Have Curves (2002), Rabbit Hole (2010), and Fences (2016).",399
438,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Similarly, hit Broadway plays are often adapted into films, whether from musicals or dramas. Some examples of American film adaptations based on successful Broadway plays are Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), Born Yesterday (1950), Harvey (1950), A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), The Odd Couple (1968), The Boys in the Band (1970), Agnes of God (1985), Children of a Lesser God (1986), Glengarry Glen Ross (1992), Real Women Have Curves (2002), Rabbit Hole (2010), and Fences (2016). On one hand, theatrical adaptation does not involve as many interpolations or elisions as novel adaptation, but on the other, the demands of scenery and possibilities of motion frequently entail changes from one medium to the other. Film critics will often mention if an adapted play has a static camera or emulates a proscenium arch. Laurence Olivier consciously imitated the arch with his Henry V (1944), having the camera begin to move and to use color stock after the prologue, indicating the passage from physical to imaginative space. Sometimes, the adaptive process can continue after one translation. Mel Brooks' The Producers began as a film in 1967, was adapted into a Broadway musical in 2001, and then adapted again in 2005 as a musical film. == Television adaptation ==
Feature films are occasionally created from television series or television segments, or vice versa, a television series will derive from a film, such as in the case of Bates Motel and Chucky. In the former, the film will offer a longer storyline than the usual television program's format and/or expanded production values. During the 1970s, many British television series were turned into films including Dad's Army, On the Buses, Steptoe and Son and Porridge. In 1979, The Muppet Movie was a big success.",379
439,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"During the 1970s, many British television series were turned into films including Dad's Army, On the Buses, Steptoe and Son and Porridge. In 1979, The Muppet Movie was a big success. In the adaptation of The X-Files to film, greater effects and a longer plotline were involved. Additionally, adaptations of television shows will offer the viewer the opportunity to see the television show's characters without broadcast restrictions. These additions (nudity, profanity, explicit drug use, and explicit violence) are only rarely a featured adaptive addition (film versions of ""procedurals"" such as Miami Vice are most inclined to such additions as featured adaptations) – South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut is a notable example of a film being more explicit than its parent TV series. At the same time, some theatrically released films are adaptations of television miniseries events. When national film boards and state-controlled television networks co-exist, filmmakers can sometimes create very long films for television that they may adapt solely for time for theatrical release. Both Ingmar Bergman (notably with Fanny and Alexander but with other films as well) and Lars von Trier have created long television films that they then recut for international distribution. Even segments of television series have been adapted into feature films. The American television sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live has been the origin of a number of films, beginning with The Blues Brothers, which began as a one-off performance by Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi. == Radio adaptation ==
Radio narratives have also provided the basis of film adaptation. In the heyday of radio, radio segments were often translated to film, usually as shorts. Radio series turned into film series include Dr. Christian, Crime Doctor and The Whistler. Dialog-heavy stories and fantastic stories from radio were also adapted to film (e.g. Fibber McGee and Molly and The Life of Riley).",399
440,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Dialog-heavy stories and fantastic stories from radio were also adapted to film (e.g. Fibber McGee and Molly and The Life of Riley). The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy began as a radio series for the BBC and then became a novel that was adapted to film. == Comic book adaptation ==

American comic book characters, particularly superheroes, have long been adapted into film, beginning in the 1940s with Saturday movie serials aimed at children. Superman (1978) and Batman (1989) are two later successful movie adaptations of famous comic book characters. In the Philippines, superhero comics have been adapted numerous times into films such as Darna (1951), Captain Barbell (1964), and Lastik Man (1965). In addition, comics of various genres other than those involving superheroes such as romance, fantasy and drama have widely been used as a source for film adaptations such as Roberta (1951), Dyesebel (1953), Ang Panday (1980), Bituing Walang Ningning (1985) and Mars Ravelo's Bondying: The Little Big Boy (1989). In the early 2000s, blockbusters such as X-Men (2000) and Spider-Man (2002) have led to dozens of superhero films. The success of these films has also led to other comic books not necessarily about superheroes being adapted for the big screen, such as Ghost World (2001), From Hell (2001), American Splendor (2003), Sin City (2005), 300 (2007), Wanted (2008), and Whiteout (2009). The adaptation process for comics is different from that of novels. Many successful comic book series last for several decades and have featured several variations of the characters in that time. Films based on such series usually try to capture the back story and “spirit” of the character instead of adapting a particular storyline. Occasionally, aspects of the characters and their origins are simplified or modernized.",392
441,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Films based on such series usually try to capture the back story and “spirit” of the character instead of adapting a particular storyline. Occasionally, aspects of the characters and their origins are simplified or modernized. Self-contained graphic novels, and miniseries many of which do not feature superheroes, can be adapted more directly, such as in the case of Road to Perdition (2002) or V for Vendetta (2006). In particular, Robert Rodriguez did not use a screenplay for Sin City but utilized actual panels from writer/artist Frank Miller's series as storyboards to create what Rodriguez regards as a ""translation"" rather than an adaptation. Furthermore, some films based on long-running franchises use particular story lines from the franchise as a basis for a plot. The second X-Men film was loosely based on the graphic novel X-Men: God Loves, Man Kills and the third film on the storyline ""The Dark Phoenix Saga"". Spider-Man 2 was based on the storyline ""Spider-Man No More!"". Likewise, Batman Begins owes many of its elements to Miller's Batman: Year One and the film's sequel, The Dark Knight, uses subplots from Batman: The Long Halloween. The Marvel Cinematic Universe starting in 2008 is a shared universe with films combining characters from different works by Marvel Comics. The DC Extended Universe starting in 2013 uses the same model for DC Comics. The highest-grossing and most profitable comic book adaptations are Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Joker (2019), respectively. == Video game adaptation ==

A video game adaptation is primarily a film that is based on a video game, usually incorporating elements of the game's plot or gameplay, beginning in the mid-1980s. === Tie-in with films ===

Tie-in video games with films or other properties have existed since home consoles and arcade games of the early 1980s.",386
442,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"== Video game adaptation ==

A video game adaptation is primarily a film that is based on a video game, usually incorporating elements of the game's plot or gameplay, beginning in the mid-1980s. === Tie-in with films ===

Tie-in video games with films or other properties have existed since home consoles and arcade games of the early 1980s. Developers are usually limited by what they can do with the film property, and may be further limited in time as to produce the game in time for the release of the film or other work. === Related ===
Films closely related to the computer and video game industries were also done in this time, such as Tron, Cloak & Dagger, Wreck-It Ralph, Pixels, Ready Player One and Free Guy but only after the release of several films based on well-known brands has this genre become recognized in its own right. == Adaptations from other sources ==

While documentary films have often been made from journalism and reportage, so too have some dramatic films, including: All the President's Men (1976, adapted from the 1974 book); Miracle, (2004, from an account published shortly after the 1980 ""miracle on ice""); and Pushing Tin (1999, from a 1996 New York Times article by Darcy Frey). An Inconvenient Truth is Al Gore's film adaptation of his own Keynote multimedia presentation. The 2011 independent comedy film, Benjamin Sniddlegrass and the Cauldron of Penguins was based on Kermode and Mayo's Film Review of Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief. Films adapted from songs include Coward of the County, Ode to Billy Joe, Convoy, and Pretty Baby (each from a song of the same name). Films based on toys include the Transformers franchise and the G.I.",375
443,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Films adapted from songs include Coward of the County, Ode to Billy Joe, Convoy, and Pretty Baby (each from a song of the same name). Films based on toys include the Transformers franchise and the G.I. Joe films; there is a longer history of animated television series being created simultaneous to toy lines as a marketing tool. Hasbro's plans to for films based on their board games began with 2012's Battleship. While amusement park rides have often been based on action movies, conversely the 1967 Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland was adapted into Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl in 2003. Remakes and film sequels are technically adaptations of the original film. Less direct derivations include The Magnificent Seven from The Seven Samurai, Star Wars from The Hidden Fortress, and 12 Monkeys from La Jetée. Many films have been made from mythology and religious texts. Both Greek mythology and the Bible have been adapted frequently. Homer's works have been adapted multiple times in several nations. In these cases, the audience already knows the story well, and so the adaptation will de-emphasize elements of suspense and concentrate instead on detail and phrasing. == Awards ==
Many major film award programs present an award for adapted screenplays, separate from the award for original screenplays. In the case of a film which was adapted from an unpublished work, however, different awards have different rules around which category the screenplay qualifies for. In 1983, the Canadian Genie Awards rescinded the Best Adapted Screenplay award they had presented to the film Melanie when they learned that the original work had been unpublished; and in 2017, the film Moonlight, which was adapted from an unpublished theatrical play, was classified and nominated as an adapted screenplay by some awards but as an original screenplay by others. == Adaptation of films ==
When a film's screenplay is original, it can also be the source of derivative works such as novels and plays.",396
444,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"In 1983, the Canadian Genie Awards rescinded the Best Adapted Screenplay award they had presented to the film Melanie when they learned that the original work had been unpublished; and in 2017, the film Moonlight, which was adapted from an unpublished theatrical play, was classified and nominated as an adapted screenplay by some awards but as an original screenplay by others. == Adaptation of films ==
When a film's screenplay is original, it can also be the source of derivative works such as novels and plays. For example, movie studios will commission novelizations of their popular titles or sell the rights to their titles to publishing houses. These novelized films will frequently be written on assignment and sometimes written by authors who have only an early script as their source. Consequently, novelizations are quite often changed from the films as they appear in theatres. Novelization can build up characters and incidents for commercial reasons (e.g., to market a card or computer game, to promote the publisher's ""saga"" of novels, or to create continuity between films in a series). There have been instances of novelists who have worked from their own screenplays to create novels at nearly the same time as a film. Both Arthur C. Clarke, with 2001: A Space Odyssey, and Graham Greene, with The Third Man, have worked from their own film ideas to a novel form (although the novel version of The Third Man was written more to aid in the development of the screenplay than for the purposes of being released as a novel). Both John Sayles and Ingmar Bergman write their film ideas as novels before they begin producing them as films, although neither director has allowed these prose treatments to be published. Finally, films have inspired and been adapted into plays. John Waters's films have been successfully mounted as plays; both Hairspray and Cry-Baby have been adapted, and other films have spurred subsequent theatrical adaptations.",383
445,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Finally, films have inspired and been adapted into plays. John Waters's films have been successfully mounted as plays; both Hairspray and Cry-Baby have been adapted, and other films have spurred subsequent theatrical adaptations. Spamalot is a Broadway play based on Monty Python films. In a rare case of a film being adapted from a stage musical adaptation of a film, in 2005, the film adaptation of the stage musical based on Mel Brooks' classic comedy film The Producers was released. == See also ==
Remake
Literary adaptation
Adaptation (arts)
Licensed game
AACTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
César Award for Best Adaptation
Golden Horse Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Goya Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Satellite Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Eisenstein, Sergei. ""Dickens, Griffith, and the Film Today."" Film Form Dennis Dobson, trans. 1951. Literature/Film Quarterly, journal published by Salisbury University
Journal of Adaptation in Film and Performance, published by Intellect
Adaptation, journal published by Oxford University Press
Movie Adaptation Database, UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
The history of Erich von Stroheim's Greed, from welcometosilentmovies.com
The Art of Adaptation from hollywoodlitsales.com
Hutcheon, Linda, with Siobhan O’Flynn. A Theory of Adaptation. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2013. Leitch, Thomas (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Adaptation Studies. Oxford: OUP, 2017. Murray, Simone.",389
446,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptation,Film adaptation,"Oxford: OUP, 2017. Murray, Simone. The Adaptation Industry: The Cultural Economy of Contemporary Adaptation. New York: Routledge, 2012. Sanders, Julie. Adaptation and Appropriation. London: Routledge, 2006.",50
447,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"Russia-1 (Russian: Россия-1) is a state-owned Russian television channel, first aired on 14 February 1956 as Programme Two in the Soviet Union. It was relaunched as RTR on 13 May 1991, and is known as Russia-1. It is the flagship channel of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company (VGTRK). In 2008 Russia-1 had the second largest audience in Russian television. In a typical week, it was viewed by 75% of urban Russians, compared to 83% for the leading channel, Channel One. The two channels are similar in their politics, and they compete directly in entertainment. Russia-1 has many regional variations and broadcasts in many languages. == History ==


=== Soviet period ===
Russia-1 started broadcasting as The Second Moscow Programme (Programme Two) in 1956. From the very start, it only hosted programs produced by the Ministry of Education of the Soviet Union, as well as children's programming, in monochrome. The move to a new channel frequency resulted in it being renamed Program 2 and becoming the second home of the national newscast Vremya since 1968. Program 2 officially renamed itself  All-Union Program 2 in 1972 and converted to color in 1975, and two years later became a nationwide station, being broadcast all over the Soviet Union. On January 1, 1982 AUP2 officially began to broadcast, not just educational and children's programming but also culture and arts programming and sports, as it was officially permitted to take greater account of the needs and tastes of spectators in a changing era. In addition, it broadcast also documentaries, music videos and programming, and movies. Starting New Year's Day 1984, All Union Program 2 was renamed All-Union Channel 2 (AUC2), and it pioneered the first ever rhythmic gymnastics broadcast the following year.",384
448,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"In addition, it broadcast also documentaries, music videos and programming, and movies. Starting New Year's Day 1984, All Union Program 2 was renamed All-Union Channel 2 (AUC2), and it pioneered the first ever rhythmic gymnastics broadcast the following year. By 1987, it was also the first channel to adopt sign language interpretation in the USSR and later supplemented by subtitles for the hard of hearing, all for its Vremya simulcasts. The official identification package for the channel was the star of the second antenna on a blue background with moving rings, symbolizing the radio waves, and the signature at the bottom of ""II program"", which then changed to ""TV USSR."" Around February 1988, a new ident replaced it: circles were fixed, disappeared inscription ""TV USSR"", and the background was light blue with a white gradient. Since 1989, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) implemented the organization of the Russian national TV channel. By this time all the Union republics, with the exception of Russia, had their own TV channels. In 1990, the creator of the program ""The Fifth Wheel"", People's Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Bella Kurkova requested the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Russia, Boris Yeltsin to create a separate Russian television station for the RSFSR, due to the fact that the central television channels reflect the views of the federal authorities. At that time, the country experienced a confrontation between the union and republican authorities. On July 13, 1990 a decision of the Supreme Soviet of Russia ended the national monopoly on radio and television broadcasting in the RSFSR, clearing the way for it to launch its own TV and radio stations.",347
449,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"At that time, the country experienced a confrontation between the union and republican authorities. On July 13, 1990 a decision of the Supreme Soviet of Russia ended the national monopoly on radio and television broadcasting in the RSFSR, clearing the way for it to launch its own TV and radio stations. Prior to September 15, 1990, according to the decree, the Cabinet of Ministers of the RSFSR, Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, and the CM Committee on the media, communications with public organizations, mass movements of citizens and public opinion research should address the issue of the ownership of the material-technical base of AUC2. On July 14, 1990 decree № 107-1 of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR officially established the All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR Ivan Silaev helped acquire the building and the equipment for the future station. Thus, Russia-1 is the successor to the Soviet Second Programme launched in 1956. As of 2000, it is headed by Oleg Dobrodeyev, who was a founder of the original NTV. === Russian Federation ===
After 27 years, the All-Union State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company turned over the operations of AUC2 on March 6, 1991 to the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, with Oleg Poptsov as its founding chairman. At the same time, the leadership of the company had been promised at least a 6-hour broadcast day as a national blocktimer for viewers within Russia, including a brand-new 20-minute newscast to be aired twice daily on the new channel.",342
450,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"=== Russian Federation ===
After 27 years, the All-Union State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company turned over the operations of AUC2 on March 6, 1991 to the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, with Oleg Poptsov as its founding chairman. At the same time, the leadership of the company had been promised at least a 6-hour broadcast day as a national blocktimer for viewers within Russia, including a brand-new 20-minute newscast to be aired twice daily on the new channel. Due to the opposition views of the Republican team, the new management staff, led by the new GM for the soon to be re-branded Russian Television, Sergei Podgorbunsky, faced difficulties ranging from an inability to rent a studio in the Ostankino Television Centre to failure to provide new programs at the expected time. At the same time, there were problems with the recruitment of new employees, program presenters and staff for the new station. Many presenters left the Union STRC free from TV censorship. As a result, the station management started to brainstorm and conceptualize its programming from scratch, including news and current affairs. Thus, ""Vesti"", the news program of RTV, was born, with airing time being at 18:00 and 20:00, twice nightly on weekdays (The 2nd edition was to be aired before its simulcast of Vremya). Most of the staff of ""Vesti"" on ""Russian Television"" were former presenters and staff of Soviet Central Television channel ""Television News Service"", their experience would help the new channel in its news services. Four studios - ""News"" for newscasts, ""Republic"" for current affairs, ""Lad"" for arts and culture and ""Artel"" for entertainment and lifestyle were created.",371
451,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"Most of the staff of ""Vesti"" on ""Russian Television"" were former presenters and staff of Soviet Central Television channel ""Television News Service"", their experience would help the new channel in its news services. Four studios - ""News"" for newscasts, ""Republic"" for current affairs, ""Lad"" for arts and culture and ""Artel"" for entertainment and lifestyle were created. On May 13, 1991, recently appointed to the post of deputy general manager of the State Television and Radio Valentin Lazutkin officially launched the brand new ARSTV Channel 2 with air times from 11.35 to 13.35, from 17.00 to 19.00 and from 21.45 to 23.45 (six hours a day total), weekdays and weekends, with AUC2 filling the rest of the schedule. It was given a new corporate logo and a new brand name: ""Russian Television"". In its first hour on air, the channel criticized Gorbachov. At 17.00 the Western-style newscast ""Vesti"" made its premiere telecast, with Svetlana Sorokina hosting. Items included destruction in an Armenian village and an interview with the Lithuanian president about possible repression from the Kremlin. From this time on Russian Television aired programming not only from the All-Union State Television and Radio but also from the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. Compared with ""Vremya"", ""Vesti"" became the acute, short, specific and operational newscast Russians watched, without any censorship or bias. In the first week of broadcasting, ""Good Night, Little Ones!"" (beginning in 2002) and Odesa ""Gentleman show"" made their premiere telecasts. Two weeks later, ""RTR"" (""Russian Television and Radio"") became the new name of the channel, and a new logo debuted.",386
452,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"(beginning in 2002) and Odesa ""Gentleman show"" made their premiere telecasts. Two weeks later, ""RTR"" (""Russian Television and Radio"") became the new name of the channel, and a new logo debuted. In August 1991, RTR stopped broadcasting in Latvia and was replaced by LTV2 (now LTV7). During the August coup, on August 19, 1991 the Emergency Committee stopped the broadcast of RTR, and AUC2 officially returned in the evening slots, with its planned programs including the great ballet ""Swan Lake"". Unknown to the coup leaders, RTR secretly organized a broadcast to the United States and other countries, as well as all over the USSR, so that all Soviets saw a special edition of ""Vesti"" with the latest events in Moscow during the coup. Studio ""Vesti"" in the ""Ostankino"" Center was blocked by AUC2 management, the transfer was recorded on video tape to ""Shabolovke"" for emergency situations has been prepared by an OB van and outside mobile facilities that the young channel had. The Emergency Committee blocked RTR headquarters on Yamskov field. In less than a few days, RTR had Clandestine broadcasts nationwide till the coup had failed. After the August Coup ""RTR"" by order of Valentin Lazutkin, its deputy GM for operations, officially resumed broadcasting this time from 19.00 to 00.00 (instead of 17.00 to 19.00 and 21.45 to 23.45). On September 16, 1991 AUC2 ended its operations and RTR absorbed several of its staff and programs, therefore beginning the next day it began to broadcast from the very morning till late at midnight. On 30 December 1991 the program ""Vesti"" began to appear three times a day, and from 20 January 1992 to four times a day. In 1993, the channel changed its logo 2 times.",395
453,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"On 30 December 1991 the program ""Vesti"" began to appear three times a day, and from 20 January 1992 to four times a day. In 1993, the channel changed its logo 2 times. In February 1992, utilizing the frequencies of RTR in Ukraine, channel UT-2 (now 1 +1) was launched. During the political crisis of 1993 RTR aired interviews from the different sides of the spectrum, from politicians to ordinary people. During the shooting of the White House, the director of the channel had violated the order to conduct the bombing broadcast live on that point, as long as the line of fire to avoid civilian casualties among the citizens of Moscow. After the police pushed the townspeople, ""RTR"" started broadcasting ""CNN"". At that time the building was shelled, which housed the studio of ""Vesti"". In a hole punched in the building of a grenade launcher, armed men broke into the studios and began shelling the building on fire. The director of the program ""Vesti"" Irina Vinogradova was able to save the footage. Technical Director Stanislav Bunevich able to carry TV broadcasts control of the country in building the All-Russian STRC on Yamskov field. Broadcasting channel was restored, ""RTR"" was the only television channel, remaining on the air and which showed the 1993 First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Shumeyko ""Vesti"" were donated to the mantel clock. events. Broadcasting was done in a hurry equipped studio in the basement with the lights off. Later, in a building opposite were found maturation snipers. For coverage of
Showing important events, ""Vesti"" become the most influential program on RTR. In the same year, Yuri Rostov, Vladislav Flyarkovsky and Aleksandr Gurnov started their jobs as field reporters for the channel under then head of news programming Alexander Nekhoroshev.",397
454,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"For coverage of
Showing important events, ""Vesti"" become the most influential program on RTR. In the same year, Yuri Rostov, Vladislav Flyarkovsky and Aleksandr Gurnov started their jobs as field reporters for the channel under then head of news programming Alexander Nekhoroshev. Since 1994, the program began to leave a comment, ""Details"", which became a leading political commentator Nikolai Svanidze news. In October 1995, the RTR with ORT program went ""Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov."" In 1996 Oleg Poptsov, Anatoly Lysenko, Alexander and Alexander Podgorbunsky Nekhoroshev were relieved of their posts, and Details was pulled off. The new chairman of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Company Eduard Sagalaev was appointed, and Cyril Legat chosen as the new GM for television, editor in chief of information programs of Russian Television Boris Forgetful. The channel will have emerged a number of new programs - information-analytical program ""Mirror"", which became a leading Nikolai Svanidze, the actual interview ""VIP"", talk show ""Open News"", which became the leading Edward Sagalaev, Svetlana Sorokina and Oksana Naychuk a manufacturer of private television ATV. In 1997, the chairman of the All-Russia State Television and Radio Company was Nikolai Svanidze. Programs ""VIP"" and ""Open News"" were closed, she was dismissed leading ""Vesti"" Svetlana Sorokina. On November of that year, ""RTR"" changed to ""RTR-1"" has changed the logo. The reason for the name change - the creation of a new TV channel ""RTR-2"" (now ""Russia-Culture""). On May 8, 1998 in the RTR includes regional television and radio.",397
455,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"The reason for the name change - the creation of a new TV channel ""RTR-2"" (now ""Russia-Culture""). On May 8, 1998 in the RTR includes regional television and radio. Since then, ""RTR"" broadcasts in 54 languages of the peoples of Russia, RTR became the largest media group in Europe. The general is not only the design of the channel, but the editorial policy. On 7 September of that year, on the air for the first time block out the morning program Good Morning, Russia!. September 14, 1998 ""RTR-1"" again changed its name to ""RTR"", changed the logo. At that time there were many Latin American television series production and a lot of new TV shows: Two piano Household chores, Schedule, Purple haze, and Hakuna matata. The show Hundred to One also joined the channel, thus leaving TVC-Moskva. Similarly, programs Musical Ring, 50x50, talk show My Family, and Love from the First Sight, that were previously aired on ORT moved to RTR as well. In 1999, the channel disbanded the sports program ""Arena"" and instead was established the program ""Studio"", headed by Vladimir Gomelsky. The daily ""Vesti"" began to be broadcast at 13:00, 17:00, 19:00, 21:00, 23:00. Up to 1999, the national channel was plagued by broadcasting problems resulting from its dependence on its local state affiliates (GTRKs) for retransmission of its signal. GTRKs had no incentive to consistently broadcast only federal programming on their local frequencies and would often mix in programming they had produced themselves or acquired from other sources, thus hampering the national channel’s ability to control its own programming schedule at the regional level.",374
456,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"Up to 1999, the national channel was plagued by broadcasting problems resulting from its dependence on its local state affiliates (GTRKs) for retransmission of its signal. GTRKs had no incentive to consistently broadcast only federal programming on their local frequencies and would often mix in programming they had produced themselves or acquired from other sources, thus hampering the national channel’s ability to control its own programming schedule at the regional level. The first step leading to the solution of this problem was the creation of the state holding company VGTRK, which united 89 state-owned regional studios under the aegis of the Moscow-based Channel 2. In February 2004, the Russian government issued a resolution on the reorganization of VGTRK through affiliation of subsidiaries, including regional GTRK companies. By the end of 2004, the scale of the reorganization became obvious. Local news programmes were organized on network principles and local companies turned into ""re-transmitters"" of the Moscow-produced content: VGTRK management had decided to cut all types of broadcasting in the regions, except news. This decision caused an inevitable reduction of GTRK broadcasting volume from 900 - 1,200 to 590 hours, the closure of whole subdivisions and departments and the dismissal of hundreds of employees in each of the 89 companies. On December 31, 2018, a separate feed of the Russia-1 schedule was launched for each of the eleven time zones of Russia. Dating back to a practice begun after the launch of Orbita in 1967, there had previously been only five feeds of Russia-1 and its predecessor (Programme Two) for the entire country—one operating on Moscow Time and variations time-shifted ahead by two, four, six, and eight hours.",357
457,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"On December 31, 2018, a separate feed of the Russia-1 schedule was launched for each of the eleven time zones of Russia. Dating back to a practice begun after the launch of Orbita in 1967, there had previously been only five feeds of Russia-1 and its predecessor (Programme Two) for the entire country—one operating on Moscow Time and variations time-shifted ahead by two, four, six, and eight hours. Viewers in the time zones offset from Moscow Time by an odd number of hours would receive a feed from the nearest ""even"" time zone, meaning that, for them, programming would air either one hour earlier or one hour later than the time specified in schedules. == Viewership ==
According to Mediascope, by 2020, Russia-1 was the most popular TV channel in Russia with an average daily audience of 1,338,000, exceeding the audience of its closest rival Channel One Russia by almost 9%. == Criticism ==


=== Censorship, bias and false messages in information programs ===
Some journalists criticized the Vesti program releases from early September 2004 about the Beslan tragedy for manipulating socially significant information. In particular, in one of her direct inclusions, the then correspondent of the program Margarita Simonyan mentioned the figure of ""354 hostages"", although the true number was initially known and amounted to 1128 people, as well as the fact that ""the terrorists do not make demands"" (despite the fact that in fact the main requirement was also announced in advance It was the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya). In April 2007, it was reported that the TV channel had censored a French documentary about the preparation of the latest sensational color revolutions called «Revolution.com. USA: the Conquest of the East», released in September 2005.",368
458,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"In April 2007, it was reported that the TV channel had censored a French documentary about the preparation of the latest sensational color revolutions called «Revolution.com. USA: the Conquest of the East», released in September 2005. According to the Kommersant newspaper and the French side, as a result of the editing, the content of the film was greatly changed: all undesirable moments and comments, mentions of opposition organizations, episodes filmed in the Russian capital, as well as the name of one of the authors, Manon Loiseau, were removed from it. According to Kommersant's calculations, in the remounted version shown on Rossiya on April 15, 2007, the film ran for 48 minutes from 20:46 to 21:34 (which caused the timing of the Vesti Nedelya program running before the film to be shortened from 1 hour to 45 minutes), while As in the original, the film ran for 53 minutes and 40 seconds. Representatives of the Russian TV channel said that the film was cut by prior agreement with the French side, and the credits were the same as they were provided by the French. The representative of the French agency SARAH, in turn, noted that the Rossiya TV channel violated the terms of a strict contract, according to which no changes should have been made to this film. In March 2011, Archpriest Vyacheslav (Pushkarev), head of the missionary department of the Irkutsk Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church, assessed the TV channel's position in covering the conflict in Libya. :
«…Two months ago, Gaddafi was a reliable partner of Russia, now he has become a ""dictator"" and a ""murderer of his own people."" What a metamorphosis! With all this, a one-sided approach to highlighting the problem is obvious. Our TV channels have chosen a line of imitation of Western media ...",391
459,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"With all this, a one-sided approach to highlighting the problem is obvious. Our TV channels have chosen a line of imitation of Western media ... It turns out that our journalists and editors are supporters of rebellions and coups d'etat and they don't care about the constitutional order?.. Our central media went along with politics and, violating the basic norms of journalistic ethics, showed the whole world and us the highest level of their own unprofessionalism and engagement. After all, they shamelessly began to use the methodology of double standards in their ""work""... Will our media find, and especially the channel ""Russia"" and ""Channel One (Russia)|Channel One]]"", do you have the strength and determination to admit dishonesty and apologize to the Libyan people and their leader? I doubt». In June 2013, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan accused the Rossiya-1 TV channel and special correspondent Yevgeny Poddubny of unprofessionalism for the report ""Syrian Jihad turns opposition into radicals,"" which showed footage allegedly featuring a citizen of Turkmenistan, a certain Rovshan Gazakov, a militant commander of the bombers. The statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan notes:
«…that such reports based on unreliable information do not correspond to the spirit of positively developing Turkmen-Russian relations, are a violation of basic norms of journalistic ethics and are considered by the Turkmen side as attempts to misinform the audience.». In the report itself, the captured members of the terrorist group claim that they came from Turkmenistan. According to a number of online media, even before the Rossiya-1 TV channel aired the story ""Syrian Jihad turns the opposition into radicals,"" Turkmenistan's special services had information about terrorists detained in Syria, in addition, employees of the Turkmen law enforcement agencies were actively searching for accomplices of members of the al-Nusra Front group in Turkmenistan.",399
460,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"In the report itself, the captured members of the terrorist group claim that they came from Turkmenistan. According to a number of online media, even before the Rossiya-1 TV channel aired the story ""Syrian Jihad turns the opposition into radicals,"" Turkmenistan's special services had information about terrorists detained in Syria, in addition, employees of the Turkmen law enforcement agencies were actively searching for accomplices of members of the al-Nusra Front group in Turkmenistan. June 28, 2013 German public TV channel ZDF denied the accusations of the Rossiya channel in paying for support Pussy Riot on German state television. ZDF had to respond on air in pure Russian to avoid translation difficulties. The Special Correspondent program, which aired on November 28, 2014, used a video depicting naked men to demonstrate the ""immorality"" of Western values in the field of parenting. At the same time, the question sounded in the frame of the Russian broadcast: ""Should a children's room look like this?"". On December 2, 2014, it became known that Fathead (USA) announced its intention to sue the Rossiya-1 TV channel, since in fact the original of this video used the image of a monster truck. On 23 May 2015, Russia-1 aired Warsaw Pact: Declassified Pages, a documentary that presented the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia as protection against a NATO coup. Slovakia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that the film ""attempts to rewrite history and to falsify historical truths about such a dark chapter of our history."" Czech Foreign Minister Lubomír Zaorálek said that it ""grossly distorts"" the facts. The channel, like many other state-owned television channels, has been criticized for strong pro-government bias and propaganda.",361
461,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"Czech Foreign Minister Lubomír Zaorálek said that it ""grossly distorts"" the facts. The channel, like many other state-owned television channels, has been criticized for strong pro-government bias and propaganda. In 2017, Dmitry Skorobutov, a long-term editor at the channel, published a periodically-updated guide for journalists that contains a list of topics, the coverage of which is forbidden. It included topics such as anti-government protests, the downing of MH17 over Donbas, Nadia Savchenko, Crimean Tatars, and even Queen Elizabeth II's anniversary. In June 2017, researchers of Atlantic Council published a detailed analysis of one fake story propagated by Russia-1, about a Russian warplane deploying an electronic warfare system so powerful that it was able to completely disable defence systems of US Navy destroyer. The original story was traced to a satirical piece written by a Russian author Dmitry Sedov, in a form of a panicked letter from American navy sailor to his wife. The story was then picked up by Russia-1 as a description of a real incident and aired with a made-up video demonstrating the advantages of Russian weapons. In spite of the Russian weapon manufacturer denying the report and calling it ""a fake"", Russian media continued to repeated the story, adding further invented details such as fake statement from a former United States Air Force commander in Europe. On 8 May 2022, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions on Russia-1 pursuant to Executive Order 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the Government of Russia. The channel's news programming has been noted for the frequency with which its presenters propose Russian nuclear attack on Western countries, including the United Kingdom and United States of America. == Awards ==
The channel's projects and its staff have repeatedly received TEFI awards..",398
462,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia-1,Russia-1,"The channel's news programming has been noted for the frequency with which its presenters propose Russian nuclear attack on Western countries, including the United Kingdom and United States of America. == Awards ==
The channel's projects and its staff have repeatedly received TEFI awards.. Certificate of Honor from the IPA CIS Council (November 26, 2015, CIS Interparliamentary Assembly) — for active participation in the international TV forum ""Together"", contribution to strengthening friendship between the peoples of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States. == Logo history ==


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Oates, P.P.C.S. ; Oates, S. (2006). Television, Democracy and Elections in Russia. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-134-17847-6. == External links ==

 Media related to Rossiya 1 at Wikimedia Commons

VGTRK official website (in Russian)
VGTRK sales department (in English)
Fan website (in Russian)
smotrim.ru (in Russian)",233
463,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wagner_(writer),Thomas Wagner (writer),"Thomas Wagner is an American writer, producer and composer working primarily in documentary films. He is known for his work on Finding Lucy, an American Masters PBS documentary about actress Lucille Ball. Wagner won a prime-time Emmy Award for writing and producing that film. His script for Finding Lucy was also nominated for Best Documentary Script by the Writers Guild of America. Wagner also co-produced another PBS American Masters documentary, Rod Serling: Submitted for your Approval, and his script for that film bio, co-written with John Goff, was again nominated for Best Documentary Script by the Writers Guild of America. The Serling documentary also won a Bronze Plaque at the Columbus Film Festival and a Cine Gold Eagle. Wagner also composed the music for the Academy Award-nominated film, Daughter of The Bride which aired on HBO. In 2005 Wagner received another Emmy nomination for his musical score for the film, Patrick directed by Pamela Mason Wagner for the Hallmark Channel. Wagner has been composing music for film for over 25 years. Thomas Wagner and director/producer, Pamela Mason Wagner, started Turtle Rock Productions in 1993 to further their desire to create documentaries and advance the art of nonfiction storytelling. == Film Scores ==
A partial list Thomas Wagner's film and television composing credits is extensive and dates back to 1986. Nova Science Now: Can We Make It to Mars (2011) (PBS) (co-producer)
Finding Lucy (2000) (PBS) (writer & producer)
Rod Serling: Submitted for Your Approval (1995) (PBS) (co-writer & co-producer)


== References ==

<http://www.turtlerockprods.com/>


== External links ==
Thomas Wagner at IMDb
<http://turtlerockprods.com/>",378
464,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Foy,Anne Foy,"Anne Foy (born 23 January
1986 in Langold, Worksop) is a children's television presenter for the BBC. Until March 2008, she worked for the CBBC Channel and on CBBC. She can currently be heard as the voiceover on the music channel 4Music. == Recent work ==
Anne has been presenting CBBC weekdays on BBC One or on CBBC Extra on Saturday mornings. Anne appears on Stitch Up!, setting up unsuspecting members of the public to be humiliated for the benefit of the cameras. She has made appearances on The Saturday Show and in the summer of 2003 she presented Britain's Amazing Mates. Anne is the voice of the female veterinarian in CBBC's online game ""Vet Set Go"" and hosted the BIG GIG 2005 (an event with over 21,000 girl guides). In the Easter holidays, Anne carried out various tasks for the entertainment of CBBC viewers such as abseiling down a cliff face and learning to drive a tractor. Anne had also done some radio work on BBC 7's The Big Toe Show. Anne was spotted by a CBBC producer in 2001 after appearing on a CBBC show called DIY TV, hosted by Josie d'Arby, where young people made their own television show. Anne went on to present the hidden-camera
show, Stitch Up!. In between causing Mayhem on the streets and dressing in a series of ridiculous costumes, Anne went on to star in the CBBC sitcom Bad Penny playing the lead role. It wasn't long before CBBC asked her to guest-present their summer location tour in 2003, with Anne becoming a full-time face on CBBC in early 2004. She left CBBC in March 2008. == Personal life ==

Foy married Sam Nixon in December 2012. They have a daughter, Meridon (born in 2014), and a son, Doyle together. == References ==


== External links ==
""Bad Penny – Meet the Cast"".",400
465,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Foy,Anne Foy,"They have a daughter, Meridon (born in 2014), and a son, Doyle together. == References ==


== External links ==
""Bad Penny – Meet the Cast"". Archived from the original on 7 February 2007. ""AnneFoy.co.uk"". Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2008. Anne Foy at IMDb",77
466,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unshrinking,Unshrinking,"Unshrinking: How to Face Fatphobia is a 2024 book by philosopher Kate Manne. It was designated a finalist for the 2024 National Book Award for Nonfiction. == Contents ==
The book combines scientific, medical, and sociological research on the phenomenon of fatphobia within society with Manne's own experiences tackling both fatphobia and misogyny during her childhood and adulthood, as well as during her rise to fame as a philosopher which heightened her fear of public perception. Additionally, it criticizes the position of fatphobia from numerous angles ranging from scientific consensus to philosophical arguments. While Manne has thought about and contended with such discrimination for most of her life, Manne stated that becoming a mother ultimately motivated her to quit dieting practices, confront eating disorders, and write her book. Discussing the book on NPR, Manne said that she uses the word ""fat"" as a means of reclamation in order to shift the word's definition to mere description rather than an insult or pejorative: ""I see the word 'fat' as describing one way of having a body that is part of natural, normal, and in fact, valuable human variation. And so I use it much like terms like 'short' and 'tall' and, for that matter, 'thin,' as a merely neutral description."" == Critical reception ==
Publishers Weekly called the book a passionate critique of fatphobia but felt that it was overextended, that Manne ""understates the structural social justices"", and that her argument ""fails to convince."" Kirkus Reviews called it a ""brave, thought-provoking book"" and stated that ""With rigorous research and personal experience, Manne tackles and dismantles fatphobia in all its forms.""",358
467,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unshrinking,Unshrinking,"== Critical reception ==
Publishers Weekly called the book a passionate critique of fatphobia but felt that it was overextended, that Manne ""understates the structural social justices"", and that her argument ""fails to convince."" Kirkus Reviews called it a ""brave, thought-provoking book"" and stated that ""With rigorous research and personal experience, Manne tackles and dismantles fatphobia in all its forms."" In a starred review, Booklist called Manne's argument ""unapologetic"" and a ""brilliant takedown of fatphobia"" that served as an essential addition to the growing literature ""on the experiences of fat people and fighting fatphobia."" Regan Penaluna, writing for the Chicago Review of Books, was compelled by Manne's deconstruction of fatphobia in its lack of rational, empirical basis while simultaneously deploying her own well-researched argument against it. Penaluna stated: ""Manne dares us to reject racism, sexism, and capitalist greed as forces that shape our bodies and minds, and instead aspire to a world shaped by justice and kindness, one that fits all bodies. It's a profound challenge that is worth our time, as Manne makes clear in this superb book full of insight and hope."" Emmaline Clein, in a review for the Los Angeles Review of Books, lauded Manne's more philosophical aspects to her argument but named some criticisms with regard to her ""individualist bent"" to some parts of her book. Clein argued that Manne sometimes blamed possible victims of diet culture and didn't provide compassion to her bullies ""who ... were probably hurting too, acting out of the terror and shame instilled in girls as soon as they become self-aware in this country."" == References ==",363
468,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Berger,Maria Berger,"Maria Berger (born 19 August 1956 in Perg, Upper Austria) is an Austrian politician and currently Judge at the European Court of Justice. She previously served as a Member of the European Parliament and Austria's Minister of Justice. == Education ==
Doctor of Law, Innsbruck University (1979)


== Early career ==
University assistant (1979–1984)
Official at the Federal Ministry of Science and Research (1984–1988)
Head of the European Integration Department of the Federal Chancellor's Office (1989–1993)
Directorship post in the EFTA Surveillance Authority in Brussels (1993–1994)
Vice-President of the University of Krems (1995–1996)
Federal Chairman of the Young Generation in the SPÖ (1984–1987)
Member of the Land party committee of the SPÖ in Upper Austria (since 2004)


== Political career ==
Berger was a Member of the European Parliament since 1996, interrupted by her tenure as Austrian Justice Minister (2007 – 2008). She was also the leader of the Social Democratic Party delegation  which is part of the Party of European Socialists, and served on the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs. On the committee, she served as her parliamentary group’s coordinator. In addition, she later also was a member of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and the parliament’s delegation to the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly. Berger was also a substitute for the Committee on Constitutional Affairs, a member of the delegation for relations with the countries of South Asia and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and a substitute for the delegation for relations with Canada. In January 2007 Berger was appointed as Justice Minister in the government of Alfred Gusenbauer as Chancellor of Austria. After leaving office in December 2008 she returned to serve in the European Parliament till July 2009. Since October 2009 she is a member of the European Court of Justice.",396
469,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Berger,Maria Berger,"After leaving office in December 2008 she returned to serve in the European Parliament till July 2009. Since October 2009 she is a member of the European Court of Justice. == Recognition ==
Honorary medal of the International Mauthausen Committee, National Order of the Republic of Lithuania


== See also ==
List of members of the European Court of Justice


== References ==


== External links ==
European Parliament biography
Declaration of financial interests (in German; PDF file)",101
470,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctri9577,Ctri9577,"Ctri9577 (α-KTx15.10) is a neurotoxin present in the venom of the Chaerilus tricostatus scorpion, which is a potent blocker of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3, and a gating modifier of Kv4.3 channels. == Etymology and Source ==
The Ctri9577 toxin is a component of the venom of the scorpion Chaerilus tricostatus. The name of the toxin derives from the first letter of the genus of Chaerilus (C), species (tri), and the clone number in the cDNA library (9577). == Chemistry ==
Ctri9577 is a member of the α-KTx15 subfamily, which specifically target potassium channels. The mature peptide of Ctri9577, which is the peptide without the signal sequence, consists of 39 amino acids (4.44 kDa), including six cysteines which form three disulfide bridges (see table 1). Other scorpion toxins specific for K+ channels (KTx) commonly form a CSα/β (cysteine-stabilized α-helix-β-sheet) fold. In this motif, an α-helix is connected to two or three antiparallel β-sheets and stabilized with disulfide bridges. The predicted secondary structure of Ctri9577 is based on the typical fold of other scorpion KTxs; it consists of an α-helix connected to three antiparallel β-sheets, which is stabilized with three disulfide bridges (see figure 1). Ctri9577 has low sequence similarity (<50%) with most other members of the α-KTx15 subfamily., placing it far away on the phylogenetic tree.",366
471,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctri9577,Ctri9577,"The predicted secondary structure of Ctri9577 is based on the typical fold of other scorpion KTxs; it consists of an α-helix connected to three antiparallel β-sheets, which is stabilized with three disulfide bridges (see figure 1). Ctri9577 has low sequence similarity (<50%) with most other members of the α-KTx15 subfamily., placing it far away on the phylogenetic tree. == Target ==
Ctri9577 is a toxin specific for voltage-gated potassium channels, which functions both as a potent Kv1.3 channel-blocker and a gating modifier of Kv4.3 channels. The Kv1.3 channels are inhibited with an IC50 of 0.49 ± 0.45 nM. Ctri9577 also modifies the gating of Kv4.3 channels through binding with the S3b-S4 linker within the voltage-sensing domain of the channel, in which four residues are of importance: L275, V276, N280, and V288. Ctri9577’s inhibition of Kv4.3 channel currents is much less potent (IC50-value of 1.34 ± 0.03 μM) than the block of Kv1.3 channels. == Mode of action ==
The inhibitory effect of Ctri9577 on Kv1.3 channels is voltage-independent. The blocking of the delayed rectifier Kv1.3 is expected to slow down the repolarization phase of the  action potential. Ctri9577's effect on Kv4.3 gating occurs through:

shifting activation to more positive potentials
shifting steady-state inactivation curves to more positive potentials, and
slower recovery from open-state inactivation. As a result, Kv4.3 channels will be inhibited. == References ==",395
472,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cord%C3%B3n_Garc%C3%ADa,Antonio Cord%C3%B3n Garc%C3%ADa,"Antonio Cordón García (1895 in Seville – 1969) was a Spanish soldier, born in Sevilla, who commanded during the Spanish Civil War. == Early life ==
As a career soldier as an artilleryman in the Spanish Army, he passed into the reserves in 1932, but reenlisted into active duty upon the beginning of the Spanish Civil War to join the Republican cause. He was a key entity in the conversion of the Popular Front's militias into a disciplined standing army, the Spanish Republican Army, able to fight Franco's Nationalist Front. == Spanish Civil War ==
His career was brilliant and was parallel to his promotions in the Communist Party, being promoted to undersecretary of Defense and achieving a close relationship with Prime Minister Juan Negrín until he was finally promoted to the position of general, in March 1939. He participated in many of the battles in the major theaters of wars, including the Siege of the Santa María de la Cabeza Sanctuary, in Teruel, and the Battle of Belchite, in 1938. On 1937 he was the chief of staff of the Army of the East. Antonio Cordón also actively contacted with the Soviet Union over the provision of war materials, including T-26 light tanks and Polikarpov I-16s. Finalizing the war, Antonio Cordón immigrated to the Soviet Union and formed part of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, working closely with Dolores Ibárruri and Santiago Carrillo, who he coincided in Paris with for a short while. He also had close relations with figures such as Rafael Alberti and Teresa León. After Casado's coup, on 6 March 1939 he fled Spain from the Monòver aerodrome with Negrín and Ibárruri. == Exile ==
Despite having a wife and seven children in Spain, he never married again but had another child.",385
473,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cord%C3%B3n_Garc%C3%ADa,Antonio Cord%C3%B3n Garc%C3%ADa,"After Casado's coup, on 6 March 1939 he fled Spain from the Monòver aerodrome with Negrín and Ibárruri. == Exile ==
Despite having a wife and seven children in Spain, he never married again but had another child. In the Soviet Union, he wrote his memoirs Trayectoria. He died in Rome in 1968. After the death of the dictator Francisco Franco in 1975 and the change of the political situation in Spain, his remains were transferred to Spain. == Notes ==


== References ==
Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. 2006. London. ISBN 978-0-14-303765-1. Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. 2001. London. ISBN 978-0-14-101161-5",180
474,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strine,Strine,"Strine, also spelled Stryne (), is Australian slang for a broad Australian English accent. Someone who speaks Strine is called an Ocker. In contemporary Australian spoken English, the term Strine is being replaced by Strayan, a word gaining traction in more recent years (although Strine is still used among some populations). In written English, Strine remains more frequently used. The term is a syncope, derived from a shortened phonetic rendition of the pronunciation of the word ""Australian"" in an exaggerated Broad Australian accent, drawing upon the tendency of this accent to run syllables together in a form of liaison. The term was coined in 1964 when the accent was the subject of humorous columns published in the Sydney Morning Herald from the mid-1960s. Alastair Ardoch Morrison, under the Strine pseudonym of Afferbeck Lauder (a metaplasm for ""Alphabetical Order""), wrote a song ""With Air Chew"" (""Without You"") in 1965 followed by a series of books—Let Stalk Strine (1965), Nose Tone Unturned (1967), Fraffly Well Spoken (1968), and Fraffly Suite (1969). An example from one of the books: ""Eye-level arch play devoisters ..."" (""I'll have a large plate of oysters""). Contemporary examples include ""rise up lights"" (""razor blades""). In 2009, Text Publishing, Melbourne, re-published all four books in an omnibus edition. The late environmentalist and TV presenter Steve Irwin was once referred to as the person who ""talked Strine like no other contemporary personality"".",328
475,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strine,Strine,"In 2009, Text Publishing, Melbourne, re-published all four books in an omnibus edition. The late environmentalist and TV presenter Steve Irwin was once referred to as the person who ""talked Strine like no other contemporary personality"". == See also ==
Diminutives in Australian English
Monica Dickens
How to Talk Australians, an online miniseries looking through the eyes of teachers and students at a fictional college


== References ==


=== Citations ===


=== Sources ===


== External links ==

With Air Chew—Copyright registration copy of the song in the National Archives of Australia
Some examples of Strine (includes audio files)
Strine Translator (free and unlimited)",149
476,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/132nd_Squadron_(Turkey),132nd Squadron (Turkey),"132nd Squadron ""Daggers"" is a fighter squadron of the Turkish Air Force specialized in the development of courses for the efficient use of weapons and tactics. It also serves aggressor duties mainly during NATO exercises. The squadron also consists of SoloTürk, the air force's aerobatic demonstration team. On the contrary to the Turkish Stars, this squadron is only differentiated by its livery. Aside that, SoloTürk aircraft are capable of regular fighter duties and carried out many operations throughout the years. == History ==
The squadron was first established in 1966 at Çiğli Air Base, where the Air Training Command is located, as a regular training squadron and it had little to no role in combat. The squadron then received F-4 Phantoms in 1987 to carry out lead-in fighter training duties. Following the quick acquisition of F-4 Phantoms with minimal training and preparedness, because of the Cyprus Crisis, the air force failed in getting accustomed to the use and maintenance of F-4 Phantoms, and it resulted in the crash of over 15 aircraft until 1980. In 1989, as the Turkish Air Force suffered aircraft shortage after constant crashes, the squadron was temporarily shut down and its aircraft were allocated to combatant units. Following its reintroduction in 1992, the squadron was moved to Konya Air Base, operating Northrop F-5s until 2007. While it was still a training squadron, its roles were eventually enlarged into the concept of ""weapon and tactics"", a combination of aggressor, test and tactics development tasks. The squadron started using F-16 Fighting Falcons from 2007, as the Turkish Air Force gradually started retiring the existing Northrop F-5s in service, except for the Turkish Stars.",353
477,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/132nd_Squadron_(Turkey),132nd Squadron (Turkey),"While it was still a training squadron, its roles were eventually enlarged into the concept of ""weapon and tactics"", a combination of aggressor, test and tactics development tasks. The squadron started using F-16 Fighting Falcons from 2007, as the Turkish Air Force gradually started retiring the existing Northrop F-5s in service, except for the Turkish Stars. In 2016, after the coup attempt, SoloTürk was moved to the Konya Air Base and restructured under the 132nd Squadron, as its parent unit, the 141st Squadron, was dissolved.By 2017, the squadron is tasked with providing aerial protection to the president of Turkey, and since then, two F-16s escort the flight. One year later, 12 F-16s of the squadron were deployed for the Operation Euphrates Shield, providing air support to military operation by bombarding many Syrian Democratic Forces and Islamic State positions. Reports suggest that the tactical bombing by the squadron killed 11, and injured 16. == Lineage ==


=== Stations ===
Çiğli Air Base, 1966 – 1990
Konya Air Base, 1992 – present


=== Aircraft ===
Cessna T-37 Tweet, 1966 – 1969
Republic F-84F Thunderstreak, 1970 – 1974
North American F-100 Super Sabre, 1975 – 1986
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, 1987 – 1990
Northrop F-5, 1992 – 2006
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, 2007 – present


== References ==",314
478,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunganglong,Yunganglong,"Yunganglong is an extinct genus of basal hadrosauroid dinosaur known from the early Late Cretaceous lower Zhumapu Formation of Zuoyun County, Shanxi Province of northeastern China. It contains a single species, Yunganglong datongensis. == Discovery and naming ==

Yunganglong was first described and named by Run-Fu Wang, Hai-Lu You, Shi-Chao Xu, Suo-Zhu Wang, Jian Yi, Li-Juan Xie, Lei Jia and Ya-Xian Li in 2013 and the type species is Y. datongensis. The generic name honors Yungang Grottoes, a UNESCO World Heritage site built in the 5th and 6th centuries about 50 km east of the fossil locality, and derived from long meaning ""dragon"" in Chinese. The specific name refers to the city of Datong, located in northern Shanxi province, where the holotype was found. Yunganglong is known solely from the holotype SXMG V 00001, field number ZY007, an associated but disarticulated partial skeleton housed at the Shanxi Museum of Geology.",240
479,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunganglong,Yunganglong,"The specific name refers to the city of Datong, located in northern Shanxi province, where the holotype was found. Yunganglong is known solely from the holotype SXMG V 00001, field number ZY007, an associated but disarticulated partial skeleton housed at the Shanxi Museum of Geology. The holotype came from a single individual, and includes the caudodorsal part of the skull, ZY007-37 and ZY007-38, separated along the floor of the braincase; two cervical vertebrae ZY007-40 and ZY007-41; partial dorsal neural arch and neural processes ZY007-36; two caudal vertebrae, including the proximal ZY007-27 and the middle ZY007-19; distal portions of both ischia (left ZY007-11 and right ZY007-12, distal end of left femur ZY007-32, proximal portion of right tibia ZY007-1, and distal portion of left tibia with astragalus ZY007-2. The remains were collected in 2011 from Locality 7 of the Zhumapu Formation, as a part of a project to find dinosaurs for the Shanxi Museum of Geology, initiated by the Department of Land and Resources of Shanxi Province. SXMG V 00001 was found in the vicinity of Zuoyun County, from the lower part of Zhumapu Formation, dating to the early Late Cretaceous based on biostratigraphic correlations, overlying the late Early Cretaceous Zuoyun Formation. Other than SXMG V 00001, ankylosaur and ceratopsian remains were found from the newly discovered localities. The first dinosaur record in Shanxi Province was reported by Young (1958), from two localities in Zuoyun County.",396
480,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunganglong,Yunganglong,"Other than SXMG V 00001, ankylosaur and ceratopsian remains were found from the newly discovered localities. The first dinosaur record in Shanxi Province was reported by Young (1958), from two localities in Zuoyun County. He assigned hadrosauroid material recovered from the Xinyaogou locality of the Zuoyun area to Bactrosaurus johnsoni, including two isolated teeth, some vertebrae including a series of 25 caudal vertebrae, one rib, one right humerus and several manual and pedal bones. Although no overlapping material exists, based on the more basal phylogenetic position and lower stratigraphic horizon of Yunganglong compared to Bactrosaurus, Young's material more probably pertains to Yunganglong. == Description ==
 
Wang et al. (2013) diagnosed Yunganglong datongensis using a unique combination of four characters. The caudal surface of the supraoccipital in Yunganglong and more advanced hadrosauroids is inclined steeply forward at approximately 45°, while nearly vertical in Jintasaurus and less derived Hadrosauriformes. The horizontal portion of the paroccipital process is caudolaterally extended and accompanied by the squamosal, but laterally extended in Jintasaurus and less derived Hadrosauriformes. As observed in Yunganglong and Jintasaurus, but not in Bactrosaurus and more advanced taxa, the pendent portion of the paroccipital process does not curve cranially. Finally, Yunganglong and less derived Hadrosauriformes possess a deep, U-shaped, intercondylar extensor groove on the femur, partially enclosed by expansion of medial and lateral condyles, while in more advanced taxa (e.g. Nanyangosaurus) it is fully enclosed.",400
481,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunganglong,Yunganglong,"Finally, Yunganglong and less derived Hadrosauriformes possess a deep, U-shaped, intercondylar extensor groove on the femur, partially enclosed by expansion of medial and lateral condyles, while in more advanced taxa (e.g. Nanyangosaurus) it is fully enclosed. Yunganglong cannot be directly compared with three other non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids. These include Shuangmiaosaurus from the early Late Cretaceous of Liaoning Province of northeastern China, and two other early Late Cretaceous taxa from North America: the Cenomanian Protohadros and the Turonian Jeyawati. Like other hadrosauroids, Yunganglong was a ground-dwelling herbivore that could walk bipedally, and could stand on all four legs. The skull of Yunganglong is relatively wide and low. == Phylogeny ==
Based on its morphology Wang et al. (2013) showed that Yunganglong was more derived than the basal hadrosauriform Iguanodon but more primitive than the hadrosaurids, such as the well known Edmontosaurus and Corythosaurus. To further explore the phylogenetic position of Y. datongensis among hadrosauriforms, Wang et al. (2013) used a modified version of the data matrix first presented by Sues and Averianov (2009). Nanyangosaurus, Shuangmiaosaurus, and Yunganglong were added to the matrix, and two character codings were modified.",330
482,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunganglong,Yunganglong,"(2013) used a modified version of the data matrix first presented by Sues and Averianov (2009). Nanyangosaurus, Shuangmiaosaurus, and Yunganglong were added to the matrix, and two character codings were modified. In the strict consensus tree, Yunganglong was recovered as more advanced than Probactrosaurus, in an unresolved polytomy with Jintasaurus, Protohadros, Nanyangosaurus, Shuangmiaosaurus, Levnesovia, Bactrosaurus, Tanius, Telmatosaurus and the clade formed by Aralosaurus and Hadrosauridae. The 50% majority rule tree resolved its phylogenetic position further, as shown in the cladogram below. == References ==",157
483,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayr_ibn_al-Walid,Umayr ibn al-Walid,"Umayr ibn al-Walid al-Badhghisi al-Tamimi (Arabic: عمير بن الوليد الباذغيسي التميمي) was an early ninth-century governor of Egypt for the Abbasid Caliphate, serving there from April 829 until he was killed while fighting an anti-tax rebellion a few months later. == Career ==
Umayr was appointed resident governor of Egypt in April 829 by Abu Ishaq (the future caliph al-Mu'tasim, r. 833–842) following the failure of the previous governor 'Isa ibn Yazid al-Juludi to defeat an uprising of the tribal Arabs in the Hawf district. Umayr quickly began preparing for a campaign against the Hawfis, although he suffered a setback when 'Abdallah ibn Hulays/Jalis, who had been sent to pacify the Qaysi Arabs, defected to their side instead. Despite this, he set out from al-Fustat with his troops and the former governor 'Isa, leaving his son Muhammad in charge in his absence. The rebels, for their part, were met by envoys sent by the caliph al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), but they refused to back down and proceeded to march against Umayr. The two sides met near the end of May 829; Umayr commanded the government army, while on the rebels' side the Qaysis were now led by Ibn Hulays and the Yamanis were under 'Abd al-Salam al-Judhami. The resulting battle initially went favorably for Umayr, with many of the Hawfis being killed and the remainder forced to retreat.",376
484,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayr_ibn_al-Walid,Umayr ibn al-Walid,"The two sides met near the end of May 829; Umayr commanded the government army, while on the rebels' side the Qaysis were now led by Ibn Hulays and the Yamanis were under 'Abd al-Salam al-Judhami. The resulting battle initially went favorably for Umayr, with many of the Hawfis being killed and the remainder forced to retreat. The rebels, however, laid an ambush, and when Umayr attempted to pursue them he fell into the trap and was killed. == Notes ==


== References ==
Ibn Taghribirdi, Jamal al-Din Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf (1930). Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira, Volume II. Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya. Kennedy, Hugh (1998). ""Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641-868"". In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. ISBN 0-521-47137-0. Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf (1912). Guest, Rhuvon (ed.). The Governors and Judges of Egypt (in Arabic). Leyden and London: E. J. Brill. Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1987). Yar-Shater, Ehsan (ed.). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Trans. Clifford Edmund Bosworth. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-88706-058-7.",381
485,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayr_ibn_al-Walid,Umayr ibn al-Walid,"Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-88706-058-7. Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub (1883). Houtsma, M. Th. (ed.). Historiae, Vol. 2. Leiden: E. J. Brill.",71
486,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amie_(song),Amie (song),"""Amie"" is a song by the American country rock group Pure Prairie League. The song initially appeared on the band's 1972 album, Bustin' Out. It was subsequently released as a single in 1975, after it gained popularity as an album cut. == History ==
The song was written by the band's co-founder, Craig Fuller, and was originally recorded by the band on their 1972 album Bustin' Out, but was not released as a single until 1975, following a suggestion by critic and Patti Smith Group guitarist Lenny Kaye at an RCA release party after the song gained popularity on college and commercial radio stations as an album cut. Its airplay led RCA Records to re-sign Pure Prairie League after previously dropping them. == Critical reception ==
In his book Music: What Happened?, musician and music critic Scott Miller described the song as ""quintessentially 1972"" and ""lovely"". Mike DeGagne of AllMusic called it ""a charming little country-pop tune"" and ""their most memorable,"" praising its melody and Craig Fuller's lead vocals. Rock historian John Einarson, citing the song's ""lilting harmonies and subtle acoustic playing"", called it ""a classic of the country rock genre."" == Cover versions ==
The Buffalo Gals covered the song on the 1975 album First Borne. Double Eagle covered the song on the 1986 album Fire On The Prairie. Lonestar covered the song on their 1997 album Crazy Nights, and included it as the B-side to the album's single ""Say When"". Travis Tritt covered the song on Randy Scruggs' 1998 album Crown of Jewels. Wesley Willis covered the song to critical acclaim on his 1999 album Greatest Hits Vol. 2. Singer Brent Anderson included a portion of ""Amie"" in his 2011 single ""Amy's Song"", which featured backing vocals from Craig Fuller and Vince Gill.",389
487,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amie_(song),Amie (song),"2. Singer Brent Anderson included a portion of ""Amie"" in his 2011 single ""Amy's Song"", which featured backing vocals from Craig Fuller and Vince Gill. Counting Crows covered the song on their 2012 album of covers, Underwater Sunshine. Garth Brooks covered the song on the ""Melting Pot"" disc of his four-CD boxed set Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences, released in 2013. == Pop Culture References ==
In 2008, a sketch aired on Saturday Night Live featuring Bill Hader, Will Forte, Ashton Kutcher, and Jason Sudeikis singing along to Amie on a jukebox while recounting funny and/or shocking tales about themselves. == Charts ==


== References ==",157
488,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Hanebuth,Jasper Hanebuth,"Jasper Hanebuth (baptised 8 February 1607 – 4 February 1653) was a German mercenary in the Thirty Years' War, as well as a robber and murderer. == Life ==
Jasper Hanebuth was born on the ""Hof Pieper"", a rebuilt half-timbered complex which today is listed on Buchholz-Kirchweg 72. He was the son of Hans Hanebuth, a cotter in Groß-Buchholz, and was baptised on February 8 in Groß-Buchholz near Hanover. Jasper Hanebuth became a mercenary in Swedish service during the Thirty Years' War. Even during the war, he acquired Hanover citizenship, but soon lost it again as he did not pay his tax debts. Hanebuth was described as a coarse, violent character whose tantrums were feared by those around him. He is considered an example of the everyday violence and brutality of morals after the end of the Thirty Years' War. His victims included his own ""robber bride"". He subsequently became a horse dealer until he was reported for horse theft and arrested on 14 November 1652, eventually confessing to 10 thefts and 19 murders following repeated threats of torture, ""meticulous according to the high justice"", in the council of the Altes Rathaus, where he admitted his guilt. Then, after spending nearly a year in prison, on 3–4 February 1653, he was sentenced ""to be judged by the breaking wheel by his limbs from life to death"". On 4 February 1653, Hanebuth was executed in Hanover in front of a stone gate on the breaking wheel.",347
489,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Hanebuth,Jasper Hanebuth,"Then, after spending nearly a year in prison, on 3–4 February 1653, he was sentenced ""to be judged by the breaking wheel by his limbs from life to death"". On 4 February 1653, Hanebuth was executed in Hanover in front of a stone gate on the breaking wheel. == Aftermath ==
Hanebuth is still present in the consciousness of the Hanoverians:

For sculptor Peter Köster, who died in 1661, for Jasper Hanebuth's younger brother Hinrich, he created a tombstone that can still be found today at the St. Nicolai church in Bothfeld. However, many legends surrounding the robber can not be confirmed from historical sources; according to legend, he had stretched a string over the forest chapel, which was connected with a small bell, so as to be rung when merchants came by. Nor was his home a robber's den in the Eilenriede. Similarly, it has not been proven that he supported the poor from the nearby village of Groß-Buchholz with his prey. A cross that existed at the beginning of the stone gate field from the time before Hanebuth's execution was later incorrectly assigned to the event, but then in 1929, it was given the name White Cross Square on the Lister mile. ""Hanebuth's gang"" on the high bank ""is probably the remainder of a passage under the city wall to the leash"", which was filled up after a short distance. At the turn of the 19th century there were still postcards with the motif of ""Hanebuth's Block"" on the Schiffgraben in front of the former entrance building of the zoo. The 1967 street Hanebuthwinkel in Groß-Buchholz on the Eilenriede at Steuerdieb reminds with their naming of the robber.",390
490,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Hanebuth,Jasper Hanebuth,"At the turn of the 19th century there were still postcards with the motif of ""Hanebuth's Block"" on the Schiffgraben in front of the former entrance building of the zoo. The 1967 street Hanebuthwinkel in Groß-Buchholz on the Eilenriede at Steuerdieb reminds with their naming of the robber. Since 1991, the information board ""Hof Pieper"" in Hanebuth's birthplace has reminded of the criminal. In front of the birthplace of Jasper Hanebuth, the sculpture ""Large pedestal torso XX"" was erected, a work of the sculptor Waldemar Otto from the year 1986 and on loan from the Stübler Gallery. An additional sign with the inscription ""Jasper Hanebuth's last victim"", was attached to the concrete base below the armless sculpture. Related to Hanebuth is the 2010 history novel ""The Concubine of the murderer"" by Bettina Szrama, in which Hanebuth is seen as ""a resurrection as a dark novel hero"". == See also ==
List of German serial killers


== Literature ==
Joachim Lehrmann: Robber gangs between Harz and Weser - Hanover, Braunschweig, Hildesheim - A historical review. Lehrte 2004, ISBN 3-9803642-4-0, S. 64–76. August Jugler: The robber-killed Jasper Hanebuth. A picture of life from the Thirty Years War. After the criminal = files. Hahn'sche bookstore, Hanover 1880, Hannover 1880, p. 35
Karl Henninger, Johann von Harten, Lower Saxony's Sagenborn. August Lar Verlag, 3. Aufl. 1927, S. 15 ff.",381
491,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Hanebuth,Jasper Hanebuth,"Aufl. 1927, S. 15 ff. Helmut Zimmermann: The origin of the robber-killer Jasper Hanebuth. In: Hanover history sheets, Neue Folge 41, 1987, p. 31–38
Helmut Zimmermann: The origin of the robber-killed Jasper Hanebuth. In: Friedrich-Wilhelm Busse (Hrsg. ): Groß-Buchholz. Pictures and stories from days gone by, Pinkenburger circle. Geiger publisher house, Horb am Neckar 1992, ISBN 3-89264-739-9, S. 28ff. Helmut Zimmermann: Hanebuth ... (Jasper and others). In: Hannoversches Biographisches Lexikon, p. 149, 206, 408; partly online: via Google Books
ders. : Hanebuth, Jasper, in: Stadtlexikon Hannover, S. 252
Simon Benne: Hanover's robber-killed Hanebuth an his legendary fame. In: Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung, 19 February 2010


== References ==


== External links ==
Hanebuth at historical serial killer.de
Hanebuth, Jasper Archived 24 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Hannover-Lexikon
The robber Hanebuth...the ""Robin Hood of Hanover""",297
492,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_North_Square,True North Square,"True North Square is a public plaza and mixed-use development in downtown Winnipeg, Manitoba. Managed by True North Real Estate Development, a joint venture between James Richardson & Sons and True North Sports & Entertainment, it is still under construction, with two buildings officially complete and open. True North Square is situated between Canada Life Centre and RBC Convention Centre, in the city's unofficial sports and entertainment district. The True North Square is set to feature four towers in total, spanning over 1 million square feet (23 acres) of office, residential, retail, hotel, and public space. The first tower, located at 242 Hargrave Street, opened in June 2018 as a 17-storey Class A office and retail building, becoming the first privately developed office building in Winnipeg since 1990. It was joined in July 2019 by the second tower, located at 225 Carlton Street, which is a 25-storey residential rental building with complementary office and retail spaces. == Development ==
Plans for a new square were revealed in June 2015 when True North Sports & Entertainment (TNSE) confirmed its purchase of the former Carlton Inn site from CentureVenture Development Corporation. At the same time, TNSE negotiated an agreement to acquire the land at 225 Carlton Street from Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation. The full details for the $400-million CAD project were unveiled in February 2016. The City of Winnipeg directed $17.6 million towards the project, which included funding for the plaza as well as integrating True North Square into Winnipeg's existing skywalk network. The provincial government also committed $9 million in funding towards the project. In 2018, Winnipeg City Council voted to have TNSE pay 10% of its annual property taxes on 220 and 225 Carlton Street (Sutton Place Hotel and Residence) towards affordable housing initiatives in Winnipeg, amounting to between $185,000 and $200,000.",383
493,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_North_Square,True North Square,"The provincial government also committed $9 million in funding towards the project. In 2018, Winnipeg City Council voted to have TNSE pay 10% of its annual property taxes on 220 and 225 Carlton Street (Sutton Place Hotel and Residence) towards affordable housing initiatives in Winnipeg, amounting to between $185,000 and $200,000. == Features ==
True North Square is situated between the Canada Life Centre and RBC Convention Centre, in the city's unofficial sports and entertainment district. === Public plaza ===
True North Square plaza is a privately-owned publicly-accessible space. It encompass two acres south of Graham Avenue, between Hargrave and Carlton Streets. The public park and plaza features an outdoor stage and a skating rink during the winter months. The plaza opened in September 2018. A statue of former Winnipeg Jets captain and Hockey Hall of Fame-inductee Dale Hawerchuk was unveiled at the plaza on October 1, 2022. === Towers ===
The True North Square is set to feature four towers in total, spanning over 1 million square feet (23 acres) of office, residential, retail, hotel, and public space. ==== Tower One (242 Hargrave St.) ====

The first tower is a 17-floor Class A office and retail building located on the south side of the site at 242 Hargrave Street. Completed in June 2018, it was the first privately developed office building in Winnipeg since 1990. The tower offers approximately 365,000 ft2 (33,900 m2) of office space. It currently houses Scotiabank's new regional head office, as well as locally based law firm Thompson Dorfman Sweatman and technology company Ceridian. SkipTheDishes announced in November 2019 the moving of their headquarters to True North Square in December of 2020. The move would consolidate their staff, while maintaining a second city location at 140 Bannatyne Avenue for their 24/7 operations team.",395
494,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_North_Square,True North Square,"SkipTheDishes announced in November 2019 the moving of their headquarters to True North Square in December of 2020. The move would consolidate their staff, while maintaining a second city location at 140 Bannatyne Avenue for their 24/7 operations team. SkipTheDishes would occupy 95,000 square feet (8,800 m2) of Tower One, spanning four-and-a-half floors. A new food hall, Hargrave St. Market, opened on the second floor on 13 December 2019 and features local and regional restaurants. Currently, the restaurants of Hargrave Street Market include Gusto North, Yard Burger, The Good Fight Taco, Saburo Kitchen, Fools + Horses, and Miss Browns, as well as the Rose Bar and Lake of the Woods Brewing Company. On the first floor of Hargrave St. Market is an epicurean grocery store called Mottola Grocery. ==== Tower Two (225 Carlton St.) ====
Tower Two is located at 225 Carlton Street, adjacent to the plaza. Its construction beginning in 2016, the tower opened in July 2019 as a 25-storey residential rental building featuring 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) of complementary commercial and residential space. In 2018, the Manitoba government decided to go ahead with plans to move the Manitoba Liquor Mart from Cityplace mall to True North Square. The old Liquor Mart at Cityplace closed in January 2020, when the newer larger store opened at 225 Carlton Street. ==== Tower Three and Four (220 Carlton St.) ====
The Sutton Place Hotel is set to occupy the 27-floor Tower Three at 220 Carlton Street. The hotel will be built on the site of the former Carlton Inn, which was purchased and demolished by the city in 2014. The hotel is currently under construction. A Chop Steakhouse & Bar will lease a portion of the 8,000 ft2 (740 m2) on the main floor of the Hotel.",401
495,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_North_Square,True North Square,"The hotel is currently under construction. A Chop Steakhouse & Bar will lease a portion of the 8,000 ft2 (740 m2) on the main floor of the Hotel. Tower Four will become the Sutton Place Residence, a 17-floor residential building. Construction has been on hold as of 2021 and is set to be complete in 2026. ==== Tower Five ====
Wawanesa Insurance announced in June 2019 that 1,100 employees will move from 191 Broadway and five other locations to a new office tower at True North Square. Tower 5 will be 23-storeys tall and will provide 300,000 ft2 (28,000 m2) of office space. To accomplish this project will require the demolition of the former Hull's bookstore and the Royal Winnipeg Ballet dormitory building behind it. A new RWB dormitory will be constructed at a location to be determined. Tower Five is scheduled for completion by 2023 and will have skywalk connections to the rest of the TNS development and main floor access to the Graham Avenue Transit Mall. == See also ==
List of tallest buildings in Winnipeg


== External links ==
Official website
Hargrave Street Market


== References ==",248
496,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commutative_conditional_expectation,Non-commutative conditional expectation,"In mathematics, non-commutative conditional expectation is a generalization of the notion of conditional expectation in classical probability. The space of essentially bounded measurable functions on a 
  
    
      
        σ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma }
  
-finite measure space 
  
    
      
        (
        X
        ,
        μ
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle (X,\mu )}
  
 is the canonical example of a commutative von Neumann algebra. For this reason, the theory of von Neumann algebras is sometimes referred to as noncommutative measure theory. The intimate connections of probability theory with measure theory suggest that one may be able to extend the classical ideas in probability to a noncommutative setting by studying those ideas on general von Neumann algebras. For von Neumann algebras with a faithful normal tracial state, for example finite von Neumann algebras, the notion of conditional expectation is especially useful. In the above setting, a result first proved by Tomiyama may be formulated in the following manner. Theorem.",325
497,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commutative_conditional_expectation,Non-commutative conditional expectation,"In the above setting, a result first proved by Tomiyama may be formulated in the following manner. Theorem. Let 
  
    
      
        
          
            A
          
        
        ,
        
          
            B
          
        
        ,
        φ
        ,
        
          φ
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {A}},{\mathcal {B}},\varphi ,\varphi _{0}}
  
 be as described above. With the aid of Tomiyama's theorem an elegant proof of Sakai's result on the characterization of those C*-algebras that are *-isomorphic to von Neumann algebras may be given. == Notes ==


== References ==
Kadison, R. V., Non-commutative Conditional Expectations and their Applications, Contemporary Mathematics, Vol. 365 (2004), pp. 143–179.",395
498,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_head,Machine head,"A machine head (also referred to as a tuning machine, tuner, or gear head) is a geared apparatus for tuning stringed musical instruments by adjusting string tension. Machine heads are used on mandolins, guitars, double basses, and others, and are usually located on the instrument's headstock. Other names for guitar tuners include pegs, gears, machines, cranks, knobs, tensioners, and tighteners. Non-geared tuning devices as used on violins, violas, cellos, lutes, older Flamenco guitars, and ukuleles are known as friction pegs, which hold the string to tension by way of friction caused by their tapered shape and the string pull created by the tight string. == Construction and action ==

Traditionally, a single machine head consists of a cylinder or capstan, mounted at the center of a pinion gear, a knob or ""button"" and a worm gear that links them. The capstan has a hole through the far end from the gear, and the string is made to go through that hole, and is wrapped around the capstan. To complete the string installation, the string is tightened by turning the capstan using the tuning knob. The worm gear ensures that the capstan cannot turn without a movement on the knob; it also allows precise tuning. Banjos usually employ a different mechanism using planetary gears - in this case, the knob and the capstan both rotate on the same axis. A few guitars (e.g. the original Gibson Firebird, early Gibson basses and Mario Maccaferri's plastic instruments) have used this design. The guitarist adjusts the tension of the various strings using the knobs so that they are correctly tuned: a higher tension yields a sharper pitch, a lower tension a flatter pitch.",376
499,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_head,Machine head,"the original Gibson Firebird, early Gibson basses and Mario Maccaferri's plastic instruments) have used this design. The guitarist adjusts the tension of the various strings using the knobs so that they are correctly tuned: a higher tension yields a sharper pitch, a lower tension a flatter pitch. Typical tensions for steel-string acoustic guitars with ""light"" tension strings are 10.5 kgf (23.3 lbf, 103 N) to 13.8 kgf (30.2 lbf, 135 N). == Varieties ==
Several kinds of machine head apparatus exist:

on classical guitars (with nylon strings), the worm gears are generally exposed; the strings are wound on the pins inside grooves in the head;
on modern steel-string guitars, including ""folk"" acoustic and electric guitars, the worm gears are generally placed in individual sealed enclosures with permanent lubrication, although budget models may have exposed gears fixed on plates housing a row of gears. Vintage and vintage-reproduction guitars frequently have individual open-gear tuners, enclosed tuners not having become common until after WWII. Several machine head placements are possible, depending on the shape of the headstock:
rectangular head, 2 rows of 3 pins (or 6 pins for 12-string guitars): found on most ""Folk"" and ""Jazz"" guitars and on Gibson Les Paul guitars;
a single diagonal row of 6 pins: found on Fender Telecaster and Stratocaster guitars;
one diagonal row of four pins and one diagonal row of two pins: found on Music Man guitars;
on bass guitars, where string tension is extremely high, larger, heavier-duty machine heads than those used on guitars are used. Bass tuners generally feature larger knobs than guitar tuners as well; often these are distinctively shaped, and known as ""elephant ears"". Gear ratios of 20:1 are used often.",393
500,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_head,Machine head,"Bass tuners generally feature larger knobs than guitar tuners as well; often these are distinctively shaped, and known as ""elephant ears"". Gear ratios of 20:1 are used often. Exposed gears are much more common in premium bass guitars than in six-string non-bass instruments. On some guitars, such as those with Floyd Rose bridge, string tuning may be also conducted using microtuning tuners incorporated into the guitar bridge. Likewise, 'headless' guitars and basses, notably those designed by Steinberger and their licensed imitations, such as the Hohner Jack Bass, and unlicensed imitations such as the Washburn Bantam, have the machine heads at the body end. Steinbergers and Hohners require specialist double-ball end strings, whereas the Washburn Bantam can take regular strings. Presently, most worm-gear tuners provide a gear ratio of 14:1. In older designs, 12:1 was common, and lower ratios as well. Lower ratios allow a replacement string to be brought more quickly up to pitch, though with less precision for fine-tuning. Lower ratios are also more forgiving of imperfect machining, and of factors that might compromise the gear surfaces (corrosion, grit, poor lubrication). As increased precision of milling became more cost-effective, higher ratios appeared on the market, with 14:1 being the modern standard, trading accuracy against slower initial string winding. More recently, versions with an 18:1 gear ratio are available (particularly from Grover), and the Gotoh 510 offers 21:1. === Locking tuners ===
The term ""locking tuners"" has two meanings. Presently, it refers to some sort of mechanism in the string peg (usually a cam or screw) that locks the string in place, preventing slippage.",378
501,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_head,Machine head,"=== Locking tuners ===
The term ""locking tuners"" has two meanings. Presently, it refers to some sort of mechanism in the string peg (usually a cam or screw) that locks the string in place, preventing slippage. With the popular increase of extreme vibrato-arm usage in the 1980s, several manufacturers introduced a modified design, commonly called locking machine heads, where the individual tuner has an additional mechanism to lock the string in place and stabilize tuning, primarily intended for musicians who make regular use of the vibrato. Some designs increase string breakage at the point they grip the string. The term ""locking"" is much older, possibly originating with Grover, and refers to an ""anti-backlash"" design of the gears, which greatly reduced the slippage of the basic worm-and-gear system. The gear's teeth are shaped to lock into those of the worm, with the string tension insufficient to overcome the friction between the gears. Such a design is called ""self-locking"". Grover Rotomatics and similar designs from other manufacturers are rightly called ""locking tuners"". == Resistance to usage ==
Musicians playing certain instruments, most notably the violin family, (excepting the double bass) remain resistant to the use of machine heads, insisting on the continued use of friction pegs. Such factors as appearance, weight, tradition and simplicity are cited as justification, despite issues with friction pegs slipping out of tune, coming loose or jamming. In the early 2000s, tuning pegs were introduced with planetary gearing inside a friction-peg shaped casing that can be fitted to an instrument without physical alterations. While reasonably well-accepted, planetary pegs can make string changes more time-consuming.",356
502,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_head,Machine head,"In the early 2000s, tuning pegs were introduced with planetary gearing inside a friction-peg shaped casing that can be fitted to an instrument without physical alterations. While reasonably well-accepted, planetary pegs can make string changes more time-consuming. == Innovators ==
Cittern maker John Preston is often credited with a linear-pull tuning machine, appearing in the latter 1700s
Johann Georg Stauffer (1778–1853) was an Austrian luthier generally credited with creating the worm-and-gear tuning machine
the ""Stauffer-style"" tuner was brought to the United States by Christian Frederick Martin, founder of C. F. Martin & Company (1833)
John Kluson established a Chicago machine shop in 1925, specifically for making tuning machines, with the ""Kluson-style"" design having each mechanism enclosed in a stamped-sheetmetal shell
A. D. Grover (1865–1927) held at least 50 patents for musical instrument parts and accessories. The company he founded (now Grover Musical Products) continued to refine the machine-head concept through the 20th century, particularly a design with the mechanism sealed in a cast-metal shell. == See also ==
Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments for other mechanisms
Schaller Electronic GmbH, a manufacturer


== References ==",283
503,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viksta_Church,Viksta Church,"Viksta Church (Swedish: Viksta kyrka) is a medieval church located north of Uppsala in Uppsala County, Sweden. It is part of the Archdiocese of Uppsala (Church of Sweden). == History and architecture ==
Viksta Church was built circa 1280. An earlier, probably wooden roof and ceiling was replaced by the present roof supported by vaults sometime between 1430 and 1460. The frescos which decorate the vaults were painted in 1503. The church still largely retains its medieval appearance; the biggest change made after the Reformation was an enlargement of the windows carried out in 1761. The eastern (choir) wall still has the original medieval windows. On the same wall are some unusually well-made gable decorations made with brick. The external, wooden belfry was built in 1744-45 while the cemetery wall still contains two medieval lychgates. The church contains a number of medieval art objects. The wooden triumphal cross is medieval, and so is a gilded copper processional cross (14th century). Another precious item is a chalice from the early 16th century. In the choir stands two wooden sculptures from the Middle Ages depicting female saints, one of which has been identified as Bridget of Sweden. == References ==


== External links ==
 Media related to Viksta Church at Wikimedia Commons",288
504,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"Emi Motokawa (元川 恵美, Motokawa Emi; born October 4, 1976), better known by the ring name Emi Sakura (さくら えみ, Sakura Emi), is a Japanese professional wrestler performing for All Elite Wrestling (AEW), ChocoPro and on the independent circuit. After starting her career in International Wrestling Association of Japan in August 1995, Sakura worked for several promotions across Japan, winning numerous titles, before founding her own promotion, Ice Ribbon, in early 2006. Sakura not only wrestled for the promotion, but was also solely responsible for training wrestlers for the promotion, where she went on to become a two-time ICE×60 Champion and a five-time International Ribbon Tag Team Champion. During 2009, Sakura held not only both the ICE×60 and International Ribbon Tag Team Championships, but also the Daily Sports Women's and JWP Tag Team Championships and the NEO Single and NWA Women's Pacific Championships, which led to the Tokyo Sports magazine naming her the 2009 joshi wrestler of the year. After six years with Ice Ribbon, Sakura left the promotion for ""personal reasons"" in January 2012. The following month, Sakura formed the Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling promotion in Bangkok, Thailand. During 2012, Sakura also became a regular for JWP Joshi Puroresu, winning the JWP Openweight Championship in October. == Professional wrestling career ==


=== IWA Japan and FMW (1994–2002) ===
In 1994, aged 17, Motokawa decided to find a career in professional wrestling and after going to auditions with the Ladies Legend Pro-Wrestling (LLPW) and Gaea Japan promotions, she was finally accepted into the International Wrestling Association of Japan dojo for training. Motokawa, working under her real name, made her professional wrestling debut on August 17, 1995, in a match against Kiyoko Ichiki.",397
505,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"== Professional wrestling career ==


=== IWA Japan and FMW (1994–2002) ===
In 1994, aged 17, Motokawa decided to find a career in professional wrestling and after going to auditions with the Ladies Legend Pro-Wrestling (LLPW) and Gaea Japan promotions, she was finally accepted into the International Wrestling Association of Japan dojo for training. Motokawa, working under her real name, made her professional wrestling debut on August 17, 1995, in a match against Kiyoko Ichiki. As IWA Japan had no other female wrestlers, Sakura spent her first year working almost exclusively with Ichiki. On August 13, 1997, Motokawa won her first championship, when she defeated Luna Vachon at an IWA Japan event to win American Wrestling Federation's (AWF) World Women's Championship. When IWA Japan started a working relationship with All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling (AJW), Motokawa also began making appearances for AJW, unsuccessfully challenging Momoe Nakanishi for the AJW Junior Championship on August 26 and teaming with Manami Toyota in the 1997 Tag League the Best tournament. On January 24, 1998, Sakura defeated Momoe Nakanishi to win the AJW Championship. She would lose the title back to Nakanishi on April 12. On March 19, 1999, Motokawa lost the AWF World Women's Championship to Yuko Kosugi, after which she left IWA Japan. On August 20, 1999, Motokawa began working regularly for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW), where she often wrestled opposite Kaori Nakayama. On October 24, 2000, Motokawa teamed with Azusa Kudo and Hisakatsu Oya to unsuccessfully challenge Nakayama, Gedo and Jado for the WEW 6-Man Tag Team Championship.",383
506,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"On August 20, 1999, Motokawa began working regularly for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW), where she often wrestled opposite Kaori Nakayama. On October 24, 2000, Motokawa teamed with Azusa Kudo and Hisakatsu Oya to unsuccessfully challenge Nakayama, Gedo and Jado for the WEW 6-Man Tag Team Championship. Motokawa wrestled regularly for the promotion until August 2001, when she began suffering from various injuries, which eventually led her to undergo a hernia surgery. While she was sidelined, FMW went out of business. === Gatokunyan (2002–2006) ===
In 2002, Motokawa joined the Gatokunyan (我闘姑娘, Gatōkūnyan; GTKN) promotion, where she worked for the first year solely as a trainer, before returning to the ring in 2003 under the new ring name Emi Sakura. During her years in the GTKN, Sakura split her time between wrestling and training virtually all other wrestlers in the promotion. === Ice Ribbon (2006–2012) ===
In April 2006, Sakura left Gatokunyan to form her own promotion, named Ice Ribbon. Buying a dojo in Saitama, Sakura continued to train wrestlers she had taken with her from Gatokunyan, including Aika Ando, Aoi Kizuki, Hikari Minami, Mai Ichii, Makoto, Riho and Seina. Ice Ribbon held its first two shows on June 20, 2006. Sakura wrestled her first match for the promotion on October 15, losing to Riho. Sakura spent most of her first year in Ice Ribbon, working with her then-nine-year-old pupil. From the start, Ice Ribbon had a close relationship with the NEO Japan Ladies Pro Wrestling promotion, which led to Sakura and some of her trainees making semi-regular appearances with the promotion.",398
507,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"Sakura spent most of her first year in Ice Ribbon, working with her then-nine-year-old pupil. From the start, Ice Ribbon had a close relationship with the NEO Japan Ladies Pro Wrestling promotion, which led to Sakura and some of her trainees making semi-regular appearances with the promotion. In storyline, the partnership was explained with a relationship between Sakura and NEO president Tetsuya Koda. On February 18, 2007, the Sakura Ribbon Army, a team of Sakura and some of her trainees and friends, defeated the NEO Machineguns Army in a seven-on-seven battle royal, earning Sakura and Koda the right to marry each other and unify NEO and Ice Ribbon. However, after pleading from her trainees, Sakura turned on Koda and abandoned him at the altar, ending the storyline. On July 16, Sakura teamed with Yoshiko Tamura to defeat Haruka Matsuo and Misae Genki for the NEO Tag Team Championship. They would lose the title to Ayako Hamada and Kaoru Ito just thirteen days later. During 2008, Sakura made her acting debut, working on the film Three Count, which was set in the world of professional wrestling and also starred fellow wrestler Kyoko Inoue and Yoshiko Tamura. From the cast of the film, Sakura received three more trainees to her Ice Ribbon dojo, Hikaru Shida, Miyako Matsumoto and Tsukasa Fujimoto. On November 15, 2008, Sakura teamed with male wrestler Ribbon Takanashi to unsuccessfully challenge Riho and Yuki Sato for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. The following April, Sakura teamed with another one of her trainees, Makoto, facing Nanae Takahashi and Minori Makiba in a losing effort in a match for the vacant International Ribbon Tag Team Championship.",371
508,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"On November 15, 2008, Sakura teamed with male wrestler Ribbon Takanashi to unsuccessfully challenge Riho and Yuki Sato for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. The following April, Sakura teamed with another one of her trainees, Makoto, facing Nanae Takahashi and Minori Makiba in a losing effort in a match for the vacant International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. On May 3, 2009, Sakura defeated Nanae Takahashi at a NEO event to win the NEO Single and NWA Women's Pacific Championships. The finish of the match had to be improvised, after Sakura legitimately knocked Takahashi unconscious with a sunset flip powerbomb, which resulted in the referee ending the match without a three count and NEO president Tetsuya Koda awarding the titles to Sakura. Her reign ended just two days later, when she was defeated by Yoshiko Tamura. On July 5, Sakura and Nanae Takahashi defeated Tamura and Fuka in the finals to win NEO's Mid Summer Tag Tournament VIII. On July 19, Sakura teamed with Kaori Yoneyama at a JWP Joshi Puroresu event to defeat Command Bolshoi and Megumi Yabushita for the JWP Tag Team and Daily Sports Women's Tag Team Championships. Sakura won her first championship in Ice Ribbon on September 21, when she and Yoneyama defeated Takahashi and Makiba for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship, becoming Triple Crown Tag Team Champions in the process. Sakura's streak of title wins continued on October 12, when she defeated Makoto for Ice Ribbon's top title, the ICE×60 Championship. During the next month, Sakura successfully defended the ICE×60 Championship eight times, defeating Hikari Minami, Mai Ichii, Chii Tomiya, Riho, Tsukasa Fujimoto, Makoto, Yukie Abe, and Misaki Ohata.",381
509,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"Sakura's streak of title wins continued on October 12, when she defeated Makoto for Ice Ribbon's top title, the ICE×60 Championship. During the next month, Sakura successfully defended the ICE×60 Championship eight times, defeating Hikari Minami, Mai Ichii, Chii Tomiya, Riho, Tsukasa Fujimoto, Makoto, Yukie Abe, and Misaki Ohata. On December 13, Sakura and Yoneyama lost all three of their tag team titles to Azumi Hyuga and Ran Yu-Yu at a JWP event. On December 17, in recognition of the six different championships Sakura held in 2009, the Tokyo Sports magazine named her the joshi wrestler of the year. On December 31, Sakura entered the Super-Ice Cup, where she put the ICE×60 Championship on the line in each of her matches. After defeating Miyako Matsumoto and Hikari Minami in her first round and semifinal matches, Sakura was defeated in the finals on January 4, 2010, by Tsukasa Fujimoto in just six seconds. With the defeat, Sakura's reign ended at 84 days and ten successful defenses. Also in January, Sakura debuted her newest trainee, the twelve-year-old Tsukushi, with whom she would work for most of the year. On April 3, Riho won the ICE×60 Championship for the first time and immediately afterwards nominated her trainer Sakura as her first challenger for the title, however, as the title had a 60 kg (130 lb) weight limit, Sakura first had to drop 10 kg (22 lb) of weight before being eligible to challenge for the title. On May 3 at Golden Ribbon, Sakura defeated Riho to win the ICE×60 Championship for the second time. After successful defenses against Tsukasa Fujimoto and Tsukushi, Sakura lost the title to Hikari Minami on July 19.",379
510,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"On May 3 at Golden Ribbon, Sakura defeated Riho to win the ICE×60 Championship for the second time. After successful defenses against Tsukasa Fujimoto and Tsukushi, Sakura lost the title to Hikari Minami on July 19. On September 19, Sakura unsuccessfully challenged Kaori Yoneyama for the JWP Openweight Championship and was then, as per stipulation of the match, shaved bald. In late 2010, Ice Ribbon started an interpromotional storyline rivalry with the Sendai Girls' Pro Wrestling, which saw Sendai Girls' founder Meiko Satomura arrive to Ice Ribbon on September 23 to defeat Sakura in a singles match. Two days later, Sakura and Nanae Takahashi defeated Gentaro and Mai Ichii for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. On November 22, Sakura made her debut for Smash at Smash.10, where she teamed with Kaori Yoneyama in a losing effort against the team of Kana and Syuri. After a three-month reign, Sakura and Takahashi were stripped of the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship on December 11, after a title defense against Hikaru Shida and Yoshiko Tamura ended in a twenty-minute time limit draw. Sakura and Takahashi attempted to regain the title on December 23, but were defeated in the finals of a tournament by Muscle Venus (Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto). The following day, Sakura returned to Smash at Happening Eve, where she was defeated by Jessica Love. In February 2011, Sakura formed a tag team with the debuting Ray, her first ever trainee from the Gatokunyan dojo. On March 19, Sakura and Ray defeated Muscle Venus in a non-title match to earn a match for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship on March 26, where they became the new champions.",371
511,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"In February 2011, Sakura formed a tag team with the debuting Ray, her first ever trainee from the Gatokunyan dojo. On March 19, Sakura and Ray defeated Muscle Venus in a non-title match to earn a match for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship on March 26, where they became the new champions. On April 10, Sakura attempted to become a double champion, but her match for the IW19 Championship with Tsukushi ended in a nineteen-minute time limit draw. On June 1, Sakura and Ray lost the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship to the Lovely Butchers (Hamuko Hoshi and Mochi Miyagi) in their fifth defense. Sakura regained the title from the Lovely Butchers on August 13, teaming with Makoto, who had just announced that she was leaving Ice Ribbon to join the Smash promotion on a full-time basis. After the two had successfully defended the title against Hikari Minami and Riho on August 17, Sakura defeated Makoto in her Ice Ribbon farewell match on August 21, after which the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship was vacated. In October, Sakura, Hikari Minami, Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto traveled to Nottingham, England to take part in events promoted by Pro-Wrestling: EVE and Southside Wrestling Entertainment (SWE). During the tour Sakura unsuccessfully challenged Jenny Sjödin for the Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship. On October 27, Sakura led Team Ice Ribbon to Sendai Girls' Joshi Puroresu Dantai Taikou Flash tournament, a single-elimination tournament, where different joshi promotions battled each other.",333
512,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"During the tour Sakura unsuccessfully challenged Jenny Sjödin for the Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship. On October 27, Sakura led Team Ice Ribbon to Sendai Girls' Joshi Puroresu Dantai Taikou Flash tournament, a single-elimination tournament, where different joshi promotions battled each other. Ice Ribbon, represented by Sakura, Hikari Minami, Hikaru Shida, Tsukasa Fujimoto and Tsukushi, was eliminated from the tournament in the first round by their rival, Team Sendai, represented by Meiko Satomura, Dash Chisako, Kagetsu, Miyako Morino and Sendai Sachiko. On December 14, Sakura surprisingly announced that she was leaving Ice Ribbon for ""personal reasons"" following the January 7, 2012, event in Sendai. The storyline rivalry between Ice Ribbon and Sendai Girls' ended on December 25 at RibbonMania 2011, where Sakura and Tsukushi defeated Meiko Satomura and Sendai Sachiko to win the vacant International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. However, Sakura's and Tsukushi's reign would last only three days, before they lost the title to Hikaru Shida and Maki Narumiya. On January 7, 2012, Sakura was defeated by Tsukushi in her Ice Ribbon farewell match. === Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling (2012–) ===
Sakura made her first appearance as a freelancer on January 8, 2012, at Bull Nakano's retirement event, where she teamed with Meiko Satomura and Nanae Takahashi to defeat Ayumi Kurihara, Tsukasa Fujimoto and Yoshiko in a six-woman tag team match, pinning her trainee Fujimoto for the win. On February 12, Sakura appeared at a JWP event, where she announced that she was going to start another Ice Ribbon-like promotion in Bangkok, Thailand.",380
513,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"=== Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling (2012–) ===
Sakura made her first appearance as a freelancer on January 8, 2012, at Bull Nakano's retirement event, where she teamed with Meiko Satomura and Nanae Takahashi to defeat Ayumi Kurihara, Tsukasa Fujimoto and Yoshiko in a six-woman tag team match, pinning her trainee Fujimoto for the win. On February 12, Sakura appeared at a JWP event, where she announced that she was going to start another Ice Ribbon-like promotion in Bangkok, Thailand. Sakura and Kaori Yoneyama then agreed to a match, where, if Sakura was victorious, Yoneyama would join her in Thailand, but if Yoneyama was victorious, Sakura would make JWP her new home promotion in Japan. Sakura officially established the Bangkok Girls Pro Wrestling (BKK Pro) promotion the following week. On April 20, Sakura returned to Japan and made her debut for Pro Wrestling Wave, wrestling Toshie Uematsu in a losing effort as part of Uematsu's retirement tour. Following the match, Sakura teamed with Gami in a bonus match, where they wrestled Uematsu and Ran Yu-Yu to a five-minute time limit draw. Two days later, Sakura returned to JWP, defeating Kaori Yoneyama in a singles match; as a result, Yoneyama was forced to join BKK Pro. On May 4, Sakura and Yoneyama defeated Command Bolshoi and Rabbit Miu to win the vacant JWP Tag Team and Daily Sports Women's Tag Team Championships, taking the belts with them to Thailand. Later that same day, Sakura made an appearance for Union Pro Wrestling, replacing an injured Mio Shirai in a match and defeating Cherry, following interference from Shirai. Sakura's Thailand promotion, now renamed Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling, held its first official event on May 16.",392
514,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"Later that same day, Sakura made an appearance for Union Pro Wrestling, replacing an injured Mio Shirai in a match and defeating Cherry, following interference from Shirai. Sakura's Thailand promotion, now renamed Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling, held its first official event on May 16. Sakura was assisted by Yoneyama and male wrestler Madoka in training wrestlers for the new promotion. Sakura and Yoneyama, now known collectively as the ""Tai-Pan Sisters"", returned to JWP on June 17 to make their first successful defense of the JWP Tag Team and Daily Sports Women's Tag Team Championships against the team of Arisa Nakajima and Manami Katsu. Sakura and Yoneyama made their second successful defense on July 15 against the team of Kazuki and Morii, after which they changed their team name from the Tai-Pan Sisters to ""Reset"". On August 19, Reset lost the titles to Arisa Nakajima and Command Bolshoi in their third title defense. On September 9, Sakura and Yoneyama defeated Hanako Nakamori and Morii in a tag team match, after which the two agreed to join Reset to form the ""Heart Move Kei Reform"" (HMK) stable. The first big match between HMK and the JWP Seikigun (""regular army"") took place on October 7, when Sakura, Yoneyama, Nakamori and Morii defeated Arisa Nakajima, Command Bolshoi, Kayoko Haruyama and Manami Katsu 3–0 in an eight-woman captain's fall elimination tag team main event. Later that same day, Sakura's former Ice Ribbon protégé Riho, who had recently left Ice Ribbon to rejoin her trainer, made her debut for Gatoh Move, wrestling Sakura to a ten-minute time limit draw at an event in Shinjuku, Tokyo.",382
515,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"The first big match between HMK and the JWP Seikigun (""regular army"") took place on October 7, when Sakura, Yoneyama, Nakamori and Morii defeated Arisa Nakajima, Command Bolshoi, Kayoko Haruyama and Manami Katsu 3–0 in an eight-woman captain's fall elimination tag team main event. Later that same day, Sakura's former Ice Ribbon protégé Riho, who had recently left Ice Ribbon to rejoin her trainer, made her debut for Gatoh Move, wrestling Sakura to a ten-minute time limit draw at an event in Shinjuku, Tokyo. On October 28, Sakura defeated Kayoko Haruyama to win the JWP Openweight Championship for the first time. Sakura made her first successful defense of the title at Pro-Wrestling: EVE's Wrestle-Fever internet pay-per-view event in Sudbury, Suffolk, England on November 10, 2012, defeating Kay Lee Ray. Later that evening, Sakura would answer an open challenge issued by the Pro-Wrestling: EVE Champion Nikki Storm, leading to Sakura defeating her to win the title. On December 20, Sakura made her first successful defense of the Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship, wrestling Hiroyo Matsumoto to a twenty-minute time limit draw at a Gatoh Move event in Itabashi, Tokyo. Four days later, Sakura lost the JWP Openweight Championship to Arisa Nakajima in her second defense, ending her reign at just 57 days. The match ended the collaboration between Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling and JWP.",330
516,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"Four days later, Sakura lost the JWP Openweight Championship to Arisa Nakajima in her second defense, ending her reign at just 57 days. The match ended the collaboration between Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling and JWP. While Hanako Nakamori and Morii chose to return to JWP, wrestling their final Gatoh Move matches on January 25, 2013, Kaori Yoneyama instead chose to quit the promotion she had been affiliated with for her entire career and become a freelancer following January 27 in order to be able to continue working for Gatoh Move. On February 2, Sakura returned to England, losing the Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship back to Nikki Storm. Sakura returned to JWP on April 14, teaming with the debuting Nikki Storm to defeat former stablemates Hanako Nakamori and Morii in a tag team match. On May 11, Sakura defeated DJ Nira at a Gatoh Move event and, as a result, won his ""Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere"" contract, which gives its owner the right to challenge for the DDT Pro-Wrestling promotion's KO-D Openweight Championship. The following day, Sakura made her debut for World Wonder Ring Stardom, wrestling Nanae Takahashi to a fifteen-minute time limit draw. On May 17, before being able to cash it in, Sakura lost the ""Right to Challenge Anytime, Anywhere"" contract to Sayaka Obihiro. On May 25, Sakura made another trip to England to take part in Pro-Wrestling: EVE's 2013 Queen of the Ring tournament, where she made it to the finals, before losing to Shanna. Also in May, Sakura was involved in a storyline, where she supposedly found the old AWF World Women's Championship at the Hanazono Shrine flea market. She then contacted IWA Japan president Tatsukuni Asano, who bought back the title for ¥2000.",397
517,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"Also in May, Sakura was involved in a storyline, where she supposedly found the old AWF World Women's Championship at the Hanazono Shrine flea market. She then contacted IWA Japan president Tatsukuni Asano, who bought back the title for ¥2000. On June 1, Sakura returned to her original home promotion, IWA Japan, defeating Kappa Komachi to win the AWF World Women's Championship for the second time, sixteen years after she had won it the first time. She made her first successful defense of the title at a Gatoh Move event on July 15 against old associate Kiyoko Ichiki. Sakura's second successful title defense took place on August 10, when she defeated Welsh wrestler Pollyanna. On November 16, Sakura defeated Kyonin Shihan to combine the AWF World Women's Championship with the IWA World Heavyweight Championship and IWA World Junior Heavyweight Championships, creating the IWA Triple Crown. From December 22 to 23, Sakura and Riho worked two Wrestle-1 events, wrestling singles matches against each other; Riho won the first and Sakura the second. On December 27 at Gatoh Move's year-end event, Sakura lost the IWA Triple Crown to Antonio Honda. Sakura regained the Triple Crown from Honda on January 25, 2014. On February 23, Sakura made an appearance for DDT, taking part in a ten-person battle royal for the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship. During the match, Sakura defeated Yasu Urano to become the new champion, but held the title for only 58 seconds, before losing it to DJ Nira. On August 10, Sakura lost the IWA Triple Crown to Konaka=Pehlwan. She regained the title from Konaka on October 4. Despite IWA Japan folding on October 13, Sakura continued defending the IWA Triple Crown Championship, losing it to Riho in her second defense on November 2.",390
518,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"She regained the title from Konaka on October 4. Despite IWA Japan folding on October 13, Sakura continued defending the IWA Triple Crown Championship, losing it to Riho in her second defense on November 2. On August 13, 2015, Sakura celebrated her 20th anniversary in professional wrestling at Gatoh Move's first ever event in Korakuen Hall, where she teamed with Makoto to defeat Hikaru Shida and Sayaka Obihiro in a tag team match. On April 23, 2016, Sakura made a surprise return to Ice Ribbon, marking her first appearance for the promotion in over four years. Sakura confronted Tsukasa Fujimoto, who had effectively taken over her role as the face of Ice Ribbon, and stated that it was time to end the promotion. She then revealed herself as Nanae Takahashi's tag team partner in a match against Fujimoto and Arisa Nakajima at Ice Ribbon's 10th anniversary show on May 4. In the match, Sakura was pinned by Fujimoto. On February 18, 2017, Sakura returned to Pro Wrestling: EVE, working two shows in one day, unsuccessfully challenging Rhia O'Reilly for the Pro Wrestling: EVE Championship on the second show. On March 28, 2017, Sakura and Masahiro Takanashi defeated ""Kotori"" and Riho to win the Asia Dream Tag Team Championship. On August 5, Sakura defeated Riho to win the vacant IWA Triple Crown Championship for the fourth time. Sakura then immediately retired the title and returned it to IWA Japan with Gatoh Move planning to create their own singles title, the Super Asia Championship, to take its place. Sakura and Takanashi lost the Asia Dream Tag Team Championship to Yuna Mizumori and Saki on August 21, 2018. === Philippine Wrestling Revolution (2019) ===
On March 17, 2019, Sakura made her debut for the Philippine Wrestling Revolution in which she faced The Queen of Philippine Wrestling, Crystal.",396
519,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"Sakura and Takanashi lost the Asia Dream Tag Team Championship to Yuna Mizumori and Saki on August 21, 2018. === Philippine Wrestling Revolution (2019) ===
On March 17, 2019, Sakura made her debut for the Philippine Wrestling Revolution in which she faced The Queen of Philippine Wrestling, Crystal. Sakura got the win over Crystal via a Diving Moonsault. The two hugged after the match as a sign of respect. === All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) ===
On May 25, 2019, Sakura made her debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) in a six-woman tag team match at AEW Double or Nothing, teaming with Aja Kong and Yuka Sakazaki in a losing effort against the team of Hikaru Shida, Riho, and Ryo Mizunami. She made her return on October 9 at Dynamite, teaming with Bea Priestley in a losing effort against Britt Baker and Riho. On the October 29 episode of AEW Dark, Sakura picked up her first victory, pinning Penelope Ford in a four-way match that involved Allie and Sadie Gibbs. Sakura would pick up another victory when, at the Thanksgiving Eve special episode of Dynamite on November 27, Sakura teamed up with Bea Priestly to defeat Hikaru Shida and Kris Statlander. At Full Gear, she unsuccessfully challenged Riho for the AEW Women's World Championship. In February 2021, Sakura along with her protégé Mei Suruga were announced as participants in a tournament for the Women's World Championship as part of the Japanese bracket. On February 15, Sakura pinned Venny and advanced to the next round. The following week, she was eliminated by Sakazaki in the semi-finals. After the match, Sakura attacked Sakazaki with Suruga and Yuna Mizumori who accompanied Sakura to the match, establishing herself as a heel.",387
520,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"The following week, she was eliminated by Sakazaki in the semi-finals. After the match, Sakura attacked Sakazaki with Suruga and Yuna Mizumori who accompanied Sakura to the match, establishing herself as a heel. On July 25, Sakura announced that she is returning to AEW full-time. On the January 28, 2023, episode of Rampage, Sakura fought the Women's World Champion Jamie Hayter in the main event in a losing effort. On the June 2 episode of Rampage, Sakura fought Willow Nightingale for the NJPW Strong Women's Championship, but failed to win the title. On the September 6 episode of Dynamite, Sakura lost to Kris Statlander for the AEW TBS Championship. On the November 29 episode of Dynamite, she had another shot for the TBS Championship against Julia Hart in a House Rules match, but failed to win the title. On October 8, 2024, at Dynamite: Title Tuesday, Sakura fought Mercedes Moné for both the AEW TBS Championship and the NJPW Strong Women's Championship in a losing effort. === Ring of Honor (2023–present) ===
On the March 30, 2023, episode of ROH Honor Club TV, Sakura made her Ring of Honor (ROH) debut facing Athena for the ROH Women's World Championship in a losing effort. After the match, Sakura was attacked by Athena before Yuka Sakazaki arrived to save her. 87 of the top 250 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Women's 250 in 2023
Ranked No.",317
521,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Sakura,Emi Sakura,"After the match, Sakura was attacked by Athena before Yuka Sakazaki arrived to save her. 87 of the top 250 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Women's 250 in 2023
Ranked No. 429 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2021
Three Count Wrestling
Three Count Women’s Championship (1 time)
Tokyo Sports
Joshi Puroresu Grand Prize (2009)


== Luchas de Apuestas record ==


== References ==


== External links ==

Official blog (in Japanese)
Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling profile (in Japanese)
Emi Sakura's profile at Cagematch , Wrestlingdata , Internet Wrestling Database 
Emi Sakura on Twitter 
Emi Sakura at IMDb",164
522,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_Humanae_Salvationis,Speculum Humanae Salvationis,"The Speculum Humanae Salvationis or Mirror of Human Salvation was a bestselling, anonymously illustrated work of popular theology in the late Middle Ages, part of the genre of encyclopedic speculum literature, in this case concentrating on the medieval theory of typology, whereby the events of the Old Testament prefigured or foretold the events of the New Testament. The original version is in rhyming Latin verse, and contains a series of New Testament events each with three Old Testament ones that prefigure it. It is one of the most common books found as an illuminated manuscript, and also in early printing in both blockbook and incunabulum forms. == Contents ==
After a short Prologue (two pages) and Prohemium (four), both unillustrated, the first two chapters deal with the Creation, the Fall of Satan, the story of Adam and Eve, and the Deluge in four pages. Then follow forty more double-page chapters where a New Testament event is compared with three from the Old Testament, with four pictures each above a column of text. Usually, each chapter occupies one 2-page opening. The last three chapters cover the Seven Stations of the Cross and the Seven Joys and Sorrows of Mary at double this length. In all, a complete standard version has 52 leaves, or 104 pages, and 192 illustrations (including a blank page at the beginning and end). The blockbook editions were much shorter, with 116 pictures, two to a woodblock. The writing of the text follows an exact scheme: twenty-five lines per column, with two columns per page, one under each miniature, so a hundred lines per standard chapter. Sometimes there are captions over the pictures as well, of varying content. Many copies reduced the original text, often by omitting the non-standard chapters at the beginning or end, whilst others boosted the content with calendars and commentaries or extra illustrations.",393
523,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_Humanae_Salvationis,Speculum Humanae Salvationis,"Sometimes there are captions over the pictures as well, of varying content. Many copies reduced the original text, often by omitting the non-standard chapters at the beginning or end, whilst others boosted the content with calendars and commentaries or extra illustrations. == Dating and manuscript copies ==

The work originated between 1309, as a reference to the Pope being at Avignon indicates, and 1324, the date on two copies. A preface, probably from the original manuscript, says the author does not give his name out of humility, though numerous suggestions have been made. He was almost certainly a cleric, and there is evidence he was a Dominican. Ludolph of Saxony is a leading candidate for authorship, and Vincent of Beauvais has also been suggested. The first versions are naturally in illuminated manuscript form, and in Latin. Many copies were made, and several hundred still survive (over 350 in Latin alone), often in translations into different vernacular languages; at least four different translations into French were made, and at least two into English. There were also translations into German, Dutch, Czech (Zrcadlo člověčieho spasenie), and Croatian (Zrcalo člověčaskago spasenja). Czech and Croatian translations are the only ones into Slavic languages. Manuscript versions covered the whole range of the manuscript market: some are lavishly and expensively decorated, for a de luxe market, whilst in many the illustrations are simple, and without colour. In particular, superb Flemish editions were produced in the 15th century for Philip the Good and other wealthy bibliophiles. The Speculum is probably the most popular title in this particular market of illustrated popular theology, competing especially with the Biblia pauperum and the Ars moriendi for the accolade.",384
524,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_Humanae_Salvationis,Speculum Humanae Salvationis,"In particular, superb Flemish editions were produced in the 15th century for Philip the Good and other wealthy bibliophiles. The Speculum is probably the most popular title in this particular market of illustrated popular theology, competing especially with the Biblia pauperum and the Ars moriendi for the accolade. == Printed editions ==

In the 15th century, with the advent of printing, the work then appeared in four blockbook editions, two in Latin and two in Dutch, and then in sixteen incunabulum editions by 1500. The blockbooks present unique questions as only editions of this work combine hand-rubbed woodcut pages with text pages printed in movable type. Further eccentricities include a run of twenty pages in one edition which are text cut as a woodcut, based on tracings of pages from another edition printed with movable type. Though the circumstances of production of these editions are unknown, two of the editions are in Dutch and the Netherlands was probably the centre of production, as with most blockbooks. Hind places them in Holland, from about 1470–75. It appears the Prohemium may have been sold separately as a pamphlet, as one version speaks of the usefulness of it for ""poor preachers who cannot afford the entire book"". The incunabulum editions, from eleven different presses, mostly, but not all, printed their woodcut illustrations in the printing press with the text. Some seem to have been printed in two sessions for texts and images. Günther Zainer of Augsburg, a specialist in popular illustrated works, produced the first one in 1473, in Latin and German, and with a metrical summary newly added for each chapter; this is considered an especially beautiful edition.",360
525,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_Humanae_Salvationis,Speculum Humanae Salvationis,"Some seem to have been printed in two sessions for texts and images. Günther Zainer of Augsburg, a specialist in popular illustrated works, produced the first one in 1473, in Latin and German, and with a metrical summary newly added for each chapter; this is considered an especially beautiful edition. Further incunabulum editions include Latin, German, French, Spanish and Dutch versions, and it was the first illustrated book printed in both Switzerland, at Basel, and France, at Lyon, which used the Basel picture blocks, later also used in Spain. A Speyer edition has woodcuts whose design has been attributed to the Master of the Housebook. In addition, the first of the somewhat legendary editions supposedly produced by Laurens Janszoon Coster, working earlier than Johannes Gutenberg, was a Speculum. Even if the Coster story is ignored, the work seems to have been the first printed in the Netherlands, probably in the early 1470s. Editions continued to be printed until the Reformation, which changed the nature of religious devotion on both sides of the Catholic/Protestant divide, and made the Speculum seem outdated. == Iconographic influence ==
The images in the Speculum were treated in many different styles and media over the course of the two centuries of its popularity, but generally the essentials of the compositions remained fairly stable, partly because most images had to retain their correspondence with their opposite number, and often the figures were posed to highlight these correspondences. Many works of art in other media can be seen to be derived from the illustrations; it was for example, the evident source for depictions for the Vision of Augustus in Rogier van der Weyden's Bladelin Altarpiece and other Early Netherlandish works. In particular the work was used as a pattern-book for stained glass, but also for tapestries and sculpture.",387
526,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_Humanae_Salvationis,Speculum Humanae Salvationis,"Many works of art in other media can be seen to be derived from the illustrations; it was for example, the evident source for depictions for the Vision of Augustus in Rogier van der Weyden's Bladelin Altarpiece and other Early Netherlandish works. In particular the work was used as a pattern-book for stained glass, but also for tapestries and sculpture. == References ==


== Sources ==


== External links ==

Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 13,000 photos from over 80 manuscripts, and all the woodcuts from early printed editions)
Miroir de l'humaine salvation A lavish Flemish manuscript (Bruges, 1455) from the Hunterian Library, Glasgow
Some images from French manuscripts (note consistency of images between Lyon and Marseilles)
Full turn-the-pages manuscript (not standard contents) from the Danish Royal Library
Speculum humanae salvationis From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
""Speculum humanae salvationis"" (MS Add. 6447) a fifteenth century version likely produced in the Northern Netherlands, from the collections of Cambridge University Library and fully digitised in Cambridge Digital Library",251
527,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warinder_Juss,Warinder Juss,"Warinder Singh Juss is a British politician and solicitor who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wolverhampton West since July 2024. A member of the Labour Party, he gained the seat in the newly re-established constituency. == Early life ==
Juss was born in East Africa and moved to Wolverhampton in 1968. He attended local state schools and earned a law degree from the University of Wolverhampton. == Career ==
Prior to entering politics, Juss worked as a solicitor at Thompsons Solicitors, where former Wolverhampton South West MP Rob Marris also worked. He also taught law at a further education college in Wolverhampton. Juss has been active in the Labour Party for over 25 years, participating in every local and national election since 1997. He sits on the Central Executive Council of the GMB trade union, representing the Birmingham & West Midlands region in the National Race Reserved Seat. Juss is a landlord. Juss first stood for election for Labour in the 2004 Wolverhampton City Council election, in his home ward of Penn. He finished in 6th place with 1,135 votes, with all 3 seats up for election as a result of boundary changes. Juss was selected as the Labour candidate for Wolverhampton West during the 2024 general election. The selection process was controversial, with Claire Darke MBE, a Wolverhampton Councillor, being excluded from the longlist. National Executive Committee member Mish Rahman, who is also a member of Momentum's National Co-ordinating Group, was also blocked from the longlist, leading to criticisms of the selection process. Juss campaigned on a platform focusing on community issues, social justice, and supporting local services.",353
528,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warinder_Juss,Warinder Juss,"National Executive Committee member Mish Rahman, who is also a member of Momentum's National Co-ordinating Group, was also blocked from the longlist, leading to criticisms of the selection process. Juss campaigned on a platform focusing on community issues, social justice, and supporting local services. Juss won the Wolverhampton West seat with 19,331 votes (44.3% vote share), returning a majority of 7,868 votes., compared to a notional 2019 result of 23,542 votes (46.1% vote share), which would have resulted in a Conservative majority of 45. In his maiden speech, Juss emphasised his commitment to preserving local landmarks, such as Banks's Brewery, and addressing community concerns. == Political positions ==
Juss is a strong supporter of the NHS, social justice, and community welfare. He notably broke ranks with Labour leadership during his candidacy to call for an immediate ceasefire in the Gaza conflict. Juss is a Labour MP, and on the vast majority of issues follows instructions from his party and votes the same way as other Labour MPs. He has never rebelled against his party. Juss voted for the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill. == Personal life ==
Juss has two adult children. He is a Sikh, and actively participates in community and cultural activities, including playing the tabla at local events. He is also a supporter of his hometown football team Wolverhampton Wanderers FC. == References ==


== External links ==

Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
Voting record at Public Whip
Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
Warinder Juss on Bluesky",348
529,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Stephen_Corrigan,Death of Stephen Corrigan,"Stephen Corrigan was an Irish man whose partial skeletal remains were found in Rathmines, Dublin on 9 April 2020. == Discovery ==
His remains were found on 9 April 2020 on a tree-lined common area close to apartments in the Lissenfield development off Lower Rathmines Road. No clothing remained on the skeletal remains and there was no apparent attempt to bury them. == Investigation ==
A forensic anthropologist and members of the Garda Technical Bureau examined the remains and the site. The remains were moved to Dublin City Mortuary for forensic examination. A postmortem examination was completed on the remains on 21 April 2020 and it did not point towards homicide. As the remains are partial a definitive cause of death could not be determined. DNA tests were performed and cross-referenced with missing persons, but as of 27 April 2020 there had been no matches. The remains were to remain at Dublin City Mortuary until identified. == Identification ==
On 22 June 2020 a Garda Press spokeswoman said that the remains had been positively identified and that the Gardaí were continuing to try to contact family members. On 7 July 2020 it was announced that the remains were positively identified as those of Stephen Corrigan, a man who had been missing since November 2011. Following the nationwide appeal to find family of the late Stephen Corrigan, Finders International successfully traced living relatives. Fr. Brendan Corrigan, a first cousin of the deceased man's mother has been located in County Westmeath. Although he had met Stephen’s grandfather George many years previously, he had not met Stephen himself. Stephen was born in 1963 to a single mother, Hanna (or Anna) Corrigan. Hanna died in 2015 aged 81 and Stephen’s only sibling, Edward, who was six years younger than Stephen, died in 2016 aged 46. Hanna, born in 1934, was an only child of George Corrigan and Johanna Newman.",388
530,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Stephen_Corrigan,Death of Stephen Corrigan,"Hanna died in 2015 aged 81 and Stephen’s only sibling, Edward, who was six years younger than Stephen, died in 2016 aged 46. Hanna, born in 1934, was an only child of George Corrigan and Johanna Newman. George and Johanna married in Dublin in 1932. George Corrigan, Stephen’s grandfather, was one of 12 siblings - John, Mary, Sarah, Thomas, Joseph, Anne, Norah, Nicholas, Michael, Hubert and Francis. Francis Corrigan, Stephen’s granduncle married Kathleen O’Brien and they had five children, all of whom would be cousins of Stephen’s mother. Brendan is one of these children. Brendan studied in Maynooth and is now the parish priest in Kilbeggan. Brendan, a first cousin of Stephen’s mother, Hanna, is Stephen’s first cousin once removed. Hayley Seager of Finders International, Dublin, said: “The relatives we found immediately are mostly on Stephen’s maternal grandfather’s side of the family. The Corrigan family tree is pretty extensive. We also know that most of the Stephen’s grandfather’s family emigrated to the UK, with grandfather George and granduncle Michael Corrigan both working for Ford in Dagenham.”


== Background, disappearance, and aftermath ==
Stephen Corrigan was born on 8 June 1963 and was missing since 22 November 2011. He had been living in the Cork Street area of Dublin when he was last seen alive. He had been a patient at the Weir Home on Cork Street, where nursing and psychiatric care are provided for men. Residents can come and go and he failed to return there on the day he went missing. He suffered from mental health issues and tended to withdraw from society.",372
531,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Stephen_Corrigan,Death of Stephen Corrigan,"Residents can come and go and he failed to return there on the day he went missing. He suffered from mental health issues and tended to withdraw from society. At these times he was known to live on the streets around Saint Anne's Park, Palmerston Park, Mulhuddart and Glasnevin. His mother kept in contact with Gardaí and provided a blood sample for identification. Crimecall broadcast appeals for information on his whereabouts on three occasions. His remains were identified through DNA comparison with the blood sample given by his mother. His mother had died before his remains were found as had his only other known blood relative. Gardaí believe that he died not long after he was last seen alive. Gardaí appealed in July 2020 for any other relatives or anyone with information on his family to contact Rathmines Garda station. == See also ==
List of solved missing person cases (2010s)
List of unsolved deaths


== References ==",193
532,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiestas_vetus,Maiestas vetus,"Maiestas vetus is a species of bug from the Cicadellidae family that is indigenous to Australia and New Zealand. It was originally described as Deltocephalus (Recilia) vetus until being revised into Maiestas. == Description ==
The males of the species are 3.45–3.90 millimetres (0.136–0.154 in) long, with an average of 3.68 millimetres (0.145 in). Their genitalia have a bit longer pygophore. Females are smaller than males, ranging from 3.03–3.88 mm (0.119–0.153 in) with an average of 3.47 mm (0.137 in). Both sexes are elongated, and have near rectangular lobes. Their aedeagus have short shafts, which are cylindrical in shape. They are pale stramineous or ivory-coloured. Their clypeus have a series of transverse bands, which are pale brown in colour. They have two rounded vertices, one of which is located on the top of the apex and has two spots on it. The other is on the anterior margin, closer to the ocellus, which is dark brown in colour. Sometimes they have two longitudinal bands which are pale orange coloured and are located on top of the disc. Their pronotum have three longitudinal bands and are a little bit longer than vertex. They are also the same colour and are located on both sides of midline. Their clypellus is parallel, and has a margin that is adjacent to its gena, which is a bit wider than ocellucular part. The ocelli themselves are separated from the eyes by one diameter. The ventral margin is extended over the gonopore and is narrow.",374
533,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiestas_vetus,Maiestas vetus,"The ocelli themselves are separated from the eyes by one diameter. The ventral margin is extended over the gonopore and is narrow. == Similar species ==
The species is similar to Deltocephalus distinctus, a species that can be found from Sri Lanka to Japan and into Micronesia. The difference between them is that the gonopore is of different size, and is located in the opposite position. It also has much a longer and slender apex, which is located on the aedeagus. The other difference is the complete absence of dark brown spots, which are located on the anterior margin of the vertex. Just like Recilia hospes, the species were found in grass, sedges, shrubs, and on plants in the genus Nothofagus in New Zealand. == References ==


== External links ==
 Data related to Maiestas vetus at Wikispecies
 Media related to Maiestas vetus at Wikimedia Commons",197
534,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapua_Dam,Sapua Dam,"The Sapua Dam is built on  the Sapua, a small Indian river which is a tributary of the Mahanadi River. It is located near Rasol in the Hindol block of Odisha's Dhenkanal district. The Dam is built at the starting point of the river. It is built for water reserve. It is located near Dandiri village, but the dam is situated in the Rasol panchayat area. The dam stands strongly by two small mountains. The nearest villages are Dandiri, Katha Khumpa, Rasol, Naukiari, Telibhuin, Kalinga, Buhalipal, Anlabeda, and Bankatia. == Construction ==
The dam is built as part of a Minor Irrigation project known as Sapua-Badajore Irrigation Project. Although the project was planned much before, the construction started in 1993 and got fully completed in 2006. With a maximum water storage level of 170 meter, the length of the dam is 1290 meter and height of 26 meter. The total command area of the project is 3682 hectares. == Tourism ==

The Sapua Dam is nestled around 90 km away from Bhubaneswar in the mid of a saal foreste. The dam overlooks a bridge and the verdant mountains. This area is full of green forest and a picnic spot. Once it was a barred area, this zone is now used for camping, sightseeing and picnics by tourists. The place is connected by road and 5 km away from Rasol (National Highway 655). == Naming ==
Most tourists assume the name Sapua Dam to be derived from the snake like structure of the riverside fixed gates. However, the name is derived from the river Sapua. As per local tales, the river flows in a large snake like bed, from which the name of the river is derived. == References ==",399
535,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Forsythe,Drew Forsythe,"Drew Forsythe (born 23 August 1949) is an Australian actor, singer, writer, and comedian. He has appeared on film, stage, and television, as well as in satirical sketch comedy television programs. == Early life ==
Born in New South Wales to newsagent parents, Forsythe attended Atherton Primary School, far north Queensland. . He caught the acting bug when The Young Elizabethan Players  performed Hamlet (featuring Kirrily Nolan as Ophelia) at his Charters Towers high school. Forsythe went on to study acting at National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), graduating in 1969. == Career ==


=== Theatre ===
The title roles of the heroic Tonino and the foolish Zanetto in the Nick Enright/Terence Clarke musical, The Venetian Twins, were written for Forsythe. He originated these dual roles for Nimrod Theatre Company in the first Sydney Theatre Company season in 1979, and subsequently in two revivals. Playwright David Williamson wrote Flatfoot for Forsythe, in which he played eleven different characters and a parrot. Together with Jonathan Biggins and Phillip Scott, Forsythe was a creator, writer, and performer of Three Men and a Baby Grand which started at the Tilbury Hotel in Woolloomooloo. It went on to tour Australia-wide, at the Edinburgh Festival, and with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, and was also adapted as a television series for the ABC. The same team went on to create the Wharf Revue for the Sydney Theatre Company. Other stage appearances include the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas H.M.S. Pinafore and The Mikado for Essgee Entertainment, receiving a Melbourne Green Room Award as Ko-Ko in The Mikado in 1995.",367
536,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Forsythe,Drew Forsythe,"Other stage appearances include the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas H.M.S. Pinafore and The Mikado for Essgee Entertainment, receiving a Melbourne Green Room Award as Ko-Ko in The Mikado in 1995. === Film ===
Forsythe appeared in the films Stone, Caddie, Newsfront, Annie's Coming Out, Ginger Meggs, Burke & Wills, Travelling North and Billy's Holiday. He featured as the narrator in the film Ned, which was written and directed by and starred his son, Abe Forsythe. He received the 1976 Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, for his role in Caddie. === Television ===
Forsythe has featured in television roles on The Miraculous Mellops, The Dingo Principle and Hotel Bordemer. He has also made guest appearances on a number of popular television series, including Cop Shop, A Country Practice, G.P., BackBerner, All Saints, and Packed to the Rafters. He provided the anonymous, uncredited voice of David Tench, an animated host on Network Ten's short-lived comedy talk show David Tench Tonight. Likewise, he also voiced several characters on the Australian award-winning animated series I Got a Rocket,
as well as characters on Fairy Tale Police Department and The Adventures of Blinky Bill. === Radio ===
Forsythe is credited with  singing the theme song for the ABC's long-running Sunday morning radio program, Australia All Over, hosted by Ian McNamara. For more than thirty years, when over 2 million listeners spanning every corner of Australia tune in from 5.30 am on Sunday mornings to listen to 'Macca' they are greeted by Forsythe singing - ""Macca on a Sunday Morning"".",368
537,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Forsythe,Drew Forsythe,"=== Radio ===
Forsythe is credited with  singing the theme song for the ABC's long-running Sunday morning radio program, Australia All Over, hosted by Ian McNamara. For more than thirty years, when over 2 million listeners spanning every corner of Australia tune in from 5.30 am on Sunday mornings to listen to 'Macca' they are greeted by Forsythe singing - ""Macca on a Sunday Morning"". == Filmography ==


=== Film ===


=== Television ===


=== As writer ===


== Stage ==


=== As actor ===


=== As writer ===


== Awards & nominations ==


== Personal life ==
Forsythe's son, Abe Forsythe, is an actor and director. == References ==


== External links ==
Drew Forsythe at IMDb",175
538,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddi_language,Gaddi language,"Gaddi (also called Gaddki, Gaddiyali or Bharmauri; Takri: 𑚌𑚛𑚯, 𑚌𑚛𑚊𑚯, 𑚌𑚛𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯, 𑚡𑚤𑚢𑚵𑚪𑚯) is an Indo-Aryan language of India. It is spoken by the Gaddi people primarily residing in the Bharmour region of Chamba district and the upper reaches of Kangra district in Himachal Pradesh. It is also spoken in neighbouring parts of Jammu, with Gaddi villages found in Udhampur, Kathua and Doda districts.The language has traditionally been written using the Takri script. == Phonology ==


=== Vowels ===


=== Consonants ===


== Dialects ==
There are four dialects of the language:

The first one is spoken in the entire Bharmaur, Chhatrari and Bhatyat Tehsils of Chamba and Gaddi speaking regions of Kangra district. The second one is spoken in consists of Piyuhar, Belaj, Guun, Bakani, the upper part of Mehla and Kaded, etc. The third one is spoken in the region of Basu and other adjoining area. The fourth one is spoken in Lilh and Paho. == Status ==
The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali. Some speakers may even call it a dialect of Dogri. The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is definitely endangered category, i.e.",397
539,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddi_language,Gaddi language,"The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is definitely endangered category, i.e. many Gaddi chilanother adjoining areag Gaddi as their mother tongue any longer. The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha. There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language. == References ==


== External links ==
Gaddi grammar sketches Archived 2023-01-29 at the Wayback Machine",158
540,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Time_Is_It_There%3F,What Time Is It There%3F,"What Time Is It There? is a 2001 Taiwanese film directed by Tsai Ming-liang. It stars Lee Kang-sheng, Chen Shiang-chyi, and Lu Yi-ching. == Plot ==
Hsiao-kang is a street vendor in Taipei who sells watches out of a briefcase. His father dies. Soon afterwards, Shiang-chyi stops by his stand to buy a dual-time watch, as she is taking a trip to Paris. She likes the watch on Hsiao-kang's wrist, which is out of stock. At first, he refuses to sell his watch, explaining that a recent death in his family would mean bad luck for her. She is persistent and eventually convinces him to sell the watch to her. Hsiao-kang's mother mourns her husband's death; she leaves out food and water for him and thinks that he could be reincarnated. Hsiao-kang watches a film set in Paris, The 400 Blows. During his daily routines, he changes every watch and clock he encounters to Paris time. Meanwhile, in Paris, Shiang-chyi experiences deep loneliness in her hotel room, shops, restaurants, and the subway. Hsiao-kang's mother notices that the clock in her common space has changed time and concludes that her husband is back. She turns off the lights in the house and blocks all the windows. When Hsiao-kang raises a fuss, she tells him that his father’s spirit fears the light, and the two argue. Shiang-chyi visits Père Lachaise cemetery and has a chance encounter with Jean-Pierre Léaud, the lead actor of The 400 Blows. At a restaurant, she meets a woman from Hong Kong.",370
541,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Time_Is_It_There%3F,What Time Is It There%3F,"Shiang-chyi visits Père Lachaise cemetery and has a chance encounter with Jean-Pierre Léaud, the lead actor of The 400 Blows. At a restaurant, she meets a woman from Hong Kong. They converse in Mandarin (Shiang-chyi speaks no French), her new friend takes Shisng-chyi in, along with her luggage. They sleep in the same bed and kiss before the Chinese woman turns away. Hsiao-kang's mother dresses up and seats herself at the dining table, where a plate of food is set out for her husband. She downs several shots of liquor and retires to her bedroom, where she uses a wicker pillow to masturbate. Hsiao-kang spends the night out and then has sex with a prostitute in his car. While he is sleeping, the prostitute steals his briefcase full of watches. Hsiao-kang goes home, strips away the blankets blacking out the apartment balcony, gazes at his father’s portrait, covers his sleeping mother with his jacket, and lies down next to her. In one of Paris’s parks, Shiang-chyi cries while sitting on a bench by a pool. She falls asleep, and some kids take her suitcase and put it in the pool. Hsiao-kang's father appears. He takes the suitcase out of the water and walks away, heading toward a lit-up Ferris wheel.",301
542,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Time_Is_It_There%3F,What Time Is It There%3F,"Hsiao-kang's father appears. He takes the suitcase out of the water and walks away, heading toward a lit-up Ferris wheel. == Cast ==
Lee Kang-sheng as Hsiao-kang
Chen Shiang-chyi as Shiang-chyi
Lu Yi-ching as Hsiao-kang's mother
Miao Tien as Hsiao-kang's father
Cecilia Yip as Chinese woman in Paris
Chen Chao-jung as Chinese man in subway
Tsai Guei as Prostitute
Jean-Pierre Léaud as Jean-Pierre / Man at cemetery
Arthur Nauzyciel as Man at telephone booth
David Ganansia as Man at restaurant
Tsai Chao-yi as Clock store owner


== Reception ==
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 85% based on 54 reviews and an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Though it requires patience to view, What Time Is It There? 's exploration of loneliness is both elegant and haunting."" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating ""generally favorable reviews"". === Awards ===
Cannes Film Festival: Technical Grand Prize (Tu Duu-Chih for sound design)
Chicago International Film Festival: Grand Jury Prize, Best Director, Best Cinematography
Golden Horse Awards: Special Jury Award


== References ==


== External links ==
What Time Is It There? at IMDb
What Time Is It There? at Box Office Mojo
What Time Is It There? at Rotten Tomatoes",363
543,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Galleria_at_Roseville,Westfield Galleria at Roseville,"Westfield Galleria at Roseville is a two-level, 1,300,000-square-foot (120,000 m2) indoor upscale shopping mall in Roseville, California, United States owned by Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield. It is the largest shopping mall in the Sacramento metropolitan area, followed by Sunrise Mall in Citrus Heights and Arden Fair Mall in Sacramento. The property is anchored by department stores Macy's, JCPenney, and Nordstrom, a 14-screen Cinemark theater, a Round One Entertainment center, and large-scale Pottery Barn and Crate & Barrel furniture stores. It is the sole location of luxury retailers Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Tiffany & Co., and Saint Laurent in the Sacramento area. == History ==
On July 25, 1995, the construction of an enclosed shopping center in two phases within the city of Roseville, to be developed by Urban Retail Properties, Inc., was approved. Sears became the first anchor tenant to commit to the property, with Nordstrom following suit in April 1998. A modification to the project, allowing for a single phase of construction and additional anchor space, was approved in June 1998, making way for Macy's to commit to the property the following month. JCPenney committed in September 1998, filling the mall's planned anchor space in time for its September 2 groundbreaking. The Galleria at Roseville opened for business on August 25, 2000 with 120 stores and the Promenade, an outdoor wing of shops and restaurants anchored by a Crate & Barrel store, considered novel at the time. One month after the property's grand opening, Urban's shopping center division was acquired by Netherlands-based real estate firm Rodamco for $3.4 billion.",356
544,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Galleria_at_Roseville,Westfield Galleria at Roseville,"The Galleria at Roseville opened for business on August 25, 2000 with 120 stores and the Promenade, an outdoor wing of shops and restaurants anchored by a Crate & Barrel store, considered novel at the time. One month after the property's grand opening, Urban's shopping center division was acquired by Netherlands-based real estate firm Rodamco for $3.4 billion. A consortium of shopping center owners then purchased Rodamco's North American assets for $5.3 billion in January 2002, with Australia-based Westfield Corporation taking control of the Galleria at Roseville and renaming the property Westfield Shoppingtown Galleria at Roseville. The Shoppingtown moniker was dropped from all Westfield properties in 2005, with Westfield Galleria at Roseville becoming the property's new title. In 2004, Westfield announced plans to expand the four year-old Galleria. After several changes, the expansion consisting of 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of new and reconfigured retail space, a new Dining Terrace, and 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m2) additions to both JCPenney and Macy's was approved. A portion of the outdoor Promenade area and the property's original food court were demolished and Crate & Barrel was relocated to accommodate the project. The expansion was completed in 2009 at a final cost of $270 million, bringing the property to 1.3 million square feet and turning the Galleria into the region's largest shopping center. In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at Westfield Galleria at Roseville, into Seritage Growth Properties. On April 17, 2018, Sears announced it would close its Roseville store. A Cinemark movie theater and a Round One Entertainment center took over much of the former Sears building, opening in late 2021 and mid-2022 respectively.",386
545,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Galleria_at_Roseville,Westfield Galleria at Roseville,"On April 17, 2018, Sears announced it would close its Roseville store. A Cinemark movie theater and a Round One Entertainment center took over much of the former Sears building, opening in late 2021 and mid-2022 respectively. Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield later purchased the redeveloped Sears building from Seritage in December 2022, at a cost of $23.4 million. Forever 21, which operated a flagship XXI Forever store on the mall's outdoor Promenade, closed in March 2024, leaving its two-level space vacant. === 2010 fire ===

On October 21, 2010, 23-year old Alexander Piggee entered the property's GameStop store with a large backpack, claiming to have a weapon and that his ""sister had been kidnapped by aliens."" Piggee barricaded himself in the store and set fire to the merchandise as employees fled. The mall was evacuated as authorities tried to locate Piggee, arresting him as he attempted to flee the scene. The mall's fire sprinkler system was manually shut off due to a miscommunication, allowing the fire to grow and eventually engulf much of the mall's north end as firefighters from surrounding cities were called in. Most of the mall's north wing between Macy's and Sears was destroyed and the roof of the wing partially collapsed, with total damages estimated at $55 million. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in Placer County the day after the fire, with mall officials and city representatives vowing to have the property partially reopened by the upcoming Christmas shopping season. Unaffected portions of the property began reopening in phases less than two weeks later. The damaged north wing was rebuilt over the following year, while a renovation was undertaken elsewhere in the mall adding new flooring, lighting, signage, and architectural details to match the rebuilt wing. The north wing reopened to the public on October 6, 2011.",383
546,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Galleria_at_Roseville,Westfield Galleria at Roseville,"The damaged north wing was rebuilt over the following year, while a renovation was undertaken elsewhere in the mall adding new flooring, lighting, signage, and architectural details to match the rebuilt wing. The north wing reopened to the public on October 6, 2011. Alexander Piggee subsequently pleaded guilty to setting the fire, and Federal Judge John Mendez sentenced Piggee to 15 years, after which he will be on probation for 6 years. Both defense and prosecution attorneys had requested a sentence of 10 years, but Mendez issued a substantially longer sentence, calling Piggee a threat to public safety. == See also ==
Westfield Corporation


== References ==


== External links ==
Westfield Galleria at Roseville Official Site
City of Roseville",151
547,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"""In the Dark"" is a song performed by American singer Dev. It was written by Dev alongside the Cataracs, who produced it for Dev's debut studio album, The Night the Sun Came Up (2011). The song was released as the album's second single on April 25, 2011, through Universal Motown. ""In the Dark"" came about when Dev wanted to make a sexy song to show that she is a grown woman. She collaborated with American rapper Flo Rida on an official remix as she believed she would enjoy the remix when hearing it on the radio. ""In the Dark"" is a dance-pop song with a saxophone hook and influences of Eurodance, Latin and jazz music. The lyrics emphasize sex drives and letting the sensation of touch fully take over from sight. The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who highlighted its production and the saxophone line. However, critics were divided regarding the song's lyrical content; some referred it to as sexy, while others dismissed its metaphors. ""In the Dark"" enjoyed commercial success in the United States, peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the summit of Hot Dance Club Songs. The song achieved its highest national peak in Russia and Slovakia, where it reached number one. Elsewhere, the song peaked in the top forty in Canada, Australia, Denmark, Ireland, Scotland and the United Kingdom. The song's music video features shots of black-painted hands that touch Dev while she is standing naked. According to Dev, the inspiration behind the video was to reflect the ""dark"" themes of the song, by creating a Tim Burton-inspired feel. == Background ==
""In the Dark"" was written by Dev alongside the Cataracs, a group that consists of Niles Hollowell-Dhar and David Singer-Vine, who also produced the track. Dev described the song as ""very flavorful"" and ""hot"".",391
548,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"== Background ==
""In the Dark"" was written by Dev alongside the Cataracs, a group that consists of Niles Hollowell-Dhar and David Singer-Vine, who also produced the track. Dev described the song as ""very flavorful"" and ""hot"". In an interview with music blog Idolator, she talked in-depth about the conception of the song, stating, ""I was like, dammit, I'm gonna make a sexy song!"" She explained that she wanted the song to be ""tasteful, yet sexual"" and described it as ""very sexy, but very musical at the same time"". She said, ""The songs I had before, even though they were explicit to an extent, they were just fun. It was time when we just wanted to make that sort of record, and we did. It's probably one of the sexier songs on the record, but I think it needed that!"" ""In the Dark"" was recorded during a session in January 2011; it was one of the first songs to be recorded for Dev's debut album and it was eventually also recorded by Demi Lovato. It was later mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios in Los Angeles, California and mastered by Tom Coyne at Sterling Sound in New York City. The song was released on April 25, 2011, via digital download as the second single from Dev's debut studio album, The Night the Sun Came Up. It was later sent for rhythmic airplay in the United States on May 24, 2011, followed by an add on mainstream radio stations on June 21, 2011. In the United Kingdom, ""In the Dark"" was released in a digital extended play (EP) alongside three remixes of the track as well as its music video. Rapper Flo Rida is featured on an official remix of the song, and Dev stated that she wanted to make a remix as it would be refreshing and ""great for radio"".",399
549,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"In the United Kingdom, ""In the Dark"" was released in a digital extended play (EP) alongside three remixes of the track as well as its music video. Rapper Flo Rida is featured on an official remix of the song, and Dev stated that she wanted to make a remix as it would be refreshing and ""great for radio"". She explained that a rapper would suit the song well and that she would enjoy the remix when hearing it on the radio. She elaborated on choosing Flo Rida, saying: ""We went in thinking about who would be cool on the radio [...] Flo Rida fit, and he completely killed it."" 50 Cent is featured on another remix of the track, which he recorded at Sonic Vista Studios Ibiza (Spain) in August 2011, while Kanye West appears on an unofficial remix, of which Dev said: ""That was just kind of something that floated onto the Internet and the airwaves, which I don't mind at all because it sounds absolutely amazing and it's one of my favorite remixes too."" == Composition ==

""In the Dark"" is a dance-pop song that features Eurodance beats and synths, mixed with influences of Latin music. The song features a house rhythm and a prominent saxophone riff that serves as the song's instrumentation. Critics compared the riff to ""Mr. Saxobeat"" (2011) by Romanian singer Alexandra Stan. ""In the Dark"" opens with Dev's sing-talk vocal style as she sings ""On my waist, through my hair / Think about it when you touch me there / Close my eyes, here you are dance-dance-dancing in the dark."" According to Nadine Cheung of AOL Radio, the line borrows the melody from Reel 2 Real's ""I Like to Move It"" (1994). ""In the Dark"" sees Dev using her singing voice more than her distinctive sing-talk style.",391
550,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"According to Nadine Cheung of AOL Radio, the line borrows the melody from Reel 2 Real's ""I Like to Move It"" (1994). ""In the Dark"" sees Dev using her singing voice more than her distinctive sing-talk style. Lyrically, the song speaks of sex drives and letting sensation of touch fully taking over from sight, as Dev repeats the line, ""I got a sex drive that's push to start"". According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation, ""In the Dark"" is written in the time signature of common time and set in a fast tempo of 125 beats per minute. It is written in the key of C minor and Dev's vocals span from the note of A♭4 to the note of B5. It has a basic sequence of Cm–E♭6–A♭5–G5 as its chord progression. == Critical reception ==
""In the Dark"" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Lewis Corner of British music website Digital Spy rated it four stars out of five, particularly praising the saxophone hook. Corner commented, ""[Dev] purrs in her sensual and sultry tones, accompanied by that saxophone hook spicier than an extra-hot peri peri chicken from Nandos – and, we should add, just as lip-lickingly addictive."" Bill Lamb of About.com rated ""In the Dark"" four stars out of five and praised Dev's vocals, as well as the song's sexy lyrics and the saxophone hook. Lamb observed that the song is ""nearly pure libido"", but said that it works well without explicit lyrics. On the other hand, he criticized the song for being ""locked in the current time"", writing: ""'In the Dark' seems very much a song of the dance pop moment.",381
551,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"Lamb observed that the song is ""nearly pure libido"", but said that it works well without explicit lyrics. On the other hand, he criticized the song for being ""locked in the current time"", writing: ""'In the Dark' seems very much a song of the dance pop moment. Like the hit 'Like a G6,' it is quite possible in a few months 'In the Dark' may sound a bit dated. It does not seem to capture something timeless."" Lamb ended on a positive note; however, writing that the song is a worthy addition to party playlists and praised Dev and the Cataracs for ""hav[ing] their fingers on the pulse of current party music"". Garyn Ganz of Rolling Stone graded the song three stars out of five and commented: ""Dev speak-sings about her sex drive over a Nineties Latin house beat like a top-shelf version of Kesha – seductive, not sleazy."" While reviewing The Night the Sun Came Up, Slant Magazine critic Sal Cinquemani named the song the album's best track. He pointed out that, unlike the rest of the album, ""In the Dark"" avoids ""too-aggressive beats and chintzy synths"" and instead relies on Dev's ""ooh la la"" hook and the ""sleek"" saxophone line. Cinquemani concluded by writing that the song is ""almost enough to forgive [the Cataracs] for 'Like a G6'."" Tris McCall of The Star-Ledger named ""In the Dark"" the ""Song of the Week"" and compared its saxophone line to Alexandra Stan's ""Mr. Saxobeat"", and said that while the latter is ""total Euroschlock"", ""In the Dark"" preserves ""some of the mechanized detachment"" of Dev's song ""Booty Bounce"" (2010).",384
552,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"Cinquemani concluded by writing that the song is ""almost enough to forgive [the Cataracs] for 'Like a G6'."" Tris McCall of The Star-Ledger named ""In the Dark"" the ""Song of the Week"" and compared its saxophone line to Alexandra Stan's ""Mr. Saxobeat"", and said that while the latter is ""total Euroschlock"", ""In the Dark"" preserves ""some of the mechanized detachment"" of Dev's song ""Booty Bounce"" (2010). McCall was mixed regarding ""In the Dark""'s lyrical content and called the line ""do your work on me/Open up my body and do some surgery"" the ""grossest pillow talk"" since the Black Eyed Peas' ""My Humps"". Writing for the Dallas Observer, Shahryar Rizvi was negative in his review of the song and criticized the ""cheesy"" saxophone sound, saying that it ""serves well to show just how mediocre this song is"". LA Weekly writer Shea Serrano regarded the song as ""predictable"" and dismissed the metaphors, labeling them ""confusing"". === Recognition ===
Music magazine Spin included ""In the Dark"" at number 15 on its ""Favorite Pop Tracks of 2011"" list, naming it ""radio gold"". The Hollywood Reporter's music editor Shirley Halperin put it at number four on her ""Top 10 Singles of 2011"" list and called it ""irresistible"". Halperin went on to comment: ""Spotlighting the sexiest sax solo this side of Duran Duran's 'Rio' and a sultry, almost Latin-flavored vibe, it may or may not be an ode to masturbation, but it definitely satisfies in all the right places."" In 2021, ""In the Dark"" entered various international music charts due to going viral on the video-sharing app TikTok.",392
553,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"Halperin went on to comment: ""Spotlighting the sexiest sax solo this side of Duran Duran's 'Rio' and a sultry, almost Latin-flavored vibe, it may or may not be an ode to masturbation, but it definitely satisfies in all the right places."" In 2021, ""In the Dark"" entered various international music charts due to going viral on the video-sharing app TikTok. == Chart performance ==
In the United States, ""In the Dark"" made its debut at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the issue dated August 20, 2011, almost three months after the song's release in April. The song steadily ascended on the chart for eight weeks before reaching its peak position of number 11 in the issue dated October 22, 2011. The song proved to be a bigger commercial success than Dev's debut single, ""Bass Down Low"" (2010), which reached number 61. Additionally, ""In the Dark"" reached number one on two of Billboard's component charts, Heatseekers Songs and Hot Dance Club Songs. The song also peaked at number eight on both Pop Songs and Radio Songs. On March 8, 2012, the single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over one million units. In Canada, ""In the Dark"" debuted at number 83 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart in the issue dated September 17, 2011 and peaked at number 15 six weeks later on October 22, 2011. In Australia, the song debuted at number 64 on the singles chart, and eventually peaked at number 41. Across Europe, ""In the Dark"" made its first appearance on the Tracklisten chart in Denmark on July 29, 2011, entering at number 36. The following week, the song reached its peak of number 22 and was listed on the chart for five weeks before falling off.",382
554,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"Across Europe, ""In the Dark"" made its first appearance on the Tracklisten chart in Denmark on July 29, 2011, entering at number 36. The following week, the song reached its peak of number 22 and was listed on the chart for five weeks before falling off. In Slovakia, ""In the Dark"" debuted at number 30 and peaked at the top position seven weeks later. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted and peaked at number 37 on the UK Singles Chart in the issue dated August 27, 2011. Although failing to match ""Bass Down Low""'s peak of number ten, it did give Dev her second top 40 single in the UK. In Ireland, ""In the Dark"" fared similarly to the UK on the Irish Singles Chart, entering and peaking at number 33. == Music video ==

The music video for ""In the Dark"" was directed by Ethan Lader, whom Dev enlisted  to make the video as he regularly makes videos for her and the Cataracs. Lader originally contacted her with ideas for the clip, and she soon replied with what she would want in the video. She said, ""So we did that back and forth, which he always does with me until I get my point across. ... and then we met up and we got both of our ideas and feelings across. I wanted to be sexy and dark like the song is, in a really interesting way, and we pulled it off, I think."" The video was filmed in Los Angeles, California in late-April 2011, just before Dev joined Usher as the opening act for his OMG Tour. Dev took more control over the ""In the Dark"" video than previous video shoots as she used to let the director ""take a little bit of control"" when she was inexperienced in the process.",368
555,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"The video was filmed in Los Angeles, California in late-April 2011, just before Dev joined Usher as the opening act for his OMG Tour. Dev took more control over the ""In the Dark"" video than previous video shoots as she used to let the director ""take a little bit of control"" when she was inexperienced in the process. In an interview with Idolator, Dev elaborated on the video's concept, stating that she wanted a dark feel similar to Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland: ""I wanted the video to be sexy as well [...] we'd have an Alice in Wonderland/Tim Burton type of feel."" In the video, Dev is seen in a club scene with intense dancing. The main focus is black-painted hands and arms, which are prominent in several shots of Dev as she is standing naked while the hands are touching her body. Some of the hands were digitally added, but most of them were real, including the ones touching Dev. She explained, ""The extras were amazing, they let me paint their hands and bodies, and they stacked on top of each other and did that for hours. For takes and takes and takes."" The video also includes shots of an albino ball python and a tarantula. Cory Lamz of Westword wrote a positive review of the video: ""Watching 'In the Dark' is like dancing under a strobe light on ecstasy. In a sea of hands, literally, Dev manages to tease you, seduce you and entice you. She makes you want to touch her, just like every other hand in the video."" Contessa Gayles of AOL Music referred the video to as ""freaky"" and ""funky"", writing ""Forget 'dancing in the dark,' Dev works it in a sea of dismembered, black-painted hands and arms in this freaky, funky new vid."" In contrast, Becky Bain of Idolator called it ""somewhat unsettling"".",397
556,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(Dev_song),In the Dark (Dev song),"Contessa Gayles of AOL Music referred the video to as ""freaky"" and ""funky"", writing ""Forget 'dancing in the dark,' Dev works it in a sea of dismembered, black-painted hands and arms in this freaky, funky new vid."" In contrast, Becky Bain of Idolator called it ""somewhat unsettling"". Bill Lamb of About.com wrote that the video ""will likely leave you never looking at hands exactly the same"". == Track listings ==


== Credits and personnel ==
Recording
Recorded at The Indie-Pop Sweat Shop
Personnel
Songwriting – Devin Tailes, Niles Hollowell-Dhar, David Singer-Vine
Production – Niles Hollowell-Dhar
Recording – The Cataracs
Mixing – Manny Marroquin
Mastering – Tom Coyne
Credits adapted from The Night the Sun Came Up liner notes. == Charts ==


== Certifications ==


== Radio add dates and release history ==


== See also ==
List of number-one dance singles of 2011 (U.S.)
List of number-one songs of 2011 (Russia)
List of songs recorded by Dev


== References ==",258
557,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiri_Hiri,Hiri Hiri,"Hiri Hiri (born 1 May 1995) is a Papua New Guinea cricketer. He has represented his country at youth level in the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup and at senior level in both One Day International and Twenty20 International cricket. == Youth cricket ==
Hiri played for Papua New Guinea under-19s in the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He played six matches and scored 87 runs at an average of 14.50. == International cricket ==
He made his List A debut in the 2015–17 ICC World Cricket League Championship against Nepal on 18 November 2015, and hisTwenty20 International debut against Ireland in Australia on 6 February 2016. Hiri's One Day International debut was on 4 November 2016 against Hong Kong. He was in Papua New Guinea's squad for the last ever World Cricket League tournament, the 2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two tournament in Namibia. In June 2019, he was selected to represent the Papua New Guinea cricket team in the men's tournament at the 2019 Pacific Games. Hiri returned to Papua New Guinea's national squad in the 2019 Scotland Tri-Nation Series, the first tri-series of the 2019–22 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 tournament. He only played in Papua New Guinea's final match against Oman. He scored 31 not out batting at number nine, his highest ODI score, and one of only two players in Papua New Guinea's team to reach 30 in a four-wicket loss. He was in Papua New Guinea's squad for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates. In August 2021, Hiri was named in Papua New Guinea's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. In May 2024, he was named in Papua New Guinea’s squad for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament. == References ==


== External links ==
Hiri Hiri at ESPNcricinfo",393
558,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnephosis_tridens,Gnephosis tridens,"Gnephosis tridens is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small, erect, annual herb with linear, elliptic, lance-shaped or egg-shaped leaves at the base of the plant, compound heads of 50 to 250 yellow flowers, and oval, purplish cypselas. == Description ==
Gnephosis tridens is an annual herb with erect branches 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) high, sometimes forming branches at the base but never from the upper nodes. Its leaves are linear, elliptic, lance-shaped or egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) long and 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) wide and densely covered with scale-like glandular hairs. The pseudanthia are arranged in cylindrical to narrowly oblong compound heads of 50 to 250, 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) long and 1.5–2 mm (0.059–0.079 in) wide with 2 bracts and one floret in each pseudanthium. The petals are yellow, forming a tapering tube and there are 3 or 4 stamens. The fruit is an oval, purplish cypsela, 0.44–0.55 mm (0.017–0.022 in) long, there is no pappus. == Taxonomy and naming ==
This species was first formally described in 1983 by Philip Short who gave in the name Chrysocoryne tridens in the journal Muelleria from specimens he collected 3.5 km (2.2 mi) east of Meckering in 1979.",388
559,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnephosis_tridens,Gnephosis tridens,"The fruit is an oval, purplish cypsela, 0.44–0.55 mm (0.017–0.022 in) long, there is no pappus. == Taxonomy and naming ==
This species was first formally described in 1983 by Philip Short who gave in the name Chrysocoryne tridens in the journal Muelleria from specimens he collected 3.5 km (2.2 mi) east of Meckering in 1979. In 1987, Short transferred the species to Gnephosis as G. tridens in a later edition of Muelleria. The specific epithet (tridens) means 'three teeth', referring to the florets of this species. == Distribution ==
Gnephosis tridens grows near the edges of salt lakes and saline flats in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains and Mallee bioregions of south-western Western Australia. == References ==",203
560,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_tide,Internal tide,"Internal tides are generated as the surface tides move stratified water up and down sloping topography, which produces a wave in the ocean interior. So internal tides are internal waves at a tidal frequency. The other major source of internal waves is the wind which produces internal waves near the inertial frequency. When a small water parcel is displaced from its equilibrium position, it will return either downwards due to gravity or upwards due to buoyancy. The water parcel will overshoot its original equilibrium position and this disturbance will set off an internal gravity wave. Munk (1981) notes, ""Gravity waves in the ocean's interior are as common as waves at the sea surface-perhaps even more so, for no one has ever reported an interior calm."" == Simple explanation ==

The surface tide propagates as a wave in which water parcels in the whole water column oscillate in the same direction at a given phase (i.e., in the trough or at the crest, Fig. 1, top). This means that while the form of the surface wave itself may propagate across the surface of the water, the fluid particles themselves are restricted to a relatively small neighborhood. Fluid moves upwards as the crest of the surface wave is passing and downwards as the trough passes. Lateral motion only serves to make up for the height difference in the water column between the crest and trough of the wave: as the surface rises at the top of the water column, water moves laterally inward from adjacent downwards-moving water columns to make up for the change in volume of the water column. While this explanation focuses on the motion of the ocean water, the phenomenon being described is in nature an interfacial wave, with mirroring processes happening on either side of the interface between two fluids: ocean water and air. At the simplest level, an internal wave can be thought of as an interfacial wave (Fig.",379
561,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_tide,Internal tide,"While this explanation focuses on the motion of the ocean water, the phenomenon being described is in nature an interfacial wave, with mirroring processes happening on either side of the interface between two fluids: ocean water and air. At the simplest level, an internal wave can be thought of as an interfacial wave (Fig. 1, bottom) at the interface of two layers of the oceans differentiated by a change in the water's properties, such as a warm surface layer and cold deep layer separated by a thermocline. As the surface tide propagates between these two fluid layers at the ocean surface, a homologous internal wave mimics it below, forming the internal tide. The interfacial movement between two layers of ocean is large compared to surface movement because although as with surface waves, the restoring force for internal waves and tides is still gravity, its effect is reduced because the densities of the two layers are relatively similar compared to the large density difference at the air-sea interface. Thus larger displacements are possible inside the ocean than are possible at the sea surface. Tides occur mainly at diurnal and semidiurnal periods. The principal lunar semidiurnal constituent is known as M2 and generally has the largest amplitudes. (See external links for more information.) == Location ==
The largest internal tides are generated at steep, midocean topography such as the Hawaiian Ridge, Tahiti, the Macquarie Ridge, and submarine ridges in the Luzon Strait. Continental slopes such as the Australian North West Shelf also generate large internal tides. These internal tide may propagate onshore and dissipate much like surface waves. Or internal tides may propagate away from the topography into the open ocean.",345
562,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_tide,Internal tide,"These internal tide may propagate onshore and dissipate much like surface waves. Or internal tides may propagate away from the topography into the open ocean. For tall, steep, midocean topography, such as the Hawaiian Ridge, it is estimated that about 85% of the energy in the internal tide propagates away into the deep ocean with about 15% of its energy being lost within about 50 km of the generation site. The lost energy contributes to turbulence and mixing near the generation sites. It is not clear where the energy that leaves the generation site is dissipated, but there are 3 possible processes: 1) the internal tides scatter and/or break at distant midocean topography, 2) interactions with other internal waves remove energy from the internal tide, or 3) the internal tides shoal and break on continental shelves. == Propagation and dissipation ==

Briscoe (1975)noted that “We cannot yet answer satisfactorily the questions: ‘where does the internal wave energy come from, where does it go, and what happens to it along the way?’”

Although technological advances in instrumentation and modeling have produced greater knowledge of internal tide and near-inertial wave generation, Garrett and Kunze (2007) observed 33 years later that “The fate of the radiated [large-scale internal tides] is still uncertain. They may scatter into [smaller scale waves] on further encounter with islands 
 
or the rough seafloor

, or transfer their energy to smaller-scale internal waves in the ocean interior

” or “break on distant continental slopes
”. It is now known that most of the internal tide energy generated at tall, steep midocean topography radiates away as large-scale internal waves.",374
563,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_tide,Internal tide,"They may scatter into [smaller scale waves] on further encounter with islands 
 
or the rough seafloor

, or transfer their energy to smaller-scale internal waves in the ocean interior

” or “break on distant continental slopes
”. It is now known that most of the internal tide energy generated at tall, steep midocean topography radiates away as large-scale internal waves. This radiated internal tide energy is one of the main sources of energy into the deep ocean, roughly half of the wind energy input
. Broader interest in internal tides is spurred by their impact on the magnitude and spatial inhomogeneity of mixing, which in turn has first order effect on the meridional overturning circulation

. The internal tidal energy in one tidal period going through an area perpendicular to the direction of propagation is called the energy flux and is measured in Watts/m
  
    
      
        
          
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle ^{2}}
  
. The energy flux at one point can be summed over depth- this is the depth-integrated energy flux and is measured in Watts/m. The Hawaiian Ridge produces depth-integrated energy fluxes as large as 10 kW/m. The longest wavelength waves are the fastest and thus carry most of the energy flux. Near Hawaii, the typical wavelength of the longest internal tide is about 150 km while the next longest is about 75 km. These waves are called mode 1 and mode 2, respectively. Although Fig.",397
564,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_tide,Internal tide,"These waves are called mode 1 and mode 2, respectively. Although Fig. 1 shows there is no sea surface expression of the internal tide, there actually is a displacement of a few centimeters. These sea surface expressions of the internal tide at different wavelengths can be detected with the Topex/Poseidon or Jason-1 satellites (Fig. 2). Near 15 N, 175 W on the Line Islands Ridge, the mode-1 internal tides scatter off the topography, possibly creating turbulence and mixing, and producing smaller wavelength mode 2 internal tides. The inescapable conclusion is that energy is lost from the surface tide to the internal tide at midocean topography and continental shelves, but the energy in the internal tide is not necessarily lost in the same place. Internal tides may propagate thousands of kilometers or more before breaking and mixing the abyssal ocean. == Abyssal mixing and meridional overturning circulation ==
The importance of internal tides and internal waves in general relates to their breaking, energy dissipation, and mixing of the deep ocean. If there were no mixing in the ocean, the deep ocean would be a cold stagnant pool with a thin warm surface layer. While the meridional overturning circulation (also referred to as the thermohaline circulation) redistributes about 2 PW of heat from the tropics to polar regions, the energy source for this flow is the interior mixing which is comparatively much smaller- about 2 TW. Sandstrom (1908) showed a fluid which is both heated and cooled at its surface cannot develop a deep overturning circulation. Most global models have incorporated uniform mixing throughout the ocean because they do not include or resolve internal tidal flows. However, models are now beginning to include spatially variable mixing related to internal tides and the rough topography where they are generated and distant topography where they may break.",369
565,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_tide,Internal tide,"Most global models have incorporated uniform mixing throughout the ocean because they do not include or resolve internal tidal flows. However, models are now beginning to include spatially variable mixing related to internal tides and the rough topography where they are generated and distant topography where they may break. Wunsch and Ferrari (2004) describe the global impact of spatially inhomogeneous mixing near midocean topography: “A number of lines of evidence, none complete, suggest that the oceanic general circulation, far from being a heat engine, is almost wholly governed by the forcing of the wind field and secondarily by deep water tides... The now inescapable conclusion that over most of the ocean significant ‘vertical’ mixing is confined to topographically complex boundary areas implies a potentially radically different interior circulation than is possible with uniform mixing. Whether ocean circulation models... neither explicitly accounting for the energy input into the system nor providing for spatial variability in the mixing, have any physical relevance under changed climate conditions is at issue.”  There is a limited understanding of “the sources controlling the internal wave energy in the ocean and the rate at which it is dissipated” and are only now developing some “parameterizations of the mixing generated by the interaction of internal waves, mesoscale eddies, high-frequency barotropic fluctuations, and other motions over sloping topography.”


== Internal tides at the beach ==

Internal tides may also dissipate on continental slopes and shelves

or even reach within 100 m of the beach (Fig. 3). Internal tides bring pulses of cold water shoreward and produce large vertical temperature differences. When surface waves break, the cold water is mixed upwards, making the water cold for surfers, swimmers, and other beachgoers. Surface waters in the surf zone can change by about 10 °C in about an hour.",383
566,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_tide,Internal tide,"When surface waves break, the cold water is mixed upwards, making the water cold for surfers, swimmers, and other beachgoers. Surface waters in the surf zone can change by about 10 °C in about an hour. == Internal tides, internal mixing, and biological enhancement ==
Internal tides generated by tidal semidiurnal currents impinging on steep submarine ridges in island passages, ex: Mona Passage, or near the shelf edge, can enhance turbulent dissipation and internal mixing near the generation site. The development of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability during the breaking of the internal tide can explain the formation of high diffusivity patches that generate a vertical flux of nitrate (NO3−) into the photic zone and can sustain new production locally. Another mechanism for higher nitrate flux at spring tides results from pulses of strong turbulent dissipation associated with high frequency internal soliton packets. Some internal soliton packets are the result of the nonlinear evolution of the internal tide. == See also ==
Tide
Internal wave
Physical oceanography


== References ==


== External links ==
[1] Scripps Institution of Oceanography
[2] Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System
[3] Internal Tides of the Oceans, Harper Simmons, by Jenn Wagaman of Arctic Region Supercomputing Center
[4] Principal tidal constituents in Physical oceanography textbook, Bob Stewart of Texas A&M University
[5] Eric Kunze's work on internal waves, internal tides, mixing, and more",314
567,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(1983_TV_series),Julia (1983 TV series),"Julia is a Venezuelan telenovela written by Humberto ""Kiko"" Olivieri and produced by Venevisión in 1983. Hilda Carrero and Eduardo Serrano as the main protagonists with Miriam Ochoa, Eva Blanco and Tony Rodríguez as the antagonists. In 2010, Telemundo produced a remake titled El fantasma de Elena. == Plot ==
Eduardo suffers an accident on his yacht and is found on a beach by Julia, a beautiful and humble girl who lives near the beach off the Venezuelan coast. Julia takes the stranger to her house where she lives with her father and a profound love develops between them. At first glance, her father notices the differences between the two. Eduardo convinces Julia they get married and move to the city since they have already made love. Eduardo is a wealthy widower and takes Julia to his mansion in Caracas. His family treats her harshly, especially Eduardo's sister Rebecca who sees her as an opportunist. In the mansion, Julia is captivated by a large painting of a beautiful woman which hangs in a most privileged place in the house. She later learns the picture is that of Eduardo's first wife also called Julia who committed suicide a year ago by throwing herself from the top floor window of the mansion. From that moment on, everyone begins to compare her with the deceased, especially Benjamín, Eduardo's young nephew. Julia begins to notice strange things and secrets in the Uzcátegui family such as strange noises from the walls, people disappearing, unexplained murders and illicit relations. Everyone believes this is caused by Julia's ghost, as several family members and the servants claim to have seen her ghost. Also, a rumor begins that Eduardo murdered his wife. Julia discovers she has a rich elderly grandmother who lives next door to the mansion as her father hid the truth from her.",388
568,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(1983_TV_series),Julia (1983 TV series),"Also, a rumor begins that Eduardo murdered his wife. Julia discovers she has a rich elderly grandmother who lives next door to the mansion as her father hid the truth from her. She also discovers the existence of a twin sister of the deceased, Daniela, who went crazy after her sister's suicide and was admitted into a mental asylum in London, but was later taken to the mansion and hidden in one of the rooms. Julia's grandmother dies and leaves her all her fortune and as she is now a millionaire, Eduardo's financial situation is in ruin. She begins to doubt him not only for his supposed involvement in death of his first wife, but also believes their meeting at the beach was planned knowing she was an heiress. Disappearances continue in the mansion, and everyone later discovers Julia is actually alive and it was her twin sister who died in her wedding dress. == Cast ==
Hilda Carrero as Julia
Eduardo Serrano as Eduardo
Miriam Ochoa as Julia/ Daniela
Tony Rodríguez as Benjamín
Eva Blanco as Latoña
Fernando Flores
Julio Jung
Elena Farías
Reneé de Pallás
Manuel Escolano
Mariela Alcalá
Esther Orjuela
Enrique Alzugaray
Francisco Ferrari
Esperanza Magaz


== See also ==
List of telenovelas of Venevisión


== References ==",307
569,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidomo_Emakhu,Aidomo Emakhu,"Aidomo Abraham Emakhu (born 26 October 2003) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for  club Oxford United. == Early life ==
Emakhu is from Bawnogue in Clondalkin. He attended the Moyle Park College in Clondalkin, South Dublin. == Club career ==


=== Early career ===
Emakhu began his career with St Francis at the age of 6, staying there until he turned 10, before two seasons with Lourdes Celtic and time with Crumlin United. Emakhu then played for Shamrock Rovers, being released at under-15 level; he then returned to Crumlin United and also played for Shelbourne, before returning to Shamrock Rovers. === Shamrock Rovers ===
On 15 May 2021, he made his senior debut for Shamrock Rovers, coming on as a substitute for Rory Gaffney in the 88th minute of a 1–1 league draw against Derry City. On 5 August 2021, he made his debut in a European competition, coming on the pitch in the final minutes of the UEFA Europa Conference League qualifying match against Teuta Durrës and scoring the game's only goal. === Millwall ===

In December 2022 it was announced that he would join English club Millwall the following month. He was initially assigned to the club's under-23 team, but trained with the first team. He made his debut for the club on 21 February 2023 in a 1–1 draw with league leaders Burnley at The Den. In total he made 82 appearances in all competitions for the club, scoring 3 goals, before departing for an undisclosed fee in February 2026. === Oxford United ===
On transfer deadline day in February 2026, Emakhu joined fellow Championship club Oxford United on a long-term deal for an undisclosed fee. == International career ==
Born in Ireland, Emakhu is of Nigerian descent.",399
570,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidomo_Emakhu,Aidomo Emakhu,"=== Oxford United ===
On transfer deadline day in February 2026, Emakhu joined fellow Championship club Oxford United on a long-term deal for an undisclosed fee. == International career ==
Born in Ireland, Emakhu is of Nigerian descent. He has played for the Republic of Ireland at under-19 youth level, scoring on his debut in October 2021. Emakhu scored his first goal for the Republic of Ireland U21 side in a 3–0 win over Kuwait U22 in a friendly on 19 June 2023. == Career statistics ==
As of match played 10 February 2026


== Honours ==
Shamrock Rovers

League of Ireland Premier Division: 2021, 2022
President of Ireland's Cup: 2022


== References ==


== External links ==
Aidomo Emakhu at WorldFootball.net",173
571,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berizal,Berizal,"Berizal is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. As of 2020 the population was 4,764 in a total area of 493 km2 (190 sq mi). The city belongs to the mesoregion of Jequitinhonha and to the microregion of Salinas. The elevation of the municipal seat is 692 meters. It became a municipality in 1997. This municipality is located in an isolated area of the state on the Rio Pardo, which flows into the Atlantic at Canavieiras, in the state of Bahia. Municipal boundaries are with: Aguas Vermelhas, São João do Paraíso, Taiobeiras, and Curral de Dentro. The main economic activities are cattle raising and farming. The GDP was R$10,043,000 (2005). There were no banking agencies in 2006. In the rural area there were 283 farms with around 900 people involved in the agricultural sector. There were 23 tractors, a ratio of one tractor for every 14 farms. The main crops were coffee, bananas, sugarcane, beans, manioc, and corn. In the health sector there were 3 health clinics. The score on the Municipal Human Development Index was 0.601. This ranked Divisa Alegre 834 out of 853 municipalities in the state, with Poços de Caldas in first place with 0.841 and Setubinha in last place with 0.568. See Frigoletto for the complete list. == See also ==
List of municipalities in Minas Gerais


== References ==

Statistics from IBGE",343
572,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Feick,Jamie Feick,"Jamie Feick (born July 3, 1974) is an American former professional basketball player. A 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) center from Michigan State University, Feick played in the NBA from 1996 to 2001. He played for the Charlotte Hornets, San Antonio Spurs, Milwaukee Bucks and New Jersey Nets. He was selected by the Philadelphia 76ers in the second round (48th pick overall) of the 1996 NBA draft. == Playing career ==
He won a high school state championship with Lexington High School in 1991. In his NBA career, Feick played in 201 games and scored a total of 911 points. In the lockout-shortened 1999 season, Feick averaged 11 rebounds per game in 26 games for the New Jersey Nets, and on January 20, 2000, recorded 12 points and 25 rebounds in one game. His last games were in the 2000–01 season, when his career was ended by an Achilles tendon injury. He remained officially on New Jersey's roster until April 2003 despite the Nets attempting to have his contract terminated as early as June 2002. == NBA career statistics ==


=== Regular season ===


== Other careers ==
In 2008 Feick joined the Walmart FLW bass fishing tournaments tour. In 2009 and 2010 he competed in the majors division, entering seven tournaments and earning $10,500. In late 2010 he left professional fishing to take the job of head basketball coach at Lexington High School in Lexington, Ohio, where he had attended as a student and won two state basketball titles. Feick is also the co-founder and CEO of Mid-Ohio Tubing LLC, which he co-founded with Wayne Riffe on August 2, 2013. == References ==


== External links ==

Career statistics from NBA.com · Basketball Reference",361
573,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"The 2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment (Italian: 2° Reggimento Genio Pontieri) is a military engineering regiment of the Italian Army based in Piacenza in the Emilia Romagna. The regiment is assigned to the army's Engineer Command and the Italian Army's only unit focusing on operational level water crossings. The term ""Pontieri"" comes from the Italian word for bridge (Italian: Ponte) and is used to denote units of the Italian Army's engineer arm tasked with the construction and repair of bridges. Enlisted personnel in such units is addressed by the singular form: ""Pontiere"". The regiment was formed in 1883 as an engineer regiment, which united all Pontieri companies of the Royal Italian Army. During World War I the regiment formed battalions and companies, which operated along the Italian Front. In 1933, the regiment was split into the 1st Pontieri Regiment (Light Bridges) and 2nd Pontieri Regiment (Heavy Bridges). During World War II the regiment formed battalions and smaller units, which were deployed on all fronts. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943, the regiment was disbanded by invading German forces. In 1949, the regiment was reformed and has been active since. The regiment's anniversary falls, as for all engineer units, on 24 June 1918, the last day of the Second Battle of the Piave River. == History ==
On 1 January 1883, the Royal Italian Army formed the 4th Engineer Regiment in Piacenza. The 1st Engineer Regiment and 2nd Engineer Regiment transferred both four Pontieri companies and one train company to the new regiment. The 2nd Engineer Regiment also transferred its 14th Sappers Company (Lagunari), which was based in Venice and tasked with operating in the Venetian Lagoon, Marano Lagoon, and Grado Lagoon.",382
574,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"The 1st Engineer Regiment and 2nd Engineer Regiment transferred both four Pontieri companies and one train company to the new regiment. The 2nd Engineer Regiment also transferred its 14th Sappers Company (Lagunari), which was based in Venice and tasked with operating in the Venetian Lagoon, Marano Lagoon, and Grado Lagoon. Upon entering the new regiment the two train companies were reorganized into four train companies, while the 14th Sappers Company (Lagunari) split to form two Lagunari companies. The 1st Pontieri Company, which arrived from the 2nd Engineer Regiment, had distinguished itself during the First Italian War of Independence at the Siege of Peschiera and been awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor. Upon entering the new regiment the medal was affixed to the regiment's flag. On 23 June 1887, the regiment was renamed 4th Engineer Regiment. On 1 November of the same year, the regiment transferred a train company to the 3rd Engineer Regiment, which in turn transferred its Ferrovieri brigade, which consisted of four Ferrovieri companies based in Turin, to the 4th Engineer Regiment. The 4th Engineer Regiment consisted afterwards of a staff, three Pontieri brigades (with eight companies), a Ferrovieri brigade (with four companies), a Lagunari brigade (with two companies), three train companies, and a depot. On 1 July 1895, the Ferrovieri brigade in Turin became an autonomous unit, which, on 9 August 1910, was used to form the 6th Engineer Regiment (Ferrovieri). During the same year engineer units' brigades were renamed battalions and, on 1 November 1895, the 4th Engineer Regiment was renamed 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri). Also during the same year the regiment provided five officers and 15 enlisted for units deployed to Eritrea for the First Italo-Ethiopian War.",390
575,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"During the same year engineer units' brigades were renamed battalions and, on 1 November 1895, the 4th Engineer Regiment was renamed 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri). Also during the same year the regiment provided five officers and 15 enlisted for units deployed to Eritrea for the First Italo-Ethiopian War. In 1911-12, the regiment provided three officers and 793 enlisted for units deployed for the Italo-Turkish War. === World War I ===
During World War I battalions and companies formed by the regiment fought in all sectors of the Italian Front. In total the regiment formed six Pontieri battalion commands and 23 Pontieri companies, six Lagunari companies, two siege park companies, a river guides company, a hydraulic operators company, four bridge sections for cavalry, and three territorial militia companies. The regiment's units fought in eleven battles on the Isonzo river. After the disastrous Battle of Caporetto Pontieri units built pontoon bridges over the Torre and Tagliamento rivers to allow the Italian 3rd Army to escape the Austro-Hungarian Army's advance. During the First Battle of the Piave River and Second Battle of the Piave River, which were fought along the lower Piave river, the regiment's Pontieri and Lagunari units played a decisive role. In October and November 1918, during the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment's Pontieri companies built the pontoon bridges across the Piave river, which allowed the Royal Italian Army to defeat the Austro-Hungarian Army's 5th Army and 6th Army. ==== 8th Engineer Regiment (Lagunari) ====
On 28 August 1918, the 8th Engineer Regiment (Lagunari) was formed in Ferrara and all units of this engineer speciality were transferred from the 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri) to the new regiment.",389
576,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"In October and November 1918, during the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto the regiment's Pontieri companies built the pontoon bridges across the Piave river, which allowed the Royal Italian Army to defeat the Austro-Hungarian Army's 5th Army and 6th Army. ==== 8th Engineer Regiment (Lagunari) ====
On 28 August 1918, the 8th Engineer Regiment (Lagunari) was formed in Ferrara and all units of this engineer speciality were transferred from the 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri) to the new regiment. The new regiment consisted of a command, the I Lagunari Battalion in Venice with the 9th, 15th, 20th, and 23rd Lagunari companies, and the II Lagunari Battalion with the 10th, 21st, 22nd, and 24th Lagunari companies in Ferrara. In October 1918, the regiment formed the 1st Train Company and the same month the regiment's companies were heavily engaged in the Piave river delta during the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto. In November 1918, the regiment moved to Venice, where it was disbanded on 21 November 1919. On the same date, the regiment's only remaining Lagunari battalion with its two Lagunari companies was transferred to the 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri), which changed its name on the same day to Pontieri and Lagunari Engineer Regiment. === Interwar years ===
At the end of 1918, the 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri) still had six battalions and 26 companies, as well as the four four bridge sections for cavalry, deployed along the former war zone to repair damaged bridges.",346
577,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"On the same date, the regiment's only remaining Lagunari battalion with its two Lagunari companies was transferred to the 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri), which changed its name on the same day to Pontieri and Lagunari Engineer Regiment. === Interwar years ===
At the end of 1918, the 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri) still had six battalions and 26 companies, as well as the four four bridge sections for cavalry, deployed along the former war zone to repair damaged bridges. On 21 November 1919, the 8th Engineer Regiment (Lagunari) was disbanded and the regiment's only remaining Lagunari battalion was transferred to the 4th Engineer Regiment (Pontieri), which changed its name on the same day to Pontieri and Lagunari Engineer Regiment. Afterwards the regiment consisted of a command, three Pontieri battalions, a Lagunari battalion in Venice, and a depot. On 1 March 1926, the regiment was renamed Pontieri and Lagunari Regiment and, on 31 December of the same year, consisted of a command, the I and III Pontieri battalions in Piacenza, the II Pontieri battalion in Verona, the IV Pontieri battalion in Rome, the V Lagunari battalion in Venice, and depot. On 15 May 1933, the regiment was split into the 1st Pontieri Regiment (Light Bridges) and 2nd Pontieri Regiment (Heavy Bridges). The 1st Pontieri Regiment, which was based in Verona, received the II Pontieri Battalion in Verona, IV Pontieri Battalion in Rome, and V Lagunari Battalion in Venice. The 2nd Pontieri Regiment, which retained the flag and traditions of the Pontieri and Lagunari Regiment, received the I and III Pontieri battalions in Piacenza.",367
578,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"The 1st Pontieri Regiment, which was based in Verona, received the II Pontieri Battalion in Verona, IV Pontieri Battalion in Rome, and V Lagunari Battalion in Venice. The 2nd Pontieri Regiment, which retained the flag and traditions of the Pontieri and Lagunari Regiment, received the I and III Pontieri battalions in Piacenza. In 1935, the regiment formed the following units in preparation for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War:

three special Pontieri companies (one for Somalia and two for Eritrea)
one Pontieri Company (for Libya)
one special Pontieri unit (for Somalia)
one special truck-transported Pontieri unit (for Somalia)
On 10 January 1936, the regiment formed the III Mixed Pontieri Battalion, which was meant to support 32nd Motorized Division ""Trento"". In December of the same year, the regiment formed the 7th, 8th, 9th Pontieri companies, which were sent to augment units deployed in Ethiopia. On 1 October 1938, the regiment's two battalions were reorganized and afterwards the I Battalion consisted of two light bridges companies and a heavy bridges company, while the II Battalion consisted of a light bridges company and a heavy bridges company. === World War II ===
During World War II the regiment's depot in Piacenza mobilized the following units:

I, XXXI, XXXII, and XXXVII Pontieri battalions (light bridges)
XXXII Pontieri Battalion (heavy bridges)
XXIII Pontieri Battalion (light truck-transported bridges)
and dozens of autonomous Pontieri companies and sections
In summer 1941, the I Pontieri Battalion was assigned to the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia, with which the battalion deployed to the Eastern Front in Ukraine.",371
579,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"On 1 October 1938, the regiment's two battalions were reorganized and afterwards the I Battalion consisted of two light bridges companies and a heavy bridges company, while the II Battalion consisted of a light bridges company and a heavy bridges company. === World War II ===
During World War II the regiment's depot in Piacenza mobilized the following units:

I, XXXI, XXXII, and XXXVII Pontieri battalions (light bridges)
XXXII Pontieri Battalion (heavy bridges)
XXIII Pontieri Battalion (light truck-transported bridges)
and dozens of autonomous Pontieri companies and sections
In summer 1941, the I Pontieri Battalion was assigned to the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia, with which the battalion deployed to the Eastern Front in Ukraine. In September 1941, the battalion repaired a 1,422 yd (1,300 m) long Soviet pontoon bridge over the Dnipro river at Dnipro under enemy fire. For this and its conduct during the Italian campaign in the Soviet Union the I Pontieri Battalion was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and added to the regiment's coat of arms. In the evening of 8 September 1943, the Armistice of Cassibile, which ended hostilities between the Kingdom of Italy and the Anglo-American Allies, was announced by General Dwight D. Eisenhower on Radio Algiers and by Marshal Pietro Badoglio on Italian radio. Germany reacted by invading Italy and the 2nd Pontieri Regiment was disbanded soon thereafter by German forces. === Cold War ===
On 15 December 1949, the 2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment was reformed in Piacenza and assigned to the Tuscan-Emilian Military Region.",357
580,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"Germany reacted by invading Italy and the 2nd Pontieri Regiment was disbanded soon thereafter by German forces. === Cold War ===
On 15 December 1949, the 2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment was reformed in Piacenza and assigned to the Tuscan-Emilian Military Region. The reformed regiment consisted of a command, command platoon, a pontieri battalion with one training company and one operations company, a Ferrovieri battalion with two dismountable metal bridges companies based in Castel Maggiore, a railway operations company based in Turin, and a park company. The Railway Operations Company operated the Chivasso–Ivrea–Aosta railway. In 1950, the regiment began a tradition to erect the temporary bridge for the yearly Festa del Redentore in Venice. The tradition continued until the end of obligatory military service in 2000. In 1951, the regiment expanded its command platoon to command company. In November 1951, the regiment was deployed to support the civilians population after the Polesine floods, for which the regiment was awarded a Silver Medal of Civil Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag. On 1 March 1953, the regiment formed the II Pontieri Battalion in Legnano and the III Pontieri Battalion in Piacenza. On 1 January 1954, the Ferrovieri Battalion became an autonomous unit, which was expanded to Ferrovieri Engineer Regiment on 1 October 1957. On the same day, the II Pontieri Battalion in Legnano and the Railway Operations Company in Turin were transferred to the Ferrovieri Engineer Regiment. On 1 February 1964, the II Pontieri Battalion returned to the 2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment. On 6 September 1974, the I Pontieri Battalion in Piacenza and the II Pontieri Battalion in Legnano switched numbers, and on the same day the new II Pontieri Battalion in Piacenza was reduced to a reserve unit.",383
581,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"On 1 February 1964, the II Pontieri Battalion returned to the 2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment. On 6 September 1974, the I Pontieri Battalion in Piacenza and the II Pontieri Battalion in Legnano switched numbers, and on the same day the new II Pontieri Battalion in Piacenza was reduced to a reserve unit. During the 1975 army reform the regiment was assigned to the Engineering Inspectorate and its organization at the time was as follows:


=== Recent times ===
On 22 September 1992, the regiment's 1st Pontieri Battalion in Legnano became an autonomous unit and was assigned to the Northeastern Military Region. The autonomous battalion was assigned the flag and traditions of the 1st Pontieri Regiment and renamed 1st Pontieri Engineer Battalion. On 31 August 1995, the battalion was renamed 5th Engineer Battalion ""Bolsena"" and the flag of the 1st Pontieri Regiment was returned to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome for safekkeping. On 1 December 1997, the 2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment was transferred from the Tuscan-Emilian Military Region to the army's Engineer Grouping, which on 10 September 2010, was reorganized as Engineer Command. After the August 2016 earthquake in Central Italy the regiment's companies deployed to the area to assist in the recovery efforts and to provide engineering services to the affected communities. The companies returned to the regiment's base in April 2017. For its service after the earthquake the regiment was awarded a Gold Cross of Army Merit, which was affixed to the regiment's flag. == Organization ==

As of 2024 the 2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment is organized as follows:

The two bridge companies are equipped with French Motorized Floating Bridges, while the other two companies are equipped with a variety of cranes, excavators, etc.",377
582,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Pontieri_Engineer_Regiment,2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment,"For its service after the earthquake the regiment was awarded a Gold Cross of Army Merit, which was affixed to the regiment's flag. == Organization ==

As of 2024 the 2nd Pontieri Engineer Regiment is organized as follows:

The two bridge companies are equipped with French Motorized Floating Bridges, while the other two companies are equipped with a variety of cranes, excavators, etc. == External links ==
Italian Army Website: 2° Reggimento Genio Pontieri


== References ==",106
583,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Axe,Stanford Axe,"The Stanford Axe is a trophy awarded to the winner of the annual Big Game, a college football match-up between the University of California, Berkeley Golden Bears and the Stanford Cardinal. The trophy consists of an axe-head mounted on a large wooden plaque, along with the scores of past Big Games. Stanford currently holds the Axe after defeating Cal 31–10 in the 2025 game. == History ==


=== Origins ===

The Axe was originally a standard 12-inch lumberman's axe. It made its first appearance on April 13, 1899, during a Stanford rally when yell leaders used it to decapitate a straw man dressed in blue and gold ribbons while chanting the Axe yell, which was based on The Frogs by Aristophanes (Brekekekèx-koàx-koáx):


=== Theft by University of California ===

The Axe made its second appearance two days later on April 15, 1899, at a Cal–Stanford baseball game played at 16th Street and Folsom in San Francisco. Led by Billy Erb, the Stanford yell leaders paraded the Axe and used it to chop up blue and gold ribbon after every good play by the Stanford team, while shouting the Axe yell. However, Stanford lost the game and the series, and the yell leaders debated if the Axe was a jinx and whether to dispose of it. As Stanford students discussed the Axe's fate, a group of Cal students seized it and ran off with the Axe. It in turn was passed from student to student, and a chase ensued through the streets of San Francisco, first followed by Stanford students and fans and second followed by the San Francisco police. During the chase, the Axe's handle was broken off. Cal student Clint Miller, who was wearing an overcoat so he could easily conceal the axe head, was the last to handle the Axe.",381
584,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Axe,Stanford Axe,"During the chase, the Axe's handle was broken off. Cal student Clint Miller, who was wearing an overcoat so he could easily conceal the axe head, was the last to handle the Axe. As he reached the Ferry Building, he noticed the police inspecting the pockets of every boarding male passenger. Miller described what happened next in a letter he wrote in 1912:

As we approached the Ferry Building I saw several policemen and the President of the Student Body at Stanford searching the boys. I thought the jig was up. I suddenly saw a girl with whom I had gone to High School but whom I had not seen for two years. She was going into the narrow gauge (ferry) slip. I turned and waved goodbye to the boys and ran and took her arm and went with her to the narrow gauge ferry-which went to Oakland and not Berkeley. (The boats of the ferry connected with a railroad line, commonly called ""narrow gauge"" because the rails lay closer together than standard width.) I had no ticket to get me on the boat and I had decided to dash past the ticket collector when I got to the gate. Had I gone to buy a ticket I would have had to pass cops. Jimmy Hopper saw my game. He went to the ticket office, bought a ticket, rushed over and dropped it into my pocket just as I entered the gate. We got safely to Oakland that night and put the Axe in the safe of Morris the Photographer. Recent research indicates it is possible Miller may have used the historic Southern Pacific steam ferryboat Berkeley (Maritime Museum of San Diego) as the getaway boat. From there Miller took the Axe back to Berkeley where it was first stored in a fraternity (Chi Phi), and later in a bank vault. Two days later, Cal held its first Axe Rally. === Recapture by Stanford University ===

For the next 31 years, the Axe stayed in Berkeley as a prize of conquest.",396
585,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Axe,Stanford Axe,"Two days later, Cal held its first Axe Rally. === Recapture by Stanford University ===

For the next 31 years, the Axe stayed in Berkeley as a prize of conquest. In 1930, 21 Stanford students plotted to take back the Axe from Cal. This group became known in Stanford lore as the Immortal 21 (including Gerald Bettman and Ed Soares); Cal partisans call them the Immoral 21. Cal's protection of the Axe at the time was intense—it was kept in a Berkeley bank vault and brought out, in an armored car, only for spring baseball and Big Game rallies. The Stanford group decided that their best chance would be right after the spring Axe rally, held that year on April 3 at Cal's Greek Theatre 
After the rally, four Stanford students posing as photographers temporarily blinded Norm Horner, the Grand Custodian of the Axe, with camera flashes. In the subsequent scuffle, the Stanford students grabbed the Axe while several others disguised as Cal students tossed a tear gas (or smoke, depending on account) bomb at the Cal students who guarded it. The Axe was taken to one of three cars which sped off in different directions. Several other Stanford students (disguised as Cal students) further delayed attempts to recover the Axe by organizing a search party away from the direction of the getaway cars. Although several of the raiders were caught, the Axe made it back to Stanford where it was paraded around the campus. === Use as a trophy ===

For three years after the raid on Berkeley the Stanford Axe lay in a Palo Alto bank vault while both universities decided what to do with it. In 1933, both sides agreed to designate the Axe as the annual trophy to be awarded to the Big Game's winner; in the event of a tie, it would be kept by the side already possessing the Axe. However, the agreement did not stop students from both schools from stealing (or attempting to steal) the Axe.",396
586,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Axe,Stanford Axe,"In 1933, both sides agreed to designate the Axe as the annual trophy to be awarded to the Big Game's winner; in the event of a tie, it would be kept by the side already possessing the Axe. However, the agreement did not stop students from both schools from stealing (or attempting to steal) the Axe. Since 1933, Cal students have stolen the Axe three times and Stanford students four times; the most recent incident occurred in 1973. On January 28, 1978, a group of Cal students paraded a carefully constructed replica of the Axe across the court of Stanford's Maples Pavilion during the Cal-Stanford basketball game. This ""Fake Axe"" stunt led to erroneous reports in the following day's papers that the Axe had been stolen, therefore some sources report 1978 as the most recent theft. == Traditions ==
Depending on which school holds the Axe, the trophy's recorded score for the 1982 Big Game is changed. This is part of the continuing dispute surrounding The Play, the last play in the final seconds of the 1982 game, which ended with a kickoff return marked by five laterals. During the play, the Stanford Band, believing the game was over and that Stanford had won, ran onto the field; the touchdown run through the band featured the last Cal returner, Kevin Moen, running through a Stanford trombone player, Gary Tyrell, in the end zone. Referees declared the touchdown as legal, and California won the game. However, Stanford contends that one of the five laterals on that play was an illegal forward pass, and that a Cal player was tackled before he lateraled the ball. As a result, whenever Stanford wins the Axe, the 1982 score is changed on the trophy from ""California 25–20"" to read ""Stanford 20–19.""",365
587,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Axe,Stanford Axe,"However, Stanford contends that one of the five laterals on that play was an illegal forward pass, and that a Cal player was tackled before he lateraled the ball. As a result, whenever Stanford wins the Axe, the 1982 score is changed on the trophy from ""California 25–20"" to read ""Stanford 20–19."" Despite this practice, the official score (California 25–20) must be on the Axe prior to the start of each Big Game, no matter who has it at the time. When Stanford has the Axe, it is guarded by the Stanford Axe Committee and kept in a secret location, when not on display in the lobby of the Arrillaga Sports Center. When California is in possession of the Axe, the Chairman of the UC Rally Committee acts as its custodian. It is generally displayed in the lobby of the Martin Luther King Junior Student Union Building. During the Big Game, the Axe is displayed by the school that won the Big Game the previous year. The Axe is transferred at the Big Game during what is known as ""The Stare Down."" With two minutes remaining in the game, the Axe is brought to the 50 yard line, where members of the UC Rally Committee and the Stanford Axe Committee wait until the end of the game to determine who will take the Axe. Once the game ends, the winner of the Big Game takes possession of the Axe until the next Big Game is played. Currently, Stanford has possession after winning the 128th Big Game on November 22, 2025 by the score of 31–10, ending Cal's four year hold of the axe. Although Stanford leads the all-time series before and after the use of the Axe as a trophy, California still has held the Axe for a longer amount of time due to their 31 year possession before the recapture of the Axe by Stanford. During the time the Axe has been used as a trophy, Stanford has held it 48 times to California's 38.",394
588,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Axe,Stanford Axe,"Although Stanford leads the all-time series before and after the use of the Axe as a trophy, California still has held the Axe for a longer amount of time due to their 31 year possession before the recapture of the Axe by Stanford. During the time the Axe has been used as a trophy, Stanford has held it 48 times to California's 38. == References ==


== External links ==

Cal's History and Tales of the Stanford Axe
Stanford's History of the Stanford Axe
The Stanford Axe, Jointly Written by Cal and Stanford students at the time of its first recovery Archived 2015-04-06 at the Wayback Machine",132
589,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk_Gah,Erk Gah,"""Erk Gah"" (later retitled ""Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine"") is a song written by Tim Hodgkinson for the English experimental rock group Henry Cow. ""Erk Gah"" was performed live by the band between 1976 and 1978, but was never recorded in the studio; three live performances of the song would later be released on the live album Stockholm & Göteborg in 2008 and the compilation The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set in 2009. In 1993, fifteen years after Henry Cow disbanded, Hodgkinson recorded the composition under the title ""Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine"" for his solo album Each in Our Own Thoughts (1994), featuring former Henry Cow members Chris Cutler, Lindsay Cooper, and Dagmar Krause. ""Erk Gah"" was the second of two ""epic"" compositions that Hodgkinson wrote for Henry Cow, the first being ""Living in the Heart of the Beast"" from In Praise of Learning (1975). == Development ==
Hodgkinson wrote the lyrics and music for ""Erk Gah"" in mid-1976. It is a seventeen-minute, ""12-tone, atonal"" extended song that he described as ""dry, astringent, angular, with no compromise to rock music"". Known for his ""complicated"" compositions for Henry Cow (such as ""Amygdala"" from Legend and ""Living in the Heart of the Beast"" from In Praise of Learning), ""Erk Gah"" was initially a challenge for the group to learn, but by the end of 1976 they had performed it live several times. Hodgkinson's initial set of lyrics takes the form of a soliloquy by a character awaiting execution. In December 1976 Hodgkinson requested that ""Erk Gah"" be withdrawn from the band's repertoire until he could rewrite the lyrics.",375
590,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk_Gah,Erk Gah,"Hodgkinson's initial set of lyrics takes the form of a soliloquy by a character awaiting execution. In December 1976 Hodgkinson requested that ""Erk Gah"" be withdrawn from the band's repertoire until he could rewrite the lyrics. The rest of the group, however, felt that it should remain on their set list while awaiting the new lyrics, and they continued to perform it live. In July 1977 the group, already having made anti-capitalist statements in their music, wanted to make an anti-fascist statement to ""critique the rightist elements"" in the burgeoning punk rock movement; it was suggested that ""Erk Gah""'s new lyrics should reflect this stance. In January 1978, as Henry Cow prepared to depart for Switzerland to record their next album, Hodgkinson presented his revised lyrics to the group. The rest of the group rejected the new lyrics, and asked drummer Chris Cutler to write a third set of lyrics. Cutler was unable to do so in the short period of time left before the recording sessions were due to begin, and ""Erk Gah"" was not recorded. Henry Cow continued to perform ""Erk Gah"" live several times in 1978, though rearranged as an instrumental due to vocalist Dagmar Krause's departure from the group. They returned to the studio in July 1978 to record their final album, Western Culture, but ""Erk Gah"" was again not recorded. Henry Cow disbanded soon after the recording sessions. In 1993 Hodgkinson – along with Krause, Cutler, and former Henry Cow woodwind player Lindsay Cooper – recorded ""Erk Gah"" with his original lyrics as ""Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine"" for his solo album Each in Our Own Thoughts. However, in 2008 he would state that ""in retrospect I far prefer the Cow version to the later studio version.""",376
591,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk_Gah,Erk Gah,"In 1993 Hodgkinson – along with Krause, Cutler, and former Henry Cow woodwind player Lindsay Cooper – recorded ""Erk Gah"" with his original lyrics as ""Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine"" for his solo album Each in Our Own Thoughts. However, in 2008 he would state that ""in retrospect I far prefer the Cow version to the later studio version."" == Title ==
When Henry Cow guitarist Fred Frith first saw the sheet music for the then-untitled piece, he exclaimed ""Erk Gah"", a nonsense expression used by Don Martin in his cartoons for Mad magazine. ""Erk Gah"" thus became the composition's provisional title, and had not been changed by the time the group disbanded in 1978. Hodgkinson retitled it ""Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine"" for its recording in 1993. == Composition and structure ==
""Erk Gah"" is a fully notated, eighteen-minute twelve-tone serialist work comprising five large movements linked to five sections of text. In his 2019 book Henry Cow: The World Is a Problem, musicologist Benjamin Piekut wrote that Hodgkinson built the piece around the vocal melody, unlike his earlier long-form piece ""Living in the Heart of the Beast"" which had its lyrics and vocal melody added last. Hodgkinson described the piece as ""a wild, shifting, fluid chaos of transient forms""; Piekut states that ""tonal, textural, and rhythmic elements mutate often throughout the work"". The first movement of the piece summarizes musical styles and motifs that appear in the subsequent movements. Piekut notes that here Hodgkinson presents ""an oscillating figure that marks the entire piece; often appearing in the voice, this figure has Krause rocking back and forth between two pitches"".",365
592,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk_Gah,Erk Gah,"The first movement of the piece summarizes musical styles and motifs that appear in the subsequent movements. Piekut notes that here Hodgkinson presents ""an oscillating figure that marks the entire piece; often appearing in the voice, this figure has Krause rocking back and forth between two pitches"". Also present is ""a rhythmic figure in which successive beats are divided into an increasing or decreasing number of attacks"", or ""acceleration or deceleration [that] takes place inside a steady tempo"". The second movement begins with the trial of the song's protagonist and narrator. Here the timbre and texture of the work changes, which now features ""contrapuntal relations among the various instruments"". Cello, flute, saxophone, organ, and guitar are heard in ""a twelve-tone pitch space that refuses any tonal center"". In the third movement, the narrator reflects on the optimism of the past, and the music ""re-centers around E, a tritone up from the B-flat tonal center"" that the piece began with. Krause sings ""long melodies in a pitch sequence from the first movement"" that soon begins oscillating between C and B♭. Piekut stated that Hodgkinson ""modulates the meter and tempo such that Krause's voice remains un-disturbed while the rhythms shift erratically underneath"". In the next movement the narrator experiences ""loss and nothingness"", and this is the only movement that does not start with singing. Piekut described this section as having a ""chamber music feel, with many instruments offering atomistic and brittle gestures that cohere at times into unison lines"". In this movement Hodgkinson ""introduces a new rhythmic motive shared by all but heard frequently in the bass with an oscillating tritone"". The final movement, in which the narrator expresses ""fury"", brings the work to a close with ""long tones in the bass that support counterpoint between organ and voice"".",398
593,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk_Gah,Erk Gah,"In this movement Hodgkinson ""introduces a new rhythmic motive shared by all but heard frequently in the bass with an oscillating tritone"". The final movement, in which the narrator expresses ""fury"", brings the work to a close with ""long tones in the bass that support counterpoint between organ and voice"". Piekut concludes that ""Erk Gah"" ""holds little converse with rock convention"" and ""sounds more like modernist chamber music scored mainly for amplified instruments"". He adds that ""[t]here is very little repetition and no single drumbeat to speak of"" in the piece, although there are recurrent ""eruptive squeals"" suggestive of free jazz. == Reception ==
In a review of the archival Henry Cow live album Stockholm & Göteborg in Clouds and Clocks, Beppe Colli felt that ""Erk Gah"" was too similar to ""Living in the Heart of the Beast"", and found Krause's vocals ""bordering on kitsch in [their] emphasis"", but praised the piece's final instrumental movement. François Couture of AllMusic considered the Stockholm & Göteborg recording ""a tour de force of complex avant-garde rock"" in his review of the album.",255
594,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk_Gah,Erk Gah,"== Reception ==
In a review of the archival Henry Cow live album Stockholm & Göteborg in Clouds and Clocks, Beppe Colli felt that ""Erk Gah"" was too similar to ""Living in the Heart of the Beast"", and found Krause's vocals ""bordering on kitsch in [their] emphasis"", but praised the piece's final instrumental movement. François Couture of AllMusic considered the Stockholm & Göteborg recording ""a tour de force of complex avant-garde rock"" in his review of the album. == Live performances ==
Henry Cow never recorded ""Erk Gah"" in the studio, but did perform it live between 1976 and 1978:

25 August 1976 in Vevey, Switzerland for the Swiss TV program Kaleidospop (the only known video recording of Henry Cow)
Released on DVD in Volume 10: Vevey of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set
September and November 1976 in Italy and France
9 May 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden for the Sveriges Radio program, Tonkraft, broadcast on 8 June and 11 June 1977
Released on Volume 6: Stockholm & Göteborg of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set; also released on a separate CD in September 2008 in advance of the box set release, making it the first officially Henry Cow recording of ""Erk Gah""
May and June 1977 in Sweden and Southend-on-Sea, England
November and December 1977 in France and the Netherlands
January 1978 in Switzerland
22 March 1978 in Bremen, West Germany for Radio Bremen (instrumental version)
Released on Volume 8: Bremen of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set


== Personnel ==


=== ""Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine"" (1994) ===
Tim Hodgkinson – keyboards, alto saxophone, clarinet
Dagmar Krause – lead vocals
Chris Cutler – drums
Bill Gilonis – electric guitar
Lindsay Cooper – bassoon
Richard Bolton – cello
Guy Segers – bass guitar
Dominic Weeks – xylophone
Nancy Ruffer, Clarissa Melville – flute
Jonathan Impett – trumpet


== References ==


== Works cited ==
Cutler, Chris, ed.",477
595,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk_Gah,Erk Gah,"François Couture of AllMusic considered the Stockholm & Göteborg recording ""a tour de force of complex avant-garde rock"" in his review of the album. == Live performances ==
Henry Cow never recorded ""Erk Gah"" in the studio, but did perform it live between 1976 and 1978:

25 August 1976 in Vevey, Switzerland for the Swiss TV program Kaleidospop (the only known video recording of Henry Cow)
Released on DVD in Volume 10: Vevey of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set
September and November 1976 in Italy and France
9 May 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden for the Sveriges Radio program, Tonkraft, broadcast on 8 June and 11 June 1977
Released on Volume 6: Stockholm & Göteborg of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set; also released on a separate CD in September 2008 in advance of the box set release, making it the first officially Henry Cow recording of ""Erk Gah""
May and June 1977 in Sweden and Southend-on-Sea, England
November and December 1977 in France and the Netherlands
January 1978 in Switzerland
22 March 1978 in Bremen, West Germany for Radio Bremen (instrumental version)
Released on Volume 8: Bremen of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set


== Personnel ==


=== ""Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine"" (1994) ===
Tim Hodgkinson – keyboards, alto saxophone, clarinet
Dagmar Krause – lead vocals
Chris Cutler – drums
Bill Gilonis – electric guitar
Lindsay Cooper – bassoon
Richard Bolton – cello
Guy Segers – bass guitar
Dominic Weeks – xylophone
Nancy Ruffer, Clarissa Melville – flute
Jonathan Impett – trumpet


== References ==


== Works cited ==
Cutler, Chris, ed. (2009a).",404
596,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk_Gah,Erk Gah,"== Live performances ==
Henry Cow never recorded ""Erk Gah"" in the studio, but did perform it live between 1976 and 1978:

25 August 1976 in Vevey, Switzerland for the Swiss TV program Kaleidospop (the only known video recording of Henry Cow)
Released on DVD in Volume 10: Vevey of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set
September and November 1976 in Italy and France
9 May 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden for the Sveriges Radio program, Tonkraft, broadcast on 8 June and 11 June 1977
Released on Volume 6: Stockholm & Göteborg of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set; also released on a separate CD in September 2008 in advance of the box set release, making it the first officially Henry Cow recording of ""Erk Gah""
May and June 1977 in Sweden and Southend-on-Sea, England
November and December 1977 in France and the Netherlands
January 1978 in Switzerland
22 March 1978 in Bremen, West Germany for Radio Bremen (instrumental version)
Released on Volume 8: Bremen of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set


== Personnel ==


=== ""Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine"" (1994) ===
Tim Hodgkinson – keyboards, alto saxophone, clarinet
Dagmar Krause – lead vocals
Chris Cutler – drums
Bill Gilonis – electric guitar
Lindsay Cooper – bassoon
Richard Bolton – cello
Guy Segers – bass guitar
Dominic Weeks – xylophone
Nancy Ruffer, Clarissa Melville – flute
Jonathan Impett – trumpet


== References ==


== Works cited ==
Cutler, Chris, ed. (2009a). ""The Road: Volumes 1–5"". The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (box set booklet). Henry Cow. London: Recommended Records.",398
597,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erk_Gah,Erk Gah,"Henry Cow. London: Recommended Records. Cutler, Chris, ed. (2009b). ""The Road: Volumes 6–10"". The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (box set booklet). Henry Cow. London: Recommended Records. Piekut, Benjamin (2019). Henry Cow: The World Is a Problem. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-1-47800-405-9. == External links ==
The original ""Erk Gah"" lyrics. The Canterbury Website.",101
598,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmann-L%C3%A9vy,Calmann-L%C3%A9vy,"Calmann-Lévy  is a French publishing house founded in 1836 by Michel Lévy as Michel Lévy frères. His brother Kalmus Calmann Lévy joined in 1844. After Michel's death in 1875,  the firm was renamed Calmann Lévy. == History ==
In 1836, Michel Lévy (1821–1875) founded the publishing house of Michel Lévy frères. In 1844, his brother Kalmus ""Calmann"" Lévy (1819–1891) joined the publishing house. After Michel's death in 1875, Calmann became the sole proprietor and the firm was renamed Calmann Lévy. Shortly before his death, he admitted his three sons into a partnership. By 1875, the company was among the foremost publishing houses of Europe. It was the publisher of most of the important French authors of the second half of the 19th century, including  Balzac, Baudelaire, René Bazin, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Dumas, Flaubert, Victor Hugo, Lamartine, Ernest Renan, George Sand, and Stendhal. In 1891, it published the memoirs of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, and in 1893, the memoirs of Alexis de Tocqueville. In 1893, Calmann was succeeded by his sons Georges, Paul, and Gaston, who went on to publish authors including Anatole France, Pierre Loti and Proust. During Nazi occupation, Gaston Lévy was interned, and the publishing company, run by the Germans, was renamed  Éditions Balzac in 1943. After the liberation, the company was headed by Léon Pioton.",375
599,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmann-L%C3%A9vy,Calmann-L%C3%A9vy,"During Nazi occupation, Gaston Lévy was interned, and the publishing company, run by the Germans, was renamed  Éditions Balzac in 1943. After the liberation, the company was headed by Léon Pioton. Authors edited during the postwar period included: Arthur Koestler, Elia Kazan, Anne Frank, and later Donna Leon,  Nicolas Hulot, Patricia Cornwell, Guillaume Musso, among others. === Present day ===
Since 1993, Calmann-Lévy has been owned by publisher Hachette (which is in turn owned by Lagardère Group).",130
600,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing_and_Muriel_Kauffman_Memorial_Garden,Ewing and Muriel Kauffman Memorial Garden,"The Ewing and Muriel Kauffman Memorial Garden is a 2-acre botanic garden and part of the Kauffman Legacy Park, located in Kansas City, Missouri. It is maintained in a collaborative effort by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and Powell Gardens. The gardens are located near Country Club Plaza and the main campus of University of Missouri–Kansas City. The Kauffman Memorial Garden is enclosed by limestone walls and has brick paths and seating areas. The garden showcases five designs. == Five Designs ==
The Allee:  Peking Tree Lilacs shading billowing blue Endless Summer Hydrangeas and other seasonal flowers are found in the entrance of the garden. Allee is a French word meaning, ""a walkway lined with trees or tall shrubs."" Green Garden:  The Green Garden’s centerpiece is where water jumps in a playful octagonal pool. It is bordered on the south by a pergola of overhead planter boxes filled with cascading seasonal flowers that create a space where Mrs. Kauffman’s favorite flower, the gardenia, can be found during the growing season. Four beds surround each corner of the garden containing spring-blooming magnolias. Orangery:  The “orangery” flanks the north side of the green garden and offers a sheltered gathering place for visitors and a site for seasonal plants, and in winter, the garden's citrus, camellia and gardenia collections. The garden's orchid collection can also be found in the ""boots"" of the orangery's four large pindo palm trees. Parterre Garden:  The Parterre “Canal” Garden is home to a long pool, where bronze figures Jazz I and Jazz II, by local artist Tom Corbin dance in the water. The long canal pool is lined with a colorful display of annuals and tropicals that change with each season.",398
601,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing_and_Muriel_Kauffman_Memorial_Garden,Ewing and Muriel Kauffman Memorial Garden,"Parterre Garden:  The Parterre “Canal” Garden is home to a long pool, where bronze figures Jazz I and Jazz II, by local artist Tom Corbin dance in the water. The long canal pool is lined with a colorful display of annuals and tropicals that change with each season. Paths behind rows of flowering crabapples feature long borders of perennials. Secret Garden:  The secluded Secret Garden behind the conservatory features its own distinctive watery accents and a quiet spot for reflection. == Memorial ==
The Memorial site of Kansas City business and philanthropists Ewing Kauffman and Muriel Kauffman are interred at the garden. The Kauffmans’ world travels inspired the creation of the garden for the enjoyment and enrichment of the community. The space artfully includes plants from both Muriel and Ewing’s heritage by using species popular to Canada and Missouri. All together, the garden features 7,000 plants, varieties that include vintage and modern perennials, annuals, shrubs, bulbs and trees. Local volunteers and gardeners, in association with Powell Gardens are responsible for daily care. == Gallery ==


== See also ==
List of botanical gardens and arboretums in Missouri


== References ==


== External links ==

Official website",274
602,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"Ulrich Seibert (born August 8, 1954, in Karlsruhe) is a German jurisprudent, he was head of the division for German company law and corporate governance at the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection in Berlin until 8. 2020, and was an honorary professor for economic law at the faculty of law of the Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf. == Career ==
Ulrich Seibert is the son of Edith Seibert, an informal painter, and Claus Seibert, a judge at the Federal Court of Justice of Germany in Karlsruhe; his grandmother was the german writer Liesbet Dill. He studied law in Tübingen, Göttingen and Freiburg. He completed his first state examination in law in 1979. In 1982, he graduated at the University of Hamburg and received the title J. D. After study periods in Florence (Professor Luigi Lombardi Vallauri, filosofia del diritto presso l’Universita degli Studi di Firenze) and Paris, and completing the second state examination in law, Seibert became a judge at the labour court and then at the local court in Hamburg. In 1986, he moved to the Federal Ministry of Justice in Bonn, where he became head of the division for cabinet and parliamentary affairs under Minister Klaus Kinkel in 1990. He has been head of the division for company law and corporate governance since 1992 and was appointed Ministerialrat in 1997. In 2001, Seibert was awarded the title ""honorary professor"" by the law faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf.",351
603,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"He has been head of the division for company law and corporate governance since 1992 and was appointed Ministerialrat in 1997. In 2001, Seibert was awarded the title ""honorary professor"" by the law faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf. He is one of the directors of the Center for Business and Corporate Law (Institut für Unternehmensrecht) in Düsseldorf and was a member of the Hamburg Circle for Family Business Law at Bucerius Law School. He is member of the Board of the Sapienzia Foundation Potsdam (as part of the Leo Baeck Foundation Brandenburg), was a member of the Bureau of the Corporate Governance committee of the OECD, Paris, and member of the Board of Trustees of the German Association for the Protection of Securities Ownership (Deutsche Schutzvereinigung für Wertpapierbesitz e.V. (DSW)). Since 2021 he is Member of the advisory board of the Corporate Governance Institute at the Frankfurt School of Finance and Management,  and a member of the supervisory board of the Cooperative for Urban Creativity (Genossenschaft für urbane Kreativität eG) in Berlin (GuK, Holzmarkt Berlin, Kater Blau). Since the early nineties, Ulrich Seibert has drafted most laws within the field of company law and corporate governance and has represented Germany also at EU, OECD and G20 level.",320
604,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"Since 2021 he is Member of the advisory board of the Corporate Governance Institute at the Frankfurt School of Finance and Management,  and a member of the supervisory board of the Cooperative for Urban Creativity (Genossenschaft für urbane Kreativität eG) in Berlin (GuK, Holzmarkt Berlin, Kater Blau). Since the early nineties, Ulrich Seibert has drafted most laws within the field of company law and corporate governance and has represented Germany also at EU, OECD and G20 level. He was responsible for drafting the 1994 law on ""kleine Aktiengesellschaften"" (closed limited companies on shares), the law concerning the Corporate Sector Supervision and Transparency Act (Gesetz zur Kontrolle und Transparenz im Unternehmensbereich – KonTraG, 1998), which was the first important corporate governance reform in Germany, the law on no-par value shares (Stückaktiengesetz – StückAG, 1998), the law on registered shares and the facilitating of the exercise of voting rights (Gesetz zur Namensaktie und zur Erleichterung der Stimmrechtsausübung – NaStraG, 2001), and the Act on Corporate Integrity and Modernization of the Law to Challenge Decisions by the Shareholders' Meeting (Gesetz zur Unternehmensintegrität und Modernisierung des Anfechtungsrechts – UMAG, 2004).",324
605,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"Since the early nineties, Ulrich Seibert has drafted most laws within the field of company law and corporate governance and has represented Germany also at EU, OECD and G20 level. He was responsible for drafting the 1994 law on ""kleine Aktiengesellschaften"" (closed limited companies on shares), the law concerning the Corporate Sector Supervision and Transparency Act (Gesetz zur Kontrolle und Transparenz im Unternehmensbereich – KonTraG, 1998), which was the first important corporate governance reform in Germany, the law on no-par value shares (Stückaktiengesetz – StückAG, 1998), the law on registered shares and the facilitating of the exercise of voting rights (Gesetz zur Namensaktie und zur Erleichterung der Stimmrechtsausübung – NaStraG, 2001), and the Act on Corporate Integrity and Modernization of the Law to Challenge Decisions by the Shareholders' Meeting (Gesetz zur Unternehmensintegrität und Modernisierung des Anfechtungsrechts – UMAG, 2004). During the 16th legislative period in Germany (October 2005-October 2009), Seibert prepared numerous legislative proposals, such as the Act on Electronic Commercial Registers (Gesetz über das Elektronische Handels- und Genossenschaftsregister sowie das Unternehmensregister – EHUG) and the Act to Modernize the Law Governing Private Limited Companies and to Combat Abuses (Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen – MoMiG, 2008) – which constituted the first major GmbH reform since the creation of this law in the late 19th century.",399
606,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"He was responsible for drafting the 1994 law on ""kleine Aktiengesellschaften"" (closed limited companies on shares), the law concerning the Corporate Sector Supervision and Transparency Act (Gesetz zur Kontrolle und Transparenz im Unternehmensbereich – KonTraG, 1998), which was the first important corporate governance reform in Germany, the law on no-par value shares (Stückaktiengesetz – StückAG, 1998), the law on registered shares and the facilitating of the exercise of voting rights (Gesetz zur Namensaktie und zur Erleichterung der Stimmrechtsausübung – NaStraG, 2001), and the Act on Corporate Integrity and Modernization of the Law to Challenge Decisions by the Shareholders' Meeting (Gesetz zur Unternehmensintegrität und Modernisierung des Anfechtungsrechts – UMAG, 2004). During the 16th legislative period in Germany (October 2005-October 2009), Seibert prepared numerous legislative proposals, such as the Act on Electronic Commercial Registers (Gesetz über das Elektronische Handels- und Genossenschaftsregister sowie das Unternehmensregister – EHUG) and the Act to Modernize the Law Governing Private Limited Companies and to Combat Abuses (Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen – MoMiG, 2008) – which constituted the first major GmbH reform since the creation of this law in the late 19th century. He also drafted the politically controversial amendment of the Volkswagen Law, the Act Implementing the Shareholder Rights Directive (Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Aktionärsrechterichtlinie – ARUG), and the Act on Appropriate Executive Board Remuneration (Gesetz zur Angemessenheit der Vorstandsvergütung – VorstAG).",442
607,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"During the 16th legislative period in Germany (October 2005-October 2009), Seibert prepared numerous legislative proposals, such as the Act on Electronic Commercial Registers (Gesetz über das Elektronische Handels- und Genossenschaftsregister sowie das Unternehmensregister – EHUG) and the Act to Modernize the Law Governing Private Limited Companies and to Combat Abuses (Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen – MoMiG, 2008) – which constituted the first major GmbH reform since the creation of this law in the late 19th century. He also drafted the politically controversial amendment of the Volkswagen Law, the Act Implementing the Shareholder Rights Directive (Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Aktionärsrechterichtlinie – ARUG), and the Act on Appropriate Executive Board Remuneration (Gesetz zur Angemessenheit der Vorstandsvergütung – VorstAG). During the 2008 financial crisis, he was charged with the corporation law aspects of the stabilization measures, including the Financial Market Stabilization Act (Finanzmarktstabilisierungsgesetz – FMStG, 2008). The 17th legislative period (October 2009-October 2013) brought, among other things, the statutory regulation of the partnership company with limited professional liability (PartGmbB). In the course of the 18th legislative period (October 2013–October 2017), Seibert drew up the politically acclaimed draft on the introduction of a female quota in supervisory boards in the private sector (Law for Equal Participation of Women and Men in Leadership Positions in the Private Sector and Public Service, also known as FüPoG law in force since 1 May 2015).",390
608,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"The 17th legislative period (October 2009-October 2013) brought, among other things, the statutory regulation of the partnership company with limited professional liability (PartGmbB). In the course of the 18th legislative period (October 2013–October 2017), Seibert drew up the politically acclaimed draft on the introduction of a female quota in supervisory boards in the private sector (Law for Equal Participation of Women and Men in Leadership Positions in the Private Sector and Public Service, also known as FüPoG law in force since 1 May 2015). He also worked on the 2014 reform of stock company law, the proposal for an EU directive to amend the Shareholder Rights Directive, (implemented into German Law as ""ARUG II"" in the 19th legislative period). At COVID-19 times in 2020, he created the regulation for the virtual general meeting, which gave German companies the option of holding their general meetings purely online. Seibert left the Ministry at the end of August 2020. Seibert was the Ministry's 'liaison manager' to the government commission ""Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex"" (German CG Code) from its beginning. He also coined the term ""legal designer"", which refers to a ministry official who designs draft laws. Ulrich Seibert is the author and publisher of several books and has written more than 200 essays in the field of commercial law and corporate governance. He is an art collector (Pop-Surrealism, Low Brow - permanent showroom in Berlin: www.seibert-collection.art) and is a significant investor. He is married and has four children. == Publications ==
""Berliner Schlaglichter Band I (Notes from the back of my taxi) and Band II (Notes on my iPad)"" March Verlag 2023.",371
609,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"He is married and has four children. == Publications ==
""Berliner Schlaglichter Band I (Notes from the back of my taxi) and Band II (Notes on my iPad)"" March Verlag 2023. ISBN 978-3-7550-0024-2
""LowBrow in Berlin – The Seibert Collection"" March Verlag 2023. ISBN 978-3-7550-5022-3
Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen - MoMiG RWS-Verlag, Köln 2008. ISBN 978-3-8145-1882-4
Aus dem Entwurfsatelier der Gesetzgebung - Beobachtungen zur Denk- und Arbeitsweise des Gesetzgebungsreferenten im Bundesministerium der Justiz in Festschrift für Wiedemann, 2002, Seite 123ff. Deutschland im Herbst - Erinnerungen an die Entstehung des Finanzmarkstabilisierungsgesetzes im Oktober 2008 in Festschrift für Klaus Hopt 2010, Bd. 2, Seite 2525ff. Ethik in der Wirtschaft und die Rolle der Politik in Festschrift für Karsten Schmidt, 2009, Seite 1455ff. Handbuch der kleinen AG. 5. Auflage. RWS-Verlag, Köln 2008. ISBN 978-3-8145-8118-7. Das Transparenz- und Publizitätsgesetz (TransPuG). München 2003, ISBN 3406498310.",380
610,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"Das Transparenz- und Publizitätsgesetz (TransPuG). München 2003, ISBN 3406498310. Die Partnerschaft: eine neue Gesellschaftsform für die Freien Berufe. Bundesanzeiger Verlag, Bonn 1994. ISBN 3-88784-571-4. Control and Transparency in Business (KonTraG): Corporate Governance Reform in Germany, European Business Law Review, 1999, 70pp. Corporate Governance and the Role of Investment Funds, German Law Journal, GLJ vol. 3, No 11
The Company Law Reform Projects of the German Ministry of Justice, Rabels Zeitschrift, vol. 69 (2005), 712pp. == References ==
Jan Thiessen: ""Appetitus Socialis Berolinensis – Corporate Law in the Berlin Republic."" In Rechtsgeschichte (Legal History), Rg 25, 2017, pp. 46ff. Joachim Jahn:  Ein Handwerksmeister in der Gesetzesschmiede: Ulrich Seibert führt die Feder bei der ""Aktienrechtsreform in Permanenz"" – In Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, July 10, 2009, p. 18. (""A Craftsman in the Lawmaking Workshop: Ulrich Seibert Holds the Pen for the 'Continuous Corporate Law Reform'."" )
Tim Florstedt: ""Ulrich Seibert on His 65th Birthday."" In Neue Zeitschrift für Gesellschaftsrecht, 2019, p. 903. Alfred Bergmann/Michael Hoffmann-Becking/Ulrich Noack Hrsg.",366
611,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seibert,Ulrich Seibert,"In Neue Zeitschrift für Gesellschaftsrecht, 2019, p. 903. Alfred Bergmann/Michael Hoffmann-Becking/Ulrich Noack Hrsg. : Recht und Gesetz - Festschrift für Ulrich Seibert Otto Schmidt Verlag 2019, 1196 Seiten. ""GOOD VIBRATIONS – A Flying Visit to the Seibert Collection in Berlin"" – Article in STAYINART Magazine, Print Edition 4.22, AFFINITY. Ulrich Noack: ""Ulrich Seibert on His 60th Birthday,"" Handelsblatt, August 8, 2014


== External links ==
Curriculum Vitae, list of publications and photo on the website of the Institute of Corporate Law of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf
Literature by and about Ulrich Seibert in the German National Library catalogue
Seibert Collection – official website",203
612,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallick_Faqrul_Islam,Mallick Faqrul Islam,"Mallick Faqrul Islam is a Bangladeshi police officer and rector of Police Staff College, Bangladesh. He is the former additional inspector general of police of the Highway Police. He was the deputy inspector general of Special Branch. == Early life ==
Islam was born in Bagerhat District. He has a law degree, an MBA, and a PhD. == Career ==
Islam joined the police branch of Bangladeshi Civil Service in 1991. He was appointed an assistant superintendent of police. In 2009, Islam was the superintendent of police of Feni District in 2009. He was the deputy commissioner of Dhaka Metropolitan Police. He was appointed chief of the Highway Police in January 2015. Additional Deputy Inspector General Islam served as the commanding officer of Rapid Action Battalion-3 in 2014 when 18 of his men where withdrawn for embezzling from a suspect. He had served in the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor. In February 2016, Islam was promoted to deputy inspector general. In October 2016, Islam was appointed deputy inspector general of Special Branch from the Highway Police. He was replaced by Deputy Inspector General Md. Atiqul Islam. In August 2022, Islam's name was suggested as a potential replacement for Inspector General of Police Benazir Ahmed or future director general of Rapid Action Battalion. In February 2023, Islam was appointed the rector of Police Staff College in Dhaka. He was elected vice president of the International Association of Police Academies. He is the president of Bangladesh Police Billiard and Snooker Club. == Personal life ==
Islam's wife, Jesmin Ahmed Mallick, died after a fall from the rooftop of their residence in Bashundhara Residential Area on 8 May 2016. He has a daughter, Barrister Fahima Mallick Monmi, and a son, Barrister Mallick Faize Islam Mehan. == References ==",382
613,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesu_no_Kiwami_Otome,Gesu no Kiwami Otome,"Gesu no Kiwami Otome (ゲスの極み乙女。; ""Girl at the Height of Rudeness"") is a Japanese band that formed in 2012 by indigo la End front-man Enon Kawatani. Describing themselves as ""hip-hop/progressive"", the band debuted in 2013 with independent label Space Shower Records, later signed by Warner sub-label Unborde. In 2018, the band left label Unborde and joined Taco Records, founded by Enon Kawatani. == Biography ==
The band was formed in May 2012 by Enon Kawatani, out of members of other musical units. Kawatani formed the band out of people he respected, and had enjoyed performing with. Kawatani concurrently worked as the vocalist and songwriter for indigo la End, a band he had been a member of since 2009. Of the members, he chose Kyūjitsu Kachō, who was a former member of indigo la End, as well as Chan Mari and Hona Ikoka, from the bands Crimson and Microcosm respectively. The members had known each other since early 2010, from performing together at different events at the Shimokitazawa Era live house in Tokyo. They saw the project as more for fun, aside from their usual musical endeavours. The band name came from a custom tote bag that Chan Mari had brought with her to the recording studio, which had been created by a friend of her who attended art school. indigo la End released their debut album Yoru ni Mahō o Kakerarete in February 2013. Two months later saw Gesu no Kiwami Otome's first release, the extended play Dress no Nugikata, which was recorded in only two days. The band played numerous live concerts around Japan in 2013, and in September became the regular DJs for the J-Wave radio show The Kings Place.",396
614,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesu_no_Kiwami_Otome,Gesu no Kiwami Otome,"Two months later saw Gesu no Kiwami Otome's first release, the extended play Dress no Nugikata, which was recorded in only two days. The band played numerous live concerts around Japan in 2013, and in September became the regular DJs for the J-Wave radio show The Kings Place. In December, Gesu no Kiwami Otome released their second extended play Odorenai nara, Gesu ni Natte Shimae yo, which was nominated at the 6th CD Shop Awards. In December, the band was also signed to Warner sub-label Unborde simultaneously with indigo la End. Both musical units released their major label debut released on April 2, 2014: Minna Normal for Gesu no Kiwami Otome and Ano Machi Record for Indigo la End. In August 2014, the band released a double A-side Ryōkiteki na Kiss o Watashi ni Shite / Asobi, with the former song serving as the drama Around 30-chan: Mushūsei's opening theme song and the latter in a commercial campaign for au. The band also performed at Music Station for the first time on August 29. This was followed by the band's debut album Miryoku ga Sugoi yo in October 2014. The following year, the band released three singles, Watashi Igai Watashi ja Nai no, Romance ga Ariamaru, including their second double-A side Otonatic / Muku na Kisetsu, with the latter song having had a prior release as a digital single. The song Romance ga Ariamaru was used in the 2015 science-fiction film Strayer's Chronicle. In January 2016, their second studio album Ryōseibai was released, reaching the top spot on the Oricon sales ranking website and selling over 100,000 copies.",371
615,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesu_no_Kiwami_Otome,Gesu no Kiwami Otome,"The song Romance ga Ariamaru was used in the 2015 science-fiction film Strayer's Chronicle. In January 2016, their second studio album Ryōseibai was released, reaching the top spot on the Oricon sales ranking website and selling over 100,000 copies. In October 2016, the band entered into hiatus due to the personal affairs of vocalist and songwriter Kawatani Enon, but has since resumed to normal activities, with the band releasing their third studio album, Daruma Ringo, in May 2017. Later that year the band released the digital single Anata ni wa Makenai in October. In January 2018, the band released their 5th single, Tatakatte Shimau yo, with the title track featuring in Japanese commercials for the mobile game Clash Royale. In May 2018, they released another digital single, Mou Setsunai to wa Iwasenai, in celebration of their six year anniversary, and announced their 4th studio album, Suki nara Towanai. Releasing August 2018, it was the first release under the group's new label Taco Records, founded by band leader Kawatani, having left previous label Unborde. The album includes the song Sasso to Hashiru Tonegawa-kun, which served as the opening theme song for the Japanese animated series Mr. Tonegawa: Middle Management Blues. == Members ==
Enon Kawatani (川谷 絵音, Kawatani Enon), real name Kenta Kawatani (川谷 健太, Kawatani Kenta), also known as MC.K, is the band's vocalist, guitarist and main songwriter, who also serves as the frontman for indigo la End.",366
616,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesu_no_Kiwami_Otome,Gesu no Kiwami Otome,"The album includes the song Sasso to Hashiru Tonegawa-kun, which served as the opening theme song for the Japanese animated series Mr. Tonegawa: Middle Management Blues. == Members ==
Enon Kawatani (川谷 絵音, Kawatani Enon), real name Kenta Kawatani (川谷 健太, Kawatani Kenta), also known as MC.K, is the band's vocalist, guitarist and main songwriter, who also serves as the frontman for indigo la End. Kyūjitsu Kachō (休日課長; ""Weekend Manager""), real name Masao Wada (和田 理生, Wada Masao), is the band's bassist. He was member of indigo la End under the name E ni Naranai Kachō (絵にならない課長; ""Unpicturesque Manager""), before leaving the band in July 2011. From 2007 to 2009, Wada was a member of the band Aomune, performing under the name Waden (ワデン). During the group's hiatus in 2016, he joined the band DADARAY, produced by Kawatani, as bassist, along with vocalist REIS and Gesu no Kiwami Otome & indigo la End support member Etsuko. In 2018, Wada was a cast member on the reality television show Terrace House: Opening New Doors. Chan Mari (ちゃんMARI), real name Mari Fukushige (福重 まり, Fukushige Mari), is the keyboardist for the band. She is also the keyboardist for the band Crimson, which formed in Kagoshima in 2005.",385
617,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesu_no_Kiwami_Otome,Gesu no Kiwami Otome,"Chan Mari (ちゃんMARI), real name Mari Fukushige (福重 まり, Fukushige Mari), is the keyboardist for the band. She is also the keyboardist for the band Crimson, which formed in Kagoshima in 2005. Hona Ikoka (ほな・いこか), real name Honami Satō (佐藤 穂奈美, Satō Honami), is the band's drummer. She has been a member of the duo Microcosm since 2009, performing drums and chorus. In 2017, she became an actress as Honami Satō (さとう ほなみ, Satō Honami). == Artistry ==
Vocalist Enon Kawatani is the sole songwriter for the band. This is despite other members having some experience with song writing, such as Chan Mari who composed the song ""Isotope"" (アイソトープ) on Crimson's EP World Scape (2012). The band has been praised for their performance skills, their strong personalities and Kawatani's songwriting. The band's dynamic mixed genre sound has drawn the praise of many critics, including What's In? critic Nobuaki Onuki. In March 2015, Gesu no Kiwami Otome was awarded the best artist award at the 7th CD Shop Awards, due to their extended play Minna Normal and their debut album Miryoku ga Sugoi yo. == Discography ==


=== Studio albums ===


=== Compilation albums ===


=== Extended plays ===


=== Singles ===


==== As lead artist ====


==== As featured artists ====


==== Promotional singles ====


== Awards and nominations ==


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==

Official website
Official Warner Label Site",394
618,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadym_Mashchenko,Vadym Mashchenko,"Vadym Serhiyovych Mashchenko (Ukrainian: Вадим Сергійович Мащенко; born 26 July 2000) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Latvian club Ogre United. == Club career ==


=== Early years ===
Vadym Mashchenko started his career at Olimp from Starobilsk in 2012. The following year, he moved to the youth ranks of Zorya Luhansk. === Dynamo Kyiv ===
At the age of 14, he moved to the youth ranks of Dynamo Kyiv. === Chornomorets Odesa ===
In February 2021, he moved on loan to Chornomorets Odesa. === Baltic ===
In the summer of 2022, Mashchenko joined Lithuanian side Jonava on loan. He made his debut on 16 August 2022 in a LFF Cup match against FC Hegelmann. Five days later, Mashchenko made his first A Lyga appearance in a 3–1 loss against Žalgiris. On 16 September 2022, he opened the scoring in a 2–1 loss against Kauno Žalgiris. Ahead of the 2023 season, he was transferred to Latvian Higher League newcomers Jelgava. === Karpaty Krosno ===
On 27 February 2024, Mashchenko joined Polish fourth division side Karpaty Krosno. === Humenne ===
On 3 July 2024, he moved to Slovak 2. Liga club Humenné. == References ==


== External links ==
Profile on Chornomorets Odesa official website
Vadym Mashchenko at UAF  (in Ukrainian)",367
619,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lights_in_Carroll_Park,The Lights in Carroll Park,"""The Lights in Carroll Park"" is the ninth episode of the fourth season of the American sports drama television series Friday Night Lights, inspired by the 1990 nonfiction book by H. G. Bissinger. It is the 59th overall episode of the series and was written by co-executive producers Patrick Massett and John Zinman, and directed by Christopher Misiano. It originally aired on DirecTV's 101 Network on January 13, 2010, before airing on NBC on July 2, 2010. The series is set in the fictional town of Dillon, a small, close-knit community in rural West Texas. It follows a high school football team, the Dillon Panthers. It features a set of characters, primarily connected to Coach Eric Taylor, his wife Tami, and their daughter Julie. In the episode, Eric tries to help building bigger security for the team. Meanwhile, Becky discovers she is pregnant, while Julie hangs out with a new friend. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 3.46 million household viewers and gained a 1.1/5 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received very positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances and handling of its subject matter. == Plot ==
Eric (Kyle Chandler) visits Carroll Park to look for Dallas Tinker, one of his players who has been skipping practice. As he deals with a gang, gunshots are heard and the police arrive to check on a 12-year-old who got shot. Vince (Michael B. Jordan) tries to apply for a job, but the interview is declined due to his criminal past. Becky (Madison Burge) is shocked to discover that her one-night-stand with Luke (Matt Lauria) resulted in her getting pregnant. She does not disclose this to Tim (Taylor Kitsch), feeling she does not want to repeat her mother's mistakes by getting pregnant in her teenage years.",390
620,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lights_in_Carroll_Park,The Lights in Carroll Park,"Becky (Madison Burge) is shocked to discover that her one-night-stand with Luke (Matt Lauria) resulted in her getting pregnant. She does not disclose this to Tim (Taylor Kitsch), feeling she does not want to repeat her mother's mistakes by getting pregnant in her teenage years. She reveals the pregnancy to Luke, asking for money to get an abortion. Luke agrees to help her in the payment, but also expresses doubt over the idea. Julie (Aimee Teegarden) enrolls in a Habitat for Humanity position, working with a boy named Ryan (Matt Barr). During one of their meetings, they share a kiss. Buddy (Brad Leland) visits Virgil (Steve Harris), revealing that he has met with the mayor to impose bigger security in Carroll Park. Virgil mocks Buddy's idea, feeling that he cannot save the crime-ridden area. Instead, he gets Buddy and Eric in touch with Elden (Lawrence Gilliard Jr.), a former gang member who can help them. During this, Eric is approached by Glenn (Steven Walters), apologizing for kissing Tami (Connie Britton), something that Eric didn't know. Eric talks with Tami over the problem, and both reconcile as Tami called out Glenn for his act. While discussing some J.D. 's recent problematic behaviors at school, Tami discovers that Joe (D. W. Moffett) and Katie have separated. As Elden and his gang help in putting lights on Carroll Park, Landry (Jesse Plemons) tells Vince that he is now dating Jess (Jurnee Smollett) and he will have to accept it. The Lions then play a friendly game with Elden's gang to celebrate the new lights. Eric is impressed with one of Elden's players, and offers him in joining the team the following year.",382
621,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lights_in_Carroll_Park,The Lights in Carroll Park,"The Lions then play a friendly game with Elden's gang to celebrate the new lights. Eric is impressed with one of Elden's players, and offers him in joining the team the following year. Becky confronts Tim over regretting their kiss, feeling that it wasn't a mistake. Tim expresses that Becky just ignored him after the kiss, confusing him, and he doesn’t want to ruin their current relationship. Becky finally admits her pregnancy, and cries over Tim's shoulder. == Production ==


=== Development ===
The episode was written by co-executive producers Patrick Massett and John Zinman, and directed by Christopher Misiano. This was Massett's ninth writing credit, Zinman's ninth writing credit, and Misiano's second directing credit. == Reception ==


=== Viewers ===
In its original American broadcast on NBC, ""The Lights in Carroll Park"" was seen by an estimated 3.46 million household viewers with a 1.1/5 in the 18–49 demographics. This means that 1.1 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 5 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast watched it. This was a slight decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by an estimated 3.54 million household viewers with a 1.1/5 in the 18–49 demographics. === Critical reviews ===
""The Lights in Carroll Park"" received very positive reviews from critics. Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the episode a ""B+"" grade and wrote, ""Of course, being movies about having babies, each had a practical reason for their characters to go through with the pregnancy: Without it, there's no movie. That's not true of Friday Night Lights, which has the chance to deal with the situation with all the accompanying thorns.",379
622,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lights_in_Carroll_Park,The Lights in Carroll Park,"Club gave the episode a ""B+"" grade and wrote, ""Of course, being movies about having babies, each had a practical reason for their characters to go through with the pregnancy: Without it, there's no movie. That's not true of Friday Night Lights, which has the chance to deal with the situation with all the accompanying thorns. It gets points just for taking it on, even more for handling it well, so far at least."" Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote, ""Friday Night Lights ventured more thoroughly than ever this week into the neighborhoods of the East Dillon school district. It was a nervy move, letting Coach Eric be our wary guide to the area, as he saw the outcome of a stray shooting while walking through the Carroll Park of the episode's title."" Alan Sepinwall wrote, ""Madison Burge and the writers have made Becky the most clearly-established of the four new characters this season, and I can understand how she might wind up accidentally repeating her mother's history, even though I was surprised to realize she had sex with Luke after she ran into him at the liquor store in 'The Son.' But I'm wary of where this story goes over the rest of the season."" Allison Waldman of TV Squad wrote, ""This was a typical episode of Friday Night Lights, layered with character development and conflicts, emotions out of whack, and problems that seem to crop up out of nowhere. It's a lot like life."" Andy Greenwald of Vulture wrote, ""Other than sounding like a lost seventies urban crime flick starring Gene Hackman and John Cazale, 'The Lights in Carroll Park' is an extremely strong episode that — no doubt unintentionally — keeps Riggins in the background, allowing the other characters their shine.""",357
623,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lights_in_Carroll_Park,The Lights in Carroll Park,"It's a lot like life."" Andy Greenwald of Vulture wrote, ""Other than sounding like a lost seventies urban crime flick starring Gene Hackman and John Cazale, 'The Lights in Carroll Park' is an extremely strong episode that — no doubt unintentionally — keeps Riggins in the background, allowing the other characters their shine."" Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.6 star rating out of 5 and wrote, ""kudos to the writers for avoiding another cliche and even acknowledging it during the episode: the white man that gets inspired by seeing one incidence of violence and wants to suddenly make a difference. Eric was aware of this perception and made it clear his goal was more modest - let's get the lights turned on and go from there."" Television Without Pity gave the episode an ""A"" grade. == References ==


== External links ==
""The Lights in Carroll Park"" at IMDb",191
624,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA_III,CASA III,"The CASA III was a 1920s Spanish two-seat monoplane, designed by Luis Sousa Peco and built by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) at Getafe near Madrid. == Design and development ==
In 1929 using experience from the production of licence-built aircraft the company built the CASA III. It was originally designed as a light bomber monoplane for the Aeronáutica Naval air arm of the Spanish Navy, but since its performance was poor the prototypes were used as touring aircraft, ending up as trainers at Pollensa´s Naval Air School. The CASA III was a parasol wing monoplane with a fabric-covered steel tube fuselage. It had two tandem open cockpits and wide track fixed conventional landing gear with a tail skid. The wings were hinged at the rear spar and they could be folded for storage or transport. The M-CAGG registered prototype first flew on 2 July 1929 and was powered by a 90 hp (67 kW) Cirrus III piston engine. Within a few weeks the aircraft took part in a handicap air race between Madrid and Burgos and on 25 December 1929 it became the first light aircraft to land in the Canary Islands. The second aircraft was fitted with a 100 hp (75 kW) Isotta Fraschini Asso 80A engine but it was not a success. In 1930 three CASA III aircraft entered the 1930 Aerial Tour of Europe, but only two actually competed; the prototype which retired with a broken landing gear, and the de Havilland Gipsy I powered third-aircraft (M-CMAM) which arrived too late for the start although it completed the course. A total of nine aircraft were built, all with different engines, including the de Havilland Gipsy III and the Elizalde A6 radial engine. The last aircraft built was delivered to the Spanish Navy.",395
625,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA_III,CASA III,"A total of nine aircraft were built, all with different engines, including the de Havilland Gipsy III and the Elizalde A6 radial engine. The last aircraft built was delivered to the Spanish Navy. Suitable power plants included:- de Havilland Gipsy I, de Havilland Gipsy II, de Havilland Gipsy III, Isotta Fraschini Asso 80 R., Lorraine 5P, Walter Venus and Elizalde D V.


== Operational history ==
During the Spanish Civil War all the remaining CASA IIIs were operated by the Republican forces and none of them survived. Orbis Publishing.",137
626,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_2,Bill 2,"The Act respecting family law reform with regard to filiation and amending the Civil Code in relation to personality rights and civil status (Bill 2, 2021)  is a proposed law in the province of Québec, which would bring several changes to family law, legal recognition law, and name change law in the province. == Summary ==
The bill would introduce a requirement for people wishing to change the sex assigned on their birth certificates to undergo genital surgery, as well as allowing people to add a new section to their birth certificates titled ""Gender,"" which would include the possibility of a third non-male or female gender. The bill would additionally require intersex people to ""apply for a change of designation of sex"" as soon as possible. The law would also create a legal framework for surrogate pregnancies, putting in place a requirement for a completed surrogacy agreement before the onset of pregnancy. It would also include provisions placing a minimum age of 21 for surrogate mothers, would allow surrogate mothers to be compensated for expenses (but not otherwise paid), a requirement for participants to attend an ethical and psychosocial information session, and would allow surrogate mothers to end the contract without risk of a lawsuit. The law would also allow the survivors of the Canadian Indian residential school system who had their names forcibly changed and their descents to change their names to a traditional Indigenous name without cost. == Legislative history ==
The bill was introduced to the National Assembly of Quebec by Simon Jolin-Barrette, the Coalition Avenir Québec Minister of Justice on 21 October 2021. == Reactions ==
The bill's provisions on legal gender recognition attracted widespread concern.",327
627,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_2,Bill 2,"== Legislative history ==
The bill was introduced to the National Assembly of Quebec by Simon Jolin-Barrette, the Coalition Avenir Québec Minister of Justice on 21 October 2021. == Reactions ==
The bill's provisions on legal gender recognition attracted widespread concern. Members of the trans community expressed fears that it would return Québec to the legal gender recognition laws that existed before 2015, could forcibly out trans people (if they chose to add the ""gender"" option instead of applying to change the ""sex"" field), and could potentially lead to people being forced into having surgery in order to change the contents of the ""sex"" field. Celeste Trianon of the Centre for Gender Advocacy at Concordia University argued that the bill was ""attempting to reintroduce a sterilizing surgical requirement,"" calling it ""a direct attack on the trans community."" Manon Massé, Québec solidaire co-leader, said that her party still needed to review the entirety of the bill, but that it appeared like it would move Québec ""backwards in terms of the rights of trans, intersex and non-binary people."" Quebec Liberal Party LGBT+ spokesperson Jennifer Maccarone stated that the provisions were a ""regressive change."" == See also ==
Transgender rights in Canada


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Text of the Act in English",285
628,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ryan_Skipper,Murder of Ryan Skipper,"Ryan Keith Skipper (April 28, 1981 – March 14, 2007) was an American man from Polk County, Florida, who was murdered on March 14, 2007, in what authorities declared a hate crime. Skipper's body was discovered on March 15 along a roadside in Wahneta, Florida. Two men were arrested in connection with the crime: William David Brown Jr., and Joseph Bearden, 20 and 21 years old at the time of the incident, respectively. The men were charged with first-degree murder and robbery. Bearden was convicted of second degree murder in addition to four additional counts on February 27, 2009. He was sentenced to life in prison for the murder charge, two 15-year terms and two five-year terms, all to be served concurrently, on the remaining four charges. On April 16, 2015, however, the Florida Supreme Court quashed the District Court's opinion and granted Bearden a new trial based on incorrect evidentiary rulings regarding a potential third-party confession. Brown claimed he killed Skipper in retaliation for unwanted sexual advances. He was found guilty by a Polk County jury and sentenced to life in prison without parole. == Timeline of the crime ==
At 9 p.m. on March 14, after finishing work in Winter Haven, Skipper met friend Karl von Hahmann for dinner. They left the restaurant at 10:30 pm. Skipper returned home where Von Hahmann spoke to him on the telephone at 11:10 pm, after which roommate Kelly Evans saw him go into his bedroom. Some time around midnight, according to the Polk County, Florida Sheriff's Office, Skipper met Bearden, a convicted car thief who also pleaded no contest to a battery charge in 2004. Sometime afterwards, Skipper, Brown and Bearden drove away in Skipper's car; 15 minutes later Brown and Bearden returned alone.",380
629,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ryan_Skipper,Murder of Ryan Skipper,"Some time around midnight, according to the Polk County, Florida Sheriff's Office, Skipper met Bearden, a convicted car thief who also pleaded no contest to a battery charge in 2004. Sometime afterwards, Skipper, Brown and Bearden drove away in Skipper's car; 15 minutes later Brown and Bearden returned alone. It is not fully known how Skipper met Bearden and Brown, but Skipper's roommate Joyce Fraley claims to have seen Brown at their house on several occasions. Friend Stephanie Strickland also says that Brown knew a previous tenant of Skipper's home, and lived two blocks away. Allegedly, Brown had visited the home a few times just weeks before he and Bearden murdered Skipper. Skipper was beaten, stabbed 20 times and his throat slit. His body was dumped by the side of a road in Wahneta, a small town outside Winter Haven. His car was abandoned at Lake Pansy, and the fingerprints of both accused were found inside. The first trial in the case, that of Joseph Eli Bearden, began February 16, 2009. On February 28, 2009, after nearly two days of deliberation, jurors found Joseph Bearden guilty of second-degree murder in Ryan Skipper's death. Prosecutors had charged him with first-degree murder and sought the death penalty. Bearden was also found guilty on four other counts: theft of a motor vehicle, accessory after the fact, tampering with evidence, and dealing in stolen property. Bearden was sentenced to life behind bars for the second-degree murder charge, as well as two five-year and two fifteen-year sentences for the other charges, to run concurrently with the life sentence. Bearden appealed the conviction and the Second District Court of Appeal affirmed.",358
630,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ryan_Skipper,Murder of Ryan Skipper,"Bearden was sentenced to life behind bars for the second-degree murder charge, as well as two five-year and two fifteen-year sentences for the other charges, to run concurrently with the life sentence. Bearden appealed the conviction and the Second District Court of Appeal affirmed. On April 16, 2015, however, the Florida Supreme Court quashed the District Court's opinion and granted Bearden a new trial, stating that ""the trial court improperly evaluated the credibility of Tyler's testimony, erroneously determined that Bearden's statement was not adequate corroboration under Chambers, and improperly prevented Bearden from recalling Ray Allen Brown."" Ray Allen Brown was the individual who Bearden claimed was in the car at the time of the murder as opposed to himself. On the second day of trial, a witness had come forward claiming that Ray Allen confessed to being in the car, a statement which could have potentially exonerated Bearden if the jury was permitted to hear her account of the confession and decide for itself whether it was believable. In doing so, the court prevented Bearden from presenting his entire defense to the jury and thus, Bearden was deprived of his constitutional rights. Hence, the Florida Supreme Court granted Bearden a new trial in accordance with its opinion. In October 2016, Bearden pled guilty to third-degree murder and was sentenced to 20 years in prison. The trial of Bearden's co-defendant, William Brown Jr., began on October 26, 2009. William ""Bill-Bill"" Brown, Jr. was found guilty by a Polk County jury (10th Judicial Circuit) of first degree murder, robbery, arson, and tampering with evidence on November 3, 2009. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole for the first degree murder conviction, another life term for the armed robbery with a deadly weapon conviction, a 15-year term for arson, and a five-year term for tampering with evidence by Circuit Judge Michael Hunter on December 1, 2009.",396
631,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ryan_Skipper,Murder of Ryan Skipper,"William ""Bill-Bill"" Brown, Jr. was found guilty by a Polk County jury (10th Judicial Circuit) of first degree murder, robbery, arson, and tampering with evidence on November 3, 2009. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole for the first degree murder conviction, another life term for the armed robbery with a deadly weapon conviction, a 15-year term for arson, and a five-year term for tampering with evidence by Circuit Judge Michael Hunter on December 1, 2009. In March of 2024, Bearden was released on conditional parole, but a warrant was issued soon after for failure to contact his supervisors. He was re-arrested by the Polk County Sheriff's Office on September 14, 2024. == Reactions ==
The murder has caused outrage among gay rights groups, who see similarities between Skipper's murder and that of Matthew Shepard, a gay college student who was murdered in Laramie, Wyoming, in 1998. They have also decried the lack of mainstream attention to Skipper's murder, which the groups attribute to claims by Sheriff Grady Judd that, according to Bearden and Brown, Skipper was cruising for sex when he met his attackers, that he had consumed illegal drugs with Bearden, and that Skipper and his attackers were allegedly planning a check forgery scheme using Skipper's laptop computer. Skipper's family and friends all have agreed that this scenario is highly unlikely, as it was uncharacteristic of Skipper to approach men randomly, and he did not own a laptop computer (he owned a home PC). According to Brian Winfield, spokesman for Equality Florida, ""They've characterized Ryan as a pervert, a drug addict and a felon. In the eyes of the media, it didn't carry the human interest that it should have.""",366
632,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ryan_Skipper,Murder of Ryan Skipper,"According to Brian Winfield, spokesman for Equality Florida, ""They've characterized Ryan as a pervert, a drug addict and a felon. In the eyes of the media, it didn't carry the human interest that it should have."" The Sheriff's Department has since admitted that the account of the events leading up to the murder that was originally given to the media by Sheriff Grady Judd was based solely on the unsubstantiated statements given by Bearden and Brown upon their arrests. Chief W.J. Martin acknowledged in an article in The Ledger that the two were probably attempting to ""minimize their involvement and make themselves look better."" == Documentary ==
Filmmakers Vicki Nantz and Mary Meeks produced and filmed a documentary about Skipper's murder. The 72-minute film, entitled Accessory to Murder: Our Culture's Complicity in the Death of Ryan Skipper, premiered in January 2008. It was selected by the Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival as part of their Film Outreach Program. == Benefits ==
The Frenzie Life Theatre Company in Brandon, Florida, announced that their November 2009 production of Dog Sees God: Confessions of a Teenage Blockhead would be dedicated to the memory of Skipper. A portion of all proceeds are to be donated to the foundation. == References ==


== External links ==
""The Ryan Keith Skipper Foundation"". Archived from the original on 2007-10-09.",294
633,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"The Guardians of the Whills are a faction in the fictional universe of the Star Wars franchise. The Guardians are depicted as an organization of ascetics who revere the Force, a metaphysical entity in the Star Wars fictional universe, though unlike the Jedi or the Sith, they do not appear to wield overtly supernatural powers derived from their connection to the Force. The term Whills originated from unused in-universe elements and story treatments by series creator George Lucas for the franchise's film series, most notably the Journal of the Whills, Part I (Lucas's earliest known draft for the first film). Following the acquisition of Lucas' company Lucasfilm, Ltd. and the Star Wars intellectual property by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, the term is repurposed and reintroduced as the Guardians of the Whills, an esoteric monastic order who protect visiting pilgrims to a sacred temple located in the planet Jedha. A blind Guardian named Chirrut Îmwe and his companion Baze Malbus appear as supporting characters in the 2016 film Rogue One, they aid members of the Rebel Alliance to steal plans of the Death Star, the ultimate weapon of the Galactic Empire. Chirrut Îmwe and Baze Malbus are portrayed by Donnie Yen and Jiang Wen respectively. Members of the monastic order have appeared in other Star Wars media, in particular the 2017 eponymous tie-in novel to Rogue One which featured appearances by Chirrut and Baze. Both Chirrut and Baze have received a positive reception, and have since been recognized as fan favorites and influential characters in their own right. == Development ==

The Whills was originally a vague reference to an omnipresent yet distant order which was meant to be the narrative framing in an early draft of the Star Wars saga by George Lucas.",370
634,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"Both Chirrut and Baze have received a positive reception, and have since been recognized as fan favorites and influential characters in their own right. == Development ==

The Whills was originally a vague reference to an omnipresent yet distant order which was meant to be the narrative framing in an early draft of the Star Wars saga by George Lucas. Lucas also came up with the Journal of the Whills as a concept of ""Bible-like texts that inspire the stories chronicled in the Star Wars movies"", essentially serving as a plot device that connects the fictional universe he created to the real world. Before he sold the Star Wars media franchise to Disney, Lucas had considered developing a potential film trilogy of sequels to the original Trilogy where it would have explored a microbiotic world populated by creatures called Whills, which feed off the Force and are capable of using that connection to manipulate the universe. Lucas thought of the franchise's Force-sensitive characters as ""vehicles for the Whills to travel around in"", with the conduit being the controversial midi-chlorian concept introduced in the prequel trilogy. Since the Whills are the entities that communicate with the midi-chlorians, Lucas was of the opinion that ""in a general sense, they are the Force"". In the AMC series James Cameron's Story of Science Fiction, Lucas revealed that he had considered this story treatment to be the proper conclusion to the narrative arc which commenced with the original trilogy and followed by the prequel trilogy, but cited the divisive reception of the prequel trilogy and acknowledged that it would have proven controversial with fans. While the Whills were briefly mentioned in the script and novelization of Episode 3, they did not make an appearance until the 2016 film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story.",357
635,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"In the AMC series James Cameron's Story of Science Fiction, Lucas revealed that he had considered this story treatment to be the proper conclusion to the narrative arc which commenced with the original trilogy and followed by the prequel trilogy, but cited the divisive reception of the prequel trilogy and acknowledged that it would have proven controversial with fans. While the Whills were briefly mentioned in the script and novelization of Episode 3, they did not make an appearance until the 2016 film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. Screenwriter Chris Weitz drew from Lucas' original ideas about the Whills while also departing from them to create the Guardians of the Whills faction, a religious order which is responsible for protecting an ancient Jedi temple on the planet Jedha prior to its sacking by Imperial forces. According to lore presented in the Rogue One Visual Guide, as well as a quote from the Journal of the Whills which serves as an opening to the official novelization of The Force Awakens, the Guardians' teachings do not appear to emphasize a discord between the light and dark sides of the Force, and instead take a position of neutrality with a focus on encompassing the totality of its aspects as well as reverence for the ""balance of the Force"". In a Rogue One ""Watch From Home Theater"" program hosted by IGN, Weitz noted that Lucas originally called the Force, ""The Force of Others"". The term was frequently used by Chirrut Îmwe, a Guardian of the Whills who appears in the film as a representative character of the monastic organization, in early treatments of the film's script by Weitz. Although the character is blind and unable to use the Force like the Jedi, he is devoted to the Force and could sense its presence.",351
636,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"The term was frequently used by Chirrut Îmwe, a Guardian of the Whills who appears in the film as a representative character of the monastic organization, in early treatments of the film's script by Weitz. Although the character is blind and unable to use the Force like the Jedi, he is devoted to the Force and could sense its presence. Chirrut's skill in martial arts can rival that of a lightsaber-wielding Jedi; he is capable of defeating an entire squad of stormtroopers single-handedly, and even shoot down a TIE fighter using a specialized crossbow-shaped energy weapon called a ""lightbow"". Weitz noted that the Star Wars franchise has had a long history of presenting compelling dual pairings between characters whose outlooks and personalities are the opposites of each other. Chirrut and his companion, Baze Malbus, a former Guardian who left the organization prior to the events of Rogue One, were conceived during the initial design stage as a ""dyad"" who ""don't belong together, but they do"": the former, ""a believer in the Force"", and the latter, a ""militaristic soldier"". To Weitz, Chirrut is Baze's confessor, which enables the latter to lay his own guilt onto Chirrut even though he is a faithless warrior who does not believe in the Force, and Chirrut could believe in his friend's eventual redemption. The character designs for Chirrut and Baze went through numerous iterations during the development of the film, with up to 30 different variations. The entirety of Chirrut's face, except for his eyes, was initially covered, and Baze was originally a four-armed alien before he is made human. The attires for both Chirrut and Baze had a militaristic style, with a more armored and weaponized look.",392
637,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"The entirety of Chirrut's face, except for his eyes, was initially covered, and Baze was originally a four-armed alien before he is made human. The attires for both Chirrut and Baze had a militaristic style, with a more armored and weaponized look. Once Hong Kong actor Donnie Yen's casting as Chirrut was confirmed, the film's concept artists began looking to Yen's particular style, and his body of martial arts films, for inspiration, which led to the removal of armor and armaments from Chirrut's design in favor of a sleeker look. Yen was originally reluctant to accept the part as he did not want to be away from his family for an extended period of time, as he was required to relocate to the United Kingdom for five months of filming. Yen accepted the role on his son's urging, but insisted on having creative input in the character's development process as a condition of his acceptance. Yen did not want his character to be stereotyped as ""another Chinese kung fu master"", and wanted Chirrut to have a sense of humour, as per his view that children need to think of the character as being ""cool"". Yen proposed that the character be made blind, and did research on the exact blue shade of color he wanted for Chirrut's atrophied eyes. Baze Malbus was named after Weitz's half-elven Dungeons & Dragons player character from his childhood years. Designer David Crossman described Baze as a combination of several well-loved elements from fan favorite Star Wars characters, and that his visual design is driven by what they thought audiences would like to see in a mercenary character, highlighting in particular ""the partial armor, the boiler suit, the cool gun, the backpack"".",368
638,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"Baze Malbus was named after Weitz's half-elven Dungeons & Dragons player character from his childhood years. Designer David Crossman described Baze as a combination of several well-loved elements from fan favorite Star Wars characters, and that his visual design is driven by what they thought audiences would like to see in a mercenary character, highlighting in particular ""the partial armor, the boiler suit, the cool gun, the backpack"". Baze's signature weapon, a heavy repeating blaster cannon, was designed by artists Jamie Wilkinson and Adam Brockbank early in the film development. The red color theme on Baze's character design was eventually incorporated into Chirrut's vestments as a canonical religious aspect, which links both characters thematically. Chinese actor Jiang Wen was originally uncertain about accepting the role, as he felt that his proficiency in English was lacking and he had difficulty reading the script; he was assisted by his eldest son who could fluently read English and interpret the script, and decided to travel to London after being encouraged by his children. == Appearances ==


=== Rogue One ===
Chirrut first appears on the streets of Jedha City preaching about the Force, where he encounters Jyn Erso and Cassian Andor. After sensing that Jyn's necklace is made of Kyber crystal, the same material that power lightsabers, he asks her if she knew what they were. He later comes to her aid after a plot to disguise herself and her companions was foiled by Imperial forces, as Jedha City is caught up in a conflict between Partisan insurgents, led by Saw Gerrera, and Imperial forces who are looting the Guardians' Temple of the Kyber for Kyber crystals. Using his highly honed senses to determine the positions of approaching Imperial troopers, as well as a timely assist by Baze Malbus, he defeated them in quick succession.",382
639,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"He later comes to her aid after a plot to disguise herself and her companions was foiled by Imperial forces, as Jedha City is caught up in a conflict between Partisan insurgents, led by Saw Gerrera, and Imperial forces who are looting the Guardians' Temple of the Kyber for Kyber crystals. Using his highly honed senses to determine the positions of approaching Imperial troopers, as well as a timely assist by Baze Malbus, he defeated them in quick succession. Chirrut, Baze, Jyn, and Cassian are then abducted by Partisan forces and herded into confinement cells. Along with Imperial defector Bodhi Rook, the group would eventually make their escape from the Partisan base aboard a U-Wing as Jedha City is attacked and destroyed by the Empire's new superweapon, the Death Star. With the remnants of the temple the Guardians are sworn to protect obliterated, Chirrut and Baze remain with Jyn's group and accompany them to the Imperial world of Eadu in search for Jyn's father Galen, who originally designed the Death Star under duress. Chirrut warns Jyn about Cassian's possible murderous intent towards Galen, as he had sensed the Force flowing darkly about him. Chirrut and Baze help the Rebels fight off Imperial forces, before departing on a stolen shuttle to Yavin IV. After the Rebel Alliance declines Jyn's request to send a fleet to the world of Scarif, Chirrut and Baze join her mission to break into the Imperial archives to secure the plans for the Death Star, and are put in charge of an assault team that would set charges to lure out Imperial Stormtroopers.",352
640,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"Chirrut and Baze help the Rebels fight off Imperial forces, before departing on a stolen shuttle to Yavin IV. After the Rebel Alliance declines Jyn's request to send a fleet to the world of Scarif, Chirrut and Baze join her mission to break into the Imperial archives to secure the plans for the Death Star, and are put in charge of an assault team that would set charges to lure out Imperial Stormtroopers. Both Chirrut and Baze subsequently hold the line in order to extend time for their allies to complete their tasks; Chirrut dies in an explosion after flipping a switch to broadcast the Death Star plans to the Rebels via a signal, while Baze sacrifices himself to help deactivate the planetary deflector shield which blocks the signal. === In other media ===
Chirrut and Baze appear as the main characters of the 2017 prequel tie-in novel to Rogue One, Star Wars: Guardians of the Whills, which explores their backstories, as well as their past interactions with Saw Gerrera. A manga adaptation of the novel by Viz Media is set for release on 4 May 2021. Several Guardians appear in a flashback retelling by recurring Star Wars Rebels character Hondo Ohnaka in the 2019 tie-in comic book miniseries to the theme park attraction Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge. Set prior to the events of Rogue One, the Guardians intercept him and his client in a ""sacred tunnel"" passageway and attempt to stop them from trespassing into the Temple of the Kyber. == Reception ==

Chirrut and Baze, the two most prominent representatives of the faction within series continuity, have received a positive reception from professional reviewers and are recognized as fan favorite characters by Star Wars fans. Chirrut in particular was singled out for praise as having the best quotable dialogue in Rogue One.",388
641,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"== Reception ==

Chirrut and Baze, the two most prominent representatives of the faction within series continuity, have received a positive reception from professional reviewers and are recognized as fan favorite characters by Star Wars fans. Chirrut in particular was singled out for praise as having the best quotable dialogue in Rogue One. Julian Medranda from The Highlander said Chirrut and Baze were the characters he found the most compelling; he compared their chemistry to Han Solo and Chewbacca, and found almost every interaction involving them to be enjoyable even though they were essentially minor characters whose interesting scenes were often interrupted by ""boring"" action set pieces or lengthy exposition scenes. Medranda suggested that, while the casting of Yen and Jiang could be interpreted as a marketing ploy to appeal to Chinese audiences, their inclusion packed charm which the main cast supposedly lacked. In her review of the Guardians of the Whills novel, Amy Ratcliffe from Nerdist appreciated the duo's grounded characterization – Chirrut's sense of hope and Baze's inner conflict – and the fact that they accept that they are not fully in control of their situation following the Empire's disruption of their lives. Ratcliffe praised their devotion, persistence, friendship and their willingness to fight for the innocent people of Jedha. In an article written for Screen Rant, where he commented on the Guardians' appearance in Galaxy's Edge, Andrew Dyce expressed hope that the order as a whole have managed to survive the Imperial invasion and replenish their numbers, and that Guardian characters would continue to appear in future Star Wars stories. Similarly, Jesse Schedeen from IGN was hopeful that Disney would revisit ""the glory days of Jedha and the Guardians of the Whills"" via a television series set before Rogue One.",361
642,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Whills,Guardians of the Whills,"In an article written for Screen Rant, where he commented on the Guardians' appearance in Galaxy's Edge, Andrew Dyce expressed hope that the order as a whole have managed to survive the Imperial invasion and replenish their numbers, and that Guardian characters would continue to appear in future Star Wars stories. Similarly, Jesse Schedeen from IGN was hopeful that Disney would revisit ""the glory days of Jedha and the Guardians of the Whills"" via a television series set before Rogue One. Leon Hurley from Gamesradar wanted to see a spin-off movie featuring either Chirrut and Baze in the style of a buddy film, or a narrative that is centered on the Guardians of the Whills as a whole. Chirrut and Baze appeared as a popular pairing in several ""shipping"" related posts and opinion pieces by critics and fans, particularly during December 2016, which was the month Rogue One was released. === In popular culture ===
In September 2017, the animated web series How It Should Have Ended (""HISHE"") released a brickfilm parody video made using stop motion filmmaking techniques which greatly exaggerates Chirrut's combat prowess. Artist Dan Mumford created a poster depicting Chirrut and Baze titled ""I Am One with the Force, The Force Is With Me"", which references Chirrut's mantra. In an interview with Malaysian publication The Star, author Zen Cho credited the ""odd couple"" dynamic between Chirrut and Baze as an inspiration for her 2020 wuxia fiction novel, The Order of the Pure Moon Reflected in Water. == References ==


== External links ==
Guardians of the Whills on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki",351
643,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_anti-helicopter_mines,Bulgarian anti-helicopter mines,"The 4AHM-100, AHM-200, AHM-200-1, AHM-200-2, PMN-150, and PMN-250 are Bulgarian directional fragmentation mines that can be used with proximity fuzes to function as anti-helicopter mines. == Description ==
The systems were developed by the Bulgarian Institute of Metal Science, and are based around electronic fuzes with broadly similar functionality. The fuzes use two sensors. The first, an acoustic sensor, arms the mine as a helicopter approaches. The second sensor is a radar, which locates the target and triggers the mine at the appropriate point. The mines all use a number of large Misnay-Schardin effect warheads to project large numbers of fragments to an effective range of around 200 meters. Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance speculates that IFF could be integrated into the fuze circuit to discriminate against friendly aircraft, lowering the chances of friendly fire. == Mines ==


=== PMN-150 and PMN-250 ===
The PMN-150 and PMN-250 are large directional fragmentation mines that scatter fragments in a 60 degree horizontal arc. The PMN-150 produces approximately 1,500 fragments that have an effective range of 150 meters. The PMN-250 is a larger mine which produces 2,100 fragments that have an effective range of 250 meters. The mines have a number of electronic fuzes available including three microwave fuzes, an acoustic fuze and a seismic sensor. The mines can be remotely triggered or deactivated. === Anti-Transport Mine ===
The ""Anti-Transport Mine"" is a large circular directional fragmentation mine that uses an internal fragmentation matrix and five Misnay-Schardin plates. The fragmentation matrix produces a large number of small fragments, and the Misnay–Schardin plates produce large fragments that can penetrate armoured vehicles.",391
644,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_anti-helicopter_mines,Bulgarian anti-helicopter mines,"=== Anti-Transport Mine ===
The ""Anti-Transport Mine"" is a large circular directional fragmentation mine that uses an internal fragmentation matrix and five Misnay-Schardin plates. The fragmentation matrix produces a large number of small fragments, and the Misnay–Schardin plates produce large fragments that can penetrate armoured vehicles. The mine appears to be based on the PMN-250 mine, and the mine is likely to have an effective range of 250 meters. === 4AHM-100 ===
The 4AHM-100 uses four 30 kilogram mines with a single central sensor. The mines are triggered simultaneously when the sensor detects a target inside the effective footprint of the mines. The mine is currently at the prototype stage. === AHM-200 ===
The AHM-200 weighs 35 kilograms and contains 12 kilograms of TNT. The mine's warhead has two sections, a large rectangular warhead with a pre-notched fragmentation liner that produces 1,960 fragments, and a secondary warhead with five Misnay–Schardin plates that produce large self-forging fragments. The fragments scatter in an arc of 20 degrees to an effective range of 200 meters, and will penetrate 10 millimeters of armour at 100 meters. === AHM-200-1 ===
The AHM-200-1 weighs 90 kilograms. Like the AHM-200 it consists of two sections, a large circular fragmentation warhead with a filling of ball bearings, and a horizontal section with five Misnay–Schardin effect plate charges. The two sections are mounted on a sturdy tripod with a sensor mounted above that contains a Doppler radar fuze and an acoustic fuze. The mine has an effective range of about 100 meters.",358
645,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_anti-helicopter_mines,Bulgarian anti-helicopter mines,"The two sections are mounted on a sturdy tripod with a sensor mounted above that contains a Doppler radar fuze and an acoustic fuze. The mine has an effective range of about 100 meters. === AHM-200-2 ===
The AHM-200-2 weighs 90 kilograms, and is similar to the AHM-200-1, except that it uses a rectangular fragmentation warhead that produces 1,960 fragments. == References ==
Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005-2006",102
646,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Sprague,United States v. Sprague,"United States v. Sprague, 282 U.S. 716 (1931), was a United States Supreme Court case that dealt with the Fifth Article of the US Constitution. The defendants had been indicted under the National Prohibition Act and were attempting to quash their indictments, arguing that the Eighteenth Amendment had not been properly ratified. Their reasoning was that the Congress of the United States had chosen to ratify it by usage of state legislatures instead of constitutional conventions. If this were held true, Congress would have exceeded its authority in passing the NPA. The court did not agree, however, ruling that the Constitution explicitly authorized Congress to determine the method used in ratifying amendments. In part, Article Five states that any amendment ""shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress"" (emphasis added). Furthermore, the court rejected the defendants' claim that the Eighteenth Amendment needed to be ratified by state conventions since ""all [previous amendments] save the Eighteenth dealt solely with governmental means and machinery rather than with the rights of the individual citizen."" The Constitution does not make a difference between types of amendments, the court held, so the amendment, ""by lawful proposal and ratification, has become a part of the Constitution."" == References ==


== External links ==
 Works related to United States v. Sprague at Wikisource
Text of United States v. Sprague, 282 U.S. 716 (1931) is available from: CourtListener  Findlaw  Google Scholar  Justia  Library of Congress",359
647,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplife_Presents:_Poplife_Sucks,Poplife Presents: Poplife Sucks,"Poplife Presents: Poplife Sucks is a compilation of dance tracks inspired by the Poplife parties that started in Belgium in 1998. The tracks were compiled by the Glimmers and Olivier Tjon, who started the parties in an effort to contrast with the house and techno parties of the time by mixing a variety of musical styles together. The compilation reflects that eclectic goal combining various types and eras of music marking the tenth anniversary of the party. == Reception ==

Steven Hammond writes that the album is ""a schizophrenic collage of styles and artists"" and the reason it ""works is because it is produced as a dance mix with seamless transitions between each song"" but goes on to warn listeners that ""a CD that mashes together extremely different genres of music could sound like one giant headache"". Michaelangelo Matos called it the compilation of 2008, saying it ""speaks to the present"" ""without succumbing to retro cute or wedding-DJ cheesiness"" calling the track list ""a smart collector’s want list"". Rick Anderson refers to the compilation as ""defiant eclecticism"". Tony Ware calls the tracks ""sonically engaging without being self-absorbed"". The album has also been called ""all-inclusive party celebrating dance music across all genres that doesn't discriminate"" and ""an endlessly playable party mix that ranges freely from the ’70s to the ’00s"". == Cover art ==
The cover art has been listed as among the worst of the decade. The style is reminiscent of Patrick Nagel's work with Playboy, depicting  a dead-eyed woman with a candy cane or barber's pole emerging from her mouth and wrapping all the way around the CD case. It has been called not ""sexy or funny, just off-putting"" and ""horrible"". == Track list ==


== References ==",378
648,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Rugby_Union,Eastern Counties Rugby Union,"The Eastern Counties Rugby Union (ECRU) is the governing body for the sport of rugby union in the counties of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk in England. Clubs in the old Huntingdonshire and the Soke of Peterborough are affiliated to the East Midlands Rugby Football Union. The union is the constituent body of the Rugby Football Union (RFU) for those counties. The ECRU administers and organises rugby union clubs and competitions in those three counties and administers the Eastern Counties county rugby representative teams. == History ==
The Eastern Counties Rugby Union was founded in 1890 and originally organised rugby union in Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk. Cambridgeshire became part of the ECRU in 1952 and the Essex Rugby Football Union eventually split off from ECRU to form its own body in 2003. == Men's senior county team honours ==
County Championship runners-up: 1948, 1975
County Championship Plate runners-up: 2015
County Championship Shield runners-up: 2007


== Games played against international opposition ==


== Affiliated clubs ==
There are currently 53 clubs affiliated with the Eastern Counties RU, most of which have teams at both senior and junior level. Each club is in turn affiliated with a sub-county rugby football union, either Cambridgeshire, Norfolk or Suffolk, and are mostly based in those three counties except several cases where they are instead based in Essex or Hertfordshire. == County Club Competitions ==
The Eastern Counties RU currently helps run the following competitions for clubs from Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and occasionally Essex:


=== Leagues ===
The Eastern Counties allows 2nd and 3rd teams to play alongside 1st teams providing they are not from the same club.",367
649,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Rugby_Union,Eastern Counties Rugby Union,"Each club is in turn affiliated with a sub-county rugby football union, either Cambridgeshire, Norfolk or Suffolk, and are mostly based in those three counties except several cases where they are instead based in Essex or Hertfordshire. == County Club Competitions ==
The Eastern Counties RU currently helps run the following competitions for clubs from Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and occasionally Essex:


=== Leagues ===
The Eastern Counties allows 2nd and 3rd teams to play alongside 1st teams providing they are not from the same club. Divisions include:

Eastern Counties 1 - league at tier 9 of the English rugby union system, divided into three regional divisions with end of season play-offs
Eastern Counties 2 - tier 10 league, divided into three regional divisions
Eastern Counties 3 - tier 11 league, divided into three regional divisions
Discontinued

Eastern Counties 4 - tier 11-12 league, discontinued in 2017
Eastern Counties 5 - tier 12-13 league, discontinued in 1997
Eastern Counties 6 - tier 13 league, discontinued in 1992


=== Cups ===
There is no Eastern Counties cup competition. Instead, each sub-county organizes its own cup competitions for local teams.",260
650,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Rugby_Union,Eastern Counties Rugby Union,"Divisions include:

Eastern Counties 1 - league at tier 9 of the English rugby union system, divided into three regional divisions with end of season play-offs
Eastern Counties 2 - tier 10 league, divided into three regional divisions
Eastern Counties 3 - tier 11 league, divided into three regional divisions
Discontinued

Eastern Counties 4 - tier 11-12 league, discontinued in 2017
Eastern Counties 5 - tier 12-13 league, discontinued in 1997
Eastern Counties 6 - tier 13 league, discontinued in 1992


=== Cups ===
There is no Eastern Counties cup competition. Instead, each sub-county organizes its own cup competitions for local teams. Cambridgeshire

Cambridgeshire County Cup - premier cup competition in Cambridgeshire which features clubs from tiers 6-9 of the English rugby union system as well as invitee development teams from the Zoo Leagues
Cambridgeshire Intermediate Cup - clubs from tiers 10–11
Cambridgeshire Junior Cup - clubs from tiers 11

Norfolk

Norfolk Senior Cup - premier cup competition in Norfolk which features clubs from tiers 6-7 of the English rugby union system
Norfolk Cup - clubs at tiers 8–10
Norfolk Bowl - 2nd teams only

Suffolk

Suffolk Chadacre Cup - premier cup competition in Suffolk which features clubs from tiers 8-9 of the English rugby union system
Suffolk Plate - clubs from tiers 10–11


== Notes ==


== See also ==
London & SE Division
English rugby union system


== References ==


== External links ==
Eastern Counties Rugby Union website",352
651,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava,Paul Shrivastava,"Paul Shrivastava is professor of management and organizations, at the Pennsylvania State University. He served as chief sustainability officer and director of the Sustainability Institute, until July 1, 2022. In November 2023 he was elected as co-president of the Club of Rome. Previously he was the executive director of Future Earth, an international sustainability research program. Before that, he was distinguished professor and director of the David O'Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise at Concordia University. == Early life and education ==
Shrivastava was born in Bhopal, India. He attended the St. Joseph's Convent School in Bhopal. He received a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, a Post Graduate Diploma in Management (MBA) from the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta and a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh. == Academic career ==
Shrivastava held the Howard I. Scott Chair in Management, a distinguished professorship at Bucknell University, and was Associate Professor of Management at the Stern School of Business, New York University. He was awarded a Fulbright Program Senior Scholar award to study Japanese corporate environmental management at Kyoto University, Japan. He has also taught at the Helsinki School of Economics, and IIM Shillong. He is the author of Bhopal: Anatomy of a Crisis (1989), a book that launched the field of organizational crisis management. He founded the Organizations and Natural Environment Division of the Academy of Management (the world's largest academic professional association in Management studies). He was distinguished professor and director of the David O'Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise at Concordia University, Montreal. In February 2015 Shrivastava was appointed Executive Director of Future Earth, an international research programme for sustainability and global environmental change. He also holds the International Research Chair in Art and Sustainable Enterprise at ICN Business School, Nancy, France.",396
652,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava,Paul Shrivastava,"In February 2015 Shrivastava was appointed Executive Director of Future Earth, an international research programme for sustainability and global environmental change. He also holds the International Research Chair in Art and Sustainable Enterprise at ICN Business School, Nancy, France. In these roles he combines scientific and artistic approaches to sustainable development, exemplified in the conference Balance unBalance 2011, and his book Learning from the Financial Crisis (edited with Matt Statler) published by Stanford University Press  He has published 17 books and over 100 articles. He has served on the editorial boards of several leading management studies journals, on the board of trustees of DeSales University, on the board of the Finance and Sustainability Initiative, Montreal, and as senior advisor to the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. == Research emphases ==
Shrivastava's major contributions to the field of business management are concepts for understanding strategic industrial and environmental crises and crisis management, corporate strategies for sustainability and sustainable strategic management. His contributions to management practice include crisis management techniques, environmental and sustainability strategies, and use of the arts for creativity and sustainability programs. Shrivastava's professional work is rooted in a concern for human-technology-nature relationships. Having grown up in the small town of Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh in the 1950s and 60s, he was enchanted by the promise of technology to improve the lives of people. He studied engineering in college and graduated first (gold medal) in his mechanical engineering class. He received a Post Graduate Diploma in Management at IIM Calcutta and Ph.D. from University of Pittsburgh. The Bhopal disaster (the worst industrial accident in history) revealed the two-headedness of technology, and he turned to examining the risks and crises associated with industrial technologies, leading to systematic studies of crisis management. The field of crisis management has emerged since then as a vital field of study. It is concerned with identifying systemic causes and consequences of crises.",394
653,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava,Paul Shrivastava,"The field of crisis management has emerged since then as a vital field of study. It is concerned with identifying systemic causes and consequences of crises. It has led to development of crisis management and crisis prevention practices in the areas of industrial disasters, computer disasters, risk management, worker safety, metals mining and oil industries. He developed ""embodied learning"" methods wherein concepts are intertwined with physically and emotionally engaging activities to create learning experiences that endure and transform. His course ""Managing with Passion"" is an events management course in which students learn by planning, organizing, training for and participating in a real event – a USA Triathlon sanctioned public triathlon race. Students gain understanding of concepts that are interwoven with physical activities, emotional activities, cognitive exercises and online activities. An element in Shrivastava's professional work is the creation of new organizations. In 1976, along with six entrepreneurs from Microcomp Pvt. Ltd., and eSocrates, Inc., he helped launch the HCL Enterprise group of computer companies. He has also created academic organizations such as the ONE Division of the Academy of Management, the David O'Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise, the World Business School Council for Sustainable Business and non-profit organizations (Industrial Crisis Institute). He has co-founded two academic journals: Industrial Crisis Quarterly published by Elsevier, and Organization & Environment published by SAGE Publications. He is steering WBSCSB in collaboration with UN-Principles of Responsible Management Education and Global Responsible Leadership Initiative, to create a report on the Next 50 Years of Management Education to be presented at Rio+20 Conference in May 2012. Shrivastava has been studying corporate sustainability for the past two decades. Despite the scientific understanding of global climate change, global poverty, and biodiversity decline, global leaders are unable to reach effective international agreements to address these challenges. He suggests that science alone will not solve the problem of sustainability.",385
654,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava,Paul Shrivastava,"Despite the scientific understanding of global climate change, global poverty, and biodiversity decline, global leaders are unable to reach effective international agreements to address these challenges. He suggests that science alone will not solve the problem of sustainability. Humans have to find a new way of engaging nature, that allows them to care and preserve it in enduring ways. Shrivastava is extending the scientific understanding of sustainability to the realm of the arts, which as the repository of human emotions offer a vehicle for creating passionate engagement between humans and nature. This project uses transdisciplinary approaches to science and arts in aesthetic inquiry into sustainability issues. This collaboration of a dozen researchers in France, Canada, USA and India, has produced results including the Balance unBalance 2011 conference and Montreal Degrowth 2012 conference. His work has been featured in The Los Angeles Times,  The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Christian Science Monitor, The Globe and Mail, and The Montreal Gazette, and on the MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour


== Awards ==
The Academy of Management ONE Division Distinguished Scholar Award 2023
IIM Calcutta Distinguished Alumni Award, 2016. AACSB Influential Leader, 2015. ONE Founders Award, The Academy of Management, 1998. == Publications ==
Partial List of Publications:

Shrivastava, P., Bhopal: Anatomy of a Crisis, Vol. 2. Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd, London. : 1992. Shrivastava, P.,  Strategy Formulation and Implementation. Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern Publishing Co., 1994. Shrivastava, P., A. Huff and J. Dutton (Eds). Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 10. 1994, Greenwich CT.: JAI Press.",353
655,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava,Paul Shrivastava,"10. 1994, Greenwich CT.: JAI Press. Shrivastava, P., and C. Stubbart, Advances in Strategic Management, Vol 12 (A & B), (Challenges from Outside the Mainstream, Challenges Within the Mainstream), Greenwich CT: JAI Press, 1995. Shrivastava, P., Greening Business:  Profiting the Corporation and the environment. Cincinnati, OH:  Thomson Executive Press, 1996. Shrivastava, P., A. Huff and J. Dutton (Series Eds). Advances in Strategic Management: Organizational Learning and Strategic Management, Vol. 14. 1997, Greenwich CT.: JAI Press. Timo Busch and P. Shrivastava, Corporate Strategies for Global Climate Change, Greenleaf Publishers, London, 2011. Paul Shrivastava and Matt Statler, Learning from the Global Financial Crisis: Sustainably, Reliably, Creatively. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto CA, 2011. Alfred Marcus, Paul Shrivastava, Sanjay Sharma, and Stefano Pogutz (Eds), Cross Sector Leadership for the Green Economy, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012. Shrivastava, P, and O. Ivanova, “Corporate Legitimacy Challenges from the Occupy Wallstreet Movement”, Human Relations, August, 2015. Persson, Sybil, and Paul Shrivastava, “Which paradigm for a caring and sustainable HRM? Insights from traditional Chinese thought”, accepted Management Organization Review,  Sept 2015. Machalaba, C., Daszak, P. and P. Shrivastava, “Future Earth and EcoHealth: A New Paradigm Toward Global Sustainability and Health”, International Association for Ecology and Health, December 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1076-6.",394
656,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava,Paul Shrivastava,"Machalaba, C., Daszak, P. and P. Shrivastava, “Future Earth and EcoHealth: A New Paradigm Toward Global Sustainability and Health”, International Association for Ecology and Health, December 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1076-6. Gerlinde Berger-Walliser, Paul Shrivastava & Adam Sulkowski, Using Proactive Legal Strategies for Corporate Environmental Sustainability, 6 Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law. 1 (2016). Available at: http://repository.law.umich.edu/mjeal/vol6/iss1/1
Mark Stafford-Smith, David Griggs, Owen Gaffney, Farooq Ullah, Belinda Reyers, Norichika Kanie, Bjorn Stigson, Paul Shrivastava, Melissa Leach, Deborah O’Connell, “Integration: the key to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals”. Sustainability Science, July 2016. Shrivastava, P, and C. Cucuzella, “The art of regenerative regional development: Echigo Tsumari”. Culture and Dialogue, Sept 2016. Anik Bhaduri, Janos Bogardi, Afreen Siddiqi, Holm Voigt, Charles Vörösmarty, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Stuart E Bunn, Paul Shrivastava, Richard Lawford, Stephen Foster, Hartwig Kremer, Fabrice Renaud, Antje Bruns, Vanesa Rodriguez Osuna, “Achieving Sustainable Development Goals from a Water Perspective”. Frontiers in Environmental Science, section Freshwater Science, September 2016.",367
657,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava,Paul Shrivastava,"Anik Bhaduri, Janos Bogardi, Afreen Siddiqi, Holm Voigt, Charles Vörösmarty, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Stuart E Bunn, Paul Shrivastava, Richard Lawford, Stephen Foster, Hartwig Kremer, Fabrice Renaud, Antje Bruns, Vanesa Rodriguez Osuna, “Achieving Sustainable Development Goals from a Water Perspective”. Frontiers in Environmental Science, section Freshwater Science, September 2016. Shrivastava, Paul; Raivio, Kari; Kasuga, Fumiko; Tewksbury, Joshua; Haines, Andy; Daszak, Peter (2016). ""Future Earth Health Knowledge-Action Network"". Public Health Reviews. 37 25. doi:10.1186/s40985-016-0039-y. PMC 5810101. PMID 29450067. Bai, Xuemei; Surveyer, Alyson; Elmqvist, Thomas; Gatzweiler, Franz W; Güneralp, Burak; Parnell, Susan; Prieur-Richard, Anne-Hélène; Shrivastava, Paul; Siri, José Gabriel; Stafford-Smith, Mark; Toussaint, Jean-Patrick; Webb, Robert (2016). ""Defining and advancing a systems approach for sustainable cities"". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 23: 69–78. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.010. Shrivastava, P., E. G. Schumacher, D. M. Wasieleski, and M. Tasic, “Aesthetic Rationality for Sustainability Decision-Making: Exploring Cognitive and Emotional Factors of an Aesthetics Process”, the Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, March 2017.",396
658,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Shrivastava,Paul Shrivastava,"doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.010. Shrivastava, P., E. G. Schumacher, D. M. Wasieleski, and M. Tasic, “Aesthetic Rationality for Sustainability Decision-Making: Exploring Cognitive and Emotional Factors of an Aesthetics Process”, the Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, March 2017. Shrivastava, Paul; Guimarães-Costa, Nuno (2017). ""Achieving environmental sustainability: The case for multi-layered collaboration across disciplines and players"". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 116: 340–346. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.11.019. Shrivastava, P. Mark Stafford-Smith, Karen O’Brien, Laszlo Zsolnai, “Transforming Sustainability Science to Generate Positive Social and Environmental Change Globally”, One Earth, 2, April 24, 2020. Link


== References ==


== External links ==
International Research Chair in Art and Sustainable Enterprise www.ircase.org",242
659,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"The Diocese and Prince-bishopric of Schwerin was a Catholic diocese in Schwerin, Mecklenburg, in Germany. The first registered bishop was ordained in the diocese in 1053, and the diocese ceased to exist in 1994. == Pre-Reformation Catholic (prince-)bishopric ==
The bishops of the Roman Catholic diocese of Schwerin (German: Bistum Schwerin), a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Bremen, were simultaneously secular (political) rulers of princely rank (prince-bishop) in the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin (Hochstift Schwerin); established 1180 and secularised in 1648), an imperially immediate state of the Holy Roman Empire. Schwerin was the seat of the chapter, Schwerin Cathedral and residence of the bishops until 1239. In 1180 a prince-episcopal residence was established in Bützow, which became the main residence in 1239. === Titulature of the Schwerin bishops ===
Not all incumbents of the Schwerin see were imperially invested with princely temporal power as Prince-Bishops and not all were papally confirmed as bishops. In 1180 part of the Schwerin diocesan territory was disentangled from the Duchy of Saxony and became an own territory of imperial immediacy called Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin, an imperially immediate feudal member state of the Holy Roman Empire like many prince-prelatures. The prince-bishopric was an elective monarchy, with the ruling prince being the respective bishop usually elected by the Cathedral chapter, and confirmed by the Holy See, or exceptionally only appointed by the Holy See. Papally confirmed bishops were then invested by the emperor with the princely regalia, thus the title prince-bishop.",389
660,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"The prince-bishopric was an elective monarchy, with the ruling prince being the respective bishop usually elected by the Cathedral chapter, and confirmed by the Holy See, or exceptionally only appointed by the Holy See. Papally confirmed bishops were then invested by the emperor with the princely regalia, thus the title prince-bishop. However, sometimes the respective incumbent of the see never gained a papal confirmation, but was still invested the princely regalia. Also the opposite occurred with a papally confirmed bishop, never invested as prince. A number of incumbents, elected by the chapter, neither achieved papal confirmation nor imperial investiture, but as a matter of fact nevertheless de facto held the princely power. From 1532 to 1648 all incumbents were Lutherans. The respective incumbents of the see bore the following titles:

Bishop of Mecklenburg until 1162
Bishop of Schwerin 1162 to 1181
Prince-Bishop of Schwerin from 1181 to 1516, except o the years of 1474 to 1479 and 1506 to 1508
Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin 1474 to 1479, 1506 to 1508, and again 1516 to 1648. Either simply de facto replacing the Prince-Bishop or lacking canon-law prerequisites the incumbent of the see would officially only hold the title administrator (but nevertheless colloquially referred to as Prince-Bishop). === Catholic bishops of Mecklenburg and Schwerin (1053–1181) ===


=== Catholic Prince-Bishops (1181–1474) ===


=== Catholic Administrators and Prince-bishops (1474–1532) ===

Due to the Reformation, the Catholic diocese was suppressed in 1555, without a formal successor.",380
661,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"Either simply de facto replacing the Prince-Bishop or lacking canon-law prerequisites the incumbent of the see would officially only hold the title administrator (but nevertheless colloquially referred to as Prince-Bishop). === Catholic bishops of Mecklenburg and Schwerin (1053–1181) ===


=== Catholic Prince-Bishops (1181–1474) ===


=== Catholic Administrators and Prince-bishops (1474–1532) ===

Due to the Reformation, the Catholic diocese was suppressed in 1555, without a formal successor. == Lutheran Schwerin ==


=== Lutheran Administrators of the Prince-Bishopric (1532–1648) ===


=== Lutheran Regional Bishops of Mecklenburg since 1921 ===

When the Grand dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz abdicated, the Lutheran state churches became independent and adapted their new Church Orders, providing for a function called Landesbischof (state bishop). In 1934 the regional churches merged into the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg.",237
662,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"== Lutheran Schwerin ==


=== Lutheran Administrators of the Prince-Bishopric (1532–1648) ===


=== Lutheran Regional Bishops of Mecklenburg since 1921 ===

When the Grand dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz abdicated, the Lutheran state churches became independent and adapted their new Church Orders, providing for a function called Landesbischof (state bishop). In 1934 the regional churches merged into the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg. 1921–1933: Gerhard Tolzien (for the Church of Mecklenburg-Strelitz)
1921–1930: Heinrich Behm (for the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
1930–1934: Heinrich Rendtorff (for Mecklenburg-Schwerin, at last also leading the merged church body of all of Mecklenburg)
1934–1945: Walter Schultz
1946–1971: Niklot Beste
1971–1984: Heinrich Rathke
1984–1996: Christoph Stier
1996–2007: Hermann Beste
2007 to date: Andreas von Maltzahn, since the merger of 2012 for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany


== New Catholic hierarchy in Schwerin from the 20th century ==

After a century and a half of abandonment, the Catholics on the territory were merely taken care of as missionary, part of the vast Apostolic Vicariate of the Northern Missions of Northern Germany, the first post-Reformatory parish having been established in 1709 (St. Anna, Schwerin). Since 1930, the Catholic parishes in the former diocese of Schwerin (and all of Mecklenburg) were part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück.",398
663,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"1921–1933: Gerhard Tolzien (for the Church of Mecklenburg-Strelitz)
1921–1930: Heinrich Behm (for the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
1930–1934: Heinrich Rendtorff (for Mecklenburg-Schwerin, at last also leading the merged church body of all of Mecklenburg)
1934–1945: Walter Schultz
1946–1971: Niklot Beste
1971–1984: Heinrich Rathke
1984–1996: Christoph Stier
1996–2007: Hermann Beste
2007 to date: Andreas von Maltzahn, since the merger of 2012 for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany


== New Catholic hierarchy in Schwerin from the 20th century ==

After a century and a half of abandonment, the Catholics on the territory were merely taken care of as missionary, part of the vast Apostolic Vicariate of the Northern Missions of Northern Germany, the first post-Reformatory parish having been established in 1709 (St. Anna, Schwerin). Since 1930, the Catholic parishes in the former diocese of Schwerin (and all of Mecklenburg) were part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück. However, Mecklenburg Soviet occupation zone, whereas Osnabrück was in the British occupation zone (i.e. in the other half of partitioned Germany, and of the political world during the Cold War), so the Bishop of Osnabrück appointed an episcopal commissary.",348
664,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"However, Mecklenburg Soviet occupation zone, whereas Osnabrück was in the British occupation zone (i.e. in the other half of partitioned Germany, and of the political world during the Cold War), so the Bishop of Osnabrück appointed an episcopal commissary. Since 1959, the Osnabrück diocese posted an auxiliary bishop in Schwerin, responsible for Mecklenburg's Catholic parishes :

Bernhard Schräder, first 1946 – 1959 episcopal commissary for the episcopal commissariate of Schwerin, then 1959 – 1971 auxiliary bishop of Osnabrück diocese for the episcopal commissariate in Schwerin. 1971 – 1973 (see below): Heinrich Theissing, coadjutor of Osnabrück diocese for the episcopal commissariate in Schwerin
On July 23, 1974, the jurisdiction was restored as pre-diocesan 'permanent' Apostolic Administration of Schwerin, its territory being formally split off from the Diocese of Osnabrück.",239
665,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"Since 1959, the Osnabrück diocese posted an auxiliary bishop in Schwerin, responsible for Mecklenburg's Catholic parishes :

Bernhard Schräder, first 1946 – 1959 episcopal commissary for the episcopal commissariate of Schwerin, then 1959 – 1971 auxiliary bishop of Osnabrück diocese for the episcopal commissariate in Schwerin. 1971 – 1973 (see below): Heinrich Theissing, coadjutor of Osnabrück diocese for the episcopal commissariate in Schwerin
On July 23, 1974, the jurisdiction was restored as pre-diocesan 'permanent' Apostolic Administration of Schwerin, its territory being formally split off from the Diocese of Osnabrück. It got two episcopal incumbents : 

Heinrich Theissing, Apostolic Administrator (July 23, 1973– retired December 5, 1987) with episcopal rights of a residing bishop for the episcopal office in Schwerin; Titular Bishop of Mina (March 13, 1963 – death November 11, 1988), first as Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Berlin (March 13, 1963 – February 12, 1970), then as Coadjutor Bishop of Schwerin (February 12, 1970 – July 23, 1973), finally an emeritate
Theodor Hubrich, Apostolic Administrator (1987.11.23 – death 1992.03.26) with episcopal rights of a residing bishop for the episcopal office in Schwerin; previously Titular Bishop of Auca (1975.12.05 – 1987.11.23) as Auxiliary Bishop of Magdeburg (Germany) (1975.12.05 – 1987.11.23).",378
666,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"1971 – 1973 (see below): Heinrich Theissing, coadjutor of Osnabrück diocese for the episcopal commissariate in Schwerin
On July 23, 1974, the jurisdiction was restored as pre-diocesan 'permanent' Apostolic Administration of Schwerin, its territory being formally split off from the Diocese of Osnabrück. It got two episcopal incumbents : 

Heinrich Theissing, Apostolic Administrator (July 23, 1973– retired December 5, 1987) with episcopal rights of a residing bishop for the episcopal office in Schwerin; Titular Bishop of Mina (March 13, 1963 – death November 11, 1988), first as Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Berlin (March 13, 1963 – February 12, 1970), then as Coadjutor Bishop of Schwerin (February 12, 1970 – July 23, 1973), finally an emeritate
Theodor Hubrich, Apostolic Administrator (1987.11.23 – death 1992.03.26) with episcopal rights of a residing bishop for the episcopal office in Schwerin; previously Titular Bishop of Auca (1975.12.05 – 1987.11.23) as Auxiliary Bishop of Magdeburg (Germany) (1975.12.05 – 1987.11.23). The apostolic administration was suppressed on October 10, 1994, its territory reassigned to the already established Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg, thus the Catholic parishes of Mecklenburg became part of the new Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg.",340
667,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"It got two episcopal incumbents : 

Heinrich Theissing, Apostolic Administrator (July 23, 1973– retired December 5, 1987) with episcopal rights of a residing bishop for the episcopal office in Schwerin; Titular Bishop of Mina (March 13, 1963 – death November 11, 1988), first as Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Berlin (March 13, 1963 – February 12, 1970), then as Coadjutor Bishop of Schwerin (February 12, 1970 – July 23, 1973), finally an emeritate
Theodor Hubrich, Apostolic Administrator (1987.11.23 – death 1992.03.26) with episcopal rights of a residing bishop for the episcopal office in Schwerin; previously Titular Bishop of Auca (1975.12.05 – 1987.11.23) as Auxiliary Bishop of Magdeburg (Germany) (1975.12.05 – 1987.11.23). The apostolic administration was suppressed on October 10, 1994, its territory reassigned to the already established Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg, thus the Catholic parishes of Mecklenburg became part of the new Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg. 1992–1994 Norbert Werbs, diocesan administrator for the episcopal office in Schwerin
Since 1994 : Norbert Werbs, auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Hamburg for the archiepiscopal office in Schwerin, also episcopal vicar for Mecklenburg


== See also ==
List of Catholic dioceses in Germany


== Notes ==


== Sources and external links ==
Josef Traeger, Die Bischöfe des mittelalterlichen Bistums Schwerin, Leipzig: St.-Benno-Verlag, 1984.",386
668,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin,Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin,"The apostolic administration was suppressed on October 10, 1994, its territory reassigned to the already established Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg, thus the Catholic parishes of Mecklenburg became part of the new Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg. 1992–1994 Norbert Werbs, diocesan administrator for the episcopal office in Schwerin
Since 1994 : Norbert Werbs, auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Hamburg for the archiepiscopal office in Schwerin, also episcopal vicar for Mecklenburg


== See also ==
List of Catholic dioceses in Germany


== Notes ==


== Sources and external links ==
Josef Traeger, Die Bischöfe des mittelalterlichen Bistums Schwerin, Leipzig: St.-Benno-Verlag, 1984. (in German)
GCatholic - Diocese and Apostolic administration",197
669,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_players_who_have_spent_their_entire_career_with_one_franchise,List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise,"The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a men's professional basketball league of 30 teams in North America (29 in the United States and one in Canada). The NBA was founded on June 6, 1946, in New York City, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league adopted the NBA name at the start of the 1949–50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League (NBL). The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball, which is recognized by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) as the national governing body for basketball in the country. The league is considered to be one of the four major professional sports leagues of North America. The NBA operates on a franchise model in a closed system with no promotion or relegation to other leagues and no affiliated academies for amateur athletes. The franchises are governed by their ownership and the NBA Board of Governors, allowing for franchises to change locations, team branding, mascots, staff, and player rosters. During the NBA draft, franchises select players who have not previously held a contract in the league and have declared themselves eligible. In the early years of the league, a player's place on the roster was primarily determined by team ownership and management. In 1970, Hall of Fame player and then-President of the NBA Players Association Oscar Robertson sued the league, putting in motion the establishment of Free Agency in 1976. With player movement now having multiple decision makers and the constraints of the NBA salary cap, a player and franchise ownership would have to agree to a continuous relationship, taking into the account the player's impact, the team's performance goals, and the financial expectations from both sides, decreasing the likelihood a player would spend more than ten years with the same team. The players listed have spent their entire NBA career, of at least 10 seasons played, with one franchise. Dirk Nowitzki holds the record, having played all of his 21 seasons with the Dallas Mavericks.",387
670,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_players_who_have_spent_their_entire_career_with_one_franchise,List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise,"The players listed have spent their entire NBA career, of at least 10 seasons played, with one franchise. Dirk Nowitzki holds the record, having played all of his 21 seasons with the Dallas Mavericks. Next is Kobe Bryant, who played his entire 20-year career with the Los Angeles Lakers, and Udonis Haslem, who played for the Miami Heat for all of his 20 seasons in the NBA. Hall of Famer John Stockton spent his entire 19-year playing career with the Utah Jazz, while Tim Duncan also played 19 years solely for the San Antonio Spurs, and Reggie Miller spent 18 NBA seasons with the Indiana Pacers. Stephen Curry is the leader among active players, having played 16 seasons with the Golden State Warriors. == All-time list ==
 
Key


== Future candidates ==


== See also ==

NBA records
List of NBA seasons played leaders
List of one-club men in association football
List of one-club men in rugby league
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
List of NHL players who spent their entire career with one franchise
List of National Football League players who spent their entire career with one franchise


== References ==
General

Specific",254
671,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_offensive,Budapest offensive,"The Budapest offensive was the general attack by Soviet and Romanian armies against Hungary and their Axis allies from Nazi Germany. The offensive lasted from 29 October 1944 until the fall of Budapest on 13 February 1945. This was one of the most difficult and complicated offensives that the Soviet Army carried out in Central Europe. It resulted in a decisive victory for the USSR, as it greatly sped up the ending of World War II in Europe. == Prelude ==
Having secured Romania in the summer Iasi–Kishinev offensive, the Soviet forces continued their push in the Balkans. The Red Army occupied Bucharest on 31 August, then swept westward across the Carpathian Mountains into Hungary and southward into Bulgaria, with parts joining the Yugoslav Partisans in the Belgrade offensive. In the process, the Red Army's forces drew German reserves away from the Warsaw-Berlin central axis, encircled and destroyed the 6th Army (for the second time) and forced Army Group South Ukraine’s shattered 8th Army to withdraw west into Hungary. == The offensive ==

From October 1944, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Ukrainian Fronts advanced into Hungary. After isolating the Hungarian capital city in late December, the Soviets besieged and assaulted Budapest. On 13 February 1945, the city fell. According to the historical documents, the Budapest offensive can be divided into five periods:

The first (29 October 1944 - 3 November 1944) and second periods (7 November 1944 – 24 November 1944) were marked by the two large offensives of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, led by Rodion Malinovsky. The battles in these two periods were exceptionally bloody and fierce, since the Germans offered strong resistance against the Soviet onslaught. Though the Red Army managed to gain considerable territory, they failed to capture Budapest, due to the fierce German resistance and their own lack of offensive strength.",383
672,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_offensive,Budapest offensive,"The battles in these two periods were exceptionally bloody and fierce, since the Germans offered strong resistance against the Soviet onslaught. Though the Red Army managed to gain considerable territory, they failed to capture Budapest, due to the fierce German resistance and their own lack of offensive strength. In the third period (3 December 1944 – 26 December 1944), the 3rd Ukrainian Front of Fyodor Tolbukhin reached the Danube river after liberating Belgrade, and thus greatly enhanced Soviet offensive power in Hungary. Now with adequate forces, the Soviet fronts launched a two-pronged attack north and south of Budapest, finally encircling the city and trapping about 79,000 German and Hungarian troops inside the Budapest pocket. The fourth period (1 January 1945 – 26 January 1945) was marked by a series of strong counter-offensives launched by German reinforcements in an attempt to relieve the siege of Budapest. Some German units managed to penetrate deep into the outskirts of the city, with the most successful ones only 25 km away from the Hungarian capital. However, the Soviets managed to withstand all the German attacks and maintain their encirclement. Finally, in the fifth period (27 January 1945 – 13 February 1945), the Soviets mustered their forces to eliminate the besieged defenders in the city. The German troops fought for about half a month more before surrendering on 13 February 1945, ending four months of bloody fighting in the Budapest area. Out of the estimated 79,000 defenders, fewer than 1,000 managed to avoid death or captivity. After the Budapest offensive, the main forces of Army Group South virtually collapsed. The road to Vienna, Czechoslovakia and the southern border of Germany was widely open for the Soviets and their allies. According to Soviet claims, the Germans and Hungarians in Budapest lost 49,000 dead soldiers, with 110,000 captured and 269 tanks destroyed.",374
673,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_offensive,Budapest offensive,"The road to Vienna, Czechoslovakia and the southern border of Germany was widely open for the Soviets and their allies. According to Soviet claims, the Germans and Hungarians in Budapest lost 49,000 dead soldiers, with 110,000 captured and 269 tanks destroyed. == Aftermath ==
As most of the German forces in the region were destroyed, troops were rushed in from the Western Front and, in March, the Germans launched the ill-fated Operation Spring Awakening (Unternehmen Frühlingserwachen) in the Lake Balaton area. The expansive goals of this operation were to protect one of the last oil producing regions available to the Axis and to retake Budapest. Neither goal was achieved. In Soviet propaganda, this offensive (together with the Belgrade Offensive and the East Carpathian Offensive) was listed as one of Stalin's ten blows. == See also ==
Siege of Budapest
Operation Spring Awakening (Unternehmen Frühlingserwachen)
Soviet occupation of Hungary


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts] (in German). Vol. VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Ungváry, Kristián (2003). Budapest Ostroma [Battle for Budapest] (in Hungarian). London: I.B. Tauris.",395
674,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_offensive,Budapest offensive,"London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-727-8. David M. Glantz, The Soviet-German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay.",46
675,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminists:_What_Were_They_Thinking%3F,Feminists: What Were They Thinking%3F,"Feminists: What Were They Thinking? is a 2018 documentary film directed by Johanna Demetrakas and starring Laurie Anderson, Phyllis Chesler and Judy Chicago among others. Women of different ages and backgrounds are interviewed by Demetrakas and a team of assistants on the subject of feminism, anchored in the book 'Emergence' with portraits by the photographer Cynthia MacAdams published in 1977. The film was partly funded by the International Documentary Association and also by a crowd funding campaign that raised over $75,000. It was released by Netflix on October 12, 2018. == Premise ==
In 1977 a book with portraits was released called 'Emergence' by photographer Cynthia MacAdams which captured women embracing feminism by shedding cultural restrictions. The documentary revisits those photos and those women, and contains interviews with women such as Jane Fonda, Lily Tomlin and Judy Chicago, and at the same time tackling topics such as identity, abortion, race, childhood and motherhood. The film discusses the contribution of films like 9 to 5 and the emergence of feminist artworks like The Dinner Party with some of the people involved. The film does include the significant contribution of Lesbian women to feminism, but it is noted that it missed an opportunity to include trans women. Erika Voeller of Mpls MadWomen notes that the women of color in the documentary express frustration with balancing their multiple identities within the movement but that the documentary  misses an opportunity to delve more deeply into intersectional feminism. == Cast ==
Laurie Anderson
Phyllis Chesler
Judy Chicago
Jane Fonda
Funmilola Fagbamila
Joan Kellerman
Sally Kirkland
Celine Kuklowksy
Wendy J.N.",359
676,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminists:_What_Were_They_Thinking%3F,Feminists: What Were They Thinking%3F,"Erika Voeller of Mpls MadWomen notes that the women of color in the documentary express frustration with balancing their multiple identities within the movement but that the documentary  misses an opportunity to delve more deeply into intersectional feminism. == Cast ==
Laurie Anderson
Phyllis Chesler
Judy Chicago
Jane Fonda
Funmilola Fagbamila
Joan Kellerman
Sally Kirkland
Celine Kuklowksy
Wendy J.N. Lee
Meredith Monk
Michelle Phillips
Margaret Prescod
Catharine Stimpson
Cheryl Swannack
Lily Tomlin
Marcy Vaj
Anne Waldman
Zsuzsanna Budapest (as Z. Budapest)
Aloma Ichinose
Germaine Greer (archival footage)
Flo Kennedy (archival footage)
Susan Brownmiller (archival footage)
Margo Jefferson (archival footage)
Kate Millett (archival footage)
Shirley Chisholm (archival footage)


== Reception ==
Paige Munshell of The Diamondback rated the film 3.5 out of 4 and wrote, ""Ironically, this documentary is subject to a common critique of women's art the film itself works to challenge: the brush-away claim that it is too sentimental, too emotional and not a serious work of art. The film is sentimental and emotional, but that doesn't make it unimportant or unworthy of attention... The documentary perfectly balances the old and the new, the ways feminism has grown and the way forward it must continue to march. It fearlessly shows us beauty and ugliness, women who painstakingly created something in a world of men, not to be accepted by them but in defiance of them."" == Release ==
It was released on February 9, 2018 on Netflix streaming.",386
677,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminists:_What_Were_They_Thinking%3F,Feminists: What Were They Thinking%3F,"It fearlessly shows us beauty and ugliness, women who painstakingly created something in a world of men, not to be accepted by them but in defiance of them."" == Release ==
It was released on February 9, 2018 on Netflix streaming. == References ==


== External links ==
Feminists: What Were They Thinking?. Netflix. Feminists: What Were They Thinking? at IMDb
Feminists: What Were They Thinking? at Rotten Tomatoes
Feminists: What Were They Thinking?. official website.",113
678,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regan_Burns,Regan Burns,"Regan Burns (born June 14, 1968) is an American actor, comedian, and game show host. He is best known for his role as Bennett James on Dog with a Blog, as well as being the host of the hidden camera game show Oblivious. Burns is also known for various roles in TV commercials and programs in the United States and the United Kingdom. == Career ==
Burns attended Radford University on a gymnastics scholarship, but gave it up to pursue theater instead. He graduated from Radford in 1991. After graduating, he studied acting at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Burns hosted the game show Oblivious, in which Burns acted as someone or something, such as an artist or golf instructor, and asked a contestant a series of five questions in conversation. The contestant wouldn't realize it was a hoax until all questions had been asked. They would then receive money for answering questions. Burns's other work include commentary for several E! shows. He played the arsonist Alan Shepard on Comedy Central's Halfway Home and plays a recurring character on Fox News Channel's The 1/2 Hour News Hour. He also appeared as a citizen of Reno, Nevada in an episode of Reno 911! and had a cameo in the direct-to-DVD movie Get Smart's Bruce and Lloyd: Out of Control as a lab tech. His work is mainly seen in TV commercials in both the United States and the United Kingdom, as he has appeared in various ads for Arby's, Capital One, Volkswagen, Holiday Inn, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Boston Pizza, Ooma, and others. Burns has also played ""Beerman"" in commercials for Coors Light. He appeared in the Back to You episode ""A Gentleman Always Leads,"" which aired October 10, 2007.",363
679,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regan_Burns,Regan Burns,"Burns has also played ""Beerman"" in commercials for Coors Light. He appeared in the Back to You episode ""A Gentleman Always Leads,"" which aired October 10, 2007. In December 2007, he appeared as a cashier in a corporate stunt by Burger King titled ""Whopper Freakout"" where a United States Burger King franchise informs its customers the signature Whopper has been discontinued. Burns played a teacher in two episodes of Zoey 101, and appeared in an episode of Supernatural later that year. In July 2010, he appeared in an episode of Sonny With a Chance. He has also appeared in an episode of I'm in the Band. In August 2010, Burns appeared in Zeke and Luther. From 2012 to 2015, Burns starred as Bennett James on the Disney Channel series Dog with a Blog. Since March 2009, Burns has been a regular film review contributor (usually Thursday or Fridays) on The Marc Germain Show, on TalkRadioOne.com. == Personal life ==
Burns married Jennifer Warren in 1995. Together, they have two children. == Filmography ==


=== Films ===


=== Television ===


== References ==


== External links ==
Regan Burns at IMDb
Official website (archived)",256
680,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguelito_(footballer,_born_1981)","Miguelito (footballer, born 1981)","José Miguel Organista Simões Aguiar (born 4 February 1981), known as Miguelito, is a Portuguese former footballer. A speedy player, he could operate as a defender or midfielder on the left side of the pitch. He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 220 games and seven goals over the course of ten seasons, representing in the competition  Rio Ave, Nacional, Benfica, Braga, Marítimo, Belenenses and Vitória de Setúbal. He also competed professionally in Cyprus, in a 17-year career. == Club career ==
Born in Póvoa de Varzim, Miguelito joined neighbouring Rio Ave FC's youth system at the age of 10. He broke into the first team eight years later, contributing 26 games in the 2002–03 campaign as the club returned to the Primeira Liga after a three-year absence, as champions. Transferred to Madeira's C.D. Nacional on 2 June 2005, Miguelito had an impressive first season, not missing one match as the Madeira side qualified for the UEFA Cup (notably scoring against his former team in a 2–0 away win). He was bought by S.L. Benfica on 22 August 2006, having previously been voted the league's best winger by newspaper Record. Midway through 2007–08, after having managed just three appearances in the Taça da Liga, barred by former Brazilian international Léo, Miguelito joined S.C. Braga in January, on loan. In August, he was released by Benfica and signed a three-year contract with C.S. Marítimo, which had just qualified for the UEFA Cup. After a good first season, Miguelito fell out of favour and was inclusively demoted to the reserves. In late January 2010, he moved on loan to C.F. Os Belenenses.",395
681,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguelito_(footballer,_born_1981)","Miguelito (footballer, born 1981)","In late January 2010, he moved on loan to C.F. Os Belenenses. == Personal life ==
Miguelito's younger brother, Sérgio Organista, was also a footballer. A youth product of FC Porto, he went on to represent, among others, Pontevedra CF. == Honours ==
Rio Ave

Segunda Liga: 2002–03
Moreirense

Segunda Liga: 2013–14


== References ==


== External links ==
Miguelito at ForaDeJogo (archived) 
Miguelito national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese)
Miguelito at Soccerway",148
682,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangal_Malsat,Kangal Malsat,"Kangal Malsat (""War Cry of the Have-Nots"") is a 2013 Indian Bengali-language political satire film directed by Suman Mukhopadhyay and based on the novel of the same name written by Nabarun Bhattacharya. As of February 2013, the Central Board of Film Certification denied approval of the film, citing distortion of history, excessive use of abusive language, sexuality, and the portrayal of social movements in a harmful way. The film got clearance in the Film Certification Appellate Tribunal in the first week of March 2013. Finally the film was set to be released on 2 August 2013. == Plot ==
In the Bengali language, the name of the film literally translates to ""War cry of the Beggars"". The film shows two imaginary groups of contemporary Bengal: The fyataru, flying human beings, and the Choktor, a black magic Bhodi sect. The head of the Choktors, initiates a total war against the ruling political party of West Bengal, India. Fyatarus join hands with Choktors. Advised by Calcutta's progenitors, the Dandabayash (ageless primordial talking crow) and an Indo-colonial half-breed Begum Johnson initiate a historic insurrection. Jointly, they launch guerrilla attacks against the Government. Skulls dance in crematoria and flying-discs flutter in the skies, crying anarchy. Resident ghosts gossip and prattle, and the police is in total confusion. Government is forced to surrender and offer a peace proposal to the joint force. This anarchic film dissects almost everything wrong in the city with a cinematic knife that was sharpened on trenchant farce and fantasy.",359
683,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangal_Malsat,Kangal Malsat,"Government is forced to surrender and offer a peace proposal to the joint force. This anarchic film dissects almost everything wrong in the city with a cinematic knife that was sharpened on trenchant farce and fantasy. == Cast ==
Kabir Suman as Dandabayosh (The crow)
Kaushik Ganguly as Marshal Bhodi
Shantilal Mukherjee as Madan
Kamalika Banerjee as Bhodi's wife
Ushasie Chakraborty as Kali
Joyraj Bhattacharjee as Purandar Bhat
Dibyendu Bhattacharya as D S
Dwijen Bandopadhyay as Anadi Pramanik
Disha Mishra as Mohini


== Controversies ==
In February 2013, the Central Board of Film Certification refused to pass the film. The letter of denial cited excessive use of abusive language, sexuality, frivolous approach in portraying of social movements and negative portrayal of the character Joseph Stalin. Mukhopadhyay, the director of the film, was angry that the censor board blocked the film and he said in an interview: ""It is frightening because it is interference of an artist's work and it is happening again and again in West Bengal. It is not the first time. There was the Ambikesh Mahapatra cartoon case, there was the segregation of newspapers and TV channels as friendly and not friendly, there was the student who was called a Maoist because she asked a question. All these small events are symptomatic of a mindset of what I will say are fascist tendencies."" In March 2013, the film was cleared by the tribunal and most objections raised by the Censor Board were rejected by the Film Certification Appellate Tribunal headed by chairman Lalit Bhasin.",375
684,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangal_Malsat,Kangal Malsat,"All these small events are symptomatic of a mindset of what I will say are fascist tendencies."" In March 2013, the film was cleared by the tribunal and most objections raised by the Censor Board were rejected by the Film Certification Appellate Tribunal headed by chairman Lalit Bhasin. But, they did not allow to portray the full oath of Mamata Banerjee as West Bengal's Chief Minister, since they felt it was not a biopic of Banerjee and the filmmakers were asked to cut the 76 swear words by fifty percent. A particular scene of the movie involving Disha Mishra was controversial due to nudity and graphic depiction of Sex. == See also ==
Herbert (film)
Fyataru


== References ==


== External links ==
Kangal Malsat at IMDb",168
685,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Penberthy,James Penberthy,"James Penberthy AM (3 May 1917 – 29 March 1999) was an Australian composer and journalist. == Biography ==
He was born Albert James Penberthy in Melbourne in 1917. He served with the Royal Australian Navy during World War II. He then studied at the University of Melbourne, where he obtained first class honours in composition. He later studied composition with Nadia Boulanger in Paris, and conducting with Sir John Barbirolli in England. He made his home in Perth, Western Australia, where he founded the West Australian Opera Company and was co-founder of the West Australian Ballet with his third wife, the Monaco-born Russian dancer Kira Bousloff. In 1975 he moved to the north coast of New South Wales. He founded the School of Arts at Southern Cross University. He died at Maclean, New South Wales, in 1999. == Works ==
He wrote prolifically in many genres, but is best known for his 22 ballets and 11 operas. Among his most often performed pieces are The Beach Inspector and the Mermaid and Ophelia of the Nine Mile Beach. Many of his works have Australian Indigenous connections: the ballets Euroka (1947), Brolga (1949), Boomerang (1951), The Whirlwind (1954) and Kooree and the Mists (1960) are all based on Aboriginal legends, with Kooree and the Mists being written for Mary Joyce Miller, the first Aboriginal ballet dancer in Western Australia. The operas Larry (1955), The Earth Mother (1958) and Dalgerie (1958) explore the relationships between the Indigenous inhabitants and the European settlers. Penberthy's Piano Concerto No. 2 (1955) is subtitled ""Aboriginal"". Julunggul and Kadjari (1957) is a ritual dance for orchestra.",385
686,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Penberthy,James Penberthy,"2 (1955) is subtitled ""Aboriginal"". Julunggul and Kadjari (1957) is a ritual dance for orchestra. His Sextet for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn and two bassoons (1954) employs Aboriginal melodies and rhythms. == Personal life ==
Penberthy was married four times, all four marriages ending in divorce. He had a son (David) with Dorothy (née Kerin); a son (Richard) to Barbara (née Paterson); a daughter (Tamara Walters) to Kira Bousloff (née Abricossova), co-founder of the West Australian Ballet; and he was also married to Constance (aka Claire) Bramley. == Honours ==
Penberthy was awarded the degree of Doctor of Music from the University of Melbourne in 1975, and was appointed a Member (AM) of the Order of Australia in 1986. == References ==


== Further reading ==
Barkl, Michael. 1997. James Penberthy. The Oxford Companion to Australian Music (ed. Warren Bebbington). Melbourne:  OUP.",241
687,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Cinematographers_Society,Australian Cinematographers Society,"The Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS) is a not-for-profit organisation founded in 1958 for the purpose of providing a forum for Australian cinematographers to further develop their skills through mutual co-operation. == History ==
The Australian Cinematographers Society was co-founded by John Leake OAM (1927-2009), whose career started at the age of 15. He served as both NSW president and national president of the organisation, and became its official historian, a role he continued until his death. == Location ==
The national headquarters and clubhouse of the ACS is located at 26 Ridge St, North Sydney. == Mission ==
The ACS states the following aims:

To keep members informed about the latest technology with new equipment demonstrations and ideas through meetings and seminars
To further the advancement of cinematography in all fields and give due recognition to the outstanding work performed by Australian cinematographers
To provide a forum for cinematographers to meet with other members of the industry to discuss and exchange ideas, promote friendship and better understanding of each other's industry role


== People ==
Its first national president was Syd Wood. In January 2022 Erika Addis was appointed ACS national president, the first female to hold the office. As of May 2025 she is still president. Members of the Society who are ""accredited"" are allowed to use the ""ACS"" suffix after their name. Accreditation is considered one of the highest honours bestowed upon a member and accreditation demonstrates more than just professional competence, but also creativity, consistency and aesthetic innovation. == Recognition and awards ==
The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) awarded the Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS) the 2014 Byron Kennedy Award at the 3rd annual AACTA Awards. The award celebrates outstanding creative enterprise within the film and television industries and is given to an individual or organisation whose work embodies innovation and the relentless pursuit of excellence.",395
688,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Cinematographers_Society,Australian Cinematographers Society,"== Recognition and awards ==
The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) awarded the Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS) the 2014 Byron Kennedy Award at the 3rd annual AACTA Awards. The award celebrates outstanding creative enterprise within the film and television industries and is given to an individual or organisation whose work embodies innovation and the relentless pursuit of excellence. The award jury said of their decision: ""We have chosen the Australian Cinematographers Society under the stewardship of Ron Johanson ACS for its enduring and pivotal role in the pursuit of excellence throughout Australian cinema"". The award was presented to Ron Johanson ACS on behalf of the Society at the AACTA Awards ceremony in Sydney on 30 January 2014. == ACS Awards ==
The ACS awards the National Awards for Cinematography, also known as the ACS Awards for Cinematography, in a number of categories. The winner of each category is awarded the Gold Tripod, and there is sometimes an Award of Distinction given to a runner-up. Cinematographers who have had a significant career may be inducted into the ACS Hall of Fame. === Milli Award ===
The Milli Award is the highest award an Australian Cinematographer can receive from the society. It is presented at the ACS National Awards for Cinematography to the Australian Cinematographer of the Year. All ACS National Gold Tripod winners progress through to be in the running for the Milli Award. === Emerging cinematographer award ===
First presented in 2010, the NFSA and Australian Cinematographers Society John Leake OAM Award for an Emerging Cinematographer, also known as the NFSA-ACS John Leake OAM ACS Award and as of 2025 the John Leake OAM ACS – Emerging Cinematographer Award, is designed to enable emerging cinematographers to develop their craft, and is presented annually at the Australian Cinematographers Society Awards.",385
689,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Cinematographers_Society,Australian Cinematographers Society,"All ACS National Gold Tripod winners progress through to be in the running for the Milli Award. === Emerging cinematographer award ===
First presented in 2010, the NFSA and Australian Cinematographers Society John Leake OAM Award for an Emerging Cinematographer, also known as the NFSA-ACS John Leake OAM ACS Award and as of 2025 the John Leake OAM ACS – Emerging Cinematographer Award, is designed to enable emerging cinematographers to develop their craft, and is presented annually at the Australian Cinematographers Society Awards. The award is named in honour of Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS) co-founder and industry icon John Leake  (1927–2009). Winners of the award include:


== Legacy ==
At least six members of the society have been awarded with the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. Dean Semler AM ACS ASC for Dances With Wolves (1990). John Seale AM ACS ASC for The English Patient (1996). Andrew Lesnie ACS ASC for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001). Russell Boyd ACS ASC for Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003). Dion Beebe ACS ASC for Memoirs of a Geisha (2005). Greig Fraser ACS ASC for Dune (2021). A seventh member of the society, Mandy Walker ACS ASC, became the first female president of the American Society of Cinematographers. == Books and publications ==
AC Magazine is the quarterly journal of the Australian Cinematographers Society. The Shadowcatchers: A history of Cinematography in Australia (2012)


== References ==


== External links ==
Australian Cinematographers Society website
The Shadowcatchers website
Showreelfinder. Online showcase of Australian Cinematographer Society National Award Winners. Published annually.",378
690,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carleton,Richard Carleton,"Richard George Carleton (11 July 1943 – 7 May 2006) was a multiple Logie Award–winning Australian television journalist. == Education ==

Carleton was born in Bowral, New South Wales. He was educated at Sydney Grammar School and graduated from the University of New South Wales. He was the third of four children – Joffre, Graeme, Richard and Joanne. == Television/journalism career ==


=== ABC/BBC ===
In the 1960s, he was a reporter on This Day Tonight as well as being the presenter of State of the Nation, both on the ABC. He continued these roles until he left for a role on 2GB Radio in 1976, followed by what began as a lifelong love of travelling and researching overseas, producing films in Indonesia (including being the only journalist to be allowed to visit the newly ""integrated"" East Timor) and the Middle East. Carleton joined the BBC in London in 1977 for the Tonight program, before returning to Australia in 1979. Carleton is probably most famously known for a comment made to the incoming federal Australian Labor Party leader Bob Hawke in 1983: ""Mr. Hawke, could I ask you whether you feel a little embarrassed tonight at the blood that's on your hands? "", which was a reference to the alleged involvement of Hawke in the resignation of former Labor leader Bill Hayden. The question irritated Hawke, who criticised Carleton for his ""damned impertinence"". Carleton ran for election in 1983 as the staff representative on the ABC Board. He was defeated by Tom Molomby, who wrote: ""His was a remarkable policy statement, the most blatant demonstration of political cynicism (I cannot believe it was the only other alternative, stupidity) which I have ever seen in an ABC election."". During 1986, Carleton was a co-presenter of The Carleton-Walsh Report on the ABC, with financial journalist Max Walsh.",395
691,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carleton,Richard Carleton,"He was defeated by Tom Molomby, who wrote: ""His was a remarkable policy statement, the most blatant demonstration of political cynicism (I cannot believe it was the only other alternative, stupidity) which I have ever seen in an ABC election."". During 1986, Carleton was a co-presenter of The Carleton-Walsh Report on the ABC, with financial journalist Max Walsh. === Nine Network ===
In 1987, Carleton began his most famous television journalism role, as a reporter on 60 Minutes. In a career with the program that spanned almost 20 years, he visited many locations around the world investigating political climates. In 2006, he and producer Stephen Rice visited Chernobyl and were given unprecedented access to the sarcophagus built over the ruined nuclear reactor, including a brief visit to the abandoned control room. Carleton was parodied on the Australian sketch-comedy shows Fast Forward and Comedy Inc. for his perceived over-prominence on 60 Minutes. In July 2000, the ABC's Media Watch program accused Carleton of plagiarising the BBC documentary A Cry from the Grave. Carleton denied the claims, suing the Australian Broadcasting Corporation for defamation. In 2002 the case was heard, and the judge found that while Carleton had ""misled his audience by misrepresenting a mass grave site shown in the program, and that 60 Minutes had copied film directly from the British documentary"", the allegations made by Media Watch were in fact untrue and had defamed Carleton. Carleton was greatly relieved by the ruling. (However, the judge also found Media Watch was entitled to express the views it formed and eventually awarded costs against Channel Nine and to the ABC.). Media Watch themselves claimed that Carleton had interpreted the judgement as favouring him, when they believed it didn't, and they refused to apologise. Carleton won five Penguin Awards and three Logie Awards during his time with 60 Minutes and at the ABC.",388
692,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carleton,Richard Carleton,"Media Watch themselves claimed that Carleton had interpreted the judgement as favouring him, when they believed it didn't, and they refused to apologise. Carleton won five Penguin Awards and three Logie Awards during his time with 60 Minutes and at the ABC. == Death ==
Carleton had experienced a number of health scares; the first was in 1988 when he underwent heart bypass surgery, which was filmed for 60 Minutes, and another in 2003 when he suffered a heart attack. In 2005, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer. On 7 May 2006, Carleton collapsed from a massive heart attack during a press conference at the Beaconsfield gold mine, shortly after questioning mine manager Matthew Gill on previous safety issues at the site. First-hand reports from the scene indicated that Carleton had a weak pulse when taken by ambulance to the Launceston General Hospital and that he had been puffing and gasping not long before he collapsed. Carleton died at 2:12 p.m, in the ambulance on the way to hospital. His last words were:On 26 October last year, not 10 metres from where these men are now entombed, you had a 400-tonne rock fall. Why is it, is it the strength of the seam, or the wealth of the seam, that you continue to send men into work in such a dangerous environment? In the 2012 telemovie about the incident, Beaconsfield, Carleton was played by Steve Vizard. In 2017, his garden was featured on the television program Gardening Australia and was introduced by his wife Sharon. == References ==


== External links ==

""The 60 Minutes Team – Richard Carleton"". ninemsn. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007.",353
693,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schuyler_Crosby,John Schuyler Crosby,"John Schuyler Crosby (September 19, 1839 – August 8, 1914) (usually referred to as J. Schuyler Crosby) was an American military officer and government official. He was most notable for his service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. After leaving the Army, he served as United States Consul in Florence, Italy and as the fifth Governor of the Montana Territory. The descendant of several prominent families in New York, Crosby attended the University of the City of New York (now New York University), but left before graduating so he could take an extended world tour. Having served in New York's militia before the Civil War, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Union Army's 1st Artillery Regiment once hostilities commenced. He was later promoted to first lieutenant and brevet captain, and served as assistant adjutant general under General Banks and assistant inspector general under General Philip Sheridan. He remained in the Army after the war, receiving brevets as major and lieutenant colonel for his role in defending the U.S. border during the French occupation of Mexico and participation in Custer's campaigns during the Indian Wars. After leaving the Army in 1871, Crosby worked as an engineer, designing and supervising the construction of lighthouses, breakwaters, and other marine projects. He served as U.S. Consul in Florence, Italy from 1876 to 1881, Governor of the Montana Territory from 1883 to 1884, U.S. First Assistant Postmaster General from 1886 to 1889, and as New York City school commissioner from 1889 to 1891. Crosby died in Newport, Rhode Island, on August 8, 1914, and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery. == Early life ==
Crosby was born to Clarkson Floyd Crosby (1817–1858) and Angelica Schuyler (1820–1896) in Albany, New York, on September 19, 1839.",393
694,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schuyler_Crosby,John Schuyler Crosby,"Crosby died in Newport, Rhode Island, on August 8, 1914, and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery. == Early life ==
Crosby was born to Clarkson Floyd Crosby (1817–1858) and Angelica Schuyler (1820–1896) in Albany, New York, on September 19, 1839. He was a lineal descendant of Pieter Schuyler and the great-grandson of William Floyd, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. He attended the University of the City of New York (now New York University), but left school before graduation to take a tour of South America, the Pacific Islands, the East Indies, and China. == Career ==


=== Civil War ===
At the beginning to the American Civil War he joined the Union Army and, having previous experience with the New York State Militia, was commissioned a second lieutenant in the First Artillery. His initial service was with the Army of the Potomac and he earned promotion to first lieutenant in August 1861. In 1862, Crosby was transferred to the Department of the Gulf and following the battles of Fort Bisland, Irish Bend and Vermilion Bayou was brevetted a captain for gallantry. From 1863 until 1865, he served as assistant adjutant general under General Banks. During the Red River Campaign, Crosby earned a letter of thanks from President Abraham Lincoln for carrying dispatches through enemy territory to Admiral Farragut. Following the capture of Mobile, Alabama, Crosby transferred to become assistant inspector general under General Philip Sheridan. === Post-war ===
Following the war, Crosby remained on Sheridan's staff as aide-de-camp and adjutant general. In this capacity, he served along the Rio Grande during the French occupation of Mexico and during Sheridan's and Custer's campaigns during the Indian Wars. He was brevetted four times for gallantry during his military service .",392
695,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schuyler_Crosby,John Schuyler Crosby,"In this capacity, he served along the Rio Grande during the French occupation of Mexico and during Sheridan's and Custer's campaigns during the Indian Wars. He was brevetted four times for gallantry during his military service . Crosby resigned from the army on January 1, 1871, as a brevet lieutenant colonel. After leaving the military, Crosby went to work as a civil engineer, building breakwaters and lighthouses. He helped found the Westchester Polo Club during this period and also won an international pigeon-shooting contest in 1875. On July 20, 1876, Crosby was with Vice-Commodore William T. Garner of the New York Yacht Club on the vessel Mohawk when a sudden squall overturned the yacht. The U.S. government later presented Crosby with a medal recognizing his heroic efforts to save lives during the boat's sinking. === Consul in Italy ===
Crosby was appointed Consul for the United States delegation in Florence, Italy by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1876. While at this posting, he assisted the local government in the capture and prosecution of a group of forgers. For his assistance, on June 29, 1881, Crosby was awarded the Order of the Crown of Italy. === Governor of Montana Territory ===
Crosby was nominated to become Governor of Montana Territory by President Chester A. Arthur. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 4, 1882, and took office on January 15, 1883. Upon his arrival, Crosby indicated his commitment to the territory by making over $20,000 of investments within Montana. Despite this level of dedication, the Republican governor still managed to antagonize the territory's Democratic majority through liberal use of his veto power. The most prominent example of his veto use was his blocking of a bill authorizing the establishment of a cattle commission and cattle inspection system.",380
696,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schuyler_Crosby,John Schuyler Crosby,"Despite this level of dedication, the Republican governor still managed to antagonize the territory's Democratic majority through liberal use of his veto power. The most prominent example of his veto use was his blocking of a bill authorizing the establishment of a cattle commission and cattle inspection system. Despite the veto, Crosby did take steps to halt cattle infected with Texas fever from being imported into the territory. Other activities pursued by the governor were a strong anti-crime policy, opposition to polygamy, and an effort to reduce lands held by Native Americans. He also played an important role in blocking cattle interests from gaining control of Yellowstone. Crosby was an avid big game hunter. While governor, he organized one of the largest big game hunts in U.S. history with a hunting party that included President Arthur, Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln, Senator George Graham Vest, Daniel G. Rollins and other dignitaries. Crosby resigned as governor on November 11, 1884, in order to become First Assistant Postmaster General. === Later life ===
Crosby held the position of First Assistant Postmaster General until March 1885. He then moved to New York City where, from 1889 to 1891, he was the city's school commissioner. After completing his job as commissioner, Crosby traveled extensively until 1897. He was also active in the Grand Army of the Republic, Loyal Legion, Sons of the Revolution, and a variety of Washington, D.C., and New York City social clubs. == Personal life ==
On June 26, 1863, Crosby married Harriet Van Rensselaer (1838–1911), youngest daughter of General Stephen Van Rensselaer IV (1789–1868), who was the last patroon of Rensselaerwyck. She was the granddaughter of Stephen Van Rensselaer III and Margarita ""Peggy"" Schuyler, the daughter of Gen. and U.S. Senator Philip Schuyler.",392
697,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schuyler_Crosby,John Schuyler Crosby,"She was the granddaughter of Stephen Van Rensselaer III and Margarita ""Peggy"" Schuyler, the daughter of Gen. and U.S. Senator Philip Schuyler. The marriage produced two children:

Stephen Van Rensselaer Crosby (1868–1959), who married Henrietta Marion Grew (1872–1957), sister-in-law of J. P. Morgan Jr. (1867–1943)
Angelica Schuyler Crosby (1872–1907), who married John Brooks Henderson Jr. (1870–1923), son of U.S. Senator John B. Henderson (1826–1913) and Mary Foote (1841–1931)
During his final years, Crosby suffered from declining health. On January 20, 1913, while he was in his sick bed, one of his servants suddenly became crazed and he was forced to fight off and subdue the knife wielding valet. Crosby died in Newport, Rhode Island on August 8, 1914. He is buried in Section 14, Lot 1 of Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York. === Descendants ===
His grandson was Henry Sturgis Crosby (1898–1929), a bon vivant, poet, and publisher who for some epitomized the Lost Generation in American literature, who was married to Mary Phelps Jacob (1891–1970). == References ==


== Sources ==
Wolff, Geoffrey (2003). Black Sun: The Brief Transit and Violent Eclipse of Harry Crosby. New York Review Books. ISBN 1-59017-066-0. == External links ==
 Media related to John Schuyler Crosby at Wikimedia Commons",354
698,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampier_Strait_(Papua_New_Guinea),Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea),"Dampier Strait in Papua New Guinea separates Umboi Island and New Britain, linking the Bismarck Sea to the north with the deeper Solomon Sea to the south. == History ==
The strait is named after the first European to sail through it, British navigator William Dampier in 1700 in HMS Roebuck. Dampier described his discoveries in his A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland Ch. 4 New Britain Discovered in these terms:

NEW BRITAIN. The easternmost part of New Guinea lies 40 miles to the westward of this tract of land, and by hydrographers they are made joining together: but here I found an opening and passage between, with many islands; the largest of which lie on the north side of this passage or strait. The channel is very good, between the islands and the land to the eastward. ... As we stood over to the islands we looked out very well to the north, but could see no land that way; by which I was well assured that we were got through, and that this east land does not join to New Guinea; therefore I named it New Britain. The north-west cape I called Cape Gloucester, and the south-west point Cape Anne; and the north-west mountain, which is very remarkable, I called Mount Gloucester. ...
SIR GEORGE ROOK'S ISLAND. Being near the island to the northward of the volcano I sent my boat to sound, thinking to anchor here; but she returned and brought me word that they had no ground, till they met with a reef of coral rocks about a mile from the shore. Then I bore away to the north side of the island where we found no anchoring neither. We saw several people, and some coconut-trees, but could not send ashore for want of my pinnace which was out of order.",391
699,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampier_Strait_(Papua_New_Guinea),Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea),"Then I bore away to the north side of the island where we found no anchoring neither. We saw several people, and some coconut-trees, but could not send ashore for want of my pinnace which was out of order. In the evening I stood off to sea to be at such a distance that I might not be driven by any current upon the shoals of this island if it should prove calm. We had but little wind, especially the beginning of the night; but in the morning I found myself so far to the west of the island that, the wind being at east-south-east, I could not fetch it; wherefore I kept on to the southward and stemmed with the body of a high island about 11 or 12 leagues long, lying to the southward of that which I before designed for. I named this island Sir George Rook's Island. LONG ISLAND AND CROWN ISLAND, DISCOVERED AND DESCRIBED. We also saw some other islands to the westward; which may be better seen in my chart of these lands than here described. But, seeing a very small island lying to the north-west of the long island which was before us, and not far from it, I steered away for that; hoping to find anchoring there: and, having but little wind, I sent my boat before to sound; which, when we were about 2 miles distance from the shore, came on board and brought me word that there was good anchoring in 30 or 40 fathom water, a mile from the isle and within a reef of the rocks which lay in a half-moon, reaching from the north part of the island to the south-east: so at noon we got in and anchored in 36 fathom a mile from the isle.",370
700,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampier_Strait_(Papua_New_Guinea),Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea),"We also saw some other islands to the westward; which may be better seen in my chart of these lands than here described. But, seeing a very small island lying to the north-west of the long island which was before us, and not far from it, I steered away for that; hoping to find anchoring there: and, having but little wind, I sent my boat before to sound; which, when we were about 2 miles distance from the shore, came on board and brought me word that there was good anchoring in 30 or 40 fathom water, a mile from the isle and within a reef of the rocks which lay in a half-moon, reaching from the north part of the island to the south-east: so at noon we got in and anchored in 36 fathom a mile from the isle. In the afternoon I sent my boat ashore to the island to see what convenience there was to haul our vessel ashore in order to be mended, and whether we could catch any fish. My men in the boat rowed about the island, but could not land by reason of the rocks and a great surge running in upon the shore. We found variation here 8 degrees 25 minutes west. I designed to have stayed among these islands till I had got my pinnace refitted; but, having no more than one man who had skill to work upon her, I saw she would be a long time in repairing (which was one great reason why I could not prosecute my discoveries further) and, the easterly winds being set in, I found I should scarce be able to hold my ground. The 31st in the forenoon we shot in between 2 islands lying about 4 leagues asunder; with intention to pass between them. The southernmost is a long island with a high hill at each end; this I named Long island.",378
701,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampier_Strait_(Papua_New_Guinea),Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea),"The 31st in the forenoon we shot in between 2 islands lying about 4 leagues asunder; with intention to pass between them. The southernmost is a long island with a high hill at each end; this I named Long island. The northernmost is a round high island towering up with several heads or tops, something resembling a crown; this I named Crown Isle from its form. Both these islands appeared very pleasant, having spots of green savannahs mixed among the woodland: the trees appeared very green and flourishing, and some of them looked white and full of blossoms. We passed close by Crown Isle; saw many coconut-trees on the bays and the sides of the hills; and one boat was coming off from the shore but returned again. We saw no smokes on either of the islands, neither did we see any plantations; and it is probable they are not very well peopled. We saw many shoals near Crown Island, and reefs of rocks running off from the points a mile or more into the sea. My boat was once overboard with design to have sent her ashore; but, having little wind and seeing some shoals, I hoisted her in again and stood off out of danger. == Annexations and World Wars ==
After the (British) Imperial annulment of the 1883 annexation by the Queensland colonial government of New Guinea east of the Dutch boundary at 141 E, in 1884 Germany ""annexed the northern shore of New Guinea from the Dutch boundary east-ward to Dampier Strait and the territory back of it theoretically to the crest of the central range of mountains."" In so doing it changed the name of the New Britannia Archipelago to the Bismarck Archipelago. On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the armed forces of Australia took, among other German possessions, the Bismarck Archipelago and, after a few month's fighting, German New Guinea.",397
702,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampier_Strait_(Papua_New_Guinea),Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea),"In so doing it changed the name of the New Britannia Archipelago to the Bismarck Archipelago. On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the armed forces of Australia took, among other German possessions, the Bismarck Archipelago and, after a few month's fighting, German New Guinea. The Treaty of Versailles created a League of Nations mandate over this area administratively vested in Australia. On 8 March 1942, the Japanese landed two battalions at Lae and Salamaua on the Huon Gulf giving them control of the Dampier and Vitiaz Straits. In December 1943 American forces landed on New Britain. General Douglas MacArthur announced that Rooke Island (Umboi Island) had been occupied on 12 February 1944 by American forces who met no opposition: Company B, 1st Marines had crossed the Dampier Strait on landing craft. == References ==",185
703,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_element,Response element,"Response elements are short sequences of DNA within a gene promoter or enhancer region that are able to bind specific transcription factors and regulate transcription of genes. Under conditions of stress, a transcription activator protein binds to the response element and stimulates transcription. If the same response element sequence is located in the control regions of different genes, then these genes will be activated by the same stimuli, thus producing a coordinated response. == Hormone response element ==
A hormone response element (HRE) is a short sequence of DNA within the promoter of a gene, that is able to bind to a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription. The sequence is most commonly a pair of inverted repeats separated by three nucleotides, which also indicates that the receptor binds as a dimer. Specifically, HRE responds to steroid hormones, as the activated steroid receptor is the transcription factor binding HRE. This regulates the transcription of genes signalled by the steroid hormone. A gene may have many different response elements, allowing complex control to be exerted over the level and rate of transcription. HRE are used in transgenic animal cells as inducers of gene expression. Examples of HREs include estrogen response elements and androgen response elements.",244
704,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_element,Response element,"HRE are used in transgenic animal cells as inducers of gene expression. Examples of HREs include estrogen response elements and androgen response elements. == Examples ==
Examples of response elements include:

Nuclear receptor (NR) response elements – two 6-meric repeats for dimeric binding
Type 1 NR response elements: inverted repeat
estrogen response elements (EREs)
androgen response elements (AREs)
glucocorticoid response elements (GREs)
Type 2 NR response elements: direct repeat RGKTCA motifs, canonically AGGTCA
Vitamin D response element (VDRE)
Retinoic acid response elements (RAREs)
ROR-response element
Thyroid hormone response element
Growth hormone response element (GHRE)
Peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements (PPREs)
cAMP response element (CRE)
B recognition element
AhR-, dioxin- or xenobiotic- responsive element (XRE)
Hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs)
Serum response element (SRE)
Metal-responsive element (MRE)
DNA damage response element (DRE)
IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs)
Calcium-response element CaRE1
Antioxidant response element (ARE)
p53 response element
Sterol regulatory element (StRE)
Polycomb response elements (PREs)
Rev response element (RRE)
Wnt response element (WRE), core CTTTG


== References ==


== External links ==
response+element at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)",361
705,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Songs_for_the_Retarded,Love Songs for the Retarded,"Love Songs for the Retarded is the second studio album by the American punk rock band the Queers, released in 1993 by Lookout! Records. It was the first of five studio albums the band would record for Lookout!, and their first by the lineup of singer and guitarist ""Joe Queer"" King, bassist Chris ""B-Face"" Barnard, and drummer Hugh O'Neill. It was also their first collaboration with Screeching Weasel frontman Ben Weasel, who produced the album and co-wrote two of its songs (he would also produce the band's next two studio efforts, and co-wrote a number of songs with King which were used on later Queers and Screeching Weasel records), and the first of three Queers albums recorded at Sonic Iguana Studio in Lafayette, Indiana, with audio engineer Mass Giorgini, who would continue to work with the band on and off for the next 14 years as a producer and engineer. Love Songs for the Retarded became the Queers' highest-selling album, with sales surpassing 100,000 copies. After the Queers rescinded their master recordings from Lookout! in 2006, Love Songs for the Retarded was reissued by Asian Man Records the following year, having been remixed and remastered by Giorgini. == Background ==
The Queers had gone through a number of lineup changes and periods of inactivity before the lineup of singer, songwriter, and guitarist ""Joe Queer"" King, drummer Hugh O'Neill, and bassist Chris ""B-Face"" Barnard solidified in 1990. By 1991 King was co-owner of a café and bar in Exeter, New Hampshire called Joe's Place, where O'Neill and Barnard worked as dishwashers. Around this time King befriended Ben Weasel, whose band Screeching Weasel soon signed to Berkeley, California-based Lookout! Records.",395
706,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Songs_for_the_Retarded,Love Songs for the Retarded,"Around this time King befriended Ben Weasel, whose band Screeching Weasel soon signed to Berkeley, California-based Lookout! Records. The Queers' goals at the time were modest: ""Things were desperate"", King later recalled, ""I made no money to speak of. We just wanted to do one great punk rock album that we'd release ourselves and play with Screeching Weasel at least once."" To this end, in May 1991 the band recorded a 14-song demo tape of new material to send to Weasel (9 of these songs would be recorded for Love Songs for the Retarded, while 3 more would be recorded for 1994's Beat Off; the entire demo tape was later included on the 1999 compilation album Later Days and Better Lays). Upon listening to the band's new songs, Weasel suggested to Lookout! head Larry Livermore that he sign the Queers to the label, and convinced King to send Livermore a copy of the demo. ""The songs were irresistibly melodic;"" Livermore recalled in his 2015 memoir, ""a couple of the slower numbers, heavily influenced by doo-wop and the Beach Boys, were almost heartbreakingly beautiful. Joe King was ten years younger than me, but we'd obviously grown up listening to a lot of the same music."" He felt the demo was almost good enough to put out itself, but thought it worth getting the band into a studio to re-record it with better production. He contacted King at Joe's Place and offered to sign the Queers to Lookout! : ""My cook Don answered the phone and said it was Larry Livermore"", King recalled in 2014. ""I of course knew what that meant—though I'd never spoken to him—and he asked if we wanted to do a record with them because he liked our songs.""",374
707,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Songs_for_the_Retarded,Love Songs for the Retarded,": ""My cook Don answered the phone and said it was Larry Livermore"", King recalled in 2014. ""I of course knew what that meant—though I'd never spoken to him—and he asked if we wanted to do a record with them because he liked our songs."" King asked Weasel to serve as record producer, and Livermore traveled to Chicago to meet the Queers, who were staying there with Weasel. Livermore was pleased to find that he got along well with the band, especially King, who shared Weasel's fondness for wisecracks and stories but was easier-going, less cynical and acerbic. With Weasel already having assured King that Lookout! was reliable when it came to paying its bands, a deal was quickly struck. == Recording ==

Love Songs for the Retarded was recorded in November 1992 with audio engineer Mass Giorgini at his Sonic Iguana Studio in Lafayette, Indiana, where Screeching Weasel had recorded their album Wiggle that summer. King, B-Face, and King's roommate Harlan rented a cargo van and drove over 1,000 miles from the band's hometown of Portsmouth, New Hampshire to Chicago, meeting up with Livermore, Weasel, and Screeching Weasel guitarist Dan Vapid to head south to Lafayette. O'Neill, who was flying out from Boston, missed his flight and did not arrive to the studio until the afternoon of recording. According to the album's liner notes, the recording session lasted from 9:30 PM on Saturday, November 7 to 9:30 PM the following day ""with about five hours in between for an uneasy slumber"". At the time, the Queers were heavy drinkers and regular drug users. B-Face later recalled ""We partied like crazy.",367
708,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Songs_for_the_Retarded,Love Songs for the Retarded,"At the time, the Queers were heavy drinkers and regular drug users. B-Face later recalled ""We partied like crazy. It's all I knew—I had no idea there were other punk bands that weren't like us [...] Lord knows Joe and Hugh did [...] I generally just stuck to booze, although I got my first taste of hard drugs from those guys."" This party lifestyle followed them into the studio, as Livermore recalled: ""If you've seen the [album] cover photo—a bleary-eyed band surrounded by a staggering array of bottles—you'll have some idea what the recording session looked like [...] I was tempted to say something as I helped unload cases of Budweiser along with the band's signature bass cabinet with its spray-painted slogan, 'THE QUEERS ARE HERE'. But I kept my mouth shut [...] Ben had the sense to go easy on his own drinking, and Mass didn't drink at all, but a couple band members were on the way to being completely blotto by the time we were done setting up the mics."" Nevertheless, he found that the band was so well-rehearsed that their intoxication hardly affected their performance, the songs flowing almost effortlessly while Giorgini worked eagerly and Weasel kept everyone on task: ""Ben was determined to crank out [the album] in two days flat. He approached it the same way he had [Screeching Weasel's 1991 album] My Brain Hurts: one or two takes and done for nearly every song [...] It helped immensely, too, that the band came in with a fully developed and rehearsed set of songs. In all my years working with the Queers, it was the only time that would happen.""",353
709,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Songs_for_the_Retarded,Love Songs for the Retarded,"He approached it the same way he had [Screeching Weasel's 1991 album] My Brain Hurts: one or two takes and done for nearly every song [...] It helped immensely, too, that the band came in with a fully developed and rehearsed set of songs. In all my years working with the Queers, it was the only time that would happen."" King similarly recalled the session going swiftly, but felt that the material on the demo tape was better in some respects because the band had been more relaxed and not as rushed as they were during the album session: ""We busted out all the songs and the next day [O'Neill] few out around 2 PM. I did vocals and we banged it out quick. It was fun, though all of us in the Queers knew we could have done better at home. Still, if Lookout was paying for it we were honored to go do it. Ben was a real inspiration, as even then I highly respected his songwriting."" Weasel shares writing credit with King on two of the album's tracks, ""Fuck the World"" and ""I Can't Stop Farting"". A version of ""Fuck the World"" recorded by Screeching Weasel was later included on the 2005 reissue of Wiggle. ""I Can't Stand You"" was written by Ron Nole, aka Ronnie Parasite, of the New Jersey punk band the Parasites. Though uncredited, Livermore and the others at the studio performed gang vocals on the album, including the songs ""You're Tripping"" and ""I Hate Everything"". To his disappointment, Livermore ""couldn't quite nail"" the backing vocals on ""Debra Jean"", despite having practiced the song for weeks in advance. King's roommate Harlan performed the guitar lead on ""Night of the Livid Queers"".",374
710,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Songs_for_the_Retarded,Love Songs for the Retarded,"To his disappointment, Livermore ""couldn't quite nail"" the backing vocals on ""Debra Jean"", despite having practiced the song for weeks in advance. King's roommate Harlan performed the guitar lead on ""Night of the Livid Queers"". B-Face did the artwork and layout for the LP sleeve and insert, to which Lookout's Chris Appelgren added illustrations including a ""borrowed"" Felix the Cat comic strip in which Felix demonstrates the five senses by getting drunk, and an image of Felix playing the banjo from the 1927 Educational Pictures feature Uncle Tom's Crabbin'; Appelgren later developed this into the ""Queers cat"", a character he included in the artwork of several of the band's subsequent releases. He also adapted B-Face's layout for the compact disc release of the album. == Reception ==
Reviewing Love Songs for the Retarded for AllMusic, Kembrew McLeod said that ""most of the album alternates between the guitar-driven pure pop craft of 'Daydreaming' and the less melodic, raging punk of 'Monster Zero'. It is, nonetheless, a giant leap from their first album, Grow Up."" Critic Robert Christgau gave the album an honorable mention, summarizing that ""for 16 songs in 36 minutes, they [heart] Ramones and rhyme with 'beers'."" == Reissue ==
In 2006 the Queers followed several other former Lookout! artists in rescinding their master tapes and licensing rights from the label, invoking a clause in their contract citing delinquent royalty payments. They signed to Asian Man Records, who reissued all of the band's Lookout! albums in 2007, each having been remixed and remastered by Giorgini at Sonic Iguana. For its reissue, Love Songs for the Retarded was given new artwork derived from the original LP release.",383
711,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Songs_for_the_Retarded,Love Songs for the Retarded,"albums in 2007, each having been remixed and remastered by Giorgini at Sonic Iguana. For its reissue, Love Songs for the Retarded was given new artwork derived from the original LP release. This version of the album was re-released in 2017 by Rad Girlfriend Records. == Track listing ==


== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. == References ==",84
712,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromus_kalmii,Bromus kalmii,"Bromus kalmii,  Kalm's brome, is a species of brome grass. It is a native bunchgrass in the North-central and Northeastern United States, the Great Lakes region, and eastern Canada. The specific epithet kalmii refers to its discoverer Pehr Kalm. == Description ==
Bromus kalmii is a perennial grass, with solitary or slightly tufted culms that grow 0.4–1.2 m (1 ft 4 in – 3 ft 11 in) tall. The culms are pubescent just below the nodes. The grass typically has three to five and occasionally six leaf blades. The firm and scabrous leaf blades are either pubescent or glabrous and are 7–17 cm (2.8–6.7 in) long and 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) wide. The glabrous or sometimes shaggy sheaths are mostly shorter than the internodes and each have a V-shaped cleft. The ligule is typically 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long. The narrow, crowded panicle is 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) long. The lower branches of the panicle are very slender and each bear one or two spikelets. The five to eleven flowered spikelets  are 1.4–2.6 cm (0.55–1.02 in) long and 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) wide. Both glumes have short, adpressed hairs. The lower glume is three-nerved and the upper glume is five-nerved. The densely hairy lemmas are oblong to elliptical in shape, and have straight awns 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long.",388
713,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromus_kalmii,Bromus kalmii,"The lower glume is three-nerved and the upper glume is five-nerved. The densely hairy lemmas are oblong to elliptical in shape, and have straight awns 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long. The oblong and flat palea is slightly shorter than the glume. The anthers are approximately 2 mm (0.079 in) long. The grass flowers from July to through August. == Habitat ==
Bromus kalmii grows in dry or moist open areas or thickets, especially on calcareous soils. == References ==",131
714,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikil_Dutt,Nikil Dutt,"Nikil Dutt is a Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at University of California, Irvine, United States. Professor Dutt's research interests are in embedded systems, electronic design automation, computer architecture, optimizing compilers, system specification techniques, distributed systems, and formal methods. == Early life and education ==
Born and raised in Gangtok, Sikkim, India, Dutt received his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1989. He received a B.E. (Hons) in mechanical engineering from the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India in 1980, an M.S. in computer science from the Pennsylvania State University in 1983. == Career ==
In 1989, he joined UC-Irvine as an assistant professor of computer science. He is affiliated with Center for Embedded Computer Systems (CECS), California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2), the Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing (CPCC), and the Laboratory for Ubiquitous Computing and Interaction (LUCI). His research has been recognized by Best Paper Awards and Best Paper Award Nominations at several conferences. Dutt has served as associate editor of Association for Computing Machinery's Transactions on Embedded Computer Systems (TECS) and of IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems (TVLSI). He was a keynote speaker at several conferences. Dutt served as editor-in-chief of ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES) from 2004 to 2008. == Awards ==
In 2007, he was selected as an ACM Distinguished Member and in 2008 an IEEE Fellow. In 2014, Dutt was elected an ACM Fellow for contributions to embedded architecture exploration, and service to electronic design automation and embedded systems.",378
715,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikil_Dutt,Nikil Dutt,"== Awards ==
In 2007, he was selected as an ACM Distinguished Member and in 2008 an IEEE Fellow. In 2014, Dutt was elected an ACM Fellow for contributions to embedded architecture exploration, and service to electronic design automation and embedded systems. == Books ==
High-Level Synthesis: Introduction to Chip and System Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992
Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-on-Chip: Optimizations and Exploration, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999
Memory Architecture Exploration for Programmable Embedded Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003
SPARK: A Parallelizing Approach to the High-Level Synthesis of Digital Circuits, by Sumit Gupta, Rajesh K. Gupta, Nikil Dutt, Alex Nicolau, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004
Functional Validation of Programmable Embedded Architectures: A Top-Down Approach, Springer-Verlag, 2005
On-chip Communication Architectures: Current Practice, Research and Future Trends, Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier Systems-on-Silicon Series, 2008
Processor Description Languages: Applications and Methodologies, Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier Systems-on-Silicon Series, 2008. == Personal life ==
He lives in Irvine, California with his family. == References ==


== External links ==
Computer Engineering Academic Genealogy",276
716,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettice_Digby_(scientist),Lettice Digby (scientist),"Lettice Digby (31 July 1877 – 27 November 1972) was a British cytologist, botanist and malacologist. Her work provided the first demonstration that a fertile polyploid hybrid had formed between two cultivated plant species. == Education and personal life ==
Digby was born on 31 July 1877 in Chelsea, London, UK. She was the second of the four children of Sir Kenelm Edward Digby and Hon. Caroline Strutt who had married on 30 August 1870. She studied at the Royal College of Science. By 1907 she was living in Kingsford, Colchester, and she died in Colchester, Essex, UK on 27 November 1972. == Scientific career ==
Digby was active in research within both botany and malacology, where she applied the technologies of cytology. Her application of cytology to the Kew primrose (Primula kewensis) provided the first example of a polyploid hybrid to be recorded. This fertile polyploid species arose through chromosome doubling in an otherwise infertile hybrid. The fertile polyploid with 36 chromosomes was formed at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew among infertile hybrids between P. verticillata, originating from Africa and Asia, and P. floribunda, from the Himalayas. The hybrids had been noticed in 1899 by staff at Kew, particularly Frank Garett, and were awarded a First Class certificate at a Royal Horticultural Society meeting in 1900. They were large plants with attractive flowers. The lack of fertile seeds despite repeated efforts at crossing the parents was a problem until some were obtained in 1905. Digby was thus able to compare both fertile and infertile hybrids. P. kewensis continued to be cited into the 21st century as an example of a new species originating from human activities.",376
717,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettice_Digby_(scientist),Lettice Digby (scientist),"Digby was thus able to compare both fertile and infertile hybrids. P. kewensis continued to be cited into the 21st century as an example of a new species originating from human activities. Digby made measurements of chromosome length, width and number during meiosis in both plants (such as smooth hawk's-beard (Crepis virens) and Primula) and animals such as Helix pomatia and Homarus gammarus. She collaborated with John B Farmer and John E S Moore, early investigators of the units of heredity. She worked with Farmer on chromosome counts of the intergeneric hybrid fern Schneider’s Polypody, Polypodium schneideri. This was not known to have parents from different genera at the time, and the technology of the time made precise chromosome visualisation in ferns difficult. She analysed the structure and taxonomy of some gastropods Moore had collected in Lake Tanganyika. This was at a time when the relationship of chromosome structures to inheritance was under active investigation. In addition, after the success of genetic studies in Drosophila, the selection of additional model organisms was needed to ascertain whether these findings could be generalised to all plants and animals. Smooth hawk's-beard was proposed as another model organism. Digby had studied its cytology, determining that it had 3 pairs of chromosomes. Her work on the structure of chromosomes, their changes during mitosis and meiosis and their relationship to the units of heredity was early support for the chromosome theory of inheritance. Digby spent some of her career at the Biological Laboratory, Royal College of Science and at the Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In 1903 she exhibited her work at the Royal Society's ladies' soireé. During the First World War she spent time working as a laboratory assistant at the South African Military Hospital in Richmond Park, London.",394
718,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettice_Digby_(scientist),Lettice Digby (scientist),"In 1903 she exhibited her work at the Royal Society's ladies' soireé. During the First World War she spent time working as a laboratory assistant at the South African Military Hospital in Richmond Park, London. In 1919-1920 she was working with E.E. Glynn of University of Liverpool to study pneumococcal infections using serological and bacteriological methods, financed by the Medical Research Council. == Awards ==
She was elected a member of the Malacological Society of London in 1903. She was elected an ordinary fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society in 1918. == Publications ==
Digby was author or co-author of at least 8 scientific papers:

J. B. Farmer, J. E. S. Moore and Digby L. (1902) On the cytology of apogamy and apospory - 1 preliminary note on apogamy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 71 (475)  453-457
Digby, L. (1902) On the structure and affinities of some gastropods from Lake Tanganyika belonging to the genera Chytra and Limnotrochus (communicated by Prof G. B. Howes, Sec L.S. and read on her behalf by Mr J. E. S. Moore). Linnean Journal of Zoology 28  434 - 442
Digby, L. (1902) On the Nyassa vivipara and its relationship to Neothauma. Read at the Linnean Society 20 February 1902. Digby, L. (1903) Preliminary note on the anatomy of the genus Cataulus. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 5 261
Digby, L. (1905) On the cytology of apogamy and apospory. II. Preliminary note on apospory.",393
719,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettice_Digby_(scientist),Lettice Digby (scientist),"II. Preliminary note on apospory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 76 (512) 463-467
J. Bretland Farmer and L Digby (1907) Studies in apospory and apogamy in Ferns. Annals of Botany 21 (81-84) 161-199
Digby, L. (1909) Observations on 'chromatin bodies' and their relation to the nucleolus in Galtonia candicans, Decsne. Annals of Botany 23 (89-92)  491-499
Digby, L. (1910) The somatic, premeiotic, and meiotic nuclear divisions of Galtonia candicans. Annals of Botany 24 (93 - 96) 727-757
Digby, L. (1912) The cytology of Primula kewensis and of other related primula hybrids. Annals of Botany 26 (101-4) 357-U111
Digby, L. (1914) A Critical Study of the Cytology of Crepis virens Arch. Zellf. 12 97-146
J. B. Farmer and Digby L. (1914) On dimensions of chromosomes considered in relation to phylogeny Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 205
Digby, L. (1919) On the archesporial and meiotic mitoses of Osmunda  Annals of Botany 33 (130) 135-172


== References ==",322
720,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Somerford_Halt_railway_station,Great Somerford Halt railway station,"Great Somerford Halt was a station on the Malmesbury Branch Line of the Great Western Railway in Wiltshire, England. It was open from 1877 to 1933 for passengers, and 1879 to 1922 for goods. The station, at first named Somerford, was opened in December 1877 as part of the Malmesbury branch which left the Great Western Main Line at Dauntsey, 2+1⁄2 miles (4.0 km) to the southeast. The station was on the road to Little Somerford and separated from the northern edge of Great Somerford village by the River Avon. A small goods yard and siding were in use from January 1879. The name of the station was changed to Great Somerford in 1903 when the GWR opened a more direct route to South Wales, the South Wales Main Line which left the earlier main line at Royal Wootton Bassett and passed half a mile (900 metres) to the north near Little Somerford, where a new station was built. The reduction in traffic led to changes in 1922 at Great Somerford: the goods yard closed and staff were withdrawn from the station, which was now named Great Somerford Halt. In 1933, Little Somerford station was linked to the Malmesbury branch and became the junction station. The line south to Dauntsey, along with Great Somerford Halt, was closed on 17 July 1933, as usage of the halt had declined to an average of one passenger per two trains. The track as far south as Great Somerford was retained until 1959 and used for storage of rolling stock; the track further south had been lifted by 1949. The site of the station and goods yard is now occupied by a sewage works. The station master's house, next to the road, survives. == References ==",379
721,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Bertrand,Dick Bertrand,"Dick Bertrand (born 1941) is a retired college ice hockey player and coach. Bertrand both played and coached at Cornell from 1966 through 1982 before leaving to take over at Ferris State. He remained with the Bulldogs until leaving the team part way through the 1985–86 season, ending his ice hockey career. == Career ==
Bertrand began his college career as a player for Cornell in 1966, but he was unable to suit up for the Big Red squad that would win the National Championship that season due to the NCAA's regulations forbidding freshmen from participating. Bertrand officially hit the ice the following campaign and was part of a powerhouse Cornell squad that would only lose 4 games over the next three seasons. Despite their massive success, the Big Red were unable to capture a national championship in either of the succeeding two tournaments, finishing 3rd and 2nd respectively. Following the departure of future NHL superstar Ken Dryden, the 1969–70 team accomplished something no other college ice hockey team has ever matched; Cornell won the 1970 title as an undefeated team with a 29-0 record. After the team's second national title in 4 years, head coach Ned Harkness left to take charge of the Detroit Red Wings. For his replacement, Cornell turned to Dick Bertrand and, since he had yet to graduate when he was named to the position, Bertrand became the first undergraduate to be a head coach in NCAA history (though he was 29 at the time). In his first three seasons as coach Cornell won at least 22 games every year and made the NCAA tournament twice, finishing second in 1972 and fourth the following season. For the remainder of the decade, the Big Red would remain one of the nation's top teams, compiling a winning percentage of no less than .638 in any season, but the team failed to make any further tournament appearances until a surprise berth in 1980.",378
722,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Bertrand,Dick Bertrand,"In his first three seasons as coach Cornell won at least 22 games every year and made the NCAA tournament twice, finishing second in 1972 and fourth the following season. For the remainder of the decade, the Big Red would remain one of the nation's top teams, compiling a winning percentage of no less than .638 in any season, but the team failed to make any further tournament appearances until a surprise berth in 1980. Bertrand remained with the team until 1982, when he resigned after his only losing season in Ithaca to take the top job at Ferris State. Bertrand arrived in Big Rapids with the Bulldogs on the cusp of making waves in the CCHA. After two consecutive 20-win seasons, the previous year saw the team drop to 15 victories. The first two years under Bertrand saw more of the same with a 16- and 18-win campaigns, but the third year was a disaster as the Bulldogs finished with an 11-26-1 mark and dead last in the conference. While the fourth season brought moderate success, Bertrand resigned after an 11-10-1 start, turning the team over to Peter Esdale and ending his collegiate career. == Head coaching record ==

† Resigned midseason


== References ==


== External links ==
Biographical information and career statistics from The Internet Hockey Database",272
723,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimarron_River_Valley_Railway,Cimarron River Valley Railway,"The Cimarron River Valley Railway (reporting mark CRVC) was a short-line railroad operating over a 25.47 mile route starting from a junction point known as Camp and continuing into the City of Cushing, all in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The railroad began functioning January 1, 1985, and discontinued operations in April 1989. == History ==
On November 28, 1983, following the shutdown of the Hudson Refinery in Cushing the previous year, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) filed to abandon a railway segment commonly known as the Camp-Cushing line. This extended from a connection point on AT&SF's trackage near Pawnee known as Camp, and continued into the City of Cushing, a distance of 25.47 miles. Such abandonment would have left Cushing without rail service. In response, a local enterprise in the rail car cleaning and repair business known as Cushing Rail Car on September 12, 1984, created a subsidiary called the Cimarron River Valley Railway Company to instead lease the line from AT&SF and continue to run it. The new railroad officially began work on January 1, 1985. The line employed a small staff and at least four used EMD GP7 locomotives. However, the railway ended up shutting down in April 1989, and receiving abandonment authority in July of that year. Because of this, the City of Cushing no longer has any rail connections. == References ==",302
724,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkeli,Donkeli,"Donkeli (Doṃkelī) is a village in Firozabad block of Firozabad district, Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad. As of 2011, it had a population of 6,494, in 1,148 households. == Geography ==
Donkeli is located southeast of Firozabad, south of the old NH 2 and the main line of the Northern Railway. The Firozabad Distributary canal passes by about 0.5 km due west of Donkeli, and there is a sharp 90° angle bend in the canal's course at that location. The area surrounding the village is basically all flat farmland. Nearby villages include Rashidpur Kaneta to the northwest, Jamalpur to the west, and Sargawan to the southeast. == Demographics ==
As of 2011, Donkeli had a population of 6,494, in 1,148 households. This population was 53.0% male (3,445) and 47.0% female (3,049). The 0–6 age group numbered 1,050 (549 male and 501 female), making up 16.2% of the total population. 2,893 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 44.5% of the total. The 1981 census recorded Donkeli as having a population of 2,552 people (1,396 male and 1,156 female), in 435 households and 436  [sic] physical houses. The 1961 census recorded Donkeli as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 1,666 people (846 male and 820 female), in 309 households and 243 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 646 acres and it had a post office and medical practitioner at that point. == Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Donkeli had 4 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities.",393
725,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkeli,Donkeli,"The area of the village was given as 646 acres and it had a post office and medical practitioner at that point. == Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Donkeli had 4 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both kachcha and pakka materials. == References ==",120
726,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_(group),Glam (group),"Glam (Korean: 글램; stylized in all caps) was a South Korean girl group formed by Source Music and produced by Big Hit Entertainment (now Hybe Labels). The group originally consisted of five members: Zinni, Trinity, Jiyeon, Dahee, and Miso. They were the first girl group jointly launched by Source Music and Big Hit Entertainment. Glam officially debuted on July 16, 2012, with the single “Party (XXO).” The group gained attention for its progressive lyrics and genre-blending musical style. Member Trinity left the group shortly after debut, and Glam continued as a four-member group. In 2014, member Dahee was involved in a high-profile blackmail case involving actor Lee Byung-hun, which resulted in a prison sentence. The group disbanded shortly thereafter, in January 2015. The group's name, ""GLAM,"" is an acronym for ""Girls be Ambitious."" == History ==


=== 2010–2011: Pre-debut ===
Before their official debut, Glam was featured on 2AM’s song ""Just Me"" from the boy band's 2010 album, Saint o'Clock. In 2011, Glam and a pre-debut BTS were featured on Lee Hyun’s track ""Bad Girl"" from his album You Are Best of My Life. The group also garnered attention when member Dahee provided the voice for the Vocaloid 3 product SeeU, the first Korean-language Vocaloid. === 2012–2013: Debut, digital singles and Trinity’s departure ===
In 2012, Glam starred in the reality show Real Music Drama: GLAM, which aired on SBS MTV from June 6 until the group’s official debut. On July 16, 2012, Glam officially debuted with the release of their first single, ""Party (XXO).""",395
727,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_(group),Glam (group),"=== 2012–2013: Debut, digital singles and Trinity’s departure ===
In 2012, Glam starred in the reality show Real Music Drama: GLAM, which aired on SBS MTV from June 6 until the group’s official debut. On July 16, 2012, Glam officially debuted with the release of their first single, ""Party (XXO)."" Later that year, they released the song ""The Person I Miss"" for the soundtrack of the Korean drama Five Fingers. On December 31, 2012, Source Music and Big Hit Entertainment announced that member Trinity would be leaving the group for personal reasons. Glam continued as a four-member group. On January 2, 2013, the group released their second single, ""I Like That,"" which sampled ""Why Do You"" by Chuli and Miae. On March 15, 2013, Glam made their second comeback of the year with the single ""In Front of the Mirror,"" a genre-blending track that incorporated elements of Europop, trot, and hip hop. === 2015: Disbandment ===
On January 15, 2015, Glam's agency confirmed that the members had terminated their contracts, and the group had officially disbanded. == Controversies ==


=== Blackmailing scandal ===
On September 2, 2014, actor Lee Byung-hun accused two women of attempting to blackmail him using a compromising video as leverage. Dahee, a member of Glam, and model Lee Ji-yeon were later identified as the women involved and were charged with attempting to extort ₩5 billion from the actor. On January 15, 2015, the Seoul District Court sentenced Dahee to one year in prison. On March 26, 2015, following a request for leniency by Lee Byung-hun, the Seoul District Court reduced Dahee’s sentence to a two-year suspended sentence.",386
728,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_(group),Glam (group),"On January 15, 2015, the Seoul District Court sentenced Dahee to one year in prison. On March 26, 2015, following a request for leniency by Lee Byung-hun, the Seoul District Court reduced Dahee’s sentence to a two-year suspended sentence. == Discography ==


=== Singles ===


=== Soundtrack appearances ===


=== Collaborations ===


== Filmography ==


=== Television ===


== References ==",96
729,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalat_Castle,Skalat Castle,"The Skalat Castle (Ukrainian: Скалатський замок, romanized: Skalats'kyi zamok) is located in Skalat, Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. The castle was built around 1630, by Krzysztof Wichrowski, the swordbearer of Halych, and an architectural monument of national importance. == History ==
The castle was destroyed during the Cossack wars and was not rebuilt until the 18th century. The stronghold was completely destroyed during World War I. == Owners ==
The castle successively passed into the hands of the Chodkiewicz, Korecki and Wichrowski families. Wichrowski's daughter Weronika married Sanok castellan Jan Firlej. Then: Firlej's, Scipio del Campo, Kalinowski's, Anna Kalinowska (née Lanckorońska), and Poniatowski. In the 18th century it was owned by Maria née Wodzicki Scypionowa, and from 1869 the castle was ruled by Suesskind Rozenstock and his sons, who held it until World War I. == Architecture ==
The castle was founded on a quadrilateral plan with five-sided towers at the corners. The entrance to the castle led through a stone gate with two wickets on the sides, on which were placed stone slabs with the history of the building and also a sculpture of a knight standing on top of the gate. This knight is leaning on a shield bearing the coats of arms of Jelita, Rawicz, Leliwa and Scypion. This part of the castle dates back to 1795.",382
730,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalat_Castle,Skalat Castle,"This knight is leaning on a shield bearing the coats of arms of Jelita, Rawicz, Leliwa and Scypion. This part of the castle dates back to 1795. By the end of the 19th century there were defensive moats and ramparts, as well as a brick entrance gate, the top of which is decorated with three stone figures. A residential house stood inside the ramparts; the current owners erected a beautiful and spacious brick house here. Everything that exists today is the result of reconstruction carried out in the interwar period. == References ==


== Bibliography ==
Filip Sulimierski, Bronisław Chlebowski]], Władysław Walewski, Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, t. X, Warszawa, 1880–1902, s. 664. Aleksander Strojny; Krzysztof Bzowski; Artur Grossman (2005). Ukraina zachodnia: tam szum Prutu, Czeremoszu... Kraków: Wyd. Bezdroża. p. 282. ISBN 83-921981-6-6. OCLC 750033004. {{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


== External links ==
""Skałat"". Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (in Polish). 10. Warszawa: Kasa im. Józefa Mianowskiego. 1889. p. 644.",357
731,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_in_the_Forest,The Fox in the Forest,"The Fox in the Forest is a trick-taking card game designed by Joshua Buergel and published in 2017 by Foxtrot Games and Renegade Game Studios. Two players play cards of different suits to win tricks over rounds of 13 turns, then score point based on the number of tricks they won during that round in order to end the game with the highest number of points. == Publishing history ==
The Fox in the Forest Duet, a cooperative reimplementation of the game mechanics from The Fox in the Forest, was published in 2020 by Foxtrot Games and Renegade Game Studios. An app version of The Fox in the Forest was developed by Dire Wolf Digital and released on October 17, 2021. == Gameplay ==
The Fox in the Forest is played over multiple rounds, each consisting of 13 turns or ""tricks"". Players start each round with a hand of 13 cards and both play one card from their hand every trick. A round begins with one player revealing the top card of the deck, known as the Decree Card; the other player then leads the trick by playing a card of any suit (Bells, Keys, or Moons) from their hand. In subsequent rounds the winner of the previous trick leads. The non-leading player then plays a card that matches the Lead Suit if they have one, or else plays a card of any suit. When played, cards with odd ranks activate a special ability that can change play rules, turn order, or scoring for the trick. The winner of the trick is determined by comparing the card suits: the highest ranked card in the suit of the Decree Card, known as the Trump Suit, wins or the highest ranked card in the Lead Suit wins if no card in the Trump Suit was played.",355
732,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_in_the_Forest,The Fox in the Forest,"When played, cards with odd ranks activate a special ability that can change play rules, turn order, or scoring for the trick. The winner of the trick is determined by comparing the card suits: the highest ranked card in the suit of the Decree Card, known as the Trump Suit, wins or the highest ranked card in the Lead Suit wins if no card in the Trump Suit was played. They then take the two played cards and place them face down in a pile on their side of the table to track the number of tricks won in the round such that no player can look at the card faces until the round is over. After all tricks have been played, the round ends and players win points based on the number of tricks they won. Points are awarded in ranges, with 0-3 and 7-9 tricks awarding 6 points, 10-13 tricks awarding 0 points, and 4, 5, and 6 tricks awarding 1, 2, and 3 points respectively. The game ends when either player has at least 21 points, and the winner is the player with the most points. === The Fox in the Forest Duet ===
The Fox in the Forest Duet is a collaborative version of The Fox in the Forest where players attempt to collect all gems on spaces along a forest path on a board. Each card has a number of fox print icons on it that indicate how many spaces the shared player token moves along the forest path in the direction of the trick winner at the end of the trick. If the player token reaches the edge of the forest on either side of the path, a forest token is placed on one of the forest edge spaces, making path shorter and thus restricting the number of fox prints needed in subsequent tricks. Rather than Bells, Keys, and Moons, the card suits are Doves, Roses, and Stars. The game ends if players run out of forest tiles to place, resulting in a defeat, or all 22 gem tokens have been collected, resulting in a victory.",400
733,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_in_the_Forest,The Fox in the Forest,"Rather than Bells, Keys, and Moons, the card suits are Doves, Roses, and Stars. The game ends if players run out of forest tiles to place, resulting in a defeat, or all 22 gem tokens have been collected, resulting in a victory. == Reception ==
In an article for Vox, Emily St. James praised The Fox in the Forest for its compact size, artwork, and ability to be enjoyed by people of all ages. James Austin, writing for Wirecutter, admired the game's easy-to-learn and unique gameplay, describing it as ""the perfect intersection of luck and strategy for a quick, low-stakes game"" but also noting that the included score tokens were a hassle to use. Wargamer included The Fox in the Forest in their list of the best card games of 2025, with Matt Bassil praising the theme, artwork, and ""satisfying puzzle[s]"" of the gameplay, but warning that ""this simple, intriguing puzzle of a game can be surprisingly cutthroat."" In an article for Dicebreaker, Alex Meehan described The Fox in the Forest Duet as ""a collaborative experience that rewards communication and good planning,"" and commended the game's artwork. Keith Law described the graphics and animations of the The Fox in the Fox app as ""superb"", but noted that the AI player was too easy and would make simple mistakes even with the app on the hardest difficulty. The Fox in the Forest was nominated for the two player games category of the 2018 International Gamers Award, and the card game category of the 2018 Origin Awards. It was recommended for the 2020 Spiel des Jahres. The game won 7th place in Fairplay's 2021 À la Carte awards. == References ==


== External links ==
Official link at Foxtrot Games
The Fox in the Forest   at BoardGameGeek",384
734,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Vierlingh,Andries Vierlingh,"Andries Vierlingh (Breda, circa 1507 - Steenbergen 1579) was a Dutch civil engineer. His manuscript Tractaet van Dyckagie is seen as a warning against fundamental engineering errors in waterstaat water management, from which lessons can still be learned today. == Life and work ==
He came from a wealthy regent family. He was the son of Nicolaas Vierling, clerk of the council and audit office of the Count of Nassau, and Wilhelmina van Vlyet. He himself was alderman of Breda in 1536 and 1537, and married Emerentia van Bruheze around 1541. He was interested in hydraulic engineering from an early age, because at the age of 20 he was already involved in the restoration of the broken dikes of Reimerswaal. Vierlingh was one of the first hydraulic engineers to combine his work with administrative activities with which, just like Cornelis Lely much later, he brought order to the management of the land inside the dikes with technical knowledge and administrative influence, thus laying the foundation for a efficient management of inland water in the Netherlands. He was appointed steward of Steenbergen by the Prince of Orange in 1537. He remained in this position until 1567, while in 1552 he was also appointed dijkgraaf of the Count Hendrikpolder. In the area surrounding Steenbergen, more than 4,000 hectares of new land was reclaimed between 1548 and 1554 by diking the buntings and salt marshes around the city. Vierlingh was closely involved in this as a steward and dike grapher. Vierlingh constantly campaigned for the importance of good dykes in his Brabant native region, which was occasionally severely affected by flooding. As dike grapher he was involved in a large number of reclamations.",397
735,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Vierlingh,Andries Vierlingh,"Vierlingh constantly campaigned for the importance of good dykes in his Brabant native region, which was occasionally severely affected by flooding. As dike grapher he was involved in a large number of reclamations. He regularly advised on dike works, lock construction and the construction of bank defenses in Zeeland, South Holland and North Holland. For example, in 1530 he was involved in closing holes in the harbor dike of Middelburg and he visited the flooded Reimerswaal. In 1553 he was asked for advice on the reclamation of the Zijpe. He was active in the diking of Klundert and in various other reclamations and sea defense works. == Tractaet van Dyckagie ==
In 1567 he resigned as steward. He was then 60 years old and decided to write down his experiences in the field of water management. His plan was to compile a five-part work that would bring together the current state of water management knowledge and the practice of water management. However, he was only able to carry out half of this plan before his death in 1579. In it he gave a technical treatise on the construction of dikes in the sixteenth century. But he also criticized the many mistakes made in the field of water management. The dike graves in particular had to suffer. For example, he blamed the lord of Reimerswaal, Adriaan van Lodijcke, for not closing a dike gap so that a port could be created. For example, the Sint Felix Flood of 1530 was able to flood a large part of the Land of Reimerswaal for good. His manuscript, which is now in the Dutch Nationaal Archief, was published in 1920 by J. de Hullu and A.G. Verhoeven published under the title Tractaet van Dyckagie.",395
736,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Vierlingh,Andries Vierlingh,"For example, the Sint Felix Flood of 1530 was able to flood a large part of the Land of Reimerswaal for good. His manuscript, which is now in the Dutch Nationaal Archief, was published in 1920 by J. de Hullu and A.G. Verhoeven published under the title Tractaet van Dyckagie. Hydraulic engineering advice and experiences of Andries Vierlingh in the National Historical Publications (RGP). Because this edition was sold out for a long time but the content was still popular, the Dutch Association of Coastal and Riparian Works (VBKO) decided on a photomechanical reprint in 1973. == References ==",143
737,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Challenger,Quad City Challenger,"The Quad City Challenger is a family of one and two seats-in-tandem, pusher configuration, tricycle landing gear ultralight aircraft that is designed and produced by Quad City Aircraft Corporation of Moline, Illinois. The Challenger was first introduced in 1983. == Design and development ==
The Challenger ultralight is a high wing, tricycle gear kit aircraft with a frame structure built from 6061-T6 aluminum alloy tubing fastened with aircraft grade AN bolts and rivets and covered with either presewn Dacron envelopes or standard aircraft fabric. The engine is mounted in pusher configuration and turns the propeller through a reduction drive that uses a cogged tooth rubber belt. The kit can be purchased in 4 major sub-kits: the Tail Assembly, Fuselage, Wings, and Engine. The factory kit is supplied with the most difficult mechanical work already completed. This includes the primary fuselage  framework along with the controls and the basic wing structures assembled at the factory. The kit builder is required to finish the smaller structural components, cover the aluminum frames with fabric, seal and paint the fabric and do the final assembly. The aircraft has the ability to soar with its motor switched off. The Challenger design has been criticized by reviewers for its landing gear, which is a rigid cable-braced type and is subject to being bent during hard landings. A number of after-market suppliers have designed steel gear legs as replacements for the stock landing gear in an attempt to rectify this problem. The improved factory-designed Light Sport Special (LSS) model incorporates revised landing gear to address this deficiency. In November 2018, the design was subject to a Transportation Safety Board of Canada Aviation Safety Advisory due to an accident on 30 July 2018 where a Challenger crashed and the pilot was killed. The investigation determined that the right front lift strut lower bracket had failed due to fatigue after only 402.2 hours in service.",390
738,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Challenger,Quad City Challenger,"In November 2018, the design was subject to a Transportation Safety Board of Canada Aviation Safety Advisory due to an accident on 30 July 2018 where a Challenger crashed and the pilot was killed. The investigation determined that the right front lift strut lower bracket had failed due to fatigue after only 402.2 hours in service. The bracket has a 500 hour component life and is subject to 50 hour periodic inspections. Examination of 22 other Challengers found eight that also had cracked brackets. == Variants ==
Challenger I (Challenger UL)
Single seat, 31.5 ft (9.6 m) wingspan gives lower stall speed. Can be fitted with a variety of engines. Qualifies as a US ""Experimental - Amateur-Built"", Light sport aircraft or with the 22 hp (16 kW) Hirth F-33 engine as a US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicle, 800 reported completed and flown by the fall of 2011. Challenger I Special
Single seat, 26 ft (7.9 m) wingspan gives faster roll rate. Engines 40 hp (30 kW) Rotax 447, 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503, 64 hp (48 kW) 582 or 60 hp (45 kW) HKS 700E. Qualifies as a US Experimental - Amateur-Built or Light sport aircraft, 300 reported completed and flown by the fall of 2011. Challenger II
Two seats in tandem, 31.5 ft (9.6 m) wingspan provides more lift and lower stall speed. Can be equipped with floats. Engines 40 hp (30 kW) Rotax 447, 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503, 64 hp (48 kW) 582 or 60 hp (45 kW) HKS 700E. Qualifies as a US Experimental - Amateur-Built or Light sport aircraft, 2000 reported completed and flown by the fall of 2011.",381
739,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Challenger,Quad City Challenger,"Engines 40 hp (30 kW) Rotax 447, 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503, 64 hp (48 kW) 582 or 60 hp (45 kW) HKS 700E. Qualifies as a US Experimental - Amateur-Built or Light sport aircraft, 2000 reported completed and flown by the fall of 2011. Challenger II Special
Two seats in tandem, 26 ft (7.9 m) wingspan gives faster roll rate. Engines 40 hp (30 kW) Rotax 447, 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503, 64 hp (48 kW) 582 or 60 hp (45 kW) HKS 700E. Qualifies as a US Experimental - Amateur-Built or Light sport aircraft, 350 reported completed and flown by the fall of 2011. Challenger II CW LSS
Two seats in tandem, 26 ft (7.9 m). Engine 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503, 64 hp (48 kW) 582 or 60 hp (45 kW) HKS 700E. This model incorporates many revisions to the basic Challenger design, including a larger and re-shaped vertical fin, fiberglass wing tips and redesigned landing gear. Qualifies as a US Light sport aircraft, 110 reported completed and flown by the fall of 2011. Challenger II LSS XL-65
Two seats in tandem, 29 ft (8.8 m). Engine 65 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582. Qualifies as a US Light sport aircraft, ten reported completed and flown by the fall of 2011.",315
740,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Challenger,Quad City Challenger,"Engine 65 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582. Qualifies as a US Light sport aircraft, ten reported completed and flown by the fall of 2011. == Specifications (Challenger II) ==
Data from Challenger.caGeneral characteristics
Crew: one
Capacity: one passenger and 500 lb (227 kg) useful load
Length: 20 ft (6.1 m)
Wingspan: 31 ft 6 in (9.60 m)
Height: 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
Wing area: 177 sq ft (16.4 m2)
Empty weight: 460 lb (209 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 960 lb (435 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Rotax 503 twin cylinder, inline, two stroke, piston aircraft engine, 50 hp (37 kW)
Performance

Maximum speed: 96 mph (154 km/h, 83 kn)
Cruise speed: 85 mph (137 km/h, 74 kn)
Stall speed: 28 mph (45 km/h, 24 kn)
Never exceed speed: 100 mph (160 km/h, 87 kn)
Range: 200 mi (320 km, 170 nmi)
Rate of climb: 750 ft/min (3.8 m/s)
Wing loading: 5.42 lb/sq ft (26.5 kg/m2)
Power/mass: 19.2 lb/hp (0.087 kW/kg)


== See also ==

Related development

Excalibur Aircraft Excalibur
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Birdman Chinook
CGS Hawk
Danieli Piuma
Earthstar Thunder Gull
Freebird II
Lockwood Drifter
Rans S-12 Airaile
Spectrum Beaver
Titan Tornado
US Light Aircraft Hornet


== References ==


== External links ==

Official website",403
741,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Pirondi,Leonardo Pirondi,"Leonardo Pirondi is a Brazilian film director from São Paulo. Pirondi's work explores the intersection between fiction and non-fiction filmmaking using non-conventional structures of documentary, experimental, and narrative modes. In his films he explores contemporary sociopolitical issues and collective anxieties as a lens to look into history, imagination, myth, and technology. == Education ==
He studied filmmaking at the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) in a 16 mm and analog focussed film program with an avant-garde/experimental film tradition. == Career ==
His films have been presented at the Toronto International Film Festival, International Film Festival Rotterdam, New York Film Festival (Currents), Vienna International Film Festival, Mar del Plata International Film Festival, BFI London Film Festival, Festival du nouveau cinéma, Slamdance, Melbourne International Film Festival, Edinburgh International Film Festival, Centre de Cultura Contemporànea de Barcelona, and REDCAT. Some of his films exist in the UCLA Film and Television Archive, The Film-Makers' Cooperative in New York, and were deposited at the Cinematheque of the Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro after the 4th edition of the 1666 Festival Internacional de Cinema 16mm. He has had solo and retrospective showings of his films at the Spectacle Theater in New York City, and Galeria Mola in Portugal. He took part in the 2023 Sundance Ignite X Adobe Fellowship.",311
742,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Pirondi,Leonardo Pirondi,"He has had solo and retrospective showings of his films at the Spectacle Theater in New York City, and Galeria Mola in Portugal. He took part in the 2023 Sundance Ignite X Adobe Fellowship. Pirondi's first co-authored project, the 2023 short film titled When We Encounter the World, was co-directed with Zazie Ray-Trapido and it premiered at the 32nd Curtas Vila do Conde followed by the North American Premiere at the 61st New York Film Festival, the Austrian Premiere at the 61st Viennale, and selected to additional exhibitions at 15th Crossroads by the San Francisco Cinematheque, San Diego Underground Film Festival. The film was also shown alongside an interactive exhibition at Galeria Mola in Portugal. Pirondi's 2024 short film, Potenciais à Deriva [Adrift Potentials], premiered at the 53rd International Film Festival Rotterdam as part of the Tiger Short Competition, with a North American premiere at the 49th Toronto International Film Festival (Wavelengths) and selected to the 62nd Viennale, 53rd Festival du nouveau cinéma, 49th Mar del Plata International Film Festival, 33rd Curtas Vila do Conde, and 77th Edinburgh International Film Festival. In 2025 the film was selected to the Hong Kong International Film Festival, Prismatic Ground in New York City, and the Umbrales de Vanguardias Latinoamericanas competition at FICUNAM (Festival Internacional de Cine de UNAM). Pirondi was selected for the fourth edition of the Locarno Residency, which took place during the 78th Locarno Film Festival. He participated with a feature film project in development titled Amerika'atinga.",367
743,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Pirondi,Leonardo Pirondi,"Pirondi was selected for the fourth edition of the Locarno Residency, which took place during the 78th Locarno Film Festival. He participated with a feature film project in development titled Amerika'atinga. He received the Paradiso Grant, a support from the Brazilian philanthropic initiative named Projeto Paradiso by the Olga Rabinovich Institute, to attend the Locarno Residency and he also became part of the Paradiso Talent Network. In 2025, he was named one of Filmmaker Magazine's 25 New Faces of Independent Film and he was awarded a MacDowell Fellowship for the Fall '25 Winter '26 cycle. == Filmography ==


== Awards and nominations ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Interview with Pirondi at VoyageLA, 2020
Leonardo Pirondi at IMDb
Leonardo Pirondi on Letterboxd
Leonardo Pirondi on MUBI
Leonardo Pirondi page on Vimeo",206
744,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Twenty20_Cup_final,2005 Twenty20 Cup final,"The 2005 Twenty20 Cup Final was a cricket match between Somerset County Cricket Club and Lancashire County Cricket Club played on 30 July 2005 at The Oval in London. It was the third final of the Twenty20 Cup, which was the first domestic Twenty20 competition between first-class teams. It was the first occasion on which either team had reached the final; Lancashire had reached the semi-finals in 2004, but for Somerset it was the first time they had progressed further than the group stage of the competition. After winning the toss, Lancashire captain Mark Chilton opted to bat first. Before the start of play, the game had been reduced to 16 overs-a-side. Lancashire scored 114 runs in their batting overs, but lost regular wickets. Their innings was held together by Australian batsman Stuart Law, who top-scored for the county, accruing 59 runs. In their response, Somerset only lost three wickets, and during an innings dominated by the batting of Graeme Smith, reached their winning target with 11 balls remaining. == Match ==


=== Summary ===

Rain delayed the start of the match by an hour, and shortened it to a 16 over-per-side contest. Lancashire captain Mark Chilton opted to bat first having won the toss, but the rain made conditions difficult for the Lancashire openers. In the first over, Mal Loye was dropped by Richard Johnson off the bowling of Andy Caddick, before four balls later being caught by the same combination. Caddick collected his second wicket in his next over, having the England international Andrew Flintoff caught by Ian Blackwell. Andrew Symonds began to bring Lancashire back into the match, but he was run out by a direct hit from Wes Durston for 12.",370
745,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Twenty20_Cup_final,2005 Twenty20 Cup final,"Caddick collected his second wicket in his next over, having the England international Andrew Flintoff caught by Ian Blackwell. Andrew Symonds began to bring Lancashire back into the match, but he was run out by a direct hit from Wes Durston for 12. Johnson then claimed two wickets in two balls to get rid of Dominic Cork and Glen Chapple, placing Somerset into what Jenny Thompson of ESPNcricinfo described as ""a dominant position"" over Lancashire, who were 41 for 5. Stuart Law gave his team a chance, playing a sensibly paced innings to score 59 runs, but the wickets of Chapple, for 9, and Andrew Crook, for 15, both fell before Law himself was run out from the last ball of the innings. In their response, Somerset batted sensibly, knowing what they had to chase. Flintoff bowled aggressively, and claimed the early wickets of Marcus Trescothick, caught by the wicket-keeper for 10, and Matthew Wood, bowled for 22. Blackwell was out shortly after, caught by Law off the bowling of Gary Keedy, but at the other end, Smith remained steady. Wood had given the innings a boost by scoring four consecutive boundaries before his dismissal, and that allowed Smith and James Hildreth to bat patiently, although Smith's boundary-scoring drew comparisons to Viv Richards and Ian Botham. Smith and Hildreth built an unbeaten 53-run partnership, and won the match with eleven balls to spare. Smith was named man of the match for his captaincy and his score of 64 not out.",328
746,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Twenty20_Cup_final,2005 Twenty20 Cup final,"Smith and Hildreth built an unbeaten 53-run partnership, and won the match with eleven balls to spare. Smith was named man of the match for his captaincy and his score of 64 not out. === Scorecard ===

Key

* – Captain
† – Wicket-keeper
c Fielder – Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder
b Bowler – Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal


== References ==
Scorecard

""Final: Somerset v Lancashire at The Oval, Jul 30, 2005"". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 August 2014. ""Lancashire v Somerset: Twenty20 Cup 2005 (Final)"". CricketArchive. Retrieved 14 August 2014. Specific",159
747,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madden_Nation,Madden Nation,"Madden Nation is an American reality television series, created as a joint effort between EA Sports and ESPN Original Entertainment to take viewers inside the world of Madden NFL, a popular video game with over 10 million players worldwide. The series premiered on December 6, 2005 and is currently off the air. The eight episode series featured the nation's top Madden NFL gamers—along with real-life NFL player sponsors— playing against each other in elimination-style tournaments. Throughout the competition, the players traveled across the country in the Madden Nation Bus making their way to New York City for the tournament finals and a chance to win the $100,000 grand prize. The final game of every season was held in Times Square on the ABC Super Sign. == Coach Cam ==
Coach Cam is a mechanic used during Madden Nation as a tool to provide insights into the minds of the players. Before certain plays, the gamers would reveal play selection to the television audience. Often, this mechanic would set expectations and provide a deeper understanding of the players’ strategies for the viewer. == Season 1 ==
Madden Nation season 1 debuted on December 6, 2005 and ran for 8 episodes. Rob Taylor, a.k.a. Duka (d. July 2, 2007). defeated Sherman Jameson a.k.a. Sherm Sticky to become the champion of Madden Nation Season 1. === Format ===
The competition started in San Francisco, California where EA hand picked eight of the country's best Madden 06 players to play for a grand prize of $100,000. These elite gamers were not alone. Each one represented an NFL superstar that had their back. The gamers traveled city to city on a tour bus playing against each other in Madden competitions with two people losing their way into the jeopardy game. The loser of the jeopardy game must then play a free agent-gamer for the right to remain on the bus.",381
748,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madden_Nation,Madden Nation,"The gamers traveled city to city on a tour bus playing against each other in Madden competitions with two people losing their way into the jeopardy game. The loser of the jeopardy game must then play a free agent-gamer for the right to remain on the bus. In the end, the two best gamers of the bus played one game on the big screen in Times Square for $100,000. === Contestants ===


== Season 2 ==
Billy Wolf, a.k.a. Da Secret, defeated Frederick Amponsem, a.k.a. Fred Dizzle, to become the champion of Madden Nation Season 2. === Format ===
In its second season, Madden Nation once again documented the high drama of eight professional Madden NFL 07 players as they competed for a cash prize of $100,000. Again, each player represented an NFL superstar, but this time, the gamers began their journey at the EA Sports studios in Orlando. Unlike last year the contestants were paired in teams and forced to support each other or face elimination. On the 12-city tour, they battled each other for the right to stay in the game until the ultimate finale in Times Square, New York City. === Contestants ===


== Season 3 ==
Season 3 of Madden Nation began airing on ESPN2 on October 9, 2007 at 11PM ET. Airing as back-to-back episodes on Tuesdays, the finale, which again took place in New York City's Times Square, was televised Tuesday, Oct. 30, with the Madden Nation winner claiming a $100,000 prize. Tour stops in season 3 include NFL cities Dallas, Kansas City, St Louis, Chicago, Indianapolis, Cleveland, Buffalo, Boston and New York. The show ended in Times Square in New York. It was between Sirus the Virus, the Rams, and Problem, the Bears. The show finished off with Problem being the victor.",387
749,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madden_Nation,Madden Nation,"It was between Sirus the Virus, the Rams, and Problem, the Bears. The show finished off with Problem being the victor. === Contestants ===


== Season 4 ==
On Tuesday, September 16, 2008 at 11:00 p.m., ESPN2 began airing the fourth season of Madden Nation, a reality television series in which the country's top 10 Madden NFL 09 players competed in a cross-country elimination tournament on the Xbox 360 console. Gamers represented top NFL athletes and got the chance to meet their respective pro players along the way. The final tournament was played in New York City's Times Square for a grand prize of $100,000 and the ultimate title of the best Madden NFL gamer in the nation. Young Nephew was the champion after defeating Dynasty in the finals. === Contestants ===


== External links ==
Official Madden Nation Season 1 Page  at EA Sports
Official Madden Nation Season 2 Page  at EA Sports
Madden Nation 2007 Page  at ESPN
Madden Nation 4 at ESPN",210
750,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"Presidential elections were held in Sri Lanka on 26 January 2010. They were the sixth presidential elections held in the country's history, and the first to be held following the conclusion of the Sri Lankan civil war. Incumbent president Mahinda Rajapaksa of the governing United People's Freedom Alliance was re-elected with 57.88% of the vote, defeating his main opponent Sarath Fonseka of the New Democratic Front, an opposition coalition backed by the United National Party. Fonseka received 40.15% of the vote, carrying the formerly LTTE-occupied Northern and Eastern Provinces. The remaining twenty candidates each garnered less than 0.5% of the popular vote. The elections were announced on 23 November 2009 when president Rajapaksa decided to seek a fresh mandate prior to the expiration of his term in 2011. Nominations were accepted on 17 December 2009. == Background ==
In 2005, Mahinda Rajapaksa was elected to his first 6-year term as president, defeating opposition leader Ranil Wickremesinghe, the United National Party (UNP) candidate. Prior to the election, Mahinda Rajapaksa served as prime minister under president Chandrika Kumaratunga from 2004 to 2005. Rajapaksa won a narrow victory, winning 50.29% of the popular vote, and beating Wickremesinghe by a margin of a little more than 180,000 votes. The separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam had called for a boycott of the election in the Northern and Eastern provinces, resulting in a minimal turnout, which the opposition claimed resulted in their defeat. The term of the office of the president is 6 years, and the 3rd Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka allows the president to call for an early presidential election after four years into their first term of office.",377
751,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"The separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam had called for a boycott of the election in the Northern and Eastern provinces, resulting in a minimal turnout, which the opposition claimed resulted in their defeat. The term of the office of the president is 6 years, and the 3rd Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka allows the president to call for an early presidential election after four years into their first term of office. Rajapaksa, whose first term began on 19 November 2005, had been constitutionally eligible to call an early presidential election since 19 November 2009. Accordingly, Rajapaksa informed the Commissioner of Elections about his intention to hold a presidential election before the end of his current term of office. He announced his intention via a Gazette Extraordinary, issued on 23 November 2009. The elections would be the first presidential elections to be held in Sri Lanka since the end of the Sri Lankan civil war. === Preparations ===
On 27 November 2009, Dayananda Dissanayake, Commissioner of Elections, issued that the presidential election would be scheduled for 26 January 2010. Nominations were accepted from 9.00am to 11.00am IST on 17 December 2009. Sri Lankans registered with the Department of Elections, and eligible to vote, totaled 14,088,500, a significant increase from 13,327,160 in the previous presidential elections held in 2005. Over 11,000 polling booths were set up across the country for receiving ballots. == Candidates ==


=== Mahinda Rajapaksa ===
In May 2009, the Sri Lanka Army tactfully defeated separatist the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, thus bringing an end to the 26-year long Sri Lankan civil war.",345
752,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"Over 11,000 polling booths were set up across the country for receiving ballots. == Candidates ==


=== Mahinda Rajapaksa ===
In May 2009, the Sri Lanka Army tactfully defeated separatist the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, thus bringing an end to the 26-year long Sri Lankan civil war. A promise Sri Lanka's previous three presidents tried and failed to secure, the war victory greatly boosted the popularity of incumbent president Mahinda Rajapaksa, thus leading Rajapaksa's United People's Freedom Alliance to unprecedented victories in the provincial council elections following the war's end. In November 2009, Rajapaksa called for an early presidential election almost two years prior to the expiration of his first term, and sought a fresh mandate and a longer term based on his current widespread support and popularity. === Sarath Fonseka ===
General Sarath Fonseka was considered a national hero for bringing an end to the Sri Lankan civil war as Commander of the Sri Lanka Army from 2005 to 2009. However, following the war victory, tensions grew between Fonseka and the incumbent president, with the former accusing Rajapaksa of sidelining him after the end of the war. Opposition parties expected early elections and approached Fonseka, asking him to run as a ""common candidate"" for the opposition against Rajapaksa. After weeks of rumours, Fonseka eventually retired from the military in November 2009 and announced his candidacy two weeks later. He ran as the candidate of the New Democratic Front, using the swan symbol. He was backed by a number of opposition parties, including the United National Party, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, and the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress, and also signed a memorandum of understanding with Tamil National Alliance leader R. Sampanthan.",371
753,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"He ran as the candidate of the New Democratic Front, using the swan symbol. He was backed by a number of opposition parties, including the United National Party, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, and the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress, and also signed a memorandum of understanding with Tamil National Alliance leader R. Sampanthan. === Minor candidates ===
Apart from Rajapaksa and Fonseka, 20 other candidates had their nominations accepted, and appeared on ballot papers. One nomination—Nelson Perera of the Sri Lanka Progressive Front—was rejected on technical grounds. This was the most candidates in a Sri Lankan presidential election at the time, breaking the record of 13 in the 2005 presidential election. == Violence and violations of election laws ==
Sri Lankan police received nearly 975 election-related complaints, and 375 arrests were made relative thereto. The Centre for Monitoring Election Violence (CMEV) had recorded 809 incidents from 23 November 2009, when the elections were officially announced, to 25 January 2010. People’s Action for Free and Fair Elections (PAFFREL) has recorded 666 incidents between 17 December 2009 and 25 January 2010. The UN, United States, and EU expressed concern over the level of violence. Election monitoring groups stated that this election was the most violent in more than 20 years. Although supporters of both main candidates were blamed for the incidents, the responsibility for most was pinned on Rajapaksa's supporters. However, government politician Wimal Weerawansa accused the opposition of orchestrating violence against their own supporters and meetings in order to blame Rajapaksa's backers. According to the National Polls Observation Center, criminal gangs and deserters from the army were employed to incite violence. The government promised tight security on the day of the election, deploying over 68,000 policemen to keep the polls safe, with the Sri Lankan Military providing additional support.",391
754,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"According to the National Polls Observation Center, criminal gangs and deserters from the army were employed to incite violence. The government promised tight security on the day of the election, deploying over 68,000 policemen to keep the polls safe, with the Sri Lankan Military providing additional support. The election monitoring group Centre for Free and Fair Elections deployed 6,500 monitors on election day, with the PAFFREL deploying a further 6,000, including 14 foreign monitors. The government denied rumours of possible post-election violence, with Foreign Minister Rohitha Bogollagama saying, ""I don't think the people of Sri Lanka have time for street protests. It has never happened."" Election day was largely peaceful, with a few minor incidents reported. According to Inspector General of Police Mahinda Balasuriya, no major incidents occurred during the election. A number of explosions, however, were heard in Jaffna and Vavuniya in the north of the country during the day. === Violence ===
There were hundreds of violent incidents during the run-up to the election. Officially, there have been four murders related to the election:

12 January 2010 – Kusumawathie Kuruppuarachchi, a 58-year-old mother was shot dead when gunmen on motorbikes opened fire on a bus carrying Fonseka supporters in Hungama, Hambantota District. 16 January 2010 – Saman Kumara, a Rajapaksa supporter, was shot dead in a clash between supporters of the two main candidates in Madurankuliya, Puttalam District. 18 January 2010 – Dhammika Herath, a 33-year-old businessman, was beaten to death whilst pasting posters supporting Fonseka in Wariyapola, Kurunegala District.",370
755,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"16 January 2010 – Saman Kumara, a Rajapaksa supporter, was shot dead in a clash between supporters of the two main candidates in Madurankuliya, Puttalam District. 18 January 2010 – Dhammika Herath, a 33-year-old businessman, was beaten to death whilst pasting posters supporting Fonseka in Wariyapola, Kurunegala District. 18 January 2010 – D. M. Suranga Indrajith, a 27-year-old driver for government minister Jayarathna Herath, was killed in a grenade attack in Vanduragala, Kurunegala District. The CMEV has linked a fifth death to the elections:

19 January 2010 – Lingeswaran, a Fonseka supporter, was found dead on the Kandy-Matale railway line in Warapitiya, Matale District. === Misuse of state resources ===
There were accusations of widespread misuse of state property during the election campaign. State-owned institutions paid for numerous advertisements supporting Rajapaksa, while public officials, state owned buildings and vehicles were allegedly used for Rajapaksa's campaign. State-owned television stations gave extensive coverage to Rajapaksa's campaign, with little mention of other candidates. Elections Commissioner Dissanayake criticised the government for not preventing the misuse of state resources. == Voting ==
Postal voting for the presidential election took place on 12 and 13 January 2010. A grace period was granted until noon on 26 January for postal voters. Applications for this form of absentee voting totalled 458,154, with 401,118 applications accepted by the Elections Department. More than 80% of postal voters cast their votes on 12 and 13 January, this period ending with ""no major incidents"" according to the National Polls Observation Centre and the People's Action for Free and Fair Election (PAFFREL).",389
756,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"Applications for this form of absentee voting totalled 458,154, with 401,118 applications accepted by the Elections Department. More than 80% of postal voters cast their votes on 12 and 13 January, this period ending with ""no major incidents"" according to the National Polls Observation Centre and the People's Action for Free and Fair Election (PAFFREL). Voting for the presidential election began at 7:00 am on 26 January 2010. A total of 11,098 election centres and 888 counting centres were set up throughout the country. The Elections Commissioner had requested that voters cast their ballots early in the day. Rajapaksa voted in the morning at Medamulana, as did opposition leader Ranil Wickremesinghe in Colombo. NDF candidate Fonseka did not vote, claiming that he had not been allowed to do so despite his eligibility. The government later challenged this, stating that if he were not qualified to vote, he would ""not (be) entitled to become elected"". It was announced that legal action would be sought against his candidacy, although the election commissioner had ruled that he was eligible to run in the election. By the time voting ended at 4.00 pm, over 70% of eligible voters had turned out, though in the Northern and Eastern provinces, figures were less than 20%. Sri Lanka's stock market recorded an all-time high on election day; the Colombo Stock Exchange jumped 1.58%, putting it up 131% since the end of the war. == Results ==
Voter turnout was 74.5%, with 10,495,451 voting out of the 14,088,500 voters registered. Of these, 10,393,613 were ruled valid votes, with 101,838 rejected. According to the end result, Rajapaksa was elected to a second term of office with 6,015,934 votes, or 57.88% of the vote.",393
757,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"Of these, 10,393,613 were ruled valid votes, with 101,838 rejected. According to the end result, Rajapaksa was elected to a second term of office with 6,015,934 votes, or 57.88% of the vote. Fonseka finished second with 4,173,185 votes, or 40.15%. Fonseka announced that he did not accept the results, and that legal action would be taken. Supporters of Rajapaksa took to the streets on the announcement of the result, waving national flags and lighting firecrackers. Rajapaksa called his victory ""a choice of the people"" and that he was then president of everyone in the country. === Electoral Results ===


=== Results by District ===


== Maps ==


== Fraud concerns ==
Election observers and advocacy groups have questioned the fundamental fairness of the campaign, accusing Mr. Rajapaksa of using state resources to finance his run. State-owned news media all but shut out opposition candidates. Election commissioner Dayananda Dissanayake said the state media violated his guidelines, government institutions misbehaved, and he asked for approval to resign: ""I request to be released,"" he said, just after he announced the results. == Post-election events ==
On the morning of 27 January, the Sri Lankan military surrounded a hotel where Fonseka and a number of opposition politicians had convened. The military claimed that 400 armed army deserters had gathered there, and demanded their surrender. Fonseka accused the military of preparing to arrest him if he won the elections. However, according to a military spokesman, they were there merely as a preventive measure, as the purpose of the gathering was uncertain. The military later arrested 10 men, who the opposition claimed were members of Fonseka's security contingent and not army deserters.",384
758,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"However, according to a military spokesman, they were there merely as a preventive measure, as the purpose of the gathering was uncertain. The military later arrested 10 men, who the opposition claimed were members of Fonseka's security contingent and not army deserters. === Plot to assassinate Rajapaska and government officers ===
At a press briefing held on Thursday, 28 January, the Director of the Media Centre for National Security, Lakshman Hulugalle, told reporters that Gen. Fonseka moved into the hotel with over 70 retired army officers and deserters to plot the assassination of victorious President Mahinda Rajapaksa and his family. The Sri Lankan Ministry of Defence reported that they were still looking for evidence to prove Mr. Fonseka's involvement. === Presidential Inauguration ===
The 3rd Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka stated that if a President was re-elected for a second term via an Early Presidential election, his second term starts on the next date corresponding to the date of the beginning of his first term. As such, Mahinda Rajapaksha was inaugurated for a second term of office at a Ceremony held on the footsteps of the Presidential Secretariat in Colombo, on 19 November 2010. His oath of office was administered by Chief Justice Asoka de Silva. == International reactions ==
 India – President Pratibha Patil and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Wednesday congratulated Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa on his re-election and expressed confidence that the country would find lasting peace in which all communities would live with dignity and harmony. President Patil said, ""I am confident that under your continued leadership, Sri Lanka will attain greater heights and find lasting peace."" Prime Minister Singh said Rajapaksa's electoral success ""is a reflection of the trust"" the people of Sri Lanka had placed in him.",382
759,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"President Patil said, ""I am confident that under your continued leadership, Sri Lanka will attain greater heights and find lasting peace."" Prime Minister Singh said Rajapaksa's electoral success ""is a reflection of the trust"" the people of Sri Lanka had placed in him. Palestinian Popular Struggle Front – The Front sent a letter in support of President Rajapaksa. ""On behalf of the Palestinians in and out of Palestine, (we) express (our) grateful thanks to President Mahinda Rajapasksa, who has been fighting for the Palestinians during the last 40 years."" United Nations – UN chief Ban Ki-moon on Wednesday voiced relief that Sri Lanka's presidential polls went off relatively peacefully, and urged the country's political parties to abide by the official results. Secretary-General Ban stated, ""I had been concerned at the level of violence during the campaign. I am relieved that the vote yesterday appears to have been relatively peaceful, despite some violent incidents."" United States Department of State – The United States Embassy in Colombo release a statement which read, ""The United States congratulates Sri Lanka for the first nationwide election in decades and President Rajapaksa on his victory. We look forward to continuing the partnership between our two countries and working with the Government and the people to support a peaceful and prosperous Sri Lanka."" State Department spokesman Philip Crowley told reporters, ""I think it is remarkable when you consider what Sri Lanka has come through recently. There is a process for resolving electoral disputes. We're obviously aware that there have been claims of victory and counterclaims"" and ruled out further comment at that time. Russia – Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in his congratulation message says that the policy been conducted by the president aimed at economic development and strengthening of stability will continue to settle social and political issues in the country. Japan – The Government of Japan has congratulated President Mahinda Rajapaksa on his victory at the recently concluded presidential election.",392
760,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"Russia – Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in his congratulation message says that the policy been conducted by the president aimed at economic development and strengthening of stability will continue to settle social and political issues in the country. Japan – The Government of Japan has congratulated President Mahinda Rajapaksa on his victory at the recently concluded presidential election. Katsuya Okada, Japanese Foreign Minister, issuing a communique, states that the Japanese government hopes the resettlement of displaced persons will be expedited in a country that has shown steady progress. Nepal – Nepali Congress (NC) President Girija Prasad Koirala has congratulated incumbent Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa for his victory in the presidential election of Sri Lanka for the second time. He further went on to say ""Your victory to the post of President is the result of your vital role to the establishment of peace, ending longtime armed conflict in Sri Lanka"". He expressed his confidence that the peace and human rights would be institutionalised during Rajapaksa's term of office. Viet Nam – Vietnam's Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Nguyen Phuong Nga congratulated Mahinda Rajapaksa's re-election as president. ""We hope the Sri Lankan people, under the clear-sighted leadership of Mahinda Rajapaksa, will attain still greater achievements in national reconstruction and development,"" she said. EU – Welcoming the peaceful conduct of Presidential polls in Sri Lanka, the European Union today promised all out support for bringing political reconciliation in the country ravaged by decades of ethnic conflict. Congratulating President Mahinda Rajapaksa for winning the 26 January polls, it ""welcomed that the Presidential Elections in Sri Lanka, the first election of this kind for many years, took place in an overall peaceful environment. Norway – Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim has congratulated President Mahinda Rajapakse on his re-election on 26 January.",389
761,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election,2010 Sri Lankan presidential election,"Congratulating President Mahinda Rajapaksa for winning the 26 January polls, it ""welcomed that the Presidential Elections in Sri Lanka, the first election of this kind for many years, took place in an overall peaceful environment. Norway – Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim has congratulated President Mahinda Rajapakse on his re-election on 26 January. In his message Solheim stated that ""I would like to congratulate President Rajapakse. Norway and Sri Lanka enjoy close and longstanding bilateral relations. We intend to continue our cooperation with the Government and people of Sri Lanka with a view to promoting lasting peace and development, We note that the election itself was relatively peaceful. However, we are concerned by reports of unrest and violent incidents during the lead-up to the election, as well as of possible violations of the election law. We urge that these allegations be investigated in accordance with Sri Lankan law and the country’s democratic traditions."" == Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==

Official websites
Office of the President of Sri Lanka Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Department of Elections Archived 27 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Election monitors
Centre for Monitoring Election Violence
Island Election Center
Media
Twenty-two candidates for Lanka presidential election – Radio France Internationale in English
Election manifestos
""Mahinda's Vision II - Brighter Future"" - Election manifesto of Mahinda Rajapaksa (English)
""Mahinda Chinthana II - Suba Anagathayak"" - Election manifesto of Mahinda Rajapaksa (Sinhala)
""Vishvasaneeya Venasak"" - Election manifesto of Sarath Fonseka (Sinhala)
""Vishvasaneeya Venasak"" - Election manifesto of Sarath Fonseka (English)",393
762,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justerini_%26_Brooks,Justerini %26 Brooks,"Justerini & Brooks Ltd. (J&B) is a fine wine and spirits merchant founded in St. James's in 1749, originally to provide wine and spirits to the aristocratic households of London. In modern times, it is mostly known for its J&B Rare Scotch whisky. The firm has been a supplier to every British monarch since the coronation of King George III in 1761. It sells to private collectors, hotels, and restaurants across the United Kingdom. Justerini & Brooks is owned by multinational Diageo. == History ==
Justerini and Brooks was founded in 1749 by Giacomo Justerini from Bologna, the son of a distiller, and English investor George Johnson. Together, they founded the wine merchants Johnson & Justerini. In 1760, Justerini returned to his native land after selling the business to Johnson. Johnson continued to grow the business, naming his grandson, Augustus, as a partner, and building relationships with European suppliers from Bordeaux, Cadiz, Mayence, Reims, Genoa, Dijon and Palermo. The firm received its first Royal Warrant from King George III the next year. In 1831, the Johnson family sold its interest in the business to Alfred Brooks. The firm was renamed Justerini & Brooks and its headquarters were established in Regent's Park. The New York office opened in 1866. In 1962, Justerini and Brooks merged with W&A Gilbey to form International Distillers & Vintners. The company was taken over by Grand Metropolitan in 1972. In 1997, Guinness merged with Grand Metropolitan to create Diageo and International Distillers & Vintners was merged with United Distillers to create United Distillers & Vintners, forming the spirits division of Diageo plc.",378
763,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justerini_%26_Brooks,Justerini %26 Brooks,"The company was taken over by Grand Metropolitan in 1972. In 1997, Guinness merged with Grand Metropolitan to create Diageo and International Distillers & Vintners was merged with United Distillers to create United Distillers & Vintners, forming the spirits division of Diageo plc. Today, the company has four offices: the head office in St James's Street, a further office in London's Golden Square, and sales offices in Edinburgh and Hong Kong. Justerini & Brooks is also the main user of the Octavian Vaults, a giant, thirty-acre high-security cellar in Wiltshire. The company operates three other storage warehouses in Bordeaux, Hong Kong, and in Hertfordshire. == Wine and spirits ==
Justerini & Brooks are known for their selection of fine wines from Burgundy, Barolo and Germany. They are also known for their J&B Rare Scotch whisky, a blend of forty-two malt and grain whiskies, including single malts Knockando, Auchroisk and Glen Spey. == In popular culture ==
Throughout the 1970s, J&B whisky bottles cropped up with remarkable regularity in Italian poliziotteschi, commedia sexy all'italiana and particularly giallo films as a signifier of sophistication and virility, probably influenced by the brand's popularity among the Italian American celebrities Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. J&B scotch is the preferred spirit of R.J. MacReady (portrayed by Kurt Russell), in the 1982 John Carpenter film The Thing, and is shown drinking it on multiple occasions throughout the film. In the 1987 film Moonstruck, Ronny shares a bottle of J&B scotch with Loretta at his apartment after she asks him for a glass of whiskey.",373
764,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justerini_%26_Brooks,Justerini %26 Brooks,"J&B scotch is the preferred spirit of R.J. MacReady (portrayed by Kurt Russell), in the 1982 John Carpenter film The Thing, and is shown drinking it on multiple occasions throughout the film. In the 1987 film Moonstruck, Ronny shares a bottle of J&B scotch with Loretta at his apartment after she asks him for a glass of whiskey. The character of Shelley ""The Machine"" Levene played by Jack Lemmon asks the bartender in the Chinese restaurant for ""A quick J&B"" in the 1992 film version of Glengarry Glen Ross
In the novel American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis, the main character Patrick Bateman is a habitual drinker of J&B. In the Disney series Get Back, The Beatles drink J&B whisky with Coca-Cola and George Harrison remarks on its unique flavor and smoothness. == References ==


== External links ==
Official website",194
765,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potluck_(group),Potluck (group),"Potluck was an underground hip hop music group made of American rappers, Underrated (born Joshua R. Leiderman) and 1 Ton (born James Nnaemeka Kerri). Potluck released 6 studio albums, Humboldt County High, Tha Lost Koast Kollective, Harvest Time, Straight Outta Humboldt, Pipe Dreams, and most recently Rhymes & Resin. Pipe Dreams, released February 10, 2009, appeared on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart at #30 on February 28, 2009. Throughout their career, Potluck has toured with artists such as King Gordy, Twiztid, E-40, Tech N9ne, Lloyd Banks of G-Unit, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Hed PE, Boondox, Prozak, and the Kottonmouth Kings. == Meaning Behind the Name ==
Hailing from Humboldt County, California, known largely in California for the harvesting and routine consumption of ""pot"" or  cannabis, Potluck promoted the cannabis lifestyle. Both artists have their Prop. 215 cards. Most of their songs, like most artists on the Suburban Noize record label, are about growing and/or smoking the plant. ""The name 'Potluck' doesn't mean 'a gathering with food,' it refers to the multiple ethnic groups that joined together to make their albums, almost like a potluck of ideas instead of food from a collection of cultures.""—Underrated.",305
766,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potluck_(group),Potluck (group),"Most of their songs, like most artists on the Suburban Noize record label, are about growing and/or smoking the plant. ""The name 'Potluck' doesn't mean 'a gathering with food,' it refers to the multiple ethnic groups that joined together to make their albums, almost like a potluck of ideas instead of food from a collection of cultures.""—Underrated. Potluck has collaborated with other artists such as the Luniz, Mr. GARTH-culti-VADER, Mali aka Mally, the Kottonmouth Kings, Stranger Haze, 4Saken, Playaz Lounge Crew, Tech N9ne, King Gordy, Glasses Malone, Krizz Kaliko, T-Trash, D12, Hed PE, Twiztid, T.O.N.E-z, Brokencyde etc. who are also described as marijuana ""activists"". Underrated also acts as the group's producer, making most of the beats, and 1 Ton is in charge of touring. == Discography ==


== Collaborations ==


== References ==


== External links ==
https://www.facebook.com/potluck.music
Biography at Suburban Noize Records
http://www.potluckmusic.com/",268
767,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations,Costa Rica%E2%80%93Uruguay relations,"Costa Rica–Uruguay relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Costa Rica and Uruguay. Both nations are members of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Group of 77, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the United Nations. == History ==
Both Costa Rica and Uruguay share a common history in the fact that both nations were once part of the Spanish Empire. During the Spanish colonial period, Costa Rica was governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain in Mexico City while Uruguay was then part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and administered from Buenos Aires. In 1828, Uruguay obtained its independence after the Cisplatine War. In 1841, Costa Rica obtained its independence after the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America. In 1907 both nations established diplomatic relations. Bilateral relations between both nations have taken place primarily in multilateral forums. In January 2015, Uruguayan President José Mujica paid a visit to San José, Costa Rica to attend a summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. In November 2019 Costa Rican President Carlos Alvarado Quesada paid a visit to Uruguay and met with President Tabaré Vázquez. == Bilateral agreements ==
Both nations have signed several agreements such as a Trade Agreement (1956); Agreement in Scientific and Cultural Cooperation (1971); Agreement of Cooperation between both nations Ministry's of Foreign Affairs (1992); Agreement in Tourism Cooperation (1997); Agreement on Scientific, Technological and Innovation Cooperation (1998); Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of Political Consultations (2002); and a Memorandum of Understanding Regarding Small and Medium Enterprises (2002). == Resident diplomatic missions ==
Costa Rica has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in San José. == See also ==

Foreign relations of Costa Rica
Foreign relations of Uruguay


== References ==",391
768,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Tak_Chhappan_2,Ab Tak Chhappan 2,"Ab Tak Chhappan 2 (transl. Fifty-six so far Part 2) is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film produced by Raju Chada and Gopal Dalvi. The film is directed by Aejaz Gulab and scripted by Nilesh Girkar. The film stars Nana Patekar in the lead role. It also stars Gul Panag, and Ashutosh Rana. The film is a sequel to  the crime drama Ab Tak Chhappan. The film was released on 27 February 2015 and met with mixed to positive reviews. The story revolves around Inspector Sadhu Agashe (Nana Patekar) from the Mumbai Encounter Squad. It is inspired by the life of Police sub-Inspector with Mumbai Police force Daya Nayak. == Plot ==
Ab Tak Chhappan 2 opens to encounter specialist Sadhu Agashe (Nana Patekar) proclaiming what he did was right. The film then goes into flashback, where we are shown what happened a few months back. Away from Mumbai, with a few cases pending against him, Sadhu now leads a peaceful life in his village (Goa) with his son Aman, mourning the loss of his wife. He cooks, lives in a house by the river and listens to his son playing the piano. However, his retired phase comes to a halt, when the ex-police commissioner (Mohan Agashe) convinces Sadhu to get back on the job on the home minister's (Vikram Gokhale) request to tackle Mumbai's escalating crime scene. Sadhu is hesitant, but his son talks him into accepting the offer, which brings him back to Mumbai. While Sadhu's encounter squad is happy to see him, Thorat (Ashutosh Rana), Sadhu's junior is not too pleased with the decision as he hopes to become the chief.",393
769,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Tak_Chhappan_2,Ab Tak Chhappan 2,"Sadhu is hesitant, but his son talks him into accepting the offer, which brings him back to Mumbai. While Sadhu's encounter squad is happy to see him, Thorat (Ashutosh Rana), Sadhu's junior is not too pleased with the decision as he hopes to become the chief. Sadhu senses the rivalry and makes it clear to Thorat that he will have to follow orders. The squad begins their mission by reconnecting with their sources and targeting lower-level gangsters of two gangs (Rauf's and Rawale's gangs). Meanwhile, crime reporter Shalu Dixit (Gul Panag) becomes a regular visitor at Sadhu's residence, since she wants to finish the book on 'encounter cops', which her journalist father wasn't able to complete before he was shot by a gangster. As the encounter squad goes on a shooting spree, Sadhu starts getting threats from unknown parties. Soon, Sadhu's son is targeted by the gangsters and is shot while walking on the beach. Rawale informs Sadhu that Rauf has done it. Sadhu nabs Rauf. He initially denies being the culprit but later accepts it. However, he also warns Sadhu that Rawale has been assigned the job of killing the righteous CM (Dilip Prabhawalkar) by someone, whom Sadhu trusts a lot. Before Rauf could give away the name, he gets shot by Thorat. The latter says he was ordered to do so. It is soon announced that Rawale would be returning to Mumbai and may join politics soon. Both Sadhu and Shalu suspects that the home minister is involved in the CM's assassination and was the one who took Rawale's help to plot the murder. Sadhu confronts the home minister, and the latter admits it, saying his political career wouldn't have taken off in the presence of the CM, who didn't favour him and his devious activities.",400
770,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Tak_Chhappan_2,Ab Tak Chhappan 2,"Both Sadhu and Shalu suspects that the home minister is involved in the CM's assassination and was the one who took Rawale's help to plot the murder. Sadhu confronts the home minister, and the latter admits it, saying his political career wouldn't have taken off in the presence of the CM, who didn't favour him and his devious activities. He also dares Sadhu to expose him, having a firm opinion that no one would believe Sadhu. Sadhu decides to give up, but Shalu tells him that she has found evidence against the home minister, a video proof of his meeting with Rawale, but before she could pick up the CD, she gets shot by Thorat, who is now revealed to be the home minister's henchman. Sadhu arrives at the nick of time and shoots Thorat dead before he can kill Shalu. Sadhu goes to an event, where the home minister is to pay tribute to the late CM. Sadhu steps on stage, requests he be given an opportunity to speak. After appreciating the Home Minister, he quickly moves towards him and stabs a sharp pen into his shoulder, thus killing him. The film continues at the present time, where Commissioner Pradhan is shown interrogating Sadhu. As he leaves the room, Sadhu asks Pradhan to take care of Aman, and it is implied that Aman is still alive. His death was merely faked to eliminate the underworld. An epilogue is shown where we are told that Sadhu was given life imprisonment for also killing Rawale in the same jail where both were imprisoned together. == Cast ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Ab Tak Chhappan 2 at IMDb
AbTakChhappan2 on Facebook",364
771,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Tsvigun,Semyon Tsvigun,"Semyon Kuzmich Tsvigun (Ukrainian: Семен Кузьмич Цвігун; Russian: Семён Кузьмич Цвигун; 28 September 1917 – 19 January 1982) was a Ukrainian Soviet officer of the KGB with important ties to Leonid Brezhnev. His sudden death (reportedly a suicide) heralded a major shift in Kremlin power politics. == Career ==
Semyon Tsvigun was born into a large family of Ukrainian peasants, in Stratievka village, in the Chechelnyk District of Odesa Governorate, located near the Vinnytsia region of Ukraine. After graduating, he worked as a history teacher in the region of west Ukraine then designated as the Moldavian Autonomous Region. In November 1939, he was recruited to the NKVD. This was at a time when Joseph Stalin and the new chief of police, Lavrentiy Beria were preparing to seize the former Russian-ruled province of Bessarabia from Romania, to create the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, now (Moldova). He escaped from Moldova after the German invasion in June 1941, and, according to his autobiography, he was sent into Odessa by boat when it was under siege, and remained in the city during the German occupation, hiding out in catacombs until he was ordered to break out, after which he joined partisans behind enemy lines in Smolensk. In 1943, he worked for SMERSH. Tsvigun is credited with three screenplays, published in 1981 in a single volume entitled 'Retribution', about partisans operating behind Nazi lines, and three novels on similar themes published in 1973–82.",383
772,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Tsvigun,Semyon Tsvigun,"In 1943, he worked for SMERSH. Tsvigun is credited with three screenplays, published in 1981 in a single volume entitled 'Retribution', about partisans operating behind Nazi lines, and three novels on similar themes published in 1973–82. However, Tsvigun's former colleague, Filipp Bobkov claimed, after Tsvigun's death, that he faked his war record, and he was never near the front line, a claim angrily disputed by Tsvigun's family. Zhores Medvedev also claims that Tsvigun's published fiction was all ghostwritten. Vladimir Kuzichkin said that Ivan Anisimovich Fadeikin, then KGB Chief of Karlshorst, East Berlin and liaison to the East German Stasi, openly said out loud during a drunken party about being Tsvigun's superior during WWII and spoke unflatteringly about his military and intellectual capabilities. Yuri Andropov found out about this and cancelled Fadeikin's pending appointment to the head of the KGB's Foreign Intelligence Service. Tsvigun returned to the Moldovan SSR in 1946, and by 1951 had risen to the post of Deputy Head of the MGB (from 1954, the KGB) in Moldavia. Crucially for his future career, Leonid Brezhnev was head of the Moldovan communist party in 1950–52. Through this connection, he became an important member of the so-called Dnipropetrovsk Mafia, who were the core of Brezhnev's political support during his time as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From August 1955, Tsvigun was deputy chairman, and from April 1957, chairman, of the KGB of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic.",356
773,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Tsvigun,Semyon Tsvigun,"Through this connection, he became an important member of the so-called Dnipropetrovsk Mafia, who were the core of Brezhnev's political support during his time as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From August 1955, Tsvigun was deputy chairman, and from April 1957, chairman, of the KGB of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. In September 1963–May 1967, he was Chairman of the KGB of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, where his deputy was Heydar Aliyev, later the post-communist leader of Azerbaijan. In May 1967, Tsvigun was transferred to Moscow as First Deputy Chairman of the KGB, making him the highest-ranking career KGB officer in the country, because the chairman, Yuri Andropov, was a long-serving party official. Tsvigun was made head of the newly created Fifth Directorate, which was responsible for domestic security. It was his department which dealt with dissidents, such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Andrei Sakharov, etc. He was notoriously hard line. In September 1981, he wrote an article in the magazine Kommunist about his department's success in dealing with dissidents, whom he described as criminals. === Ties to Brezhnev ===
According to Moshe Lewin, Tsvigun had been ""planted"" by Brezhnev to spy and report on Yuri Andropov when he (Tsvigun) served as the latter's first deputy. After the deaths of Tsvigun and Suslov, Andropov started digging into the corruption-related files that had been in Tsvigun's hands and which Suslov forbade him to show to anyone. Andropov had already been aware that Brezhnev and his family were personally implicated in corruption schemes. Lewin states that the files revealed to Andropov that Tsvigun himself was also involved in corrupt transactions.",396
774,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Tsvigun,Semyon Tsvigun,"Andropov had already been aware that Brezhnev and his family were personally implicated in corruption schemes. Lewin states that the files revealed to Andropov that Tsvigun himself was also involved in corrupt transactions. == Family ==
Tsvigun's wife, Rosa Mikhailovna, was a writer. Her collection of stories The Thunderstorm Gone were published in 1979 under her maiden name, R. Yermoleva. According to the dissident Zhores Medvedev, she was ""notorious for demand to have 'first selection' of the books at international book fairs in Moscow. These books are usually bought by the state at a great discount, but Tsvigun's wife had no intention of paying for them, and pretended that her husband needed them for professional reasons."" Medvedev believed that she was Brezhnev's wife's sister, but there is no mention of this alleged kinship in the extensive archives posted online by the Tsviguns' granddaughter Violetta Nichkova. Brezhnev's niece, Lyubov Brezhneva, claimed that Tsvigun was actually married to a cousin of Brezhnev's wife. == Death ==
Semyon Tsvigun died on 19 January 1982. Unusually for someone so senior, his obituary was only signed by five top officials (Andropov, Gorbachev, Chernenko, Ustinov and Aliyev) rather than the entire Politburo and Secretariat. Six days later, on 25 January, Mikhail Suslov, who was next in seniority after Brezhnev within the apparatus of the Communist Party, also died. Andropov then quit the chairmanship of the KGB to take over Suslov's former position in the party secretariat, putting him clearly in line to succeed Brezhnev, who died ten months later.",386
775,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Tsvigun,Semyon Tsvigun,"Six days later, on 25 January, Mikhail Suslov, who was next in seniority after Brezhnev within the apparatus of the Communist Party, also died. Andropov then quit the chairmanship of the KGB to take over Suslov's former position in the party secretariat, putting him clearly in line to succeed Brezhnev, who died ten months later. The most generally accepted view is that Tsvigun committed suicide, although the reasons for this suicide are not certain. However, some have speculated it to be an assassination. In all versions, Tsvigun died from a bullet wound. After Suslov's death, a story circulated that the latter had had a heart attack brought on by a confrontation with General Tsvigun over a corruption scandal involving diamond smuggling, in which Brezhnev's daughter Galina, her husband, General Yuri Churbanov, a deputy minister for internal affairs, the head of the Moscow circus, Anatoli Kolevatov, and a former circus artist named Boris 'the Gypsy' Buryata, were implicated. Andropov reputedly presented Suslov, the party official overseeing the KGB, with evidence of their guilt. Suslov reputedly summoned Tsvigun, accused him of protecting the criminals because of his link to the Brezhnev family, and warned him that he was likely to be expelled from the party and put on trial. The next day, Tsvigun committed suicide. This story of suicide after a quarrel with Suslov widely circulated among the leadership. This version was contradicted by a subsequent chairman of the KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov, who said that Tsvigun committed suicide because he was ill from cancer, and had had a lung removed. A third version of the story is that Tsvigun was assassinated.",368
776,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Tsvigun,Semyon Tsvigun,"This version was contradicted by a subsequent chairman of the KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov, who said that Tsvigun committed suicide because he was ill from cancer, and had had a lung removed. A third version of the story is that Tsvigun was assassinated. The political scientist R. Judson Mitchell claimed that it was ""rather likely that Tsvigun was eliminated by a hit squad in a KGB 'wet job'. Had Tsvigun been alive when Andropov quit, he would have been well placed to take over the chairmanship of the KGB, as its most senior career officer. Instead, Andropov appointed a successor, Vitaly Fedorchuk, who was not linked to the Dnipropetrovsk Mafia. == References ==",154
777,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Woolner,Keith Woolner,"Keith Woolner (born c. 1968) is an author for Baseball Prospectus and is the creator of the statistic Value Over Replacement Player (VORP). VORP is acknowledged by the sabermetrics community as one of the key concepts in the analysis of a player's performance and market valuation. == Education and early career ==
Woolner grew up in New Hampshire as a fan of the Boston Red Sox, later moving to Florida as a teenager. He earned two bachelor's degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: one in Mathematics with Computer Science, and one in Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He also earned a master's degree in Decision Analysis from Stanford University. After graduating from MIT, Woolner worked in software development and system management (for Oracle) and several start-ups in Silicon Valley; and later in product management (for SAS). During this time he maintained his avocational interest in baseball statistics and analysis. According to Woolner,

...no matter how interesting the technology or how novel the application, it was hard to get truly passionate about helping another business improve their profitability or run more efficiently. The work was intellectually stimulating but not emotionally engaging. What did engage me was baseball statistics. I spent a lot of my free time reading online forums devoted to baseball, and I discovered that baseball statistics had moved far beyond the stats on the backs of the baseball cards I grew up with. I started designing my own customized statistics in the mid-1990s and eventually posted them on Usenet newsgroups and my own Web page. == Sabermetrician and Cleveland Indians front office ==
In 1998, while still employed full-time in software development and management, Woolner became a regular contributor to a fledgling Baseball Prospectus, for whom he wrote both for the annual book and the website. He also authored six chapters of Baseball Prospectus's book Baseball Between the Numbers.",386
778,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Woolner,Keith Woolner,"== Sabermetrician and Cleveland Indians front office ==
In 1998, while still employed full-time in software development and management, Woolner became a regular contributor to a fledgling Baseball Prospectus, for whom he wrote both for the annual book and the website. He also authored six chapters of Baseball Prospectus's book Baseball Between the Numbers. In May 2007, Woolner announced his departure from Baseball Prospectus to join the front office of the Cleveland Guardians as their Manager of Baseball Research & Analytics. In this role, he is ""responsible for advanced objective analysis, forecasting, and strategy analysis. [He is also] working on integrating the information from the disparate worlds of scouting and stats in a way that makes each stronger."" == Notes ==


== References ==

Kristi Birth, ""Cogito Interview: Keith Woolner, Baseball Statistician,"" Cogito.org, August 22, 2008. Rob Neyer, ""The World According to VORP,"" ESPN.com, February 2, 2007. Keith Woolner, ""In Person: A Career Home Run,"" Science Careers: From the Journal Science, January 11, 2008.",234
779,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n,Ahuachap%C3%A1n,"Ahuachapán (Spanish pronunciation: [awatʃaˈpan]) is a city, district, and the capital of the Ahuachapán Department in western El Salvador. The district, including the city, covers an area of 244.84 km2 and as of 2007 has a population of 110,511 people. Situated near the Guatemalan border, it is the westernmost city in the country and is the center of an agricultural region producing primarily coffee. Ahuachapán is the site of a geothermal power plant and a hydroelectric station. The local geothermal activity produces many steam vents, visible throughout the surrounding mountains. Among other things, Ahuachapan is also the birthplace of notable Salvadoran poet Alfredo Espino and is about an hour's drive from the national wildlife park El Imposible. == History ==
Ahuachapán was founded by Mayan people of the Poqomam tribe in the 5th century, and was invaded in the 15th century by the Izalcos people. It officially gained city status in El Salvador on 11 February 1862 and became the departmental capital on 9 February 1899. == Geography ==
The district of Ahuachapán is located 100 km from the capital city San Salvador. To the north it borders San Lorenzo and the Republic of Guatemala. It is surrounded by San Lorenzo, Atiquizaya and Turín; by Juayúa, Apaneca, and Tacuba to the south. The climate of the district is very warm with the temperatures oscillating between 22 °C and 27 °C. The principal river is the Río Paz. There are other tributaries but the Río Paz forms a natural border between El Salvador and Guatemala.",363
780,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n,Ahuachap%C3%A1n,"The principal river is the Río Paz. There are other tributaries but the Río Paz forms a natural border between El Salvador and Guatemala. === Local attractions ===


==== Monuments/main attractions ====

Near the Iglesia La Asunción, the Francisco Menéndez Park has a monument to honor General Francisco Menéndez who was president of the republic. There is a bronze plate indicating the house where he lived. One of the main attractions is the Central Plaza, which contains: the Central Park, known as Parque Concordia, surrounded by City Hall (a modern style building with a little resemblance of art deco, rebuilt after a fire in the 1950s), the town's main church, Iglesia de La Asunción, which is over 100 years old, and the Pasaje Concordia, also known as ""the new place in town,"" that was restored in the early twenty first century and is a pedestrian-only street. ==== Lagoon of El Espino ====
It was formerly called Huitziapan or ""Laguna de la Espina""  and is four kilometers to the north-west of the city of Ahuachapan, along the international highway to Guatemala. Between this body of water and the city of Ahuachapán, the first battle in the history of independent Central America took place; the battle of Espino, on 12 March 1822. . Other attractions include Los Ausoles (an area of geysers, small and large steam vents and bubbling hot fountains), the Lagoon Morán, Atehuecillas and Malacatiupán. Close to Las Chinamas is ""Los Encuentros"" where the ""Rio Paz"" river and the ""El Pulula"" river (Guatemalan river) merge.",385
781,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n,Ahuachap%C3%A1n,"Other attractions include Los Ausoles (an area of geysers, small and large steam vents and bubbling hot fountains), the Lagoon Morán, Atehuecillas and Malacatiupán. Close to Las Chinamas is ""Los Encuentros"" where the ""Rio Paz"" river and the ""El Pulula"" river (Guatemalan river) merge. ""La Poza de la Yerba Buena"" of the Pueblo Viejo river in the Cantón Santa Cruz is nearby. El Arco Durán, situated in the perimeter of the city of Ahuachapán, is a replica of a famous French arch, with all kinds of delicious and typical Salvadorean ""Pupusas"" nearby. === Administrative divisions ===


==== Cantons ====
The district is divided into 29 cantons (regions). These are: Ashapuco, Chancuyo, Chipilapa, Cuyanausul, El Anonal, Cantón Platanares, El Roble, El Tigre, El Barro, Guayaltepec, La Coyotera, La Danta, La Montañita, Las Chinamas (Puesto Fronterizo), Llano de Doña María, Llano de La Laguna o El Espino, Loma de La Gloria, Los Huatales, Los Magueyes, Los Toles, Nejapa, Palo Pique, Río Frío, San Lázaro, San Ramón, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa Acacalco, Suntecumat y Tacubita. ==== Towns and villages in the district ====


=== Climate ===


== Economy ==

The most important industries are geothermal energy, coffee, textiles and construction materials.",384
782,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n,Ahuachap%C3%A1n,"These are: Ashapuco, Chancuyo, Chipilapa, Cuyanausul, El Anonal, Cantón Platanares, El Roble, El Tigre, El Barro, Guayaltepec, La Coyotera, La Danta, La Montañita, Las Chinamas (Puesto Fronterizo), Llano de Doña María, Llano de La Laguna o El Espino, Loma de La Gloria, Los Huatales, Los Magueyes, Los Toles, Nejapa, Palo Pique, Río Frío, San Lázaro, San Ramón, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa Acacalco, Suntecumat y Tacubita. ==== Towns and villages in the district ====


=== Climate ===


== Economy ==

The most important industries are geothermal energy, coffee, textiles and construction materials. == Traditions ==
The most important tradition is the Día de los Farolitos (Day of the Little Lantern Lights), held every year on 7 September, where a parade and celebration is conducted to honor the birth of the Virgin Mary. == Notable people ==
Alfredo Espino
Ricardo Trigueros Deleón
Humberto Escapini
Roberto Galicia
Miguel Ángel Espino
Santiago José Celis
Mauricio Linares Aguilar
Francisco Menéndez
Alvaro Magaña Borja
Timoteo Menéndez
Mario Benjamín Castro
Francisco Javier Roman-Bardales


== Sports ==
The Once Municipal (Municipal Eleven) is the local professional association football club of the Department of Ahuachapán. The home stadium of Once Municipal is Estadio Simeón Magaña.",396
783,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n,Ahuachap%C3%A1n,"== Notable people ==
Alfredo Espino
Ricardo Trigueros Deleón
Humberto Escapini
Roberto Galicia
Miguel Ángel Espino
Santiago José Celis
Mauricio Linares Aguilar
Francisco Menéndez
Alvaro Magaña Borja
Timoteo Menéndez
Mario Benjamín Castro
Francisco Javier Roman-Bardales


== Sports ==
The Once Municipal (Municipal Eleven) is the local professional association football club of the Department of Ahuachapán. The home stadium of Once Municipal is Estadio Simeón Magaña. == See also ==
Concepción de Ataco
Apaneca
Sonsonate
San Salvador


== References ==",176
784,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Caren,Mike Caren,"Michael Caren is an American record executive. He founded Artist Publishing Company in 2007, as well as its subsidiary Artist Partner Group in 2013. He has served as President of Worldwide A&R at Warner Music Group from 2012 to 2015, as well as the company's Creative Officer until 2020, Executive Vice President of A&R at Atlantic Records from 2007 to 2012, and Co-president of Elektra Entertainment from 2008 to 2012. == Early life ==
Caren grew up in Beverly Hills, California. When he was 12 years old, he began DJing at local parties in his neighborhood. He attended Beverly Hills High School and worked on a radio and music video show on the school channel. While still in high school, at age 15, Caren was offered an internship at Interscope Records by Fade Duvernay. He also founded a Los Angeles–based high school and college marketing company called Skool Rules Promotions. He attended the Stern School of Business at New York University. == Career ==
At age 17, Caren was hired by Big Beat Records (owned by Atlantic Records) for a marketing job, and moved from Los Angeles to New York City to take the role. During his time at Big Beat, he produced songs for the bands The Pharcyde, Heltah Skeltah, Saukrates, and several hip hop artists. After two years in the marketing department, Caren switched over to A&R. Among the first artists he brought to Big Beat was Chicago rapper Twista. While an intern at Interscope Records, Caren worked on a marketing campaign for Tupac Shakur. He then worked for Loud Records, an imprint of RCA Records as a National High School/College Representative Coordinator, and Ruthless Records as a National Marketing Manager. Caren was promoted to Executive Vice President of A&R at Atlantic Records in 2007.",384
785,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Caren,Mike Caren,"He then worked for Loud Records, an imprint of RCA Records as a National High School/College Representative Coordinator, and Ruthless Records as a National Marketing Manager. Caren was promoted to Executive Vice President of A&R at Atlantic Records in 2007. He directly signed acts to label including Trina, Sunshine Anderson, and Trick Daddy. He also discovered and signed Nappy Roots while the group was attending school at Western Kentucky University. Throughout his time with Atlantic, Caren has signed artists including T.I., Plies, Trey Songz, Flo Rida, and Wiz Khalifa, among others. He founded the Artist Publishing Group, a music publishing company in conjunction with Warner/Chappell Music in 2007. In 2009, Caren was named Co-President of the revived Warner-owned Elektra Records alongside John Janick. In his capacity as co-head of the label, he signed and worked directly with artists including CeeLo Green, Bruno Mars, and Ed Sheeran. In 2012, Caren was named Warner Music Group's President of Worldwide A&R. In this post, he was responsible for artist development across the company's record labels Atlantic Records, Elektra Records, Warner Bros. Records, as well as its international affiliates. In the following year, Caren launched Artist Partners Group, a sister-company to Artist Publishing Group which acts as a record label and provides direct marketing, business development, mentoring, and legal support for artists. In 2016, Caren was named the Creative Officer of the Warner Music Group. In this role, Caren acted as an advisor to WMG's global A&R department. WMG also made a multi-millionaire dollar investment in Artist Partners Group, which houses acts including Kevin Gates and Charlie Puth. His Artist Publishing Group company is responsible for 30 Billboard Hot 100 entries during 2015.",379
786,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Caren,Mike Caren,"WMG also made a multi-millionaire dollar investment in Artist Partners Group, which houses acts including Kevin Gates and Charlie Puth. His Artist Publishing Group company is responsible for 30 Billboard Hot 100 entries during 2015. In 2021, post a transition with Warner Music, Caren’s Artist Partner Group launched the 2.0, fully independent stage. The first single was Jason Derulo featuring Adam Levine “Lifestyle”, was certified RIAA Gold. It was produced by Artist Publishing Clients Rice N Peas and co written by Artist Publishing client Amy Allen. In 2022, Caren joined beatBread's Artist Advocacy Council, which provides critical advice to the independent artist-focused music funding platform. He also announced his partnership with 100 Management, and the representation of producers Cirkut and Alex Da Kid. In 2023, Caren’s Artist Partner Group announced RIAA certifications of four songs by Odetari, certification of Soldier Kidd’ “Thug Paradise” and platinum certification of Cico P’s “Tampa.” Caren announced his role in co founding social media marketing place Sound.me along with Alex Akimov. In 2024, Caren announced his role as a co-founder of JEN Music AI, a text to prompt music platform. Caren also announced the official launch of Release.Global, a distribution and marketing platform for independent artists. He also announced Artist Publishing Group’s signing of Veeze, Rich Amiri, Alec Benjamin, and others. Artist Partner announced RIAA certifications of singles by label and publishing client, Lay Bankz. In 2024, Artist Publishing Group was named #6 on Billboard Magazine's Top Publishing Corporations and the #1 fully independent Publisher. Also, Artist Partner Group was one of only 8 labels to have 3 or more artists with RIAA certifications for the first time.",391
787,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Caren,Mike Caren,"In 2024, Artist Publishing Group was named #6 on Billboard Magazine's Top Publishing Corporations and the #1 fully independent Publisher. Also, Artist Partner Group was one of only 8 labels to have 3 or more artists with RIAA certifications for the first time. Release.Global distribution also announced real time payment systems in partnership with Trolly which has enabled the distribution platform to some of the industries fastest payments. == Selected discography ==


== References ==",93
788,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Grow_Up,Never Grow Up,"""Never Grow Up"" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift from her third studio album, Speak Now (2010). She wrote the track inspired by her own feelings about childhood and growing up and handled the production with Nathan Chapman. An acoustic guitar-led folk ballad, ""Never Grow Up"" deals with Swift's reflection and contemplation on her childhood. Critics interpreted the lyrics as a message to younger fans and girls about childhood and growing up. In reviews of Speak Now, many critics found the song emotional and praised Swift's songwriting. They have retrospectively remained positive of the track and listed it in their rankings of her discography. Commercially, ""Never Grow Up"" reached the US Billboard Hot 100 and Country Digital Song Sales charts, with respective peaks of number 84 and number 12. It received certifications in the United States and Australia. Swift performed the track outside the set lists on five of her concert tours. Following a 2019 dispute regarding the ownership of Swift's back catalog, she re-recorded the song as ""Never Grow Up (Taylor's Version)"" for the 2023 re-recorded album, Speak Now (Taylor's Version). == Background and composition ==
Taylor Swift wrote her third studio album Speak Now (2010) entirely by herself and co-produced it with Nathan Chapman. She included all of the emotions she felt in the last two years on the album and conceived it as a collection of songs about the things she had wanted to but was unable to do with the people she had met in her life. One such song is ""Never Grow Up"", which Swift wrote for her younger self inspired by the nostalgia of her own childhood and the uncertainty of growing up. It is a folk ballad led by an acoustic guitar (played by Chapman), lasting for four minutes and fifty seconds. Swift's vocals on the song are breathy, and she is accompanied by a background male vocalist.",387
789,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Grow_Up,Never Grow Up,"It is a folk ballad led by an acoustic guitar (played by Chapman), lasting for four minutes and fifty seconds. Swift's vocals on the song are breathy, and she is accompanied by a background male vocalist. Critics deemed ""Never Grow Up"" one of Speak Now's most country-leaning tracks and the closest to Swift's previous works, with some believing that it could have been for her 2006 self-titled studio album. Rolling Stone's writer Rob Sheffield viewed the song as a ""folksy fingerpicking change of pace"" on Speak Now. Based on confessional songwriting, the lyrics of ""Never Grow Up"" address Swift's reflection on her childhood. In the first verse, she takes on the perspective of a mother talking to a baby: ""Your little eyelids flutter cause you're dreaming / So I tuck you in, turn on your favorite night light"". Swift asks the baby to ""never grow up"" to keep up with their bond in the future. The next verse sees Swift observing a teenager convincing her mother to drop her off near a movie theater because she deems that it is not cool to see her at her age being dropped off by her parents. In the last verse, the perspective shifts to Swift herself, contemplating her childhood (""Wish I'd never grown up"") and longingly looks back on it (""I could still be little""). She wants to remember all the memories (""Take pictures in your mind of your childhood room"") but at the same time they are fading (""I just realized everything I have is someday gonna be gone""). Critics analyzed the lyrics as a message to younger girls and fans. In NME, Hannah Mylrea deemed it ""Swift dealing out her best life advice for younger fans in particular"". Sam Sodomsky of Pitchfork opined that she ""[sounds] far older than her years as she urges girls younger than her to savor every moment"" in their lives.",392
790,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Grow_Up,Never Grow Up,"In NME, Hannah Mylrea deemed it ""Swift dealing out her best life advice for younger fans in particular"". Sam Sodomsky of Pitchfork opined that she ""[sounds] far older than her years as she urges girls younger than her to savor every moment"" in their lives. Kate Atkinson from Billboard said that the song has a ""universal"" message of ""trying to hold on to your own innocence and/or shielding the innocent ones around you"". Matt Bjorke of Roughstock thought it was ""written to a younger girl reminding her to cherish the moments"" of her childhood as she grows fast and will ""never [be] able to reclaim that carefree fantastic time of your life"". For American Songwriter, Jacob Uitti believed that Swift was reaching out to her audience, particularly girls: ""Sometimes we want to stay the same age, sometimes we want to be older. But no matter what we want, life happens."" == Release and live performances ==
""Never Grow Up"" was included as the eight track on Speak Now, which was released on October 25, 2010, by Big Machine Records. In the United States, it peaked at number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the Country Digital Song Sales chart. On July 13, 2015, the song received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling 500,000 units in the US. In January 2024, it was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for reaching 70,000 units in Australia. After Speak Now's release, Swift performed ""Never Grow Up"" at selected locations of the album's associated world tour in 2011. These include Lexington, Houston, and Raleigh, all of which are where she performed an acoustic rendition of the song. In 2013, Swift sang the track with a guitar during a Washington concert of her Red Tour.",385
791,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Grow_Up,Never Grow Up,"These include Lexington, Houston, and Raleigh, all of which are where she performed an acoustic rendition of the song. In 2013, Swift sang the track with a guitar during a Washington concert of her Red Tour. On the August 15, 2015, show at Santa Clara of her 1989 World Tour, she performed ""Never Grow Up"" in dedication to her godson and the second child of the actress Jaime King. On her Reputation Stadium Tour (2018) and Eras Tour (2023–24), Swift sang it as a ""surprise song""—a label for the songs she randomly plays throughout the concerts—in Philadelphia and Kansas City, respectively. She also performed the track two times as part of mashups of her songs during the Eras Tour in 2024; the first one was with ""Robin"" (2024) at a Zurich show on July 10 and the second with ""The Best Day"" (2008) at a Vancouver show on December 6. == Critical reception ==
Initial reviews of ""Never Grow Up"" found the song vulnerable and praised Swift's songwriting. Chris Willman of Our Country described it as a ""sweet lullabye with an undercurrent of sadness or even wary adult bitterness"". Alex Macpherson from The Guardian believed that it was where Swift was at her most brave on the album and considered her singing to herself ""devastating and genuinely uncomfortable"". Sam Gnerre of the Los Angeles Daily News viewed the song as an ""excellent ballad"" and ""a surprisingly prescient lullaby"". Rick Moore from American Songwriter said that the ""great opening lines and use of imagery"" could see Swift start writing tracks without romance in them and become a ""truly accomplished writer"". Melinda Newman of HitFix wrote that the song was spare and lovely. A few critics drew comparisons to other songs.",370
792,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Grow_Up,Never Grow Up,"Melinda Newman of HitFix wrote that the song was spare and lovely. A few critics drew comparisons to other songs. The Los Angeles Times' writer Ann Powers likened it to Brad Paisley's ""Letter to Me"" (2007) conceptually but thought both songs had different takes on their theme. She also viewed the track as Swift's ""most revealing"" song to date. John J. Moser of The Morning Call considered ""Never Grow Up"" to have the opposite concept of her song ""The Best Day"" (2008) and one of the best tracks on the album where ""Swift actually changes it up"". Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly regarded the song as a ""fragile lullaby"" and the ""soft-focus"" reversal of Harry Chapin's track ""Cat's in the Cradle"" (1974). Other critics focused on other aspects of the song. Dave Heaton from PopMatters said that ""Never Grow Up"" had country radio potential and thought it showcased Swift's potential capability of ""taking common country-radio templates and perfecting them"". George Lang of The Oklahoman believed it was one of the tracks that prevented the album from becoming a ""tabloid marathon"". Matthew Horton of BBC Music regarded it as a ""sunburst pop [nugget] that would brighten any daytime radio playlist"". Retrospective reviews of ""Never Grow Up"" remained positive. Atkinson and Sodomsky thought it was wistful and tender. The musicologist James E. Perone viewed ""Never Grow Up"" as a standout on the album and attributed it to the theme of childhood, which he lauded Swift's sentiments about it and how it complements with the composition. He also said that the song represented her growth as a songwriter, believing that she would explore more themes other than her autobiographical songwriting.",373
793,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Grow_Up,Never Grow Up,"The musicologist James E. Perone viewed ""Never Grow Up"" as a standout on the album and attributed it to the theme of childhood, which he lauded Swift's sentiments about it and how it complements with the composition. He also said that the song represented her growth as a songwriter, believing that she would explore more themes other than her autobiographical songwriting. James Rettig from Stereogum considered it one of the ""most heart-wrenching"" tracks from Swift's discography. Carena Liptak of Taste of Country and Martin Chilton of UDiscoverMusic considered the song highly introspective and praised the emotionalism that was displayed. Finley Liu from Young Post considered the song one of the album's underrated tracks. ""Never Grow Up"" was included in the rankings of Swift's discography by Jane Song and a staff of Paste (at 56), Nate Jones of Vulture (92), Mylrea (106), and Sheffield (216). For Jones, the song was an example of her better writing with childhood than with old age, and he believed that the concept of children was well-written to the point ""you'd swear she was secretly a 39-year-old mom"". Song alongside Uitti wrote that it would make you emotional. The song was also featured in the rankings of 100 selected tracks from Swift by the editorial staff of Billboard and Roisin O'Connor of The Independent. Andrew Unterberger of the former considered the song a ""sort of childhood trilogy closer"" after ""Mary's Song (Oh My My My)"" (2006) and ""The Best Day"" and thought it was given ""unexpected gravity"" in the end, while O'Connor believed that the ""tender acoustic picking"" complemented by the vocals made the song soothing.",366
794,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Grow_Up,Never Grow Up,"The song was also featured in the rankings of 100 selected tracks from Swift by the editorial staff of Billboard and Roisin O'Connor of The Independent. Andrew Unterberger of the former considered the song a ""sort of childhood trilogy closer"" after ""Mary's Song (Oh My My My)"" (2006) and ""The Best Day"" and thought it was given ""unexpected gravity"" in the end, while O'Connor believed that the ""tender acoustic picking"" complemented by the vocals made the song soothing. == Charts ==


== Certifications ==


== ""Never Grow Up (Taylor's Version)"" ==

Swift departed from Big Machine and signed a new contract with Republic Records in 2018. She began re-recording her first six studio albums in November 2020. The decision followed a 2019 dispute between Swift and the talent manager Scooter Braun, who acquired Big Machine Records, over the masters of Swift's albums that the label had released. By re-recording the albums, Swift had full ownership of the new masters, which enabled her to encourage licensing of her re-recorded songs for commercial use in hopes of substituting the Big Machine-owned masters. She denoted the re-recordings with a ""Taylor's Version"" subtitle. The re-recording of the track, titled ""Never Grow Up (Taylor's Version)"", was included on Speak Now (Taylor's Version), which is the re-recording of Speak Now released on July 7, 2023. In comparison to the original, it is two seconds longer in length and her voice has a tad less twang and is somewhat fuller. The re-recording peaked at number 71 on the Billboard Global 200 and reached the countries of the Philippines (15) and Canada (59). In the United States, it debuted and peaked at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 27 on Hot Country Songs.",386
795,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Grow_Up,Never Grow Up,"The re-recording peaked at number 71 on the Billboard Global 200 and reached the countries of the Philippines (15) and Canada (59). In the United States, it debuted and peaked at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 27 on Hot Country Songs. === Critical reception ===
Several critics discussed the track with the new context of Swift's growth. Alex Hopper of American Songwriter, Mike DeWald of Riff Magazine, and Mark Sutherland of Rolling Stone UK found the song vulnerable and believed that it was further heightened by Swift being an adult. The Washington Post's Chris Richards viewed the re-recording as ""reinhabiting her 20-year-old psyche as she sings to both her past and future selves"" and believed that the ""titular refrain"" brought ""a sort of nostalgic claustrophobia"". For Pitchfork, Vrinda Jagota thought that towards the end the song ""reveals itself as a means of mourning her past self"" and promises that no one will ever leave or harm Swift. There were comments on the production and her performance. DeWald said that the song sounds ""like a track straight out"" of Swift's album Folklore (2020), and where her vocal growth is particularly evident. Poppie Platt of The Telegraph stated that although her singing may seem jarring at first, her ""grasp on tone and melody has much improved since her [early] days"" that it is still effective. Financial Times' Ludovic Hunter-Tinley believed that the slight changes in her voice in the re-recording compared to that of the original ""give the song a subliminally different sense of age"". Kate Solomon from the I Paper wrote that the track would only be ""annoying and cliched"" but she believed that the re-recording was still faithful to the original.",379
796,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Grow_Up,Never Grow Up,"Financial Times' Ludovic Hunter-Tinley believed that the slight changes in her voice in the re-recording compared to that of the original ""give the song a subliminally different sense of age"". Kate Solomon from the I Paper wrote that the track would only be ""annoying and cliched"" but she believed that the re-recording was still faithful to the original. === Credits ===
Adapted from Speak Now (Taylor's Version) digital album inline notes

Studios
Swift's vocals recorded at Kitty Committee Studios (London)
Digitally edited and additionally engineered at Prime Recording (Nashville, Tennessee)
Mixed at MixStar Studios (Virginia Beach, Virginia)
Mastered at Sterling Sound (Edgewater, New Jersey)
Personnel


=== Charts ===


== References ==


=== Sources ===
Spencer, Liv (June 1, 2013). Taylor Swift: The Platinum Edition. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-77090-406-4. Somville, Damien; Benoit, Marine (2025). Taylor Swift All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track. Black Dog & Leventhal / Hachette Book Group. ISBN 978-0-7624-8929-9. Perone, James E. (2017). The Words and Music of Taylor Swift. The Praeger Singer-Songwriter Collection. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-4408-5294-7.",310
797,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viera_Cast,Viera Cast,"Viera Cast is a Smart TV platform by Panasonic that makes it possible to stream multimedia content from the Internet directly into select Viera HDTVs and Blu-ray players. It was announced during the January 2008 exhibition of the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas and began rolling out in Panasonic Viera TVs several months later. == Development ==
Panasonic initially partnered with Google to make it possible for YouTube videos and Picasa Web Album photos to be used within the product, while Bloomberg News and The Weather Channel were also available. Beginning in 2009, Amazon Video on Demand service was added. The first Viera HDTVs with Viera Cast, the TH-PZ850U series, appeared in May 2008. Panasonic introduced Netflix video streaming service and Skype to its Viera Cast line-up beginning with the 2010 model year. Panasonic TV's with Viera Cast from the 2008 or 2009 model years are not able to access Netflix or Skype. Mid-2010 a Twitter service was added. The Viera HDTVs and Blu-ray players featuring Viera Cast have a built-in Ethernet interface; many models also have Wi-Fi connectivity and thus no external box or PC is required. The service is accessed via a single button on the HDTV remote. Viera announced that it would extend the feature to three series of the company's 2009 Viera G, V and Z series of HDTVs. Panasonic also has three new stand-alone players and a portable Blu-ray player that support the technology. == Availability ==
Availability of services differs per region/country/language. For example: In the Netherlands, it is mostly English content/services, but also some German (Bild.de, Tageschau).",353
798,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viera_Cast,Viera Cast,"== Availability ==
Availability of services differs per region/country/language. For example: In the Netherlands, it is mostly English content/services, but also some German (Bild.de, Tageschau). In Poland, users of the Viera Cast-enabled devices can access around 1,500 movies for free after Panasonic partnered with Polish Internet portal Iplex.pl as part of the company's bid to increase the uptake of interconnected television in the country. In Australia, 7plus is available on most models and Bloombergs sharemarket service was discontinued starting August 2011. The Viera Cast service is being replaced by a new platform called Viera Connect which is not backward compatible. However, if the television supported Viera Cast, it can be upgraded to the new smart TV as long as it is at least a 2010 model. The new service had an improved number of applications on offer as the platform is open to third-party developers. New features also include a remote app for easier text input and navigation using a smartphone or a tablet as well as a Viera Connect Market app store where users can download games and online services. In 2012, Panasonic added the UK BBC iPlayer service to the Viera Connect. This new content is part of the larger upgrade to the platform, which - according to the company - allowed a more robust and interactive connected TV experience. == See also ==
Smart TV
Interactive television


== References ==


== External links ==
Panasonic plasma TV streams YouTube, accesses Picasa photos
Presentation On Viera Cast + Basic Overview
Fine Print from Panasonic's U.S. website about the availability of Netflix and Skype on Viera Cast model TVs from the 2008 or 2009 model years",352
799,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Hegde,Satya Hegde,"Satya Hegde (born 17 May 1975) is an Indian cinematographer who works in Kannada cinema. He made his debut with Taali Kattuva Shubhavele in 2002. Following this, he worked in over 20 films and received critical praise for his work in Duniya (2007) and Myna (2013), along with his collaborations with Suri. == Early life ==
Satya Hegde was born on 17 May 1975 to Parameshwar Hegde and Savithri in Haliyal, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka. He completed his schooling from Carmel High School, Haliyal in 1989. Following this, he was sent to Sanduru to complete his Pre-university course by his father who then wanted him to pursue a career in Computer science. Due to his poor scores during the course, he was persuaded by his brother to obtain a diploma. Having decided to choose cinematography as the subject specialization at the Sri Jayachamarajendra Polytechnic, Bangalore, Hegde obtained the diploma in cinematography in 1995. == Career ==
Hegde began his career as a cinematographer assisting B. C. Gowrishankar, a popular cinematographer of the time. He also assisted Ashok Kashyap, P. Rajan, H. C. Venu, P. K. H. Das, Surendranath Begur, and Krishna. During the time, he worked in making corporate videos, documentary films, television advertisements and in soap operas such as Ankura and Swarnarekhe. He worked as a camera operator and an assistant cinematographer in the Kannada language films Sparsha (2000), Parva (2002) and H2O. In the same year, he started out as an independent cinematographer in films with the film Taali Kattuva Shubhavele.",397
800,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Hegde,Satya Hegde,"He worked as a camera operator and an assistant cinematographer in the Kannada language films Sparsha (2000), Parva (2002) and H2O. In the same year, he started out as an independent cinematographer in films with the film Taali Kattuva Shubhavele. He then worked in the 2005 releases Yashwanth and Masala, both of which failed to perform commercially. Following this, Hegde worked with Ashok Kashyap in a soap opera before returning to films with the 2007 film Duniya for which he won praise for his work from critics. His work in Myna (2013), that was shot mostly outdoors with simulated lighting won him praise. He then worked in Gajakesari (2014) collaborating with Krishna, a cinematographer himself, as the director. He received praise for his work in Rhaatee, with critics calling it a ""visual poetry""; it involved frames of Bangalore and Muthathi forest. For his work in Rhaatee, he was awarded the Best Cinematographer at the 2014 Karnataka State Film Awards. == Filmography ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website
Satya Hegde at IMDb",256
801,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Abd_Allah_al-Hanafi,Sa%27id ibn Abd Allah al-Hanafi,"Sa'id ibn 'Abd Allah al-Hanafi (Arabic: سعید بن عبد الله الحنفی) was a companion of Husayn ibn Ali who was martyred in the Battle of Karbala. As a prominent Shi'ite and a nobleman in Kufa, he played a significant role in calling Imam al-Husayn to Kufa. He delivered several important letters of the Kufans to Imam al-Husayn. The final letter he delivered was Muslim ibn Aqil's letter to the Imam. From that point he accompanied the Imam from Mecca to Karbala. Sa'id is also remembered for his speech on the night before Ashura in which he proved his love for the Ahl al-Bayt and support of Imam al-Husayn. == Lineage ==

Sa'id (or Sa'd) ibn Abd Allah al-Hanafi was from the Banu Hanifa ibn Lajim tribe, a clan of Banu Bakr ibn Wa'il from the 'Adnan tribe. He was one of Kufa's famous nobleman that was well known for his courage and piety. == Joining Husayn ibn Ali ==


=== Delivering Letter of Kufans ===
After the death of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the people of Kufa wrote several letters to Husayn ibn Ali and invited him to their city. The third letter was delivered by Sa'id ibn Abd Allah al-Hanafi and Hani ibn Hani al-Sabi'i. Sa'id was so well-reputed that he could convince Husayn to come to Kufa.",362
802,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Abd_Allah_al-Hanafi,Sa%27id ibn Abd Allah al-Hanafi,"The third letter was delivered by Sa'id ibn Abd Allah al-Hanafi and Hani ibn Hani al-Sabi'i. Sa'id was so well-reputed that he could convince Husayn to come to Kufa. That letter was written by Shabath ibn Rib'i, Hajjar ibn Abjar, Yazid ibn al-Harith al-Shaybani, Yazid ibn Ruwaym, 'Uzra ibn Qays, 'Amr ibn Hajjaj and Muhammad ibn 'Umayr. The letter began as such:In the Name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. To Husayn ibn Ali from the Shi'ite Muslims. Please come sooner because the people are waiting for you and their hearts are with you. Please hurry. Peace be upon you. Every place is green, fruits are ripe, and water wells are full. Please come; your army is ready, and peace be upon you.Husayn wrote a reply to this letter and Sa'id delivered it to people of Kufa. He appointed Muslim ibn Aqil as his representative in Kufa. When Muslim entered Kufa, he stayed in al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi's house and delivered a speech for people. Muslim ibn Aqil gave Sa'id the responsibility to call Imam Husayn to Kufa. Sa'id returned to Mecca and delivered Muslim ibn Aqil's letter to Husayn. He accompanied Husayn from Mecca to Karbala. === Night before Ashura ===
Husayn called all his companions to gather behind the camp and gave a speech, asking them to take the hands of their friends and escape the land in the darkness of the night. Husayn said, ""these people are after me, so there is nothing for you to be concerned about, and I will forgive you all"".",391
803,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Abd_Allah_al-Hanafi,Sa%27id ibn Abd Allah al-Hanafi,"=== Night before Ashura ===
Husayn called all his companions to gather behind the camp and gave a speech, asking them to take the hands of their friends and escape the land in the darkness of the night. Husayn said, ""these people are after me, so there is nothing for you to be concerned about, and I will forgive you all"". Sa'id stood up and replied to the Husayn:O, the son of the Prophet! I swear to God that we will never stop helping you so that God knows that we have obeyed the Prophet's will about his progeny. I swear to God that if I am killed and then restored to life, and my corpse is burned 70 times and my ashes are scattered by the wind, I will never give up on you. May I be sacrificed for you. === In the Battle of Karbala ===
Sa'id went to Husayn after the noon prayer on the day of Ashura and asked for his permission to go to the battlefield. He went to the battlefield while chanting paeans and inflicted many casualties on the enemy's army before becoming martyred. A different account states that Sa'id was martyred after the noon prayer while protecting Husayn. When Husayn was reciting the noon prayer, the enemy's army approached him. Sa'id guarding him by making himself a shield against the arrows thrown at Husayn and the other companions performing prayers. He was hit by arrows in his face, chest, sides, and hands. When he fell down and was dying, he made the following prayer: ""O, God! As you have cursed the people of 'Ad and Thamud, curse these people [that is, the army of Kufa]. O, God! Send my regards to your prophet and inform him of pains and injuries I have suffered in my body, since I have helped your prophet to achieve your rewards.""",391
804,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Abd_Allah_al-Hanafi,Sa%27id ibn Abd Allah al-Hanafi,"O, God! Send my regards to your prophet and inform him of pains and injuries I have suffered in my body, since I have helped your prophet to achieve your rewards."" It is said that Sa'id then turned to Husayn, and said to him: ""O the son of the Prophet! Have I fulfilled my pledge?"" He responded: ""Yes, you are in the heaven in front of me."" It is said that when he was martyred, there were 13 arrows on his body in addition to injuries by swords and spears. == References ==",113
805,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_(district),Gordon (district),"Gordon was one of five local government districts in the Grampian region of Scotland. The council was based in Inverurie. It was created in 1975 and abolished in 1996, when the area was included in the Aberdeenshire council area. == History ==
The district was created on 16 May 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which established a two-tier structure of local government across Scotland comprising upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. Gordon was one of five districts created within the Grampian region. The new district covered the whole area of eight former districts and parts of another two, which were all abolished at the same time:

Aberdeen district (parishes of Belhelvie, Echt, Fintray, Kinellar, New Machar, and Skene only)
Alford district
Ellon burgh
Ellon district (except parish of Cruden)
Garioch district
Huntly burgh
Huntly district
Inverurie burgh
Kintore burgh
Oldmeldrum burgh
The whole area was part of the county of Aberdeenshire prior to the reforms. Various names were considered for the new district, with alternatives including Bennachie from a range of hills in the area, Mar after one of the historic provinces of Scotland, and Donside from the River Don which flows through the area. At a meeting in March 1972 the old Aberdeenshire County Council voted in favour of recommending to the government that Gordon should be the new district's name, after the Clan Gordon which had extensive landholdings in the area, including the clan's then principal seat of Haddo House. The clan took its name from the village of Gordon in Berwickshire. The regions and districts created in 1975 were abolished in 1996, being replaced by council areas.",387
806,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_(district),Gordon (district),"The clan took its name from the village of Gordon in Berwickshire. The regions and districts created in 1975 were abolished in 1996, being replaced by council areas. The area of Gordon was merged with the Banff and Buchan and Kincardine and Deeside districts to become the new Aberdeenshire council area. == Political control ==
The first election to the district council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 16 May 1975. Political control of the council from 1975 until its abolition in 1996 was as follows:


== Premises ==

The council initially met at Inverurie Town Hall and had its main offices in a converted former bank at 3 High Street in Inverurie, with additional offices in various other locations. Shortly after the council's creation it decided to consolidate its meeting place and offices at a purpose-built headquarters. Gordon House was subsequently built on Blackhall Road in Inverurie in phases between 1980 and 1982. It also housed some departments of Grampian Regional Council. Gordon House was formally opened on 9 July 1982. After the council's abolition in 1996, Gordon House became an area office for the successor Aberdeenshire Council. == Coat of arms ==
The Gordon District Council was granted a coat of arms by Lord Lyon King of Arms on 9 June 1986. The first quarter of the shield showed three gold boars' heads on a blue ground, the arms of the Gordon family, from whom the district's name was derived. The Gordon arms had formed one quarter of the arms of Aberdeenshire County Council. Boars' heads also formed part of the arms of the burgh of Huntly. The second quarter was derived from the Kintore burgh arms, showing an oak tree.",373
807,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_(district),Gordon (district),"Boars' heads also formed part of the arms of the burgh of Huntly. The second quarter was derived from the Kintore burgh arms, showing an oak tree. The third quarter was based on the arms of the burgh of Oldmeldrum and the fourth on those of the burgh of Ellon. In the centre of the shield was a gold tower, from Inverurie's burgh arms. Above the arms was a coronet consisting of a gold circlet topped by thistle-heads: a design reserved by Lord Lyon for the arms of district councils. == See also ==
Gordon (Scottish Parliament constituency)
Clan Gordon
Gordon Highlanders, an infantry regiment
Subdivisions of Scotland


== References ==",156
808,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuele_Patern%C3%B2,Emanuele Patern%C3%B2,"Emanuele Paternò, 9th Marquess of Sessa was an Italian chemist and politician and is credited with the discovery of the Paternò–Büchi reaction. == Biography ==
He was born in Palermo in 1847 as the Marquess of Sessa, in a branch of the House of Paternò. Emanuele's father, Giuseppe, took part in the Sicilian Revolution of 1848. When the Bourbons returned to power, he was sentenced to exile, and much of his assets were confiscated. Paternò and his family moved to Alexandria, Egypt. There, in 1858, Giuseppe Paternò died, and Emanuele and his mother moved to Genoa where they were welcomed by Emanuele's uncle, also dedicated to the cause of Italian independence. Following the Expedition of the Thousand, the Paternò family was able to return to Palermo. Emanuele enrolled the University of Palermo, where he studied chemistry with Stanislao Cannizzaro. He graduated in physics and chemistry In 1871. == Scientific career ==
In 1871 he became a lecturer at the University of Torino, but returned to Palermo the following year as Cannizzaro's successor. In 1892 he became a professor at the University of Rome. His main area of research was photochemistry, and discovered the Paternò–Büchi reaction in 1909. The reaction was improved by George Büchi, its other namesake, in 1954. == Political career ==
Paternò was politically active. He served as the Mayor of Palermo (1890–1892), and in 1890 he was appointed by King Victor Emmanuel III a member of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy. He was later elected vice president (1904-1919) of the Italian upper house.",395
809,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuele_Patern%C3%B2,Emanuele Patern%C3%B2,"He served as the Mayor of Palermo (1890–1892), and in 1890 he was appointed by King Victor Emmanuel III a member of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy. He was later elected vice president (1904-1919) of the Italian upper house. == References ==


== Bibliography ==

Calascibetta, Franco (2014). ""PATERNO, Emanuele"". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 81: Pansini–Pazienza. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6.",145
810,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Judd,Rebecca Judd,"Rebecca Judd (née Twigley, born 27 January 1983) is an Australian model, television presenter and the wife of former Australian Football League player Chris Judd. She has previously been host of Victorian-based travel program Postcards and was weekend weather presenter on Nine News Melbourne. == Early life ==
Judd spent her earliest years in a coastal town, Leeman, Western Australia. While living there, her parents worked in the mineral sands mining industry. At an event at Crown Perth in August 2025, Judd told the audience, ""We would just ride our bikes around with no helmets, we'd leave for the whole day and come back late at night."" When Judd was five years old, her family moved to Thornlie, a suburb of Perth. As a teenager, she attended Kent Street Senior High School. At the Crown Perth event, Judd also said:

""I met my husband at [a Sunday afternoon drinking session at] The Cott [The Cottesloe Beach Hotel], as you do. And the rest is history. He was in Joondanna at the time, and then I kind of nuzzled my way into that place."" == Career ==
In September 2004 (the following year), Judd received considerable media attention due to her wearing a revealing red Tarvydas dress to the Brownlow Medal presentation. The dress was custom-made by Perth designer Ruth Tarvydas and was valued at A$2000. Although Chris Judd, at that time her boyfriend, won the Brownlow Medal, much of the media attention focused on Judd's dress and WAG status. After the Brownlow presentation, Judd received a number of offers from Australian television networks. Her first television role was as a guest presenter on Nine Perth program Just Add Water. Judd also presented a news report about Melbourne Cup fashion for Seven News in October 2006. The next year, Judd started presenting the weekend weather for Seven News in Perth.",393
811,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Judd,Rebecca Judd,"Judd also presented a news report about Melbourne Cup fashion for Seven News in October 2006. The next year, Judd started presenting the weekend weather for Seven News in Perth. Her presenting role drew criticism from some public, who complained that she looked anorexic. She spoke out against the claims, saying that she had never suffered from an eating disorder and she believed the fuss was due to her relationship with Chris Judd. Seven News director Shaun Menegola said it was a shame Judd had been attacked by some viewers and explained that her tall stature meant she looked thinner on camera. In 2011, Judd joined the Nine Network as host of Victorian-based travel program Postcards and continued in the role until 2020. In the second quarter of 2013, she filled in for Livinia Nixon presenting the weather on Nine Afternoon News and Nine News Melbourne whilst Nixon was on maternity leave with her second child. The Judds purchased Jaggad activewear with Steven and Michelle Greene in 2013, transforming the brand from a triathlon brand to a stylish sports brand. In 2020, the brand was accused of copying designs by Australian brand Nagnata, of which Jaggad has denied. Judd launched her fashion and lifestyle blog, Rebecca Judd Loves (RJL) in 2012. In April 2014, Judd was appointed weekend weather presenter on Nine News Melbourne. In May 2014, Judd designed a capsule fashion collection with Australian fashion brand Skin and Threads, and launched a webTV series called The Style School about home renovation and interior design. Working on Nine News, Judd was put in an awkward position in 2016 when colleague Tony Jones tried to kiss Judd as a maternity leave farewell live on air. In November 2016, Judd resigned from Nine News Melbourne to spend more time with her family. In January 2017, Judd joined the KIIS Network to host the 3PM Pick-Up along with Katie ""Monty"" Dimond and Yumi Stynes.",389
812,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Judd,Rebecca Judd,"In November 2016, Judd resigned from Nine News Melbourne to spend more time with her family. In January 2017, Judd joined the KIIS Network to host the 3PM Pick-Up along with Katie ""Monty"" Dimond and Yumi Stynes. In 2018 Judd released her first book called ""The Baby Bible"" about pregnancy and motherhood. Judd created controversy during the 2020 Melbourne COVID-19 pandemic lockdown by wearing a ""Free Melbourne"" t-shirt on her Instagram and criticising Victorian Premier Dan Andrews for Melbourne's lockdown measures, calling him ""Dictator Dan"". In November 2020, Judd announced she would not be returning to the 3pm Pick-up in 2021, citing she wanted to take a break from the media and focus on her four children and husband Chris Judd. Judd is an ambassador for Myer and for brands such as Klorane, Chadstone The Fashion Capital, Adairs and The Skincare Company. In 2023, Judd competed on the seventh season of The Amazing Race Australia with her sister, Kate Twigley. == Personal life ==
In September 2007, Judd announced that she would be moving to Melbourne with then boyfriend Chris Judd. She completed her studies in speech and language pathology at La Trobe University in 2008 and worked in adult rehabilitation at the Alfred Hospital. On 31 December 2010, Judd married Chris Judd at Melbourne's Carousel at Albert Park. They have a son born in 2011, a daughter born in 2014, and twin boys born in 2016. Judd lives in a $7.3 million Spanish Colonial house in Brighton. == References ==


== External links ==

Rebecca Judd at IMDb",337
813,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_English_Benedictine_Congregation,Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation,"The sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation was a significant episode in the series of Catholic sex abuse cases in the United Kingdom. The dates of the events covered here range from the 1960s to the 2010s. == Abuse at Benedictine monasteries ==


=== St Benedict's School ===
In April 2006, civil damages were awarded jointly against Dom David Pearce, a former head of the junior school at St Benedict's School, Ealing, and Ealing Abbey in the High Court in relation to an alleged assault by Dom Pearce on a pupil while teaching at the school in the 1990s, although criminal charges were dropped. He was subsequently charged in November 2008 with 24 counts of indecent assault, sexual touching and gross indecency with six boys aged under 16. The counts related to incidents before and after 2003, when the law was changed to create an offence of sexual touching. After admitting his guilt at Isleworth Crown Court to offences dating back to 1972, Pearce was jailed for eight years in October 2009. The conduct of the Ealing monastic community, as trustee of the St. Benedict's Trust, was examined by the Charity Commission, which found that it had failed to take adequate measures to protect beneficiaries of the charity from Dom Pearce. In 2011, there was an allegation of cover-up involving Ealing Abbey and abuse towards a female pupil at St Gregory's Roman Catholic Primary School, a state school in Woodfield Road, Ealing, with links to the abbey. The abuse is alleged to have occurred in the 1970s. In October 2017, Andrew Soper (known as Father Laurence), former abbot of Ealing Abbey, was found guilty on 19 sexual offences against pupils of St Benedict's school in the 1970s and 1980s. === Buckfast Abbey ===
Father Paul Couch was jailed for ten years in 2007, on two counts of serious sexual assault and 11 of indecent assault.",386
814,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_English_Benedictine_Congregation,Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation,"In October 2017, Andrew Soper (known as Father Laurence), former abbot of Ealing Abbey, was found guilty on 19 sexual offences against pupils of St Benedict's school in the 1970s and 1980s. === Buckfast Abbey ===
Father Paul Couch was jailed for ten years in 2007, on two counts of serious sexual assault and 11 of indecent assault. He had committed the offences against six boys between 1972 and 1993 during two periods at Buckfast Abbey Preparatory School in Devon; he was a Royal Navy chaplain from 1978 until 1983 and again from 1992. Father William Manahan pleaded guilty in 2007 at Exeter Crown Court to eight charges of sexually assaulting pupils at the same school between 1971 and 1978, and was jailed for 15 months. The school closed in 1994. === Ampleforth College ===
In 1995, Fr Bernard Green, then a housemaster at Ampleforth College, was arrested after indecently assaulting a sleeping boy in one of the school's dormitories. He received two years' probation for an incident which was said to have ""petrified"" the boy concerned. In 2005, Fr Piers Grant-Ferris admitted 20 incidents between 1966 and 1975 including beating boys bare-handed on the buttocks, and taking temperatures rectally. The Yorkshire Post reported in 2005 that former Abbot Basil Hume did not call in police when the initial incident came to light in 1975, but removed Father Grant-Ferris. Several other incidents came to light in 2003, when the abbey hired a psychologist to conduct risk assessments on staff. === Belmont Abbey ===
Father John Kinsey of Belmont Abbey, Herefordshire was sentenced to five years at Worcester Crown Court in 2005 by Judge Andrew Geddes for a series of serious offences relating to assaults on schoolboys attending Belmont Abbey School in the mid-1980s. Due to falling pupil numbers, the school closed in the early 1990s.",387
815,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_English_Benedictine_Congregation,Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation,"=== Belmont Abbey ===
Father John Kinsey of Belmont Abbey, Herefordshire was sentenced to five years at Worcester Crown Court in 2005 by Judge Andrew Geddes for a series of serious offences relating to assaults on schoolboys attending Belmont Abbey School in the mid-1980s. Due to falling pupil numbers, the school closed in the early 1990s. === Douai Abbey ===
David Smith, jailed May 2007, was an assistant housemaster at Douai School, Upper Woolhampton, West Berkshire, from 1975. He sexually abused three boys in one year at the school and continued to sexually abuse as an Anglican priest from 1981, sexually abusing a series of boys over a 30-year period. Roman Catholic Benedictine monk/priest, Father Michael Creagh was jailed in November 2017 for two counts of child sexual abuse while he was a house master in 1987 at Douai School. He had previous convictions for paedophilic offences, committed elsewhere in the 1970s. David Lowe, a paedophile and serial sexual abuser, had sexually abused young boys, firstly, at Westminster Cathedral Choir School, London, and, secondly at the Roman Catholic Benedictine Ampleforth College in Yorkshire. Subsequent to and despite his history, he moved to Douai Abbey. A married man and a father, Lowe was appointed Deputy Headmaster at the school in the 1990s, and there is no suggestion that he sexually abused at Douai. Lowe was jailed for 10 years in 2015 for indecent assaults. Father Terence Charles Fitzpatrick, Roman Catholic priest/monk of Douai School, whilst he was Roman Catholic parish priest at St Osburg's Roman Catholic church in Coventry, sexually abused a woman, Pamela Brown, between 1989 and 1991. She had psychological issues and approached him for guidance.",365
816,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_English_Benedictine_Congregation,Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation,"Father Terence Charles Fitzpatrick, Roman Catholic priest/monk of Douai School, whilst he was Roman Catholic parish priest at St Osburg's Roman Catholic church in Coventry, sexually abused a woman, Pamela Brown, between 1989 and 1991. She had psychological issues and approached him for guidance. Fitzpatrick duped her into performing sexual activity ""games"" under the pretense that they were part of the help she required from him, and stating that the sexual activity was carried out in the name of God. Brown was awarded damages at Birmingham County Court. Fitzpatrick returned to Douai Abbey and continued to serve four Roman Catholic parishes in Berkshire. The Douai Abbey school closed in 1999. === Downside School ===
In 2004, a Benedictine monk was jailed for 18 months after taking indecent images of schoolboys and possessing child pornography when he was a teacher at Downside School. In January 2012, Father Richard White, a monk who formerly taught at the school, was jailed for five years for gross indecency and indecent assault against a pupil in the late 1980s. White, 66, who was known to pupils as Father Nick, had been allowed to continue teaching after he was first caught abusing a child in 1987 and was able to go on to groom and assault another pupil in the junior school. He was placed on a restricted ministry after the second incident, but was not arrested until 2010. Two other Downside monks, also former teachers, received police cautions during an 18-month criminal trial. In November 2017, the national Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) started to examine evidence of children being targeted for abuse at the school, along with another major Catholic school Ampleforth Abbey, as part of its investigation into the prevalence of paedophilia in the English Benedictine Congregation and its failures in protecting young people over many decades. IICSA heard that children at the two schools could still be ""at risk"".",390
817,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_English_Benedictine_Congregation,Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation,"In November 2017, the national Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) started to examine evidence of children being targeted for abuse at the school, along with another major Catholic school Ampleforth Abbey, as part of its investigation into the prevalence of paedophilia in the English Benedictine Congregation and its failures in protecting young people over many decades. IICSA heard that children at the two schools could still be ""at risk"". The enquiry heard evidence that in 2012, the then headmaster, Father Leo Maidlow Davis, who was the senior monk at Downside Abbey from 2014 until 2018, made trips with a loaded wheelbarrow to a distant part of its grounds, where he made a bonfire, destroying staff files dating back to the early 1980s that might have contained evidence of child abuse at the school. Father Charles Fitzgerald-Lombard, abbot of Downside from 1990 to 1998, was among three Downside abbots accused by Father Aidan Bellenger, in a private letter, of tolerating child abuse. Father Aidan, abbot from 2006 to 2014, said his predecessors ""protected and encouraged"" paedophile monks. Wrongdoers at the school were quietly moved between Benedictine monasteries and parishes. Reference was made to instructions from Rome to destroy documents that were damaging to priests. Father Leo insisted that his decision to make a bonfire of Downside's staff files was prompted by a desire to ""get rid of unnecessary old material"". He accepted that the files should, under safeguarding requirements, have been kept for 70 years, conceding that he may have unintentionally destroyed information about child abuse. As recommended by the IICSA report, a new charitable company was set up for the school in 2019 to separate it from the monastery. In 2020 it was reported that the abbey had sold paintings at auction for over £400,000 to defray legal costs.",387
818,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_English_Benedictine_Congregation,Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation,"As recommended by the IICSA report, a new charitable company was set up for the school in 2019 to separate it from the monastery. In 2020 it was reported that the abbey had sold paintings at auction for over £400,000 to defray legal costs. === Worth Abbey ===
Worth Abbey and Worth School were initially created as the preparatory school for Downside. In 1995, Father Andrew Brenninkmeyer was suspended following complaints that he had sexually abused other monks, including Father Jonathan Monckton, who left the monastery in 1987 after no action was taken against Father Brenninkmeyer. Father Moncton was not the only complainant. In 2001, Father John Bolton was suspended for hugging a boy inappropriately. Father John died on 26 June 2013. The headmaster at the time was Father Christopher Jamison, who is currently Abbot President of the English Benedictine Congregation. On 5 June 2018, the IICSA determined that its case study of the English Benedictine Congregation would not include Worth School and Abbey because the evidence in regard of Downside and Ampleforth is sufficient to address the English Benedictine Congregation. == References ==",235
819,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelen_Janogy,Madelen Janogy,"Madelen Fatimma Maria Janogy (born 12 November 1995) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Fiorentina and the Sweden national team. == Club career ==


=== Falköping and Mallbacken ===
Janogy started to play youth football with hometown team Falköpings KIK at age 11. In 2010, she made her senior debut for the club in Division 1, by then the second highest domestic tier, making three appearances. In 2013, Janogy had her major breakthrough, scoring 32 goals in 21 games in Division 1, which by then had become the domestic third tier. In 2014, Janogy moved to Mallbackens IF in Elitettan, the Swedish second tier, helping the side to win the league and reach promotion. In 2015, during her debut season in Damallsvenskan, Janogy scored twice in 21 games, helping her side finish 10th in the table, avoiding relegation. In 2016, Janogy scored five goals in 22 appearances, but was unable to help the side from finishing at the foot of the Damallsvenskan table. === Piteå IF ===
In 2017, Janogy joined Piteå IF in Damallsvenskan, together with her teammate Julia Karlernäs from Mallbacken. In her first season with the club, Janogy scored seven goals in 22 appearances, helping Piteå finish 4th in the table. On 2 November 2017, she signed a new one-year contract, with an option for a further year. In 2018, Piteå won their first ever Damallsvenskan title. Janogy scored four goals in 21 league appearances throughout the season, most notably a brace in the title deciding 6–1 win against Växjö in the last round.",374
820,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelen_Janogy,Madelen Janogy,"In 2018, Piteå won their first ever Damallsvenskan title. Janogy scored four goals in 21 league appearances throughout the season, most notably a brace in the title deciding 6–1 win against Växjö in the last round. In 2019, Janogy scored eight goals in 19 league games, although Piteå was unable to repeat their success in Damallsvenskan, finishing 6th in the table. In the 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League, Piteå was knocked out by Danish club Brøndby IF in the round of 32 by 1–2 on aggregate, with Janogy featuring in both legs. At the end of the year, it was announced that Janogy would leave Piteå at the expiration of her contract. === Wolfsburg ===
On 19 December 2019, Janogy signed a one-and-a-half-year contract with defending German Bundesliga champions Wolfsburg, effective in January 2020. On 1 July 2020, about six months after her arrival, Janogy left Wolfsburg by mutual consent without making any competitive appearances. She later revealed that she suffered from a mental illness while at the club. === Return to Piteå ===
On 5 August 2020, after taking a break from football for a couple of months, Janogy returned to her former club Piteå IF in Damallsvenskan, signing a one-and-a-half-year contract. After returning to the pitch, Janogy scored three goals in 12 appearances. In November the same year, it was announced that she had exercised an option in her contract to leave the club. === Hammarby IF ===
On 22 December 2020, Janogy moved to Hammarby IF, that just had been promoted to Damallsvenskan, signing a two-year contract. In 2021, Janogy scored 10 goals in 21 appearances, helping the side to finish 7th in the table.",395
821,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelen_Janogy,Madelen Janogy,"=== Hammarby IF ===
On 22 December 2020, Janogy moved to Hammarby IF, that just had been promoted to Damallsvenskan, signing a two-year contract. In 2021, Janogy scored 10 goals in 21 appearances, helping the side to finish 7th in the table. Janogy was voted Hammarby Player of the Year by the supporters of the club. She was also nominated for the award of Damallsvenskan Forward of the Year, but the prize eventually went to Stina Blackstenius from BK Häcken. In 2022, Janogy suffered from injuries, but still managed to score 11 goals in 21 appearances, helping Hammarby finish 5th in the Damallsvenskan table. On 22 December 2022, Janogy signed a new one-year contract with the club. On 6 June 2023, Hammarby won the 2022–23 Svenska Cupen. Janogy scored a brace in the final, that ended in a 3–0 win at home against BK Häcken. The club also won the 2023 Damallsvenskan, claiming its second Swedish championship after 38 years, with Janogy scoring 12 goals in 24 appearances. At the end of the season, Janogy was awarded the Damallsvenskan prize Forward of the Year, while also leaving the club following the expiration of her contract. === Fiorentina ===
On 3 January 2024, Janogy joined Italian club Fiorentina on a free transfer, signing a contract until June 2026. She agreed to an $80.000 contract and $2.250 weekly wage. == International career ==
Janogy made her senior Sweden debut on 22 January 2019, coming on as a 61st minute substitute in a goalless draw against South Africa. She scored her first international goal on 31 May 2019 in a 1–0 friendly win against South Korea.",393
822,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelen_Janogy,Madelen Janogy,"== International career ==
Janogy made her senior Sweden debut on 22 January 2019, coming on as a 61st minute substitute in a goalless draw against South Africa. She scored her first international goal on 31 May 2019 in a 1–0 friendly win against South Korea. Janogy was part of the squad for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, scoring in stoppage time against Chile after subbing on in the 81st minute to help secure a 2–0 win in Sweden's opening game of the tournament. She made three appearances at the 2019 World Cup, all from the bench. On 13 June 2023, she was included in the 23-player squad for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2023. === International goals ===


== Personal life ==
Janogy was born and raised in Falköping. Her mother is Swedish and her father is from Mali, making her the first player in Sweden women's national football team history with African roots. Both Madelen and her twin sister, Victoria, are named after the princesses of the Swedish royal family. == Honours ==


=== Club ===
Mallbackens IF

Elitettan: 2014
Piteå IF

Damallsvenskan: 2018
Hammarby IF

Svenska Cupen: 2022–23
Damallsvenskan: 2023


=== International ===
Sweden

Summer Olympic Games silver medal: 2020
FIFA Women's World Cup third place: 2019, 2023


=== Individual ===
Damallsvenskan Forward of the Year: 2023


== References ==


== External links ==
Madelen Janogy at the Swedish Football Association (in Swedish)
Madelen Janogy at Soccerway",365
823,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brule_Formation,Brule Formation,"The Brule Formation was deposited between 34 and 30 million years ago, roughly the Rupelian age (Oligocene). It occurs as a subunit of the White River Group in South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, North Dakota, and Wyoming. It is a sequence of fine grained clastic rocks (claystones, mudstones, siltstones) interbedded with freshwater carbonates, volcanic ash (tuff), and sandstone. == Historical description ==
The formation was named by N. H. Darton ""for the Brule Indians, who once roamed over Pine Rldge Ind. Res. in southern S. Dak., where the fm. covers large areas, and that it is not present in Brule Ind. Res., which occurs farther NE In S. Dak."" Darton's first description stated, ""The White River beds In their extension from S. Dak. Into Nebr. present some differences in strat. range and relations. They expand considerably and include, at top, beds which appear not to be represented in the typical regions. Accordingly, to afford distinct definitions for the members in Nebr. I have Introduced the designation Brule clay and separated the underlying Titanotherium beds as Chadron fm. The Brule consists mainly of a hard, sandy clay, of pale-pink color. Thickness about 600 ft. In vicinity of Wyo. line, but diminishes greatly eastward; in vicinity of 103° mer. in NW. comer of Nebr. it is 320 ft. Has not been recognized E. of long. 101°30', where it appears to sink beneath the surface In Platte Valley. Extends far to NB. in So. Dak. Is upper fm. of White River group."" N. H. Darton, 1898 (D, 8, G, S, 19th Ann, Eept., p t 4, pp.",393
824,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brule_Formation,Brule Formation,"of White River group."" N. H. Darton, 1898 (D, 8, G, S, 19th Ann, Eept., p t 4, pp. 736, 766–759). (Abbreviations are in source document.) == Fossil record ==
The sandstones layers, which are up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) thick, can contain mammalian fossils (e.g. the Fitterer bed). The most important fossils sites are:

Fitterer Ranch
Obritsch Ranch
M&M Ranch
Little Badlands in Stark County, ND
Chalky Buttes (including White Butte) in Slope County, ND
Prehistoric catfish, several mammals such as nimravids and Hesperocyon, and sunfish fossils are known from the Brule Formation in Badlands National Park. Notable among the local fauna are Bathornithid birds, ranging from the highly varied wetland-dwelling Bathornis species to the gigantic Paracrax. === Fauna ===


== See also ==
Paleogene paleontological sites of North America
Paleogene United States
Pawnee Buttes
White River Formation fossil record fauna


== References ==",261
825,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmer_Morales,Osmer Morales,"Osmer Eduardo Morales (born October 30, 1992) is a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher for the Caciques de Distrito of the Venezuelan Major League. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels. == Career ==


=== Seattle Mariners ===
On May 1, 2010, Morales signed with the Seattle Mariners as an international free agent. He spent his first four professional seasons with the Venezuelan Summer League Mariners, making two scoreless appearances in each of his first two seasons in 2010 and 2011. Morales recorded a 2.08 ERA with 13 strikeouts in 10 games in 2012; in 2013 he logged a 5-1 record and 1.86 ERA with 66 strikeouts and five saves across 15 games. Morales made 11 appearances (8 starts) for the rookie-level Arizona League Mariners in 2014, posting a 5-2 record and 2.20 ERA with 65 strikeouts over 49 innings of work. He spent the 2015 campaign with the Single-A Clinton LumberKings. In 43 appearances primarily out of the bullpen, Morales compiled a 1-8 record and 4.10 ERA with 85 strikeouts across 83+1⁄3 innings pitched. In 2016, Morales made 32 appearances (14 starts) split between Single–A Clinton and the High–A Bakersfield Blaze, posting an aggregate 5–6 record and 3.32 ERA with 134 strikeouts across 116+2⁄3 innings pitched. He elected free agency following the season on November 7, 2016. === Los Angeles Angels ===
On November 14, 2016, Morales signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels. Morales spent the 2017 season with the Double-A Mobile BayBears and Triple-A Salt Lake Bees, posting a combined 6-5 record and 4.19 ERA with 121 strikeouts across 126+2⁄3 innings pitched.",373
826,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmer_Morales,Osmer Morales,"=== Los Angeles Angels ===
On November 14, 2016, Morales signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels. Morales spent the 2017 season with the Double-A Mobile BayBears and Triple-A Salt Lake Bees, posting a combined 6-5 record and 4.19 ERA with 121 strikeouts across 126+2⁄3 innings pitched. Morales was invited to spring training for the 2018 season, failed to make the team and was assigned to Salt Lake to begin the year. On August 13, 2018, Morales was selected to the 40-man roster and promoted to the major leagues for the first time. He made his MLB debut on August 16, tossing 1⁄3 of an inning and allowing one hit against the Texas Rangers. Morales was designated for assignment by the Angels on September 3, following the acquisition of Luke Farrell. He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Triple-A Salt Lake on September 6. Morales elected free agency following the season on November 2. On February 11, 2020, Morales signed with the Cleburne Railroaders of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball. However, the team was not selected by the league to compete in the condensed 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Morales was not chosen by another team in the dispersal draft, and therefore became a free agent. === Bravos de León ===
On March 10, 2021, Morales signed with the Bravos de León of the Mexican League. Morales recorded a 2–4 record and 7.24 ERA in 7 appearances before being released on June 27. === Algodoneros de Unión Laguna ===
On June 29, 2021, Morales signed with the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna of the Mexican League. In 6 starts, Morales went 1–3 with a 5.46 ERA and 25 strikeouts. He was released following the season on October 20.",383
827,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmer_Morales,Osmer Morales,"In 6 starts, Morales went 1–3 with a 5.46 ERA and 25 strikeouts. He was released following the season on October 20. === Piratas de Campeche ===
On November 28, 2023, Morales signed with the Piratas de Campeche of the Mexican League. In 6 starts for Campeche, he struggled to a 9.93 ERA with 24 strikeouts across 22+2⁄3 innings of work. On May 21, 2024, Morales was released by the Piratas. === El Águila de Veracruz ===
On December 26, 2024, Morales signed with El Águila de Veracruz of the Mexican League. However, he was released prior to the start of the season on April 2, 2025. === Caciques de Distrito ===
In April 2025, Morales signed with the Caciques de Distrito of the Venezuelan Major League. == References ==


== External links ==

Career statistics from Baseball Reference · Baseball Reference (Minors) · Retrosheet   · Baseball Almanac",225
828,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Anne_Bartlett,Sue Anne Bartlett,"Sylvia ""Sue"" Anne Bartlett (born 1942) is a Canadian curler, originally from Labrador City. A member of the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame, she is a 12-time Newfoundland provincial women's champion, and two-time runner up at the Canadian women's curling championship. Born in Grand Falls, Newfoundland, Bartlett moved to Labrador City in 1963 and began curling in 1964. == Career ==


=== Women's ===
Bartlett and her rink of Ann Bright, Francis Hiscock and Mavis Pike won their first provincial women's championship in 1971, earning the team the right to represent Newfoundland at the 1971 Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship in their home province. In their first national championship, the rink went 4–5, finishing in 7th place. Later that season, Bartlett won a provincial mixed title in 1971, playing third on a team skipped by Horst Illing. At the 1971 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship, the team finished with a 2–8 record. Bartlett, Bright, Hiscock and Pike won their second provincial title in 1972. At the 1972 Canadian championship, known then as the Macdonald Lassie, the team finished with another 4–5 record, in sixth place. The four won their third provincial title in 1974. At the 1974 Macdonald Lassies Championship, the team improved on their previous two records, finishing 5–4, finishing in sixth place. Bartlett won her fourth provincial title in 1976 with new third Patricia Dwyer replacing Bright on the team. At the 1976 Macdonald Lassies Championship, the team finished with another 4–5 record, in a three-way tie for sixth. The team won their fifth provincial women's title in 1978 with new second Joyce Butt (Narduzzi) replacing Hiscock. At the 1978 Macdonald Lassies Championship, they finished with an even 5–5 record, tied for fifth place.",395
829,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Anne_Bartlett,Sue Anne Bartlett,"The team won their fifth provincial women's title in 1978 with new second Joyce Butt (Narduzzi) replacing Hiscock. At the 1978 Macdonald Lassies Championship, they finished with an even 5–5 record, tied for fifth place. The team won a second straight provincial championship in 1979. The 1979 Macdonald Lassies Championship was their best national championship to that point. The team finished the round robin with a 7–3 record, in a five-way tie for second place. This put the team into a tiebreaker scenario, where they were ranked fifth of the five tied teams. In their third game of the day, they beat Quebec, skipped by Lorraine Bowes 9–3 in the first tie breaker. They then had to play Saskatchewan, skipped by Barb Despins in the second tiebreaker, in their fourth match of the day. Exhausted, the team managed to beat Saskatchewan 12–10 after Despins missed an open hit in the last end, and promoted a Newfoundland stone. Seven and half hours later, Bartlett was back on the ice for the semifinal against 1978 Canadian champion Chris Pidzarko rink representing Manitoba. In their fifth game in 27 hours, the team were easily defeated 10–2, finishing third overall. The next season, Narduzzi was replaced at second on the team by Beverley Whitten. The team won their third straight provincial in 1980. At the newly named 1980 Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship, the team finished with a disappointing 4–6 record, tied for seventh overall. The team won a fourth straight provincial title in 1981, with a new front-end of Jo Ann Bepperling at lead and Narduzzi back on the team at second. This sent the team to the 1981 Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship was hosted by their home province in St. John's.",380
830,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Anne_Bartlett,Sue Anne Bartlett,"The team won a fourth straight provincial title in 1981, with a new front-end of Jo Ann Bepperling at lead and Narduzzi back on the team at second. This sent the team to the 1981 Canadian Ladies Curling Association Championship was hosted by their home province in St. John's. There, the team had a strong round robin showing, finishing with a 7–3 record, in third place. This put the team into the semifinal against Manitoba, skipped by Joan Ingram. Bartlett downed Manitoba 6–5 in front of 2,890 fans, after Ingram missed an ""almost impossible shot"" in the last end, giving up a steal. This put Newfoundland into the final against Alberta, skipped by Susan Seitz. Seitz had only lost one game in the round robin, and that was against Newfoundland. The team did not play as well as they had in the semifinal, losing to Alberta 7–3 in front of approximately 3,000 fans. In the final, Bartlett only curled 57%, much worse than her average for the week of 68%, compared to Seitz who curled 67% in the final. Bartlett would not win another provincial championship until 1985, when she won her ninth trip to the national championship (now called the Tournament of Hearts) with a new front end of Margaret Knickle and Debra Herbert (Porter). The team represented Newfoundland at the 1985 Scott Tournament of Hearts, where they finished with another 7–3 record, in a three-way tie for second with Alberta and Nova Scotia. This put them in a tiebreaker game against Alberta, once again skipped by Susan Seitz, a game which Bartlett described as being ""close"" to a grudge match. Bartlett easily defeated Seitz 8–2, putting them into the semifinal against Nova Scotia, skipped by Virginia Jackson.",377
831,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Anne_Bartlett,Sue Anne Bartlett,"This put them in a tiebreaker game against Alberta, once again skipped by Susan Seitz, a game which Bartlett described as being ""close"" to a grudge match. Bartlett easily defeated Seitz 8–2, putting them into the semifinal against Nova Scotia, skipped by Virginia Jackson. Nova Scotia had earned a direct entry to the semis by drawing straws against the other two teams. Newfoundland easily beat Nova Scotia as well, sending Bartlett to the final against British Columbia's Linda Moore rink. In the final, Newfoundland gave up a five-end in the first end, and were down 8–0 after three. The team battled back, but it was too little, too late, and ended up losing to B.C. 13–7. Bartlett again won provincials in 1986, with Narduzzi back at second. At the 1986 Scott Tournament of Hearts, she led Newfoundland to 7–4 round robin record, in third place. This put them into the semifinal against Team Canada (the defending champion Linda Moore rink), in a rematch of the 1985 final. The semifinal was a much lower scoring affair than the 1985 final, but the end result was the same, with Moore winning, 3–2. Bartlett missed a blank attempt in the eighth, forcing her to take one, giving Moore the hammer in the ninth in a 2–2 tie. After blanking the ninth, Moore drew to score a single point in the tenth to win the game. Four years later, Bartlett won her 11th provincial title with Wendy Chaulk now at lead, and Porter throwing second stones, replacing Narduzzi. Her 11th appearance at the 1990 Scott Tournament of Hearts set a record at the time for most appearances at the Canadian women's championship. At the Hearts, she finished with a 6–5 record, tied for fourth place.",384
832,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Anne_Bartlett,Sue Anne Bartlett,"Her 11th appearance at the 1990 Scott Tournament of Hearts set a record at the time for most appearances at the Canadian women's championship. At the Hearts, she finished with a 6–5 record, tied for fourth place. After the season, Dwyer and Chaulk left the team as Dwyer had moved to Kingston and Chaulk was being transferred out of Labrador City. Bartlett won her final Newfoundland provincial women's championship in 1992 with a new team consisting of Marcie Brown, Helen Nichols and Kathy Combden. Porter was also on the team as an alternate, but was seven months pregnant. At the 1992 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Bartlett had her worst ever tournament, going 1–10. Even with the lone win, Bartlett finished the tournament as the winningest curler (male or female) ever at a Canadian championship at the time, with a career 66 wins. The record was broken in 1994 when Colleen Jones won her 67th game. === Seniors ===
After turning 50, Bartlett was eligible to play in seniors curling. Bartlett won six Newfoundland and Labrador provincial seniors titles (1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000). In 2000, she moved to Nova Scotia where she won two Nova Scotia provincial senior titles in 2004 and 2005. Her provincial seniors titles qualified her to play in the Canadian Senior Curling Championships. In her first trip in 1994, she and her rink of Ruby Crocker, Gertrude Peck and Betty McLean made it to the final where she lost to Alberta, skipped by Cordella Schwengler.",321
833,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Anne_Bartlett,Sue Anne Bartlett,"Her provincial seniors titles qualified her to play in the Canadian Senior Curling Championships. In her first trip in 1994, she and her rink of Ruby Crocker, Gertrude Peck and Betty McLean made it to the final where she lost to Alberta, skipped by Cordella Schwengler. At the 1996 Canadian Senior Curling Championships, she finished 5–6, in 1997 she finished 7–4 (with team mates Jean Rockwell, McLean and Peck), in 1998 she finished 4–7 (with team mates Shirley Manuel, Peck and Elinor Udell), in 1999 she finished 4–7 again (with team mates Manuel, Cynthia Mills and Ruby Starkes) and in 2000 she lost in the semifinal (with team mates Cynthia Young, Marg Collingwood and Mills). Representing Nova Scotia for the first time, Bartlett led her team of Penny LaRocque, Karen Hennigar and Jane Brett to a 7–4 record at the 2004 Canadian Senior Curling Championships. And, at the 2005 Canadian Senior Curling Championships with new lead Marjorie MacKay, the team again finished with a 7–4 record, but lost in a tiebreaker. === Masters career ===
As the skip of Team Nova Scotia, she won two Canadian Masters Curling Championships (in 2006 with Adine Boutilier, Carol Whitmore and Marjorie MacKay and in 2010 with Sharon Clarke, MacKay and Brenda Nearing), for curlers over 60. == Personal life ==
Bartlett also played in four provincial softball championships. She was inducted into the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame in 1986 and the Sport NL Hall of Fame in 2003. She was employed as an insurance agent. She comes from a large family, with seven sisters and four brothers. She has three children. Her real name is ""Sylvia Anne"", but was called ""Sue Anne"" since she was a baby.",394
834,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Anne_Bartlett,Sue Anne Bartlett,"She has three children. Her real name is ""Sylvia Anne"", but was called ""Sue Anne"" since she was a baby. == External links ==
Sue Ann (sic) Bartlett - Canadian Curling Hall of Fame
Syliva Sue Ann (sic) Bartlett - Sport NL Hall of Fame


== References ==",71
835,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras_Flying_Services_Memorial,Arras Flying Services Memorial,"The Arras Flying Services Memorial Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorial in the Faubourg d'Amiens Cemetery, Arras, France. The memorial commemorates nearly 1,000 airmen from forces of the Commonwealth who were killed on the Western Front during World War I and who have no known grave. The memorial was designed by Edwin Lutyens, sculpted by William Reid Dick and unveiled by Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, Marshal of the Royal Air Force on 31 July 1932. == Background ==
In the spring of 1916, French troops transferred the city of Arras in Pas-de-Calais, France, to the British armed forces. Construction of the British portion of Faubourg d'Amiens Cemetery in the western portion of Arras, near the Citadel designed by Vauban, began in March 1916, behind the existing French graveyard. After the Armistice, the cemetery was extended with graves that were transferred from the battlefield and from two smaller graveyards in the area. The graves in the French portion of the military cemetery were moved elsewhere after the war. The vacant land was then designated for two monuments, the Arras Memorial and the Arras Flying Services Memorial. The Faubourg d'Amiens Cemetery comprises 2,650 graves of the First World War, including 10 unidentified burials. In addition to 8 WWII burials from the United Kingdom and United States, there are 30 graves of other nationalities. The Arras Memorial commemorates nearly 35,000 servicemen from the United Kingdom, South Africa, and New Zealand who died between the spring of 1916 and 7 August 1918 (the eve of the Advance to Victory) in the Arras region and who have no known grave. (Missing Canadian and Australian servicemen are commemorated elsewhere.)",369
836,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras_Flying_Services_Memorial,Arras Flying Services Memorial,"The Arras Memorial commemorates nearly 35,000 servicemen from the United Kingdom, South Africa, and New Zealand who died between the spring of 1916 and 7 August 1918 (the eve of the Advance to Victory) in the Arras region and who have no known grave. (Missing Canadian and Australian servicemen are commemorated elsewhere.) The Arras Flying Services Memorial commemorates nearly 1,000 members of the Royal Naval Air Service, the Royal Flying Corps, and the Royal Air Force who were killed on the Western Front and who have no known grave. == Design ==
Architect Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944), of the Imperial War Graves Commission, designed the layout of the Faubourg-d'Amiens Cemetery. He also designed the Arras Memorial and the Arras Flying Services Memorial. The cemetery was planned and constructed before the two monuments were designed. As a result, the paths of the cemetery do not align with the Arras Memorial. The Flying Services Memorial is adjacent to the Arras Memorial. It is an obelisk with a globe which forms a finial on the top. The four sides of the obelisk are inscribed with the names of 990 airmen who were killed on the Western Front and have no known grave. Renowned Scottish sculptor Sir William Reid Dick (1879–1961) sculpted the globe with stars on top of the Arras Flying Services Memorial, as well as the badges on the monument. The globe measures four-foot six inches in diameter, weighing almost three tons. At the 1932 unveiling ceremony, it was revealed that the position of the globe on the obelisk parallels that of the Earth on the morning of the Armistice, 11 November 1918. The badges created by the Scottish sculptor are of the Royal Naval Air Service, the Royal Flying Corps, and the Royal Air Force, as well as the combined badges of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.",399
837,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras_Flying_Services_Memorial,Arras Flying Services Memorial,"At the 1932 unveiling ceremony, it was revealed that the position of the globe on the obelisk parallels that of the Earth on the morning of the Armistice, 11 November 1918. The badges created by the Scottish sculptor are of the Royal Naval Air Service, the Royal Flying Corps, and the Royal Air Force, as well as the combined badges of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. == Unveiling ceremony ==
Lord Trenchard performed the unveiling of the Arras Flying Services Memorial and the Arras Memorial on 31 July 1932. The unveiling had initially been scheduled for 15 May 1932; however, due to the assassination of French President Paul Doumer in early May, the ceremony had been postponed. During the first ceremony of the day, Lord Trenchard, accompanied by Lady Trenchard and their eleven-year-old son Hugh Trenchard, was received by the mayor and town council and placed a wreath on the local war memorial. The second ceremony took place in the apse of the cloister of the Arras Memorial, close to the obelisk. Royal Air Force bands played O God, Our Help in Ages Past. After prayers led by the chaplain, Major General Sir Fabian Ware, founder of the Imperial War Graves Commission, addressed Lord Trenchard and invited him to unveil the memorial. Trenchard gave a speech, and then proceeded with the unveiling. The chaplain dedicated the memorials and a hymn was sung. Five aeroplanes flew in a wide arc around the cemetery, and then in V formation shot over the monuments. After the benediction and prayers by Monseigneur Henri-Édouard Dutoit, Bishop of Arras, buglers of the 1st Battalion of the Durham Light Infantry sounded Last Post.",368
838,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras_Flying_Services_Memorial,Arras Flying Services Memorial,"Five aeroplanes flew in a wide arc around the cemetery, and then in V formation shot over the monuments. After the benediction and prayers by Monseigneur Henri-Édouard Dutoit, Bishop of Arras, buglers of the 1st Battalion of the Durham Light Infantry sounded Last Post. Subsequently, pipers of the 1st Battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders played The Flowers of the Forest, followed by the buglers again with Reveille. After the national anthems of France and Britain, there was a procession of those bearing floral tributes, and the ceremony concluded. == Notable airmen commemorated on the memorial ==

Pilots represented on the Flying Services Memorial include:

Douglas John Bell – No. 3rd Squadron RAF, died on 27 May 1918. He was awarded the Military Cross and Bar. Francis Cubbon – No.20 Squadron RFC, died on 9 June 1917. He was credited with 21 aerial victories, and was awarded the Military Cross and Bar. Lanoe Hawker – No. 24 Squadron RFC, died on 23 November 1916, [1]. He was posted back to England in late 1915, with seven victories, making him the first British flying ace. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and the Victoria Cross. He died in  duel with 'the Red Baron,' Manfred von Richthofen. Louis Fleeming Jenkin – No, 1 Squadron RFC, died on 11 September 1917. He was credited with 22 aerial victories, and was awarded the Military Cross and Bar. Harry George Ernest Luchford – No. 20 Squadron RFC died on 2 December 1917. He was credited with 24 aerial victories, and was awarded the Military Cross and Bar. Mick Mannock – No.85 Squadron RAF, died on 26 July 1918. He was awarded the Military Cross and Bar, the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars, and the Victoria Cross.",395
839,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras_Flying_Services_Memorial,Arras Flying Services Memorial,"Mick Mannock – No.85 Squadron RAF, died on 26 July 1918. He was awarded the Military Cross and Bar, the Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars, and the Victoria Cross. Arthur Rhys-Davids –  56 Squadron RFC, died on 27 October 1917. Military Cross and Bar and the Distinguished Service Order. Frederick Thayre –  20 Squadron RFC, died on 9 June 1917.Military Cross and Bar. Samuel Frederick Henry Thompson – No. 22 Squadron RAF, died 27 September 1918. Awarded the Military Cross and the Distinguished Flying Cross. Frederick Carr Armstrong
Carleton Main Clement
Valentine Collins
Pruett Dennett
Gordon Budd Irving
Patrick Anthony Langan-Byrne
John Joseph Malone
Alfred Edwin McKay
Maurice Mealing
Guy Borthwick Moore
Guy William Price
Ellis Vair Reid
Alfred Shepherd
Noel Webb
John George Will – Scotland rugby international. Herbert Gould


== References ==


== External links ==

""Welcome"". The War Graves Photographic Project. 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.",233
840,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indica_(Finnish_band),Indica (Finnish band),"Indica is a Finnish pop rock band founded in 2001. Jani Jalonen of Sony Music became interested in the group, and a recording contract was signed 2003. Indica's first album, Ikuinen virta was released in 2004. It has since sold platinum in Finland. Indica supported Nightwish during their Scandinavian tour 2007 in which they performed English versions of their songs. Tuomas Holopainen of Nightwish produced their next album, Valoissa, while many of the songs employed the orchestral talents of Pip Williams and the literary talents of their lyrics collaborator Rory Winston. The band was also added to the line-up for Nightwish's second half of the Dark Passion Play Tour with Pain. == History ==
Indica was founded in 2001 by Johanna Salomaa (nicknamed ""Jonsu""; vocals, violin), Heini Säisä (bass), Sirkku Karvonen (keyboards), Jenny Julia Mandelin (guitar) and Laura Häkkänen (drums). Before this, the girls had already spent their entire childhood surrounded by classical music and had also played in a few different band line-ups. During Christmas 2002, Indica signed a management contract with Peter Kokljuschin and in 2003 a record deal with SonyMusic, leading to Indica starting work on their debut album. The album was co-produced by Gabi Hakanen and Erno Laitinen, and from here began the journey of Indica and Erno together which took them through three albums. The platinum-selling debut album Ikuinen virta was released in 2004, and from this album the title track as well as the song Scarlett were released as singles.",354
841,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indica_(Finnish_band),Indica (Finnish band),"The album was co-produced by Gabi Hakanen and Erno Laitinen, and from here began the journey of Indica and Erno together which took them through three albums. The platinum-selling debut album Ikuinen virta was released in 2004, and from this album the title track as well as the song Scarlett were released as singles. Indica's second record Tuuliset tienoot was released in the Autumn of 2005 and went on to sell over 20,000 discs, and the third album Kadonnut puutarha was released in spring 2007. Indica's music and lyrics are written by the band's singer Jonsu, who started her composer's career even before she went to school, writing little 'symphonies' two bars long. Jonsu has explained that, to her, the biggest inspirational source for writing music is the music from movies. The lyrics stem from her own life, the lives of her friends, and also from dreams. Indica, known for their playful and lively stage presence and their distinctive music, went travelling outside Finland near the close of 2007 when they performed as the support act for Nightwish during their Scandinavian tour. Indica were well received in the other Nordic countries. A tight collaboration between Indica and Nightwish frontman Tuomas Holopainen started on this tour, aimed at creating the next album. Tuomas was the producer of the fourth Indica longplayer, released autumn 2008 and titled Valoissa ('In the Lights'). The first single Pahinta tänään ('Worst of Today') was released on 8 May 2008, followed by Valoissa in August 2008, and 10 h myöhässä ('10 Hours Late') in January, all with accompanying music videos.",368
842,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indica_(Finnish_band),Indica (Finnish band),"Tuomas was the producer of the fourth Indica longplayer, released autumn 2008 and titled Valoissa ('In the Lights'). The first single Pahinta tänään ('Worst of Today') was released on 8 May 2008, followed by Valoissa in August 2008, and 10 h myöhässä ('10 Hours Late') in January, all with accompanying music videos. === A Way Away (2010) ===
A compilation album called Pahinta tänään: Kokoelma, was released in Finland on 21 October 2009, and contains old tracks, along with four new or unreleased ones. One of these unreleased songs is Valokeilojen vampyyri (translated on their webpage as 'Vampire in the Light Beams', though more accurately translated as 'Limelight Vampire'). This is an old Indica song which was played at a few gigs in 2004, and Indica said it would never be heard again. This song is also their last single, and a video has been made, with the theme of Indica's early days. The band's first English album, A Way Away, was released 2 June 2010. It is a CD of English reinterpretations of some previously published compositions. Some that have been rewritten are Pahinta tänään, Noita ('Witch') from Kadonnut puutarha ('The Lost Garden'), and Vuorien taa ('Beyond the Mountains') from Tuuliset tienoot ('Windy Shires'), which was rewritten as Siren Song. A short piece can be found on their website, and on live performances on YouTube, along with a few other English versions. The song was altered for the album and renamed Islands of Light.",369
843,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indica_(Finnish_band),Indica (Finnish band),"A short piece can be found on their website, and on live performances on YouTube, along with a few other English versions. The song was altered for the album and renamed Islands of Light. A Way Away includes production by Tuomas Holopainen, as well as collaboration on all lyrics by the poet and screenwriter Rory Winston, as well as orchestration by Pip Williams. Two videos have been recorded in Tokyo for this English album by the French photographer Denis Goria (Nightwish, Pain, Amorphis, Hypocrisy, Naked, Tarot, The Hellacopters, etc.). The original Finnish songs that have been remade in English are Pahinta tänään, renamed Straight and Arrow, and Valoissa as In Passing. The videos for both are available on YouTube. === Akvaario/Shine and departure of Jenny Julia (2014) ===
In autumn of 2013, the band announced the release of new material. On 29 November 2013, the band released a new Finnish single, ""Älä kanna pelkoa"". On 24 January 2014, they released a new album called Akvaario (Aquarium). The album was simultaneously published in English with the title Shine. The first single from Shine, ""A Definite Maybe"", was released on 6 December 2013. On 15 October 2014, guitarist Jenny left the band. === Possible upcoming album ===
On 22 August 2017, Indica posted a picture on their official Facebook page of the band in the studio, with the caption, ""Here we go again!"". This had led to speculation that the band may have a new album in the works. As of January 2023, no further announcements were made about new music. On 16 March 2023, the band announced that its 8 year break would end, and a new single ""Year 95"" would be released on 24 March 2023.",387
844,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indica_(Finnish_band),Indica (Finnish band),"As of January 2023, no further announcements were made about new music. On 16 March 2023, the band announced that its 8 year break would end, and a new single ""Year 95"" would be released on 24 March 2023. == Members ==
Current

Johanna ""Jonsu"" Salomaa – lead vocals, violin, rhythm guitar, keyboards
Heini Säisä – bass, backing vocals
Sirkku Karvonen – keyboards, clarinet, backing vocals
Laura Häkkänen – drums, studio backing vocals
Former

Jenny Mandelin – lead guitar, backing vocals (2001–2014)


== Discography ==


=== Studio albums ===


== References ==


== External links ==
Official INDICA forum (new)",167
845,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Wils,Sabine Wils,"Sabine Wils (31 May 1959 – 18 June 2023) was a German politician who was a Member of the European Parliament for Die Linke from 2009 until her death. == Life and career ==
Sabine Wils was born and grew up in Aachen, where she completed secondary school in 1977, before training as a midwife in Hamburg between 1978 and 1980. In 1980, she began studying chemistry, and graduated with a chemistry degree in 1988. Subsequently, she worked between 1989 and 1997 at the Environmental Agency in Hamburg, and from 2004 in the local authority for urban development and the environment. From 1999, she was a member of the Party of Democratic Socialism and its successor, Die Linke. Between 1980 and 1989, she was a member of the German Communist Party and at times in the Socialist German Workers Youth and MSB Spartakus. She was married and had three children. Wils died on 18 June 2023, at the age of 64. == Politics ==
In the European elections in 2009, where Die Linke won eight seats, Sabine Wils was elected as the second candidate on the party's list, behind party chairman Lothar Bisky. From 14 July 2009 to her death, Wils was a member of the European Parliament and a full member of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, substitute member of the Committee on Transport and Tourism, and a member of the delegation for relations with Switzerland, Iceland and Norway and the European Economic Area (EEA) Joint Parliamentary Committee. == References ==",316
846,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_partner,General partner,"General partner is a person who joins with at least one other person to form a business. A general partner has responsibility for the actions of the business, can legally bind the business and is personally liable for all the partnership's debts and obligations. == Role of a general partner ==
A general partner acts on behalf of a business, and generally has the power to make decisions with or without the permission of the other partners. Due to their managerial role general partners have unlimited liability, which means that a partnership's general partners are personally responsible for all business debts, meaning that the personal assets of general partners are at potential risk for the debts of the partnership. In the event that a partnership is dissolved, general partners are subject to liquidation, such that their share of the assets of the partnership may be distributed to claimants such as creditors before the partner receives any remaining share. == General partner v. limited partner ==
Unlike general partners, limited partners enjoy limited liability, meaning that limited partners are not personally liable for the debts and obligations of the partnership and their personal assets cannot be reached to satisfy business debts. General partners have unlimited personal liability for business debts. The protection against liability enjoyed by limited partners comes at the cost of management power. General partners are actively involved with management of the partnership, while limited partners do not have any management power or decision-making authority for the partnership. Limited partners may have a role in the business, outside of the scope of making or influencing business management or operations. General partners are able to make decisions that are fully and legally binding to the partnership, but limited partners do not have that authority. Taxation is also different between limited and general partners. == Worldwide ==


=== France ===
Article 1832 of the Civil Code in France, describes a partnership under the French Commercial Code. Just like the United States, a general partnership consists of general partners, who are personally liable for all of the business debts and claims.",390
847,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_partner,General partner,"== Worldwide ==


=== France ===
Article 1832 of the Civil Code in France, describes a partnership under the French Commercial Code. Just like the United States, a general partnership consists of general partners, who are personally liable for all of the business debts and claims. Furthermore, taxation is based on individual partners, rather than the partnership being taxed through income or corporate tax. Partnerships in France are also considered as separate legal personalities. === India ===
The Indian Partnership Act of 1932, was a law that described partnerships based in India, which was the relationship between individuals who have decided to share profits of a business. An interesting note about partnerships in India, is the fact that status does not relate to a formation of partnerships. In order to have a partnership that is recognized, the people who are engaged must enter a formal contract. Furthermore, partners who engage in a general partnership, are also called general partners, who have unlimited liability. === Japan ===
In Japan, general partnerships are called Kumiai. They are made up of general partners, whom have unlimited liability, like in the United States, meaning general partners are fully responsible for any and all business debts and claims. This was founded under Civil Code Act No. 89 of 1896, in which it describes general partnerships as an engagement between partners who decide to jointly run a business. Although no formal proceedings are necessary to enter a partnership agreement, general partners are taxed with a ""pass-through"" taxation. Japan does not consider general partnerships as separate legal entities. === United Kingdom ===
The Partnership Act 1890, which was an act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, governing the rights and duties of people and corporate entities conducting a partnership, was the first law allowing for partnerships. In the United Kingdom, general partners within a general partnership are personally liable for any and all business debts and claims.",372
848,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_partner,General partner,"=== United Kingdom ===
The Partnership Act 1890, which was an act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, governing the rights and duties of people and corporate entities conducting a partnership, was the first law allowing for partnerships. In the United Kingdom, general partners within a general partnership are personally liable for any and all business debts and claims. Business profits and losses are shared between all partners and each partner would be taxed individually on their share, which is similar to the ""pass-through"" taxation. ==== Scotland ====
Unlike the rest of the United Kingdom, in Scotland general partnerships are considered separate legal personalities, meaning a general partnership entity is able to do things such as, own assets in its own name, borrow money and grant security of assets that are within its own name and, bring issues to court in its own name. === United States ===
In the United States, general partners enjoy pass-through taxation, which allows business profits and losses to be passed through to its owners instead of being taxable to the business entity itself. Limited partners do not have to pay self-employment taxes on profits that they receive from the partnership because they are not considered as active members of the company, while general partners pay self-employment taxes on their share of profits. There are four types of partnerships, the general partnership, the limited partnership, the limited liability partnership, and the limited liability limited partnership. Three varieties of partnership, the general partnership, limited partnership, and limited liability limited partnership, require that a general partner or general partners be designated upon formation. == References ==",313
849,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain,Mammoth Mountain,"Mammoth Mountain is a lava dome complex partially located in the town of Mammoth Lakes, California, within the Inyo National Forest of Madera and Mono counties. It is home to a large ski area primarily on the Mono County side. Mammoth Mountain was formed in a series of eruptions that ended 57,000 years ago. Mammoth Mountain still produces hazardous volcanic gases that kill trees. == Geology ==
Mammoth Mountain is a lava dome complex in Mono County, California. It lies in the southwestern corner of the Long Valley Caldera and consists of about 12 rhyodacite and dacite overlapping domes. These domes formed in a long series of eruptions from 110,000 to 57,000 years ago, building a volcano that reaches 11,059 feet (3,371 m) in elevation. During this time, massive dacite eruptions occurred roughly every 5000 years. The volcano is still active with minor eruptions, the largest of which was a minor phreatic (steam) eruption 700 years ago. Mammoth Mountain also lies on the south end of the Mono-Inyo chain of volcanic craters. The magma source for Mammoth Mountain is distinct from those of both the Long Valley Caldera and the Inyo Craters. Mammoth Mountain is composed primarily of dacite and rhyolite, part of which has been altered by hydrothermal activity from fumaroles (steam vents). == Volcanic gas discharge ==
Volcanic gas emissions at Mammoth Mountain have been extensively studied due to their environmental and safety impacts. Mammoth is degassing large amounts of carbon dioxide out of its south flank, near Horseshoe Lake, causing mazuku in that area. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the ground ranges from 20% to 90% CO2.",372
850,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain,Mammoth Mountain,"Mammoth is degassing large amounts of carbon dioxide out of its south flank, near Horseshoe Lake, causing mazuku in that area. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the ground ranges from 20% to 90% CO2. Measurements in the 1990s of the total discharge of carbon dioxide gas at the Horseshoe Lake tree-kill area ranged from 50 to 150 short tons (45 to 140 t) per day; this high concentration caused trees to die in six regions that total about 170 acres (0.69 km2) in size (see photo). The tree-kills originally were attributed to a severe drought that affected California in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Another idea was that the kills were the result of a pathogen or other biological infestation. However, neither idea explained why all trees in the affected areas were killed regardless of age or health. Then, in March 1990, a U.S. Forest Service ranger became ill with suffocation symptoms after being in a snow-covered cabin near Horseshoe Lake. Unusual CO2 rates were not identified until 1994, but through analysis of 14C quantity in tree rings, it was later inferred to have begun in 1990. CO2 measurements of the Horseshoe Lake area recorded concentrations of 2% in the visitor restroom, 25% in the snow cabin, and up to 60% in tree-wells within the dead-zone. In 1995, it was estimated that 1200 metric tons of CO2 were released per day. There is evidence that the rate of CO2 discharge has been declining, down to ~10 metric tons per day in 2010, with emissions peaking in 1991. As of 2023, the concentration of carbon dioxide in soil gas at Mammoth Mountain was being monitored on a continuous, year-round basis at Horseshoe Lake, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, at a site where tree root suffocation was observed.",400
851,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain,Mammoth Mountain,"There is evidence that the rate of CO2 discharge has been declining, down to ~10 metric tons per day in 2010, with emissions peaking in 1991. As of 2023, the concentration of carbon dioxide in soil gas at Mammoth Mountain was being monitored on a continuous, year-round basis at Horseshoe Lake, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, at a site where tree root suffocation was observed. The CO2 originates from the degassing of magmatic carbonate metasedimentary rocks below the caldera. The uniformity in chemical and isotopic composition of the CO2 and accompanying gases at different locations around Mammoth Mountain indicates that there may be a large reservoir of gas deep below the mountain, from which gas escapes along faults to the surface. Measurements of helium emissions support the theory that the gases emitted in the tree kill area have the same source as those discharged from Mammoth Mountain Fumarole. === Ski patrol fatality incidents ===

In April 2006, three members of the Mammoth Mountain Ski Area ski patrol died while on duty when a fumarole caused a snow bridge to collapse under the patrollers. The 2005/2006 winter season delivered significant snow depth of 52 feet (16 m). As the ski patrollers assessed the fumarole for skier safety, the perimeter snow collapsed, dropping the patrollers 21 feet (6.4 m) into the bottom of the fumarole, exposing them to extremely high levels of carbon dioxide. It is unclear if they died as a result of the fall or as a result of the gas. On February 14th 2025, two Mammoth Mountain ski patrollers, including Claire Murphy, were caught in an avalanche while attempting avalanche mitigation. The avalanche occurred due to an atmospheric river storm that caused around 6 feet of snow to fall within 36 hours. One patroller was recovered at the scene uninjured, while Claire Murphy was hospitalized with serious injuries and later died.",397
852,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain,Mammoth Mountain,"The avalanche occurred due to an atmospheric river storm that caused around 6 feet of snow to fall within 36 hours. One patroller was recovered at the scene uninjured, while Claire Murphy was hospitalized with serious injuries and later died. An official statement on the Mammoth Mountain website read: ""It is with the heaviest of hearts that we share the Mammoth Mountain Ski Patroller, Claire Murphy, who was hospitalized last Friday, passed away as a result of her injuries."" == Climate ==
Mammoth Mountain experiences an alpine climate, with cold winters and significant snowfall. == Recreational use ==

Mammoth Mountain is home to the Mammoth Mountain Ski Area, founded by Dave McCoy in 1953. Mammoth is a ski, snowboard, and snowmobile mountain during the winter months. Mammoth is the highest ski resort in California and is notable for the unusually large amount of snowfall it receives compared to other Eastern Sierra peaks—about 400 in (1,000 cm) annually and about 300 out of 365 days of sunshine—due to its location in a low gap in the Sierra crest. The ski area has more than 3,500 acres (1,420 ha) of skiable terrain, with 3,100 ft (940 m) of vertical serviced by 25 lifts. In the summer months the ski gondolas are used by mountain bikers and tourists who wish to get a summit view of Long Valley Caldera directly to the east and Sierra peaks to the west, south and north. To the south of the mountain, there are a number of lakes that serve as tourist attractions in the summer. == References ==


== Further reading ==
Joel Day (July 28, 2023). ""'Explosive' US supervolcano showing 'clues of imminent eruption' with millions at risk"". Alt, David; Hyndman, Donald (2000). Roadside Geology of Northern and Central California.",391
853,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Mountain,Mammoth Mountain,"Alt, David; Hyndman, Donald (2000). Roadside Geology of Northern and Central California. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87842-409-2. == External links ==

Mammoth Mountain Ski Area trail map
USGS Volcano Hazards Program, Long Valley Observatory Archived February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
QTVR of tree kill area
Mammoth Earthquake 1980 May 25 16:33, 16:49, 19:44 UTC Magnitude 6.2, 5.9, 5.9
""The Supervolcano in California; Long Valley"" (Video (4:52)). GeologyHub. 2021. ""Secrets of the Underground"" (Documentary). Science Channel. 2017.",165
854,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Biathlon_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_Relay_Men,2020%E2%80%9321 Biathlon World Cup %E2%80%93 Relay Men,"The 2020–21 Biathlon World Cup – Relay Men started on 6 December 2020 in Kontiolahti and will finished on 5 March 2021 in Nové Město


== Competition format ==
The relay teams consist of four biathletes. Every athlete's leg is skied over three 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) laps for a total of 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi), with two shooting rounds: one prone and one standing. For every round of five targets there are eight bullets available, though the last three can only be single-loaded manually from the spare round holders or from bullets deposited by the athlete into trays or onto the mat at the firing line. If after eight bullets there are still standing targets, one 150 metres (490 ft) penalty loop must be taken for each remaining target. The first-leg participants start all at the same time, and as in cross-country skiing relays, every athlete of a team must touch the team's next-leg participant to perform a valid changeover. On the first shooting stage of the first leg, the participant must shoot in the lane corresponding to their bib number (bib #10 shoots at lane #10 regardless of their position in the race), then for the remainder of the relay, the athletes shoot at the lane corresponding to the position they arrived (arrive at the range in 5th place, shoot at lane five). == 2019–20 Top 3 standings ==


== Medal winners ==


== Standings ==
4 of 6 competitions scored 


== References ==",326
855,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Heritage_Southland,Rural Heritage Southland,"Rural Heritage Southland is a Heritage Trust that was established in 2002. Originally it was designed to illustrate family farm life in Southland, New Zealand from the inter-war period of 1925–1935. The focus has now shifted to include all southern rural heritage (such as agriculture, horticulture, machinery, farm equipment and oral history). As such, the Rural Heritage Southland now has assumed more of a stewardship role of safeguarding and promoting the rural past through its various projects. == Projects ==
Rural Heritage Day — This living history event is held every two years. It includes a wide range of rural domestic and working exhibitions from: blade shearing to dog handling, and jam making to blacksmithing. Competitions such as hay bale throwing (over rugby posts) and rides on traction engines are particularly popular. Oral History Project — this project begun in 2006 aims to record as many stories about Southland's rural heritage as possible before they are gone. It also acts as a training ground for new oral historians to learn interview techniques and how to use digital recording equipment. The recorded stories are accessible from the Invercargill Public Library. Southland Regional Heritage Forum - First held at Southland Boys High School in April 2012. The Heritage Forum is chance for Southland heritage organisations to get together, share ideas and network. == References ==
Cathy Macfie, Southland's Rural History Celebration. Heritage Matters, Issue 6, page 30, Autumn 2006. == External links ==
Rural Heritage Southland website
Living Heritage website
[1]",320
856,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport,Swiss Museum of Transport,"The Swiss Museum of Transport or Verkehrshaus der Schweiz (literally ""Transportation House of Switzerland"") in Lucerne opened in July 1959 and exhibits all forms of transport including trains, automobiles, ships and aircraft as well as communication technology. It is Switzerland's most popular museum. The museum also maintains a large collection of work by Hans Erni, a local painter and sculptor. There are several other attractions in the museum besides the collection, including a planetarium, a large-format cinema and a 1:20,000 scale aerial photograph of Switzerland. == History ==

The museum traces its history to 1897, when the first attempts at creating a museum of railway equipment were made. Following a national exhibition in 1914, the Swiss Railway Museum was founded by Swiss Federal Railways in 1918 in Zurich. The concept eventually grew to encompass all transportation and, in 1942, the Swiss Museum of Transport association was established. Swiss Federal Railways was joined by the Swiss Postal Telegraph and Telephone as well as other private transport, trade, industry, and tourism organizations. However, when no suitable site could be found in Zurich for the planned museum, the city of Lucerne offered the association a 22,500-square-metre (242,000 ft2) site adjacent to Lake Lucerne. Construction began in 1957 and the museum was opened two years later on 1 July 1959. A planetarium was added in 1969 and an aerospace hall in 1972. In the course of a storm, flooding occurred in the museum on the night of 21–22 August 2005, which inundated some of the displays and damaged contents in the basement rooms of the navigation and aviation departments. == Exhibits ==
The museum is divided into a variety of thematic areas:


=== Rail ===
Amongst the rail transport collection are rolling stock from Switzerland's first ever railway, the Swiss Northern Railway and a SBB Ae 8/14 electric engine.",393
857,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport,Swiss Museum of Transport,"In the course of a storm, flooding occurred in the museum on the night of 21–22 August 2005, which inundated some of the displays and damaged contents in the basement rooms of the navigation and aviation departments. == Exhibits ==
The museum is divided into a variety of thematic areas:


=== Rail ===
Amongst the rail transport collection are rolling stock from Switzerland's first ever railway, the Swiss Northern Railway and a SBB Ae 8/14 electric engine. An H0 gauge model railway layout of the Gotthard portrays the northern ramp of the Gotthard railway between Erstfeld station and the Göschenen tunnel, including the three loop/curved tunnels near Wassen. Due to reconstruction of a part of the railway hall this large model railway was removed and put to storage until further notice. The hall also features a train simulator, which visitors can use to travel through the NRLA base tunnel. === Automotive ===

The road transport collection on display contains horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, motorcycles and cars, as well as an exhibition on road safety realized in cooperation with the Swiss Council for Accident Prevention. One major attraction is the Car Theatre, in which a vehicle, selected from a collection of vehicles from all periods of automobile history, is hoisted out of a high-bay warehouse and presented on a stage. The external facades of the hall are covered by 344 Swiss road signs. The hall is also home to a special exhibition on the world of logistics. It comprises an AutoStore automated small parts warehouse, an animated miniature distribution centre, a tyre robot, interactive picking stations, and the virtual harvest-to-retail journey of a pineapple. After the closure of the Monteverdi Museum in Binningen in 2016, most of the cars from the collection were transferred to the Swiss Museum of Transport, who created an exhibit on the Monteverdi marque.",388
858,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport,Swiss Museum of Transport,"It comprises an AutoStore automated small parts warehouse, an animated miniature distribution centre, a tyre robot, interactive picking stations, and the virtual harvest-to-retail journey of a pineapple. After the closure of the Monteverdi Museum in Binningen in 2016, most of the cars from the collection were transferred to the Swiss Museum of Transport, who created an exhibit on the Monteverdi marque. === Aviation ===

The current aviation exhibition features civil aviation, mountain and rescue interventions, Swiss engineering achievements, and flying as a career. The 30 or so original aircraft on display range from a 1909 Dufaux 4 biplane, the oldest surviving Swiss aircraft; a Blériot XI flown by aviation pioneer Oskar Bider, the only surviving Lockheed Orion, three Swissair aircraft, including a Convair 990; a Northrop F-5E fighter in the colors of the Patrouille Suisse aerobatic team, and a Bombardier Challenger 604 used by the Rega air rescue service. A row of display cases containing scale models of aircraft show the development of aviation from its beginnings to the present day. Besides crewed aircraft, the exhibition also displays a Meteodrone SUI-9999, a weather drone patented by the Swiss company Meteomatics that collects weather data from the mid and low levels of the atmosphere. === Space ===

The space exhibit houses the 4.5 tonne EURECA, one of only a few satellites returned safely to Earth. Other displays include a Spacelab pallet, a piece of the original foil of the solar wind experiment conducted as part of the first Moon landing (Apollo 11, 1969), a Moon rock, a Martian landscape with full-size models of three Mars rovers, and duplicates of measuring instruments that explored the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet as part of the Rosetta mission.",387
859,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport,Swiss Museum of Transport,"=== Space ===

The space exhibit houses the 4.5 tonne EURECA, one of only a few satellites returned safely to Earth. Other displays include a Spacelab pallet, a piece of the original foil of the solar wind experiment conducted as part of the first Moon landing (Apollo 11, 1969), a Moon rock, a Martian landscape with full-size models of three Mars rovers, and duplicates of measuring instruments that explored the Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet as part of the Rosetta mission. The interactive portion of the exhibition is a ""Space Transformer"", a large walk-in cube that rotates slowly around its diagonal axis, giving the impression of disorientation in a space station. === Navigation ===
The exhibits in the hall, which opened in 1984, provide an overview of how shipping developed in Switzerland. On display outside is the submersible Mésoscaphe, designed by Auguste Piccard for the Swiss national exposition of 1964 and the Rigi, the world's oldest surviving flush-deck side-wheeler steamer. The ""Nautirama"" multimedia show depicts the marine history of Central Switzerland. A cutaway model of the Pilatus saloon paddle steamer, engines by Saurer and Escher & Wyss, outboard engines and Voith-Schneider propellers trace the development of ship propulsion. Also in the exhibition are flying ships, the smallest two-man submersible, a model of the waterways locks in Birsfelden, sailing boats, a lifeboat from the ocean-going MS Carona that sank in 1964, and a steamship parade featuring models of some of the vessels that ply Switzerland's lakes. === Aerial cableways ===
The exhibition illustrates developments in aerial cableway engineering from early hand-operated cableways and ski lifts to modern-day large-capacity cable cars.",386
860,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport,Swiss Museum of Transport,"Also in the exhibition are flying ships, the smallest two-man submersible, a model of the waterways locks in Birsfelden, sailing boats, a lifeboat from the ocean-going MS Carona that sank in 1964, and a steamship parade featuring models of some of the vessels that ply Switzerland's lakes. === Aerial cableways ===
The exhibition illustrates developments in aerial cableway engineering from early hand-operated cableways and ski lifts to modern-day large-capacity cable cars. It includes a working model of Engelberg's Stand-Kleintitlis reversible cableway and a cabin from the Wetterhorn Elevator with original running gear. The exhibition also incorporates a section of the old Grindelwald-Männlichen gondola cableway complete with cabin. The tourism section of the exhibition features the crowd-pulling Tourism Flipper marble run. The adjacent ""Livemap Switzerland"" is a 1:20000 scale aerial view of Switzerland that can be walked on. === Hans Erni Museum ===
Built in 1979, the museum has on display a large collection of works by the Lucerne artist Hans Erni. It also holds temporary exhibitions featuring works by other artists. The second floor includes the Panta Rhei, a mural depicting great Western thinkers on two 18 meter long panels. === Other exhibits ===
Also located at the museum are a planetarium and a theater. An exhibit about media was sponsored by Red Bull. == Collection ==


=== Documentation Centre ===
The museum maintains a library and archive of documents related to transportation. === National Transport Collection ===
The museum maintains the Swiss National Transport Collection of items of ""important technical, social, economic and cultural development"" related to transportation that were ""produced, modified and/or used in Switzerland"".",365
861,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport,Swiss Museum of Transport,"== Collection ==


=== Documentation Centre ===
The museum maintains a library and archive of documents related to transportation. === National Transport Collection ===
The museum maintains the Swiss National Transport Collection of items of ""important technical, social, economic and cultural development"" related to transportation that were ""produced, modified and/or used in Switzerland"". == Access ==
The museum is located on the shore of Lake Lucerne in the northern section of the city of Lucerne, some 30 minutes walking time from the town centre. It is served by trains of the Lucerne S-Bahn at the adjacent Lucerne Verkehrshaus railway station, by boat services of the Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstättersees at the Verkehrshaus-Lido landing stage on the lake, and by the Lucerne trolleybus system. All three provide convenient connections with central Lucerne. == See also ==
List of aerospace museums
List of transport museums
List of museums in Switzerland
Transport in Switzerland


== References ==


== External links ==

Official museum website
Official website of painter Hans Erni
Collection Online of the National Transport Collection",253
862,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Betty,Garry Betty,"Charles Garrett ""Garry"" Betty (March 4, 1957 – January 2, 2007) was President and CEO of EarthLink, a large American Internet service provider, from 1996 until his death. During his leadership of EarthLink, Betty grew the customer base from just under 100,000 members to over 5,000,000. == Early life and education ==
Betty was born in Huntsville, Alabama and grew up in Columbus, Georgia. Betty graduated from Columbus High School in 1975   He then attended the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia where he received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1979. == Career ==
Betty worked for IBM, and received the IBM President's Award in 1982 for his work on the original IBM PC. Betty subsequently became president and CEO of Digital Communications Associates and for some time he was the New York Stock Exchange's youngest listed CEO. == Awards ==
Betty received Young Alumnus of the Year honors from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1993 and was inducted into the Georgia Technology Hall of Fame in 2005. == Cancer diagnosis and death ==
EarthLink reported in a press release on November 21, 2006 (also reported by major news agencies including the Wall Street Journal) that Betty had been diagnosed with a serious form of cancer which required him to take an undetermined leave of absence. The company announced that the Board of Directors named Mike Lunsford, Vice-President of Voice and Access, as interim CEO. EarthLink announced on January 3, 2007, that Betty had died at the age of 49 from complications of adrenal cortical cancer. == References ==


== External links ==
Official biography
The Garry Betty Foundation",340
863,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroglossum_sitiene,Macroglossum sitiene,"Macroglossum sitiene, the crisp-banded hummingbird hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae described by Francis Walker in 1856. == Distribution ==
It is known from Sri Lanka, eastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, southern China, Taiwan, southern Japan (the Ryukyu Archipelago), Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, Indonesia. == Description ==
The wingspan is 46–56 mm. The thorax is olive green. Forewings are without any reddish tinge; the antemedial band is filled in black and recurved along the inner margin. The first two postmedial lines are more angled below the costa. There is a black subapical streak and spot on the terminal segment of the abdomen which is strongly developed. A yellow band can be seen on the hindwings. The ventral side has three transverse lines on each hindwing. The larva is polymorphic, with both green and brown forms. The horn is long and slightly curved upwards. The head and thorax of the pupa are dull greenish grey, and the rest of the body is brownish grey. == Ecology ==
Adults are attracted to Duranta erecta and Lantana camara blossoms. They prefer flowers low down on bushes, and fly very close to the ground when approaching. Larvae have been recorded feeding on Paederia scandens in Hong Kong, Morinda umbellata and Paederia tomentosa farther north in China and mainly Morinda citridora in Thailand. == References ==",329
864,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_de_Mercy-Argenteau,Louisa de Mercy-Argenteau,"Marie-Clotilde-Elisabeth Louise de Riquet (3 June 1837 – 8 November 1890) known as Louisa de Mercy-Argenteau, was a Belgian pianist. She was the eldest daughter of Michel Gabriel Alphonse Ferdinand de Riquet (1810–1865), created prince de Chimay 1834, for himself only, and Rosalie de Riquet de Caraman (1814–1872)


== Life ==
In childhood she developed considerable aptitude as a pianist. On 11 April 1860 she married Eugène Arnould Henri Charles François Marie, comte de Mercy-Argenteau (22 August  1838 – 2 May 1888). She met Franz Liszt the next year. In 1866, she met emperor Napoleon III and befriended him. After his defeat at the Battle of Sedan, she visited him for a last time when he was a prisoner of the Prussians at Schloss Wilhelmshöhe and consoled him playing music. She later wrote a book about their four-year relationship, The Last Love of an Emperor. In the early 1880s, she developed an interest in Russian music. This led to her studying the Russian language, translating some vocal music by several Russian composers, and arranging concerts and recitals of their music. Her advocacy of music by The Mighty Handful favored that of César Cui and facilitated the production of the latter's opera Prisoner of the Caucasus in Liège in 1886. Cui's collection of piano pieces entitled À Argenteau is a musical reminiscence of the count and countess' estate in Belgium. La Comtesse de Mercy-Argenteau died of cancer on 8 November 1890 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. == Writings ==
César Cui: esquisse critique. Paris: Fischbacher, 1888.",395
865,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_de_Mercy-Argenteau,Louisa de Mercy-Argenteau,"== Writings ==
César Cui: esquisse critique. Paris: Fischbacher, 1888. The Last Love of an Emperor: reminiscences of the Comtesse Louise de Mercy-Argenteau, née Princesse de Caraman-Chimay, describing her association with the Emperor Napoléon III and the social and political part she played at the close of the Second Empire. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Co., 1926. == Notes ==


== References ==
Bronne, Carlo. La Comtesse de Mercy-Argenteau. 2nd ed. Liège:  Soledi, 1945. Caraman-Chimay, Therese de. Violets for the Emperor: The Life of Louisa de Mercy-Argenteau 1837-1890. London: Harvill Press, 1972. Suttoni, Charles. ""Liszt and Louise de Mercy-Argenteau,"" Journal of the American Liszt Society, v. 34 (1993), pp. 1–10. == External links ==
Free scores by Louisa de Mercy-Argenteau at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)",261
866,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"Low German is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands. The dialect of Plautdietsch is also spoken in the Russian Mennonite diaspora worldwide. ""Low"" refers to the altitude of the areas where it is typically spoken. Low German is most closely related to Frisian and English, with which it forms the North Sea Germanic group of the West Germanic languages. Like Dutch, it has historically been spoken north of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses, while forms of High German (of which Standard German is a standardized example) have historically been spoken south of those lines. Like Frisian, English, Dutch and the North Germanic languages, Low German has not undergone the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Standard High German, which is based on High German dialects. Low German evolved from Old Saxon (Old Low German), which is most closely related to Old Frisian and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). The Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands are mostly referred to as Low Saxon, those spoken in northwestern Germany (Lower Saxony, Westphalia, Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen, and Saxony-Anhalt west of the Elbe) as either Low German or Low Saxon, and those spoken in northeastern Germany (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Saxony-Anhalt east of the Elbe) mostly as Low German, not being part of Low Saxon. This is because northwestern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands were the area of settlement of the Saxons (Old Saxony), while Low German spread to northeastern Germany through eastward migration of Low German speakers into areas with an originally Slavic-speaking population.",371
867,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"The Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands are mostly referred to as Low Saxon, those spoken in northwestern Germany (Lower Saxony, Westphalia, Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen, and Saxony-Anhalt west of the Elbe) as either Low German or Low Saxon, and those spoken in northeastern Germany (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Saxony-Anhalt east of the Elbe) mostly as Low German, not being part of Low Saxon. This is because northwestern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands were the area of settlement of the Saxons (Old Saxony), while Low German spread to northeastern Germany through eastward migration of Low German speakers into areas with an originally Slavic-speaking population. This area is known as Germania Slavica, where the former Slavic influence is still visible in the names of settlements and physiogeographical features. It has been estimated that Low German has approximately 2–5 million speakers in Germany, primarily Northern Germany (ranging from well to very well), and 2.15 million in the Netherlands (ranging from reasonable to very well). == Geographical extent ==


=== Inside Europe ===


==== Germany ====

It has been estimated that Low German has approximately two to five million speakers (depending on the definition of 'native speaker') in Germany, primarily in Northern Germany. Variants of Low German are spoken in most parts of Northern Germany, for instance in the states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hamburg, Bremen, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt, and Brandenburg. Small portions of northern Hesse and northern Thuringia are traditionally Low Saxon-speaking too.",375
868,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"Variants of Low German are spoken in most parts of Northern Germany, for instance in the states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hamburg, Bremen, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt, and Brandenburg. Small portions of northern Hesse and northern Thuringia are traditionally Low Saxon-speaking too. Historically, Low German was also spoken in formerly German parts of Poland (e.g., Pomerania and Silesia), as well as in East Prussia and the Baltic provinces (modern Estonia and Latvia). The Baltic Germans spoke a distinct Low German dialect, which has influenced the vocabulary and phonetics of both Estonian and Latvian. The historical sprachraum of Low German also included contemporary northern Poland, East Prussia (the modern Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia), a part of western Lithuania, and the German communities in Estonia and Latvia, most notably their Hanseatic cities. German speakers in this area fled the Red Army or were forcibly expelled after the border changes at the end of World War II. The language was also formerly spoken in the outer areas of what is now the city-state of Berlin, but in the course of urbanisation and national centralisation in that city, the language has vanished (the Berlin dialect itself is a northern outpost of High German, though it has some Low German features). Today, there are still speakers outside Germany to be found in the coastal areas of present-day Poland (minority of ethnic German East Pomeranian speakers who were not expelled from Pomerania, as well as the regions around Braniewo). In the Southern Jutland region of Denmark there may still be some Low German speakers in some German minority communities, but the Low German dialects of Denmark can be considered moribund at this time.",386
869,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"Today, there are still speakers outside Germany to be found in the coastal areas of present-day Poland (minority of ethnic German East Pomeranian speakers who were not expelled from Pomerania, as well as the regions around Braniewo). In the Southern Jutland region of Denmark there may still be some Low German speakers in some German minority communities, but the Low German dialects of Denmark can be considered moribund at this time. ==== The Netherlands ====
Dialects of Low German are spoken in the northeastern area of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon) by approximately 1.6 million speakers. These dialects are written with an unstandardized orthography based on Standard Dutch orthography. The position of the language is, according to UNESCO, vulnerable. Between 1995 and 2011 the numbers of parent speakers dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. Numbers of child speakers dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period. According to a 2005 study 53% speak Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it in the researched area. The total number of speakers is estimated at 1.7 million speakers. There are speakers in the Dutch north and eastern provinces of Groningen, Drenthe, Stellingwerf (part of Friesland), Overijssel, Gelderland, Utrecht and Flevoland, in several dialect groups per province. === Outside Europe and the Mennonites ===

There are also immigrant communities where Low German is spoken in the Western hemisphere, including Canada, the United States, Mexico, Belize, Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. In some of these countries, the language is part of the Mennonite religion and culture. There are Mennonite communities in Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Kansas and Minnesota which use Low German in their religious services and communities.",396
870,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"In some of these countries, the language is part of the Mennonite religion and culture. There are Mennonite communities in Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Kansas and Minnesota which use Low German in their religious services and communities. These Mennonites are descended from primarily Dutch settlers that had initially settled in the Vistula delta region of Prussia in the 16th and 17th centuries before moving to newly acquired Russian territories in Ukraine in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and then to the Americas in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The types of Low German spoken in these communities and in the Midwest region of the United States have diverged since emigration. The survival of the language is tenuous in many places, and has died out in many places where assimilation has occurred. Members and friends of the Historical Society of North German Settlements in western New York (Bergholz, New York), a community of Lutherans who trace their immigration from Pomerania in the 1840s, hold quarterly ""Plattdeutsch lunch"" events, where remaining speakers of the language gather to share and preserve the dialect. Mennonite colonies in Paraguay, Belize, and Chihuahua, Mexico, have made Low German a ""co-official language"" of the community. East Pomeranian is also spoken in parts of southern and southeastern Brazil, in the latter especially in the state of Espírito Santo, being official in five municipalities, and spoken among its ethnically European migrants elsewhere, primarily in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Rondônia. East Pomeranian-speaking regions of Southern Brazil are often assimilated into the general German Brazilian population and culture, for example celebrating the Oktoberfest, and there can even be a language shift from it to Riograndenser Hunsrückisch in some areas.",386
871,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"East Pomeranian is also spoken in parts of southern and southeastern Brazil, in the latter especially in the state of Espírito Santo, being official in five municipalities, and spoken among its ethnically European migrants elsewhere, primarily in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Rondônia. East Pomeranian-speaking regions of Southern Brazil are often assimilated into the general German Brazilian population and culture, for example celebrating the Oktoberfest, and there can even be a language shift from it to Riograndenser Hunsrückisch in some areas. In Espírito Santo, nevertheless, Pomeranian Brazilians are more often proud of their language, and particular religious traditions and culture, and not uncommonly inheriting the nationalism of their ancestors, being more likely to accept marriages of its members with Brazilians of origins other than a Germanic Central European one than to assimilate with Brazilians of Swiss, Austrian, Czech, and non-East Pomeranian-speaking German and Prussian heritage – that were much more numerous immigrants to both Brazilian regions (and whose language almost faded out in the latter, due to assimilation and internal migration), by themselves less numerous than the Italian ones (with only Venetian communities in areas of highly Venetian presence conserving Talian, and other Italian languages and dialects fading out elsewhere). == Nomenclature ==

The language grouping of Low German is referred to, in the language itself as well as in its umbrella languages of German and Dutch, in several different ways, ranging from official names such as Niederdeutsch and Nederduits to more general characterisations such as ""dialect"". The proliferation of names or characterisations is due in part to the grouping stretching mainly across two different countries and to it being a collection of varieties rather than a standardised language.",376
872,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"== Nomenclature ==

The language grouping of Low German is referred to, in the language itself as well as in its umbrella languages of German and Dutch, in several different ways, ranging from official names such as Niederdeutsch and Nederduits to more general characterisations such as ""dialect"". The proliferation of names or characterisations is due in part to the grouping stretching mainly across two different countries and to it being a collection of varieties rather than a standardised language. There are different uses of the term ""Low German"":

A specific name of any West Germanic varieties that neither have taken part in the High German consonant shift nor classify as Low Franconian or Anglo-Frisian; this is the scope discussed in this article. A broader term for the closely related, continental West Germanic languages unaffected by the High German consonant shift, nor classifying as Anglo-Frisian, and thus including Low Franconian varieties. In Germany, native speakers of Low German call their language Platt, Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch, Plattdütsk, Plattdüütsk, Plattduitsk (South-Westphalian), Plattduitsch (Eastphalian), Plattdietsch (Low Prussian), or Nedderdüütsch. In the Netherlands, native speakers refer to their language as dialect, plat, Nedersaksisch, or the name of their village, town or district.",314
873,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"In Germany, native speakers of Low German call their language Platt, Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch, Plattdütsk, Plattdüütsk, Plattduitsk (South-Westphalian), Plattduitsch (Eastphalian), Plattdietsch (Low Prussian), or Nedderdüütsch. In the Netherlands, native speakers refer to their language as dialect, plat, Nedersaksisch, or the name of their village, town or district. Officially, Low German is called niederdeutsche Sprache or plattdeutsche Sprache (Nether or Low German language), Niederdeutsch or Plattdeutsch (Nether or Low German) in High German by the German authorities, nedderdüütsche Spraak (Nether or Low German language), Nedderdüütsch or Plattdüütsch (Nether or Low German) in Low German by the German authorities and Nedersaksisch (Nether or Low Saxon) by the Dutch authorities. Plattdeutsch, Niederdeutsch and Platduits, Nedersaksisch are seen in linguistic texts from the German and Dutch linguistic communities respectively. In Danish it is called plattysk, nedertysk or, rarely, lavtysk. Mennonite Low German is called Plautdietsch. ""Low"" refers to the flat plains and coastal area of the northern European lowlands, contrasted with the mountainous areas of central and southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, where High German (Highland German) is spoken. The colloquial term Platt denotes both Low German dialects and any non-standard Western variety of German; this use is chiefly found in northern and western Germany and is not considered to be linguistically correct.",390
874,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"""Low"" refers to the flat plains and coastal area of the northern European lowlands, contrasted with the mountainous areas of central and southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, where High German (Highland German) is spoken. The colloquial term Platt denotes both Low German dialects and any non-standard Western variety of German; this use is chiefly found in northern and western Germany and is not considered to be linguistically correct. The ISO 639-2 language code for Low German has been nds (Niedersächsisch or Nedersaksisch, Neddersassisch) since May 2000. == Classification ==

Low German is a part of the continental West Germanic dialect continuum. To the West, it blends into the Low Franconian languages, including Dutch. A distinguishing feature between the Low Franconian varieties and Low German varieties is the plural of the verbs. Low German varieties have a common verbal plural ending, whereas Low Franconian varieties have a different form for the second person plural. This is complicated in that in most Low Franconian varieties, including standard Dutch, the original second-person plural form has replaced the singular. Some dialects, including again standard Dutch, innovated a new second-person plural form in the last few centuries, using the other plural forms as the source. To the South, Low German blends into the High German dialects of Central German that have been affected by the High German consonant shift. The division is usually drawn at the Benrath line that traces the maken – machen isogloss. To the East, it abuts the Kashubian language (the only remnant of the Pomeranian language) and, since the expulsion of nearly all Germans from the Polish part of Pomerania following the Second World War, also by the Polish language. East Pomeranian and Central Pomeranian are dialects of Low German.",391
875,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"To the East, it abuts the Kashubian language (the only remnant of the Pomeranian language) and, since the expulsion of nearly all Germans from the Polish part of Pomerania following the Second World War, also by the Polish language. East Pomeranian and Central Pomeranian are dialects of Low German. To the North and Northwest, it abuts the Danish and the Frisian languages. In Germany, Low German has replaced the Danish and Frisian languages in many regions. Saterland Frisian is the only remnant of East Frisian language and is surrounded by Low German, as are the few remaining North Frisian varieties, and the Low German dialects of those regions have influences from Frisian substrates. Most linguists classify the dialects of Low German together with English and Frisian as the North Sea Germanic or Ingvaeonic languages. However, most exclude Low German from the group often called Anglo-Frisian languages because some distinctive features of that group of languages are only partially preserved in Low German, for instance the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (some dialects have us, os for ""us"" whereas others have uns, ons), and because other distinctive features almost do not occur in Low German at all, for instance the palatalization and assibilation of /k/ (compare palatalized forms such as English cheese, Frisian tsiis to non-palatalized forms such as Low German Kees or Kaise, Dutch kaas, German Käse but Low German Sever/Sebber while German Käfer) Because Old Saxon came under strong Old High German and Old Low Franconian influence early on and therefore lost many Ingvaeonic features that were to be found much more extensively in earlier language states.",375
876,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"Most linguists classify the dialects of Low German together with English and Frisian as the North Sea Germanic or Ingvaeonic languages. However, most exclude Low German from the group often called Anglo-Frisian languages because some distinctive features of that group of languages are only partially preserved in Low German, for instance the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (some dialects have us, os for ""us"" whereas others have uns, ons), and because other distinctive features almost do not occur in Low German at all, for instance the palatalization and assibilation of /k/ (compare palatalized forms such as English cheese, Frisian tsiis to non-palatalized forms such as Low German Kees or Kaise, Dutch kaas, German Käse but Low German Sever/Sebber while German Käfer) Because Old Saxon came under strong Old High German and Old Low Franconian influence early on and therefore lost many Ingvaeonic features that were to be found much more extensively in earlier language states. === Language or dialect ===
The question of whether today's Low German should be considered a separate language or a dialect of German or even Dutch has been a point of contention. Although Low German is mostly regarded as an independent language linguistics offers no simple, generally accepted criterion to decide the question. Scholarly arguments have been put forward for classifying Low German as a German dialect. As stated above, the arguments are not linguistic but rather sociopolitical and revolve mainly around the fact that Low German has no official standard form or use in sophisticated media. The situation of Low German may thus be considered a ""pseudo-dialectized abstand language"" (""scheindialektisierte Abstandsprache""). In contrast, Old Saxon and Middle Low German are generally considered separate languages in their own right.",383
877,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"The situation of Low German may thus be considered a ""pseudo-dialectized abstand language"" (""scheindialektisierte Abstandsprache""). In contrast, Old Saxon and Middle Low German are generally considered separate languages in their own right. Since Low German has strongly declined since the 18th century, the perceived similarities with High German or Dutch may often be direct adaptations from the dominating standard language, resulting in a growing inability by speakers to speak correctly what was once Low German proper. Others have argued for the independence of today's Low German dialects, taken as continuous outflow of the Old Saxon and Middle Low German tradition. Glottolog classifies six varieties of Low German as distinct languages based on a low degree of mutual intelligibility. Eastern Low German and Plautdietsch are classified as part of Greater East Low German, while Eastphalian, Westphalic, and the North Low Saxon languages, German Northern Low Saxon and Gronings, are classified as part of West Low German. === Legal status ===

Low German has been recognized by the Netherlands and by Germany (since 1999) as a regional language according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Within the official terminology defined in the charter, this status would not be available to a dialect of an official language (as per article 1a), and hence not to Low German in Germany if it were considered a dialect of German. Advocates of the promotion of Low German have expressed considerable hope that this political development will at once lend legitimacy to their claim that Low German is a separate language, and help mitigate the functional limits of the language that may still be cited as objective criteria for a mere dialect (such as the virtually complete absence from legal and administrative contexts, schools, the media, etc.). At the request of Schleswig-Holstein, the German government has declared Low German as a regional language.",387
878,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"Advocates of the promotion of Low German have expressed considerable hope that this political development will at once lend legitimacy to their claim that Low German is a separate language, and help mitigate the functional limits of the language that may still be cited as objective criteria for a mere dialect (such as the virtually complete absence from legal and administrative contexts, schools, the media, etc.). At the request of Schleswig-Holstein, the German government has declared Low German as a regional language. German offices in Schleswig-Holstein are obliged to accept and handle applications in Low German on the same footing as Standard High German applications. The Bundesgerichtshof ruled in a case that this was even to be done at the patent office in Munich, in a non–Low German region, when the applicant then had to pay the charge for a translator, because applications in Low German are considered not to be written in the German language. == Varieties of Low German ==


== History ==


=== Old Saxon ===

Old Saxon (Altsächsisch), also known as Old Low German (Altniederdeutsch), is a West Germanic language. It is documented from the 9th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German. It was spoken on the north-west coast of Germany by Saxon peoples. It is closely related to Old Anglo-Frisian (Old Frisian, Old English), partially participating in the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law. Only a few texts survive, predominantly in baptismal vows the Saxons were required to perform at the behest of Charlemagne. The only literary texts preserved are Heliand and the Old Saxon Genesis. === Middle Low German ===

The Middle Low German language (Mittelniederdeutsch) is an ancestor of modern Low German. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1600.",390
879,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"=== Middle Low German ===

The Middle Low German language (Mittelniederdeutsch) is an ancestor of modern Low German. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1600. At the time it was known as Sassisch or de Sassische sprâke in Middle Low German and the region in which it was spoken Sassenlant. The neighbouring languages within the dialect continuum of the West Germanic languages were Middle Dutch in the West and Middle High German in the South; the latter developed into Early New High German. Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League, spoken all around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. It had a significant influence on the Scandinavian languages and other languages around the Baltic Sea. Based on the language of Lübeck, a standardized written language was developing, though it was never codified. === Contemporary ===
There is a distinction between the German and the Dutch Low Saxon/Low German situation. ==== Germany ====
After mass education in Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries, the slow decline which Low German had been experiencing since the end of the Hanseatic League turned into a free fall. The decision to exclude Low German in formal education was not without controversy, however. On one hand, proponents of Low German advocated that since it had a strong cultural and historical value and was the native language of students in northern Germany, it had a place in the classroom. On the other hand, High German was considered the language of education, science, and national unity, and since schools promoted these values, High German was seen as the best candidate for the language of instruction. Initially, regional languages and dialects were thought to limit the intellectual ability of their speakers. When historical linguists illustrated the archaic character of certain features and constructions of Low German, this was seen as a sign of its ""backwardness"".",385
880,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"Initially, regional languages and dialects were thought to limit the intellectual ability of their speakers. When historical linguists illustrated the archaic character of certain features and constructions of Low German, this was seen as a sign of its ""backwardness"". It was not until the efforts of proponents such as Klaus Groth that this impression changed. Groth's publications demonstrated that Low German was a valuable language in its own right, and he was able to convince others that Low German was suitable for literary arts and was a national treasure worth keeping. Through the works of advocates like Groth, both proponents and opponents of Low German in formal education saw the language's innate value as the cultural and historical language of northern Germany. Nevertheless, opponents claimed that it should simply remain a spoken and informal language to be used on the street and in the home, but not in formal schooling. In their opinion, it simply did not match the nationally unifying power of High German. As a result, while Low German literature was deemed worthy of being taught in school, High German was chosen as the language of scholarly instruction. With High German the language of education and Low German the language of the home and daily life, a stable diglossia developed in Northern Germany. Various Low German dialects are understood by 10 million people, but many fewer are native speakers. The KDE project supports Low German (nds) as a language for its computer desktop environment, as does the GNOME Desktop Project. Open-source software has been translated into Low German; this used to be coordinated via a page on SourceForge, but as of 2015, the most active project is that of KDE. ==== Netherlands ====
In the early 20th century, scholars in the Netherlands argued that speaking dialects hindered language acquisition, and it was therefore strongly discouraged. As education improved, and mass communication became more widespread, the Low Saxon dialects further declined, although decline has been greater in urban centres of the Low Saxon regions.",398
881,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"==== Netherlands ====
In the early 20th century, scholars in the Netherlands argued that speaking dialects hindered language acquisition, and it was therefore strongly discouraged. As education improved, and mass communication became more widespread, the Low Saxon dialects further declined, although decline has been greater in urban centres of the Low Saxon regions. When in 1975 dialect folk and rock bands such as Normaal and Boh Foi Toch became successful with their overt disapproval of what they experienced as ""misplaced Dutch snobbery"" and the Western Dutch contempt for (speakers of) Low Saxon dialects, they gained a following among the more rurally oriented inhabitants, launching Low Saxon as a sub-culture. They inspired contemporary dialect artists and rock bands, such as Daniël Lohues, Mooi Wark, Jovink en de Voederbietels, Hádiejan
Nonetheless, the position of the language is vulnerable according to UNESCO. Low Saxon is still spoken more widely than in Northern Germany. Efforts are made in Germany and in the Netherlands to protect Low German as a regional language. == Phonetic and grammatical changes ==


=== High German consonant shift ===
As with the Anglo-Frisian and North Germanic languages, Low German has not been influenced by the High German consonant shift except for old /ð/ having shifted to /d/. Therefore, a lot of Low German words sound similar to their English counterparts. One feature that does distinguish Low German from English generally is final devoicing of obstruents, as exemplified by the words 'good' and 'wind' below. This is a characteristic of Dutch and German as well and involves positional neutralization of voicing contrast in the coda position for obstruents (i.e. t = d at the end of a syllable.)",380
882,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"This is a characteristic of Dutch and German as well and involves positional neutralization of voicing contrast in the coda position for obstruents (i.e. t = d at the end of a syllable.) This is not used in English except in the Yorkshire dialect, where there is a process known as Yorkshire assimilation. For instance: water [wɒtɜ, ˈwatɜ, ˈwætɜ], later [ˈlɒːtɜ, ˈlaːtɜ, ˈlæːtɜ], bit [bɪt], dish [dis, diʃ], ship [ʃɪp, skɪp, sxɪp], pull [pʊl], good [ɡou̯t, ɣɑu̯t, ɣuːt], clock [klɔk], sail [sɑi̯l], he [hɛi̯, hɑi̯, hi(j)], storm [stoːrm], wind [vɪˑnt], grass [ɡras, ɣras], hold [hoˑʊl(t)], old [oˑʊl(t)]. The table below shows the relationship between Low German consonants which were unaffected by this chain shift and their equivalents in other West Germanic languages. Contemporary Swedish and Icelandic shown for comparison; Eastern and Western North Germanic languages, respectively. === Ingvaeonisms ===
Like English and Frisian, Low German is often recognized as a North Sea Germanic language and therefore has so-called Ingvaeonisms. However, these are not distributed equally regionally everywhere.",374
883,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"=== Ingvaeonisms ===
Like English and Frisian, Low German is often recognized as a North Sea Germanic language and therefore has so-called Ingvaeonisms. However, these are not distributed equally regionally everywhere. Some dialects have more and others fewer of these features, while some only occur in older forms of language and only leave relics in modern Low German. Cases that do not follow the rules described in the first column are in bold. === Other changes ===
In addition, there are of course numerous other changes that are not related to Ingwaonic phenomena, but that arose in exchange with other languages or something else. The table below reflects some of these developments insofar as they affect several dialects and are therefore not exceptional phenomena. == Grammar ==

For further information: Westphalian Language
Generally speaking, Low German grammar shows similarities with the grammars of Dutch, Frisian, English, and Scots, but the dialects of Northern Germany share some features (especially lexical and syntactic features) with German dialects. === Personal pronouns ===
The following table tries to reflect the linguistic situation of the individual dialects as diverse as possible and to name as many case forms of the respective pronouns, but it is not able to do justice to every dialect. So the pronoun of the third person singular feminine can be pronounced as follows: se(e), sey, soi, etc. Only one of these variants can be found in the table. This also applies to all other pronouns. === Verbs ===
In Low German verbs are conjugated for person, number, and tense. There are five tenses in Low German: present tense, preterite, perfect, and pluperfect, and in Mennonite Low German the present perfect which signifies a remaining effect from a past finished action.",376
884,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"=== Verbs ===
In Low German verbs are conjugated for person, number, and tense. There are five tenses in Low German: present tense, preterite, perfect, and pluperfect, and in Mennonite Low German the present perfect which signifies a remaining effect from a past finished action. For example, ""Ekj sie jekomen"", ""I am come"", means that the speaker came and he is still at the place to which he came as a result of his completed action. Unlike Dutch, High German, and southern Low German, the northern dialects form the past participle without the prefix ge-, like the Scandinavian languages, Frisian and English. Compare northern Low German slapen to the German past participle geschlafen. This past participle is used with the auxiliary verbs hewwen/hebben ""to have"" and wesen/sin/sien ""to be"". When the past participle ends with -en or in a few oft-used words like west (been). Synthetic subjunctive verb forms are mostly identical to the indicative forms of the past tense and the pluperfect tense - much like Dutch and English. It is thus only recognizable from the context of a sentence. It is often formed periphrastically by using the helping verbs woor, schull, wull, and dee: ""Ik woor/wöör/worr/wurr mi freuen, wenn Vader noch lang leev"" (I would be glad if father still lived for a long time). There is also a progressive form of verbs in present, corresponding to the same in the Dutch language. It is formed with wesen (to be), the preposition an (at) and dat (the/it).",375
885,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"There is also a progressive form of verbs in present, corresponding to the same in the Dutch language. It is formed with wesen (to be), the preposition an (at) and dat (the/it). 1 Instead of wesen, sien (to be) Saxon uses doon (to do) to make to present continuous. 2 Many see the 'n as an old dative ending of dat which only occurs when being shortened after prepositions. This is actually the most frequently-used form in colloquial Low German. 3 This form is archaic and mostly unknown to Low German speakers. It is the same pattern as in the English example ""I am making."" The present participle has the same form as the infinitive: maken is either ""to make"" or ""making"". === Adjectives ===
The forms of Low German's adjectives are distinct from other closely related languages such as German and English. These forms fall somewhere in between these two languages. As in German, the adjectives in Low German may make a distinction between singular and plural to agree with the nouns that they modify, as well as between the three genders, between the nominative and oblique cases and between indefinite (weak) and definite (strong) forms. However, there is a lot of variation in that respect and some or all of these distinctions may also be absent, so that a single undeclined form of the adjective can occur in all cases, as in English. This is especially common in the neuter. If the adjective is declined, the pattern tends to be as follows:

As mentioned above, alternative undeclined forms such as dat lütt Land, de lütt Lannen, en stark Kerl, de stark Kerl, stark Kerls, de stark Kerls etc. can occur.",379
886,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"If the adjective is declined, the pattern tends to be as follows:

As mentioned above, alternative undeclined forms such as dat lütt Land, de lütt Lannen, en stark Kerl, de stark Kerl, stark Kerls, de stark Kerls etc. can occur. == Phonology ==


=== Consonants ===

A common feature of the Low German speaking dialects, is the retraction of /s z/ to [s̠ z̠]. The sound [ɣ] can occur as an allophone of /ɡ/ among dialects. /r/ and /x/ can have allophones as [ɾ] and [ç]. /r/ can be articulated as uvular [ʀ] among Northern dialects and younger speakers. The sound /j/ can also be realized as fricative or affricate sounds [ʝ~ʑ~ʒ], [dʒ], in word-initial position. === Vowels ===

[ɒ] and [ɐ] can occur as allophones of /a/ and /r/. Vowel backness of /a/ to [ɑ] may also occur among dialects. [ɑ] can be heard as an allophone of /a/ within diphthongs. Long phonemes /eː/, /øː/, /oː/, occur mostly in the Geest dialects, while in other dialects, they may be realized as diphthongs. == Writing system ==
Low German is written using the Latin alphabet. There is no official standard orthography, though there are several locally more or less accepted orthographic guidelines. Those in the Netherlands are mostly based on Dutch orthography and may vary per dialect region, and those in Germany mostly follow German orthography.",388
887,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"There is no official standard orthography, though there are several locally more or less accepted orthographic guidelines. Those in the Netherlands are mostly based on Dutch orthography and may vary per dialect region, and those in Germany mostly follow German orthography. To the latter group belongs the orthography devised by Johannes Sass. It is mostly used by modern official publications and internet sites, especially the Low German Wikipedia. This diversity, a result of centuries of official neglect and suppression, has a very fragmenting and thus weakening effect on the language as a whole, since it has created barriers that do not exist on the spoken level. This severely hampers interregional and interdialectal written communication. Most of these systems aim at representing the phonetic (allophonic) output rather than underlying (phonemic) representations. A commonly voiced idea on both sides of the border on the topic of spelling is 'Write it as you say it', which results in semi-phonetic spellings based on either German or Dutch spelling conventions. This seriously affects international legibility, as pronunciation can vary wildly, resulting in many different written forms of what are essentially the same words. An attempt to unify the dialects in spelling was created by Reinhard Franz Hahn, a German-American linguist. He created the Algemeyne Schryvwys on etymological principles. He however restricted his spelling's focus mostly to the northern German dialects. A group of enthusiasts from both sides of the border took his principles and expanded them for the majority of the Low German dialects in both the Netherlands and Germany. This reworked version is called the Nysassiske Skryvwyse (New Saxon Spelling).",350
888,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"A group of enthusiasts from both sides of the border took his principles and expanded them for the majority of the Low German dialects in both the Netherlands and Germany. This reworked version is called the Nysassiske Skryvwyse (New Saxon Spelling). == Spoken examples ==


== Notable Low German writers and performers ==

Middle Low German authors:

Plautdietsch authors:


== Low German in education, media and culture ==
As an important identity-forming element, the Low German language has been taught in schools in northern Germany for several years. In 2023, for example, the first class in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania graduated in the subject Low German. The social position of Low German has improved significantly in recent years and enjoys a high level of prestige, especially in modern cities such as Hamburg and Bremen. Numerous formats in Low German are also offered on Norddeutscher Rundfunk. The television moderator Yared Dibaba has been campaigning for the preservation of Low German languages for years. The internet magazine Wearldspråke (alternatively also: Wearldsproake) is run by the musician and language activist Martin ter Denge. In 2020 the film ""The Marriage Escape"" was released, which is mostly in Tweants. Linguistically, historically and culturally there are close contacts with the Netherlands, Denmark and other predominantly Protestant inhabitants of the North and Baltic Seas such as Great Britain, the rest of Scandinavia and the Baltic states. In German usage, for example on Norddeutscher Rundfunk, northern Germany is occasionally viewed as part of Northern Europe, while the remaining part of Germany is less questioned as belonging to Central Europe.",358
889,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"Linguistically, historically and culturally there are close contacts with the Netherlands, Denmark and other predominantly Protestant inhabitants of the North and Baltic Seas such as Great Britain, the rest of Scandinavia and the Baltic states. In German usage, for example on Norddeutscher Rundfunk, northern Germany is occasionally viewed as part of Northern Europe, while the remaining part of Germany is less questioned as belonging to Central Europe. Historically, close relationships also existed in the field of literature and poetry, for example the Norwegian Thidrekssaga (13th century) is based, according to its own information, on ""Low German"" and ""Saxon"" templates. However, there are numerous other cultural and historical features that are common to the entire Low German-speaking area, such as the special architectural style of the ""Low German hall house"". These houses are often provided with traditional gable decorations, which are also known under the terms 'Hengst' and 'Hors'. Rudolf Simek notes that these horse-head gables can still be seen today, and says that the horse-head gables confirm that Hengist and Horsa were originally considered mythological, horse-shaped beings. Since the Brothers Grimm were friends with the von Haxterhausen family, numerous fairy tales by the Grimm children and household tales come from the Westphalian and thus Low German cultural area. However, there are a remarkable number of Grimm's fairy tales that are written in Low German in their original version.",308
890,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"Since the Brothers Grimm were friends with the von Haxterhausen family, numerous fairy tales by the Grimm children and household tales come from the Westphalian and thus Low German cultural area. However, there are a remarkable number of Grimm's fairy tales that are written in Low German in their original version. == See also ==
1614 Low German Bible
Bible translations into German
Friar Rush
Hamborger Veermaster
The Juniper Tree (fairy tale)
Low German (school subject)
Meuse-Rhenish
Moin
Ohnsorg-Theater
Masurian dialects


== Notes ==


== References ==


== Bibliography ==


== External links ==

plattmaster 's Home Page
Platt-Online.de/index
Zentrum für Niederdeutsch in Holstein
Deutsch-Plattdeutsch.de


=== Online dictionaries ===
Plattmakers dictionary with more than 20,000 word entries, with translations and interface available in several languages (English too)
Dictionary of the Drents dialect (Dutch)
Mennonite Low German-English Dictionary Archived 15 August 2000 at the Wayback Machine
Dictionary in the Sass Orthography (German)


=== Information ===
Nu is de Welt platt!",282
891,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"However, there are a remarkable number of Grimm's fairy tales that are written in Low German in their original version. == See also ==
1614 Low German Bible
Bible translations into German
Friar Rush
Hamborger Veermaster
The Juniper Tree (fairy tale)
Low German (school subject)
Meuse-Rhenish
Moin
Ohnsorg-Theater
Masurian dialects


== Notes ==


== References ==


== Bibliography ==


== External links ==

plattmaster 's Home Page
Platt-Online.de/index
Zentrum für Niederdeutsch in Holstein
Deutsch-Plattdeutsch.de


=== Online dictionaries ===
Plattmakers dictionary with more than 20,000 word entries, with translations and interface available in several languages (English too)
Dictionary of the Drents dialect (Dutch)
Mennonite Low German-English Dictionary Archived 15 August 2000 at the Wayback Machine
Dictionary in the Sass Orthography (German)


=== Information ===
Nu is de Welt platt! International resources in and about Low German
Building Blocks of Low Saxon (Low German), an introductory grammar in English and German
Niederdeutsch/Plattdeutsch in Westfalen, by Olaf Bordasch
Mönsterlänner Plat, by Klaus-Werner Kahl
Plattdeutsch heute


=== Organisations ===
IJsselacademie (Overijssel and Veluwe, the Netherlands)
Staring Instituut (Achterhoek, the Netherlands)
Stichting Stellingwarver Schrieversronte (Friesland, the Netherlands)
SONT (General, the Netherlands)
Oostfreeske Taal (Eastern Friesland, Germany)
Diesel – dat oostfreeske Bladdje (Eastern Friesland, Germany)
Institut für niederdeutsche Sprache e.V.",442
892,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German,Low German,"== See also ==
1614 Low German Bible
Bible translations into German
Friar Rush
Hamborger Veermaster
The Juniper Tree (fairy tale)
Low German (school subject)
Meuse-Rhenish
Moin
Ohnsorg-Theater
Masurian dialects


== Notes ==


== References ==


== Bibliography ==


== External links ==

plattmaster 's Home Page
Platt-Online.de/index
Zentrum für Niederdeutsch in Holstein
Deutsch-Plattdeutsch.de


=== Online dictionaries ===
Plattmakers dictionary with more than 20,000 word entries, with translations and interface available in several languages (English too)
Dictionary of the Drents dialect (Dutch)
Mennonite Low German-English Dictionary Archived 15 August 2000 at the Wayback Machine
Dictionary in the Sass Orthography (German)


=== Information ===
Nu is de Welt platt! International resources in and about Low German
Building Blocks of Low Saxon (Low German), an introductory grammar in English and German
Niederdeutsch/Plattdeutsch in Westfalen, by Olaf Bordasch
Mönsterlänner Plat, by Klaus-Werner Kahl
Plattdeutsch heute


=== Organisations ===
IJsselacademie (Overijssel and Veluwe, the Netherlands)
Staring Instituut (Achterhoek, the Netherlands)
Stichting Stellingwarver Schrieversronte (Friesland, the Netherlands)
SONT (General, the Netherlands)
Oostfreeske Taal (Eastern Friesland, Germany)
Diesel – dat oostfreeske Bladdje (Eastern Friesland, Germany)
Institut für niederdeutsche Sprache e.V. (General, Germany)",424
893,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin,Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper Enfantin,"Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin (8 February 1796 – 1 September 1864) was a French social reformer, one of the founders of Saint-Simonianism. He was also a proponent of a Suez Canal. Sometimes called Père Enfantin, he was an economist and  political theorist. He became director of the new Lyon Railroad Company and continued his work in the railroad industry while still publishing his writings until his death in Paris. == Early life ==
Enfantin was born in Paris, the son of a banker of Dauphiné. After receiving his early education at a lyceum, he was sent in 1813 to the École polytechnique. In March 1814 he was one of the band of students who, on the heights of Montmartre and Saint-Chaumont, attempted resistance to the armies of the Sixth Coalition which had engaged in the invasion of Paris. In consequence of this outbreak of patriotic enthusiasm, the school was soon after closed by Louis XVIII, and the young student was compelled to seek another career. Initially, he began working for a country wine merchant, travelling to Germany, Russia and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1821 he entered a banking-house newly established at Saint Petersburg, but returned two years later to Paris, where he was appointed cashier to the Caisse Hypothécaire. At the same time, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. In 1825 a new turn was given to his thoughts and his life by the friendship which he formed with Olinde Rodriguez, who introduced him to the Comte de Saint-Simon. He affiliated to Saint-Simon's version of utopian socialism, and, by 1829, he had become one of the acknowledged heads of the movement.",376
894,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin,Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper Enfantin,"In 1825 a new turn was given to his thoughts and his life by the friendship which he formed with Olinde Rodriguez, who introduced him to the Comte de Saint-Simon. He affiliated to Saint-Simon's version of utopian socialism, and, by 1829, he had become one of the acknowledged heads of the movement. == Preaching and politics ==
After the July Revolution of 1830 Enfantin resigned his office of cashier, and devoted all his energy to the cause. Besides contributing to Le Globe, he made appeals to the people by systematic preaching, and organized centres of action in some of the main cities of France. The headquarters in Paris were moved from the modest rooms in the Rue Taranne to the large halls near the Boulevard des Italiens. Enfantin and Amand Bazard were proclaimed Pères Suprêmes (""Supreme Fathers"") – a union which was, however, only nominal, as a divergence was already manifest. Bazard, who concentrated on organizing the group, had devoted himself to political reform, while Enfantin, who favoured teaching and preaching, dedicated his time to social and moral change. The antagonism was widened by Enfantin's announcement of his theory of the relation of man and woman, which would substitute for the ""tyranny of marriage"" a system of ""free love"". Bazard and his disciples broke with Enfantin's group. The latter became sole ""father"", leading a chiefly religiously-oriented movement, joined by new converts (according to Enfantin's estimate, the total number of followers would have reached 40,000).",334
895,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin,Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper Enfantin,"Bazard and his disciples broke with Enfantin's group. The latter became sole ""father"", leading a chiefly religiously-oriented movement, joined by new converts (according to Enfantin's estimate, the total number of followers would have reached 40,000). He wore on his breast a badge with his title of Père, was referred to by his preachers as ""the living law"", declared himself to be the chosen of God, and sent out emissaries in a quest of a woman predestined to be the ""female Messiah,"" and the mother of a new Saviour (the latter quest was very costly and altogether fruitless). == Success and repression ==
Meanwhile, the new religion gathered believers in all parts of Europe. His extravagances and success at length brought him to the attention of authorities, who argued that he was endangering public morality - Enfantin had announced that the gulf between the sexes was too wide and this social inequality would impede rapid growth of society. Enfantin called for the abolition of prostitution and for the ability for women to divorce and obtain legal rights. This was considered radical for the time. In May 1832 the halls of the new sect were closed by the government, and the Père, with some of his followers, appeared before the tribunals. He then retired to his estate at Menilmontant, near Paris, where with forty disciples, all of them men, he continued to carry out his socialist views. In August of the same year he was again arrested, and on his appearance in court he desired his defence to be undertaken by two women who were with him, alleging that the matter was of special concern to women; the request was promptly refused. The trial occupied two days and resulted in a verdict of guilty, and a sentence of imprisonment for a year with a small fine. This prosecution discredited the new society. Enfantin was released in a few months.",395
896,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin,Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper Enfantin,"This prosecution discredited the new society. Enfantin was released in a few months. == Turkey and Egypt ==
Then, accompanied by twenty of his followers, many of whom were also engineers from the Ecole Polytechnique, including Charles Joseph Lambert, also known as Lambert-Bey, and some women, he went first to Istanbul. Enfantin had declared 1833 the Year of the Mother, and upon arrival in Istanbul the group began to strongly preach their views about gender relations and New Christianity. The Ottoman Empire told them to leave to avoid prison. Enfantin and his group then arrived in Egypt, where he planned to penetrate the feminine Orient with the masculine Occident in a consummation of progression - build a canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. In Egypt at that time, Muhammad Ali, the Egyptian Viceroy, was at odds with the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople, and also practiced public-private contracts known as concessions with mostly European companies to build cheap infrastructure. Ali did not agree to a project linking the two seas because he did not want to cut out the duties he collected from overland trade in Egypt, but did allow Enfantin's group to work on the Delta Barrage - a type of dam - north of Cairo - with unpaid laborers - that would act to limit Nile flooding and create predictable crop yields. During his time in Egypt, Enfantine also established technical schools based on the Ecole Polytechnique model with Ali's blessing. Also in Egypt he encountered and influenced Ferdinand de Lesseps. Enfantine returned to France in 1836, lacking the patience to finish the Nile barrage project that was encountering delays. == Return to France ==

On his return to France, he occupied minor offices.",358
897,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin,Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper Enfantin,"Enfantine returned to France in 1836, lacking the patience to finish the Nile barrage project that was encountering delays. == Return to France ==

On his return to France, he occupied minor offices. He became first a postmaster near Lyon, and in 1841 was appointed, through the influence of some of his friends who had risen to posts of power, member of a scientific commission on Algeria, which led him to engage in researches concerning North Africa and colonization in general. In 1845 he was appointed a director of the Paris & Lyons railway. Three years later he established, in conjunction with Duveyrier, a daily journal, entitled Le Credit, which was discontinued in 1850. He was afterwards attached to the administration of the railway from Lyons to the Mediterranean. == Société d'Études du Canal de Suez ==
Father Enfantin held fast by his ideal to the end, but he had renounced the hope of giving it a local habitation and a name in the degenerate obstinate world. His personal influence over those who associated with him was immense. ""He was a man of a noble presence, with finely formed and expressive features. He was gentle and insinuating in manner, and possessed a calm, graceful and winning delivery"" (Gent. M . Jan. 1865). His evident sincerity, his genuine enthusiasm, gave him his marvellous ascendancy. The Société d'Études du Canal de Suez was established by Enfantin in 1846 to continue study of the Suez Canal. Its members included Arlès-Dufour, Jules, Lon and Paulin Talabot, the British Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck, the Austrian Alois Negrelli, inspector of the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway, and Feronce and Sellier of Leipzig as representatives of the German interest.",384
898,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin,Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper Enfantin,"The Société d'Études du Canal de Suez was established by Enfantin in 1846 to continue study of the Suez Canal. Its members included Arlès-Dufour, Jules, Lon and Paulin Talabot, the British Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck, the Austrian Alois Negrelli, inspector of the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway, and Feronce and Sellier of Leipzig as representatives of the German interest. The Société sent surveying teams to Egypt, developed engineering plans, determined that the elevation difference between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea was negligible, but Muhammad Ali was still reticent to the idea of a canal. Upon his death in 1848, the activities of the Société were minimized until his successor was assassinated in 1854 and Ferdinand de Lesseps took up the initiative to build a canal. Lessups had corresponded at least once with the Société in the intervening years and had known the new Egyptian viceroy, Sa'id, when he was a young man. Enfantin was listed by Lessups as a founder of the Suez Canal Company. Not a few of his disciples ranked afterwards amongst the most distinguished men of France. Enfantin died suddenly in Paris on September 1, 1864. == Literary works ==
Amongst his works are: Doctrine de Saint-Simon (written in conjunction with several of his followers), published in 1830, and several times republished; Economie politique et politique Saint-Simonienne (1831); Correspondance politique (1835–1840); Corresp. philos. et religieuse (1843–1845); and La Vie eternelle passee, presente, future (1861). A large number of articles by his hand appeared in Le Producteur, L'Organisateur, Le Globe, and other periodicals.",393
899,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin,Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper Enfantin,"et religieuse (1843–1845); and La Vie eternelle passee, presente, future (1861). A large number of articles by his hand appeared in Le Producteur, L'Organisateur, Le Globe, and other periodicals. He also wrote in 1832 Le Livre nouveau, intended as a substitute for the Christian Scriptures, but it was not published. == See also ==

Saint-Simonianism


== Footnotes ==


== References ==
Burchell, S. C. (1966). Building the Suez Canal. Horizon Caravel series. American Heritage. pp. 38–41. Attribution:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). ""Enfantin, Barthélemy Prosper"". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 402–403. This work in turn cites:
Weill, G. (1896). L'École Saint-Simonienne, son histoire, son influence, jusqu' à nos jours. Paris. {{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)",269
900,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herbert_Chapman,John Herbert Chapman,"John Herbert Chapman (August 28, 1921 – September 28, 1979) was a Canadian space researcher. He started his career with his work on radio propagation and the ionosphere. Chapman grew up in London, Ontario, the son of Lt. Col. Lloyd Chapman and Kathleen Chapman. He received his BSc (Honors) from The University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario in 1948, and later received a Master of Science degree and a Ph.D. in physics at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. After his studies at university, Chapman got his first position in the government with the Defence Research Board (DRB). He was then promoted to the position of section leader of the ionospheric propagation unit at the Defense Research Telecommunications Establishment [1], which is now the Communications Research Centre [2](CRC) in 1951 at Shirley's Bay, a Canadian military and civilian telecommunication research campus. He was also a superintendent. While at Shirley's Bay, Chapman worked on a number of projects. One of the projects he directed was the ground-breaking Canadian satellite called Alouette. The DRTE having no experience developing satellites had to work quite hard to think of and counter all the difficulties they would face in the harsh environment of space. Because of his work on Alouette he was promoted to chairman of a government study group to study the upper atmosphere and space programs in Canada. While chairman, Chapman compiled his findings into ""The Chapman Report"" in which he argued that Canada needed to redirect its space program in order to continue its ongoing research more effectively and efficiently. ""The Chapman Report"" remains an important document in helping the Canadian Space Agency choose what they should work on when it comes to space programs. Chapman was given awards for his work in aerospace technology.",355
901,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herbert_Chapman,John Herbert Chapman,"""The Chapman Report"" remains an important document in helping the Canadian Space Agency choose what they should work on when it comes to space programs. Chapman was given awards for his work in aerospace technology. The first was given by the Royal Society of Canada in 1966; he also received an Engineering medal from the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario and the Dillinger Gold Medal from the International Union of Radio Scientists the same year. In 1967 Chapman was awarded The Chree Medal and Prize and the McCurdy award from the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institution. Chapman was a member of the Royal Society of Canada. He was also part of the National Research Council (NRC) Associate committee on Space Research, a council of the top Canadian space scientists. He also served on the International Union of Radio Science and the American Geophysical Union. Chapman died in Vancouver, BC in 1979. After his death, the Canadian Space Agency was formed to organize and give Canada its own space agency to create a central place to meet and work on Canadian space projects. With this new organization, Canada has been able to construct and launch new projects into orbit. One of the most important Canadian projects is Canadarm, which has become used frequently on the International Space Station (or ISS for short). When the headquarters building of the Canadian Space Agency was completed in 1992, it was named the John H. Chapman Space Centre, in his honour. Asteroid (14163) JohnChapman is named after Chapman. == References ==


== External links ==
Digital Collections government website - About John Herbert Chapman
Science.ca Profile: John Herbert Chapman
Article based on interviews with scientists who worked for John H. Chapman",339
902,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Harlan,Scott Harlan,"Scott Paul Harlan (February 4, 1864 – January 1, 1948) was an American National Champion Thoroughbred racehorse trainer and owner of Idle Dell Farm near Hatboro, Pennsylvania. == Career ==
During his career Scott Harlan trained for preeminent owners Walter Jeffords and the Greentree Stable of Helen Hay Whitney. For Whitney he trained Untidy to a performance in 1923 that saw her being named retrospectively as the American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly. Harlan had four other horses owned by Jeffords which would be voted National Champion honors. In 1926 horses trained by Scott Harlan earned $205,681 which was the most earnings for any trainer in the United States. Among them, Scapa Flow earned American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt honors and Edith Cavell was named the American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly. Scott Harlan's third and fourth National Champion came with Bateau chosen the 1928 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly then in 1929 American Champion Older Female Horse. Scott Harlan had runners in five of the U.S. Triple Crown races with his best result a third in the 1926 Preakness Stakes with Walter M. Jeffords's colt Mars. Among Harlan's notable wins was in the 1926 Pimlico Cup with Edith Cavell. She was ridden by the  talented but ill-fated young jockey Ovila Bourassa who guided the filly to a three-length victory in track record time while beating a field of horses of either sex age three and older which included two future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductees, Crusader and Princess Doreen. Scott Harlan died at age eighty-three on January 1, 1948. At the time of his death he had been living on his Idel Dell Farm in Hatboro, Pennsylvania. == References ==",386
903,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinjin,Jinjin,"Park Jin-woo (Korean: 박진우; born March 15, 1996), known professionally as Jinjin (진진), is a South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter and dancer. He is the leader of South Korean boy group Astro and former member of its sub unit Jinjin & Rocky with ex-member Rocky under the label Fantagio. == Early life ==
Jinjin was born on March 15, 1996, in Seoul, South Korea. He attended and graduated from Hanlim Multi Art School with a focus on Practical Dance. He attended NY Dance Academy in Ilsan and participated in various dance competitions. == Career ==


=== 2015: Pre-debut ===
Jinjin was a trainee for 2 years in Fantagio before debuting with Astro. He was the 5th trainee to be officially introduced with the Fantagio iTeen Photo Test Cut. Before their debut, Jinjin along with the other 5 members of Astro had starred in a web-drama To Be Continued. === 2016–2021: Debut with Astro and solo activities ===

Jinjin debuted as part of the 6-member boy group Astro on February 23, 2016. Their first EP Spring Up has five songs including the title track ""Hide & Seek"". In July 2016, Jinjin was featured in Eric Nam's song ""Can't Help Myself"" performance stages. In November 2018, Jinjin was featured in tvN Asia's ""Wok the World"". Jinjin joined the cast in Hong Kong. During Astro's ""2nd ASTROAD To Seoul ""Starlight"""" concert which was last held on December 22–23, 2018, Jinjin performed ""Mad Max"" which he also composed. It was included in the DVD of the concert which was released in June 2019.",382
904,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinjin,Jinjin,"During Astro's ""2nd ASTROAD To Seoul ""Starlight"""" concert which was last held on December 22–23, 2018, Jinjin performed ""Mad Max"" which he also composed. It was included in the DVD of the concert which was released in June 2019. Jinjin alongside fellow Astro member MJ composed ""Bloom"", which is one of the side tracks in their first full album All Light which was released on January 16, 2019. In March 2019, Jinjin and MJ took part in the travel variety show Go Together, Travel Alone for Celuv TV. The show was filmed in Saipan and includes Tony Ahn, Han Seung-yeon and Kim So-hye. It was later on released in a DVD format. In July 2019, Jinjin and MJ competed in OGN's Game Dolympics. In May 2020, Jinjin composed one of the side tracks in their seventh EP Gateway, titled ""Lights On"". In March 2021, Jinjin began hosting the Dive Studios podcast Unboxing alongside Pentagon's Kino. In December 2021, Jinjin has been credited as a composer, lyricist and arranger of ""Villain"" — a single included in the first mini album for South Korean boy group Trendz. Fantagio also confirmed in December that Jinjin and bandmate Rocky will form Astro's second sub-unit called Jinjin & Rocky. They will debut with the extended play Restore on January 17, 2022. === 2022–present: Sub-unit debut, solo activities, JIN LAB Project and Second sub-unit ===
On January 17, 2022, Jinjin debuted as part of the duo Jinjin & Rocky with the EP Restore. On December 30, Fantagio released an official statement and stated that Jinjin had decided to renew his contract with the agency.",370
905,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinjin,Jinjin,"=== 2022–present: Sub-unit debut, solo activities, JIN LAB Project and Second sub-unit ===
On January 17, 2022, Jinjin debuted as part of the duo Jinjin & Rocky with the EP Restore. On December 30, Fantagio released an official statement and stated that Jinjin had decided to renew his contract with the agency. On February 28, 2023, Rocky did not renew his contract and thus left Fantagio and Astro, thereby ending the duo sub-unit. On October 19, Jinjin released the project single 'Wave in my heart  featuring Yunhway, with KozyPop through various online music sites. On March 20, 2024, Jinjin released the first new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'Good Enough' through various online music sites. On April 19, Jinjin released new digital single 'Fly' Duet with Moonbin through various online music websites. according to the agency, 'Fly' is a song that Jinjin participated in writing and composing and it's like a gift for fans who miss Moonbin and want to see him. On May 20, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'For me' featuring MRCH through various online music sites. On June 28, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'Self-esteem' through various online music sites. On July 29, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'You' through various online music sites. On August 31, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'Farewell Letter' through various online music sites. On September 28, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'Carry On' through various online music sites.",379
906,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinjin,Jinjin,"On August 31, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'Farewell Letter' through various online music sites. On September 28, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'Carry On' through various online music sites. On October 25, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'Here' through various online music sites. On November 30, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'Runaway' through various online music sites. On December 27, Jinjin released the new song of ""JIN LAB Project"" titled 'Beat that Drum' through various online music sites. On January 7, 2025, Fantagio confirms, Jinjin will be holding his first solo concert ""JIN LAB Vol1. Find Your Groove"". It begins on February 16 in South Korea. On ่July 29,Fantagio announced that members MJ and Jinjin would form Astro's third sub-unit, Zoonizini. The duo released their debut extended play Dice and its lead single ""Some Things Never Change"" on August 13, 2025. == Personal life ==


=== Military service ===
On June 2, 2025, Fantagio announced that JinJin has been exempted from military service duty due to health concerns related to his autoimmune condition. == Discography ==


== Filmography ==


=== Television series ===


=== Web series ===


=== Television shows ===


=== Web shows ===


=== Podcast ===


=== Radio shows ===


== Theater ==


== Accolades ==


=== Awards and nominations ===


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Jinjin on Fantagio",376
907,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Women%27s_Art_Center,Washington Women%27s Art Center,"The Washington Women's Art Center (WWAC) was a nonprofit feminist art collective in Washington, D.C. It existed for over a decade, from 1975 to 1988. == History ==
WWAC was founded in 1975 to support women in the arts. Inspired by ideas presented at the 1972 Conference of Women in the Visual Arts at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Katharine Butler, Barbara Frank, Janis Goodman, Sarah Hyde, and Ann Leffler Slayton and Josephine Withers founded WWAC. It was originally located at 1821 Q Street NW. For a time WACC was located at the Lansburgh Cultural Center at 420 7th Street NW. In 1986 WWAC relocated to 6925 Willow Street, NW in the Takoma neighborhood. The same year the organization was renamed The New Art Center. The organization closed its doors in 1988. The organization produced a newsletter entitled Womansphere. WWAC hosted collaboratively run workshops and exhibitions. Fees for membership and these events was the main source of funding for the organization. In 1979, Nancy Cusick, as director of WWAC, was on the coordinating committee for the United Nations' International Festival of Women Artists held in Copenhagen as part of the World Conference on Women, 1980. In 1985 Cusick and WWAC participated in the Focus International held in Nairobi as part of the World Conference on Women, 1985. == Legacy ==
The Washington Printmakers Gallery originated with a group of artists meeting at WWAC. The gallery’s first show was in May 1985. In 2018 the American University Museum held a retrospective exhibition of WWAC entitled Latitude: The Washington Women's Arts Center 1975-1987. Also in 2018, as a companion to the Latitude exhibition, Lucy Blankstein and Ellouise Schoettler interviewed over a dozen WWAC alumni. Materials from the Washington Women's Art Center are archived at the National Museum of Women in the Arts.",396
908,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Women%27s_Art_Center,Washington Women%27s Art Center,"Also in 2018, as a companion to the Latitude exhibition, Lucy Blankstein and Ellouise Schoettler interviewed over a dozen WWAC alumni. Materials from the Washington Women's Art Center are archived at the National Museum of Women in the Arts. == References ==


== External links ==
Recent works by members of the Washington Women's Arts Center video/slideshow",77
909,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gladeck,Joseph Gladeck,"Joseph M. Gladeck Jr. (born August 2, 1950) is a former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. == Formative years ==
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 2, 1950, Gladeck graduated from Wissahickon High School in 1968 and earned his Bachelor of Science degree in political science from Temple University in 1972. == Political career ==
A Republican, Gladeck was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1978 to represent the 61st legislative district, beginning in 1979. Subsequently reelected for ten additional consecutive terms, he then retired prior to the 2000 election. In 1995, he introduced legislation which would have prohibited teachers from striking in Pennsylvania. In early 1996, he proposed legislation, House Bill 2216, to reform Pennsylvania's workers' compensation system, which was subsequently referred to the House's Labor Relations Committee. in its May 1996 publication, Pennsylvania Medicine, the Pennsylvania Medical Society reported that it was ""seeking amendments to this bill."" On April 2 of that same year, society members met with Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge regarding the workers' compensation system; in the May 1996 edition of Pennsylvania Medicine, the society announced that Gladeck's proposed legislation, House Bill 2216, would ""serve as the likely vehicle for the governor's reform proposals."" == References ==


== External links ==
Pennsylvania House of Representatives – Joseph M. Gladeck Jr. (Republican) at the Wayback Machine (archived March 7, 2000) official PA House profile",307
910,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","Ashtabula ( ASH-tə-BYU-lə) is the most populous city in Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. It lies at the mouth of the Ashtabula River on to Lake Erie, 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Cleveland. The city had 17,975 people at the 2020 census. Like many other cities in the Rust Belt, it has lost population because of a decline in industrial jobs since the 1960s. It is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area. In the middle of the 19th century, the city was an important destination on the Underground Railroad as refugee slaves took ships across Lake Erie to Canada. In the late 19th century, the city became a major coal port on Lake Erie. Coal and iron were shipped here, the latter from the Mesabi Range in Minnesota. The city attracted immigrants from Finland, Sweden, and Italy in the industrial period. Ashtabula hosts an annual Blessing of the Fleet Celebration, usually in late May or early June. As part of the celebration, a religious procession and prayer service is held at Ashtabula Harbor. The city was the site of the FinnFestUSA in 2007, a celebration of Finnish Americans. == History ==

This area had long been inhabited by indigenous peoples. After the American Revolutionary War, the United States mounted the Northwest Indian War to push Native American peoples out of what it then called the Northwest - the area of the Midwest south of the Great Lakes and west of the Appalachian Mountains. The success of this military effort resulted in more European Americans entering Ohio and nearby territories. The site of Ashtabula was settled by such European Americans beginning in 1803. The city was incorporated in 1891. Located directly on Lake Erie and developed as a port for trade, the city contained several stops on the Underground Railroad.",376
911,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","The city was incorporated in 1891. Located directly on Lake Erie and developed as a port for trade, the city contained several stops on the Underground Railroad. This informal, secret system was the means by which anti-slavery supporters helped escaped African-American slaves reach freedom in Canada in the years before the American Civil War. While Ohio was a free state, many refugee slaves still felt at risk of slavecatchers here, particularly after the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was passed. It required enforcement and cooperation by residents of free states to return escaped slaves and was biased toward slavecatchers, requiring little documentation of their claims. Among the Underground Railroad sites in Ashtabula is Hubbard House, one of the handful of former surviving termination points. Refugee slaves stayed in a basement of the house adjacent to the lake and then left on the next safe boat to Canada, gaining their freedom once they arrived in Ontario. The city's harbor has been important as a large ore and coal port since the end of the 19th century, and integral to the steel manufacturing that was developed around the Great Lakes. Lake steamers and barges, built at shipyards along the Great Lakes and setting new records for size and tonnage, delivered cargoes of iron ore from the Mesabi Range in Minnesota. This continues as a coal port; a long coal ramp is visible in the harbor. Ore shipments are unloaded from 'lakers' (Great Lakes freighters) and shipped to surviving steel mills in Pennsylvania. Industrial jobs have declined since the late 20th century with much steel manufacturing moved offshore. An electric street railroad was built by Captain John N. Stuart in 1883. However, in July 1890, the city council dispossessed him of the street railroad and associated franchises via a disputable court decision. Shortly after, 600-700 men started to tear up and remove the tracks under the cover of darkness.",384
912,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","However, in July 1890, the city council dispossessed him of the street railroad and associated franchises via a disputable court decision. Shortly after, 600-700 men started to tear up and remove the tracks under the cover of darkness. Many European immigrants, particularly from Finland, Sweden, and Italy, were attracted to the industrial jobs in Ashtabula in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as they could learn and accomplish tasks without having a great command of English. Ethnic rivalries among these groups were once a major influence on politics and daily life in Ashtabula. In 1915, Ashtabula became the first city in the United States to adopt a form of voting called proportional representation. This was an addition to the council-manager charter, originally passed in 1914, and served as a model for the National Municipal League. Twenty-four more cities would go on to use this single-transferable-vote (STV) system, with five in total in Ohio. Ethnic rivalries were one reason for the city's switch, as STV enabled minorities to win political office. Another factor was disunity in the incumbent Republican Party. Voters repealed the system in 1929, using it for the last time in 1931. Despite two failed repeal campaigns in 1920 and 1926, political bosses and parties that lost power under STV eventually restored plurality voting, otherwise known as 'winner take all.' A substantial percentage of the current residents are descended from those early 20th-century immigrants. The population in the City of Ashtabula grew steadily until 1970 but has declined in recent years due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs. Since the late 20th century, the city has become a destination for Hispanic or Latino immigrants, who by the 2010 census made up 9.3% of the population. (See 'Demographics' section below.)",374
913,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","Since the late 20th century, the city has become a destination for Hispanic or Latino immigrants, who by the 2010 census made up 9.3% of the population. (See 'Demographics' section below.) === Tragedies ===

Construction of railroads connected Ashtabula to a national network that contributed to its success as a port. On December 29, 1876, one of the nation's most notorious rail accidents occurred, known as the Ashtabula River railroad disaster, Ashtabula Horror, or Ashtabula bridge disaster. As Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Train No. 5, The Pacific Express, crossed the Ashtabula River bridge, the Howe truss structure collapsed, dropping the second locomotive and 11 passenger cars into the frozen creek 150 feet (46 m) below. A fire was started by the car stoves, and of the 159 people on board, 92 were killed and 64 were injured. A rail ferry, also named Ashtabula, used to run from Ashtabula to Port Burwell, Ontario. The ferry was launched in 1906 and operated successfully for many decades. It collided with the steamer SS Ben Morell in September 1959, causing the ferry to sink. On August 10, 1958, a natural gas leak was ignited by electrical equipment or lighting in neighboring Andover, Ohio. The resulting explosion destroyed a restaurant and five other buildings. 21 people were killed, and 15 injured. == Geography ==
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 7.91 square miles (20.5 km2), of which 7.74 square miles (20.0 km2) (or 97.85%) is land and 0.17 square miles (0.44 km2) (or 2.15%) is water. Ashtabula is bordered by Lake Erie to the north and has a prominent harbor where the Ashtabula River flows into the lake.",401
914,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","== Geography ==
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 7.91 square miles (20.5 km2), of which 7.74 square miles (20.0 km2) (or 97.85%) is land and 0.17 square miles (0.44 km2) (or 2.15%) is water. Ashtabula is bordered by Lake Erie to the north and has a prominent harbor where the Ashtabula River flows into the lake. The Ashtabula Harbor was a primary coal harbor and still serves to ship. It has two public beaches: Walnut Beach, near the harbor, and Lake Shore Park, originally a Public Works Administration project during the Great Depression, on the opposite side of the harbor. Part of the city lies in Ashtabula Township, and part lies in Saybrook Township. The Ashtabula area receives a considerable amount of snow throughout the winter, with the average snowfall being 68 inches (173 cm). Much of the snow comes from lake-effect snow bands from the Great Lakes. === Major highways ===


== Demographics ==


=== 2020 census ===
As of the 2020 census, Ashtabula had a population of 17,975. The median age was 38.7 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18 and 17.5% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 92.7 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 88.8 males age 18 and over. 100.0% of residents lived in urban areas, while 0% lived in rural areas. There were 7,577 households in Ashtabula, of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living in them.",373
915,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","100.0% of residents lived in urban areas, while 0% lived in rural areas. There were 7,577 households in Ashtabula, of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 29.2% were married-couple households, 22.7% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 37.2% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 36.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. There were 8,622 housing units, of which 12.1% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 48.3% were owner-occupied and 51.7% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.5% and the rental vacancy rate was 8.5%. === 2010 census ===
At the 2010 census there were 19,124 people in 7,746 households, including 4,724 families, in the city. The population density was 2,470.8 inhabitants per square mile (954.0/km2). There were 9,087 housing units at an average density of 1,174.0 per square mile (453.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 82.0% White, 8.9% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 3.3% from other races, and 5.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.3%.",338
916,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","The racial makeup of the city was 82.0% White, 8.9% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 3.3% from other races, and 5.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.3%. Of the 7,746 households, 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.0% were non-families. 32.9% of households were one person, and 13.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age was 37 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 14.7% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female. === 2000 census ===
At the 2000 census, there were 20,962 people in 8,435 households, including 5,423 families, in the city. The population density was 2,775.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,071.8/km2). There were 9,151 housing units at an average density of 1,211.8 per square mile (467.9/km2).",343
917,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","The population density was 2,775.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,071.8/km2). There were 9,151 housing units at an average density of 1,211.8 per square mile (467.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.69% White, 9.79% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.51% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 5.32% of the population. 16.5% identified as of Italian ancestry, 14.6% as German, 9.2% as American, 8.1% as Irish, and 8.1% as English, according to Census 2000. 93.1% spoke English and 5.4% Spanish as their first language. Of the 8,435 households, 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 30.6% of households were one person, and 13.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.03. In the city the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males. The median household income was $27,354 and the median family income was $33,454.",397
918,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males. The median household income was $27,354 and the median family income was $33,454. Males had a median income of $28,436 versus $22,490 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,034. About 17.8% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.2% of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over. == Port ==

In the 20th century Ashtabula developed rapidly as a major shipping and commercial center because of its access to Lake Erie and nearly 30 miles (48 km) of shoreline. During the 1950s, the area experienced growth with an expanding chemical industry and increasing harbor activity, making Ashtabula one of the most important port cities of the Great Lakes. Other historical industries in the area included a Rockwell International plant on Route 20 on the western side of Ashtabula, which manufactured brakes for the Space Shuttle program, and the extrusion of depleted and enriched uranium at the Reactive Metals Extrusion plant on East 21st Street. Due to such industrial uses, however, there was extensive environmental contamination. The Ashtabula River and harbor were designated as a significant Superfund site by the Environmental Protection Agency in the late 20th century. A multi-year process of environmental cleanup of toxic wastes and soils was needed; cleanup concluded with river dredging in 2012–2014. Ashtabula Harbor hosts an annual 'Blessing of the Fleet' community festival. This Blessing of the Fleet began as a practice of priests for Catholic Portuguese and Irish fishermen and tugmen who had settled in Ashtabula.",364
919,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","Ashtabula Harbor hosts an annual 'Blessing of the Fleet' community festival. This Blessing of the Fleet began as a practice of priests for Catholic Portuguese and Irish fishermen and tugmen who had settled in Ashtabula. During the 1930s, the Blessing was a small, almost private affair in early April conducted by a few tugmen, their parish priest, and an acolyte, according to their traditions. It took place annually when the Great Lakes were free enough of ice to be open for regular traffic. By 1950, this event was held as a public ceremony under the auspices of Mother of Sorrows parish. In 1974, the Blessing of the Fleet became a community affair, with all of Ashtabula's religious and harbor community participating. The United States Coast Guard Station and the Ashtabula Maritime & Surface Transportation Museum, located in the old lighthouse keepers home, help to preserve Ashtabula's maritime heritage. Norfolk Southern used the port for one of its coal piers. The coal pier became idled in 2016 due to declining demand for coal. == Education ==
The Ashtabula Area School District serves Ashtabula (its high school is Lakeside High School). Kent State University at Ashtabula is located in the city, providing a local campus of this institution. As for private schools, Ashtabula or Saybrook is home to Saint John School, a K–12 school under the Diocese of Youngstown which has incorporated Ashtabula's previous parish schools and independent Catholic high school as one institution. Ashtabula has two public libraries: the Harbor Topky Memorial Library, and a branch of the Ashtabula County District Library. == Media ==
Ashtabula (and Ashtabula County) is served by both Cleveland and Erie radio markets as well as 12 full-power FM stations and 2 full-power AM stations.",392
920,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","Ashtabula has two public libraries: the Harbor Topky Memorial Library, and a branch of the Ashtabula County District Library. == Media ==
Ashtabula (and Ashtabula County) is served by both Cleveland and Erie radio markets as well as 12 full-power FM stations and 2 full-power AM stations. Music stations include WREO (Soft adult contemporary), WFXJ-FM North Kingsville (Classic rock), WKKY Geneva (country), WYBL (country), WZOO-FM Edgewood (Classic hits), WWOW Conneaut (oldies) and WQGR North Madison (oldies). NPR stations include W201DP (WYSU), WKSV Thompson (WKSU) and partially served by WQLN. Religious stations include WMIH Geneva (Catholic), WCVJ Jefferson (Christian worship, Air1), WOHK (Christian contemporary, K-LOVE), WGOJ Conneaut (Christian talk and teaching), WVMU (Religious, Moody Radio, WCRF-FM), and partially served by WABQ Painesville (Urban gospel) and WCGV Cambridge Springs (Religious, Family Life Network). The only sports station serving the area is WFUN (ESPN). Similarly, WHWN in Painesville is the only Spanish language station partially serving the area. == Medical care ==

Ashtabula County Medical Center (ACMC) is a multi-specialty hospital located in Ashtabula County, Ohio. ACMC serves the people of the county and the surrounding areas in northeastern Ohio. it is an affiliate of the Cleveland Clinic system. The hospital operates the county's only behavioral medicine unit, and a sleep disorders lab, as well as many specialized services.",365
921,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","it is an affiliate of the Cleveland Clinic system. The hospital operates the county's only behavioral medicine unit, and a sleep disorders lab, as well as many specialized services. The attached ""Ashtabula Clinic"" provides outpatient care in the specialties of pediatrics, internal medicine, family medicine, pulmonary, neurology, psychiatry, sleep disorders, cardiology, gastroenterology, ophthalmology, general surgery, orthopedics, urology, ENT, podiatry and oncology. ACMC operates satellite clinics in the county of Ashtabula. In December 2008, ACMC added the first Cardiac Catheterization Lab (commonly known as the Cath Lab) in Ashtabula County. ACMC provided OB/GYN care and maternity/birthing services in a newly renovated maternity unit, until the ACMC Board voted to discontinue deliveries in the maternity suite. The suite officially closed on August 1, 2020. == Notable people ==
Isaac Arthur, board of elections chairman and science communicator
Jarrod Bunch, National Football League player
Charles E. Burchfield, watercolor painter
Edwin Cowles, newspaperman
William R. Daley, former owner of MLB's Cleveland Indians
Charles DeBarber, a cyber intelligence analyst on CBS's Hunted (2017 TV series)
Danica Dillon, pornographic actress whose debut was in 2009.",286
922,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","The suite officially closed on August 1, 2020. == Notable people ==
Isaac Arthur, board of elections chairman and science communicator
Jarrod Bunch, National Football League player
Charles E. Burchfield, watercolor painter
Edwin Cowles, newspaperman
William R. Daley, former owner of MLB's Cleveland Indians
Charles DeBarber, a cyber intelligence analyst on CBS's Hunted (2017 TV series)
Danica Dillon, pornographic actress whose debut was in 2009. Edward Mason Eggleston, painter and commercial illustrator
Wallace Wilson Graham, Wisconsin legislator and lawyer
Al Humphrey, Major League Baseball player and Ohio law enforcement officer
Robert Lighthizer, 18th United States Trade Representative
Jesse Fuller McDonald, 16th Governor of Colorado
Urban Meyer, football coach at the University of Florida and Ohio State University
Danielle Nicolet, actress
Don Novello, actor and comedian
Maila Nurmi, Hollywood actress
Charles F. Osborn, Wisconsin politician, lawyer and jurist
Babe Parnell, National Football League player
Karl A. Peckol, lost in the sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald
Paul M. Rippa, lost in the sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald
Connie Schultz, Pulitzer Prize-winning author
Louis C. Shepard, Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
T-Bone Slim, author and activist
Freddie Smith, Daytime Emmy Award-winning actor
John Spano, former owner of the New York Islanders
Andrew Tombes, Hollywood actor
Decius Wade, prominent Montana lawyer
Mark Wagner, Major League Baseball player


== In popular culture ==
During World War II, the United States Navy used the names of rivers with Indian origins for an entire class of fleet oilers, which are used to replenish vessels while underway at sea.",381
923,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","== Notable people ==
Isaac Arthur, board of elections chairman and science communicator
Jarrod Bunch, National Football League player
Charles E. Burchfield, watercolor painter
Edwin Cowles, newspaperman
William R. Daley, former owner of MLB's Cleveland Indians
Charles DeBarber, a cyber intelligence analyst on CBS's Hunted (2017 TV series)
Danica Dillon, pornographic actress whose debut was in 2009. Edward Mason Eggleston, painter and commercial illustrator
Wallace Wilson Graham, Wisconsin legislator and lawyer
Al Humphrey, Major League Baseball player and Ohio law enforcement officer
Robert Lighthizer, 18th United States Trade Representative
Jesse Fuller McDonald, 16th Governor of Colorado
Urban Meyer, football coach at the University of Florida and Ohio State University
Danielle Nicolet, actress
Don Novello, actor and comedian
Maila Nurmi, Hollywood actress
Charles F. Osborn, Wisconsin politician, lawyer and jurist
Babe Parnell, National Football League player
Karl A. Peckol, lost in the sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald
Paul M. Rippa, lost in the sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald
Connie Schultz, Pulitzer Prize-winning author
Louis C. Shepard, Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
T-Bone Slim, author and activist
Freddie Smith, Daytime Emmy Award-winning actor
John Spano, former owner of the New York Islanders
Andrew Tombes, Hollywood actor
Decius Wade, prominent Montana lawyer
Mark Wagner, Major League Baseball player


== In popular culture ==
During World War II, the United States Navy used the names of rivers with Indian origins for an entire class of fleet oilers, which are used to replenish vessels while underway at sea. USS Ashtabula (AO-51) was commissioned in 1943 and served until 1982.",391
924,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","Edward Mason Eggleston, painter and commercial illustrator
Wallace Wilson Graham, Wisconsin legislator and lawyer
Al Humphrey, Major League Baseball player and Ohio law enforcement officer
Robert Lighthizer, 18th United States Trade Representative
Jesse Fuller McDonald, 16th Governor of Colorado
Urban Meyer, football coach at the University of Florida and Ohio State University
Danielle Nicolet, actress
Don Novello, actor and comedian
Maila Nurmi, Hollywood actress
Charles F. Osborn, Wisconsin politician, lawyer and jurist
Babe Parnell, National Football League player
Karl A. Peckol, lost in the sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald
Paul M. Rippa, lost in the sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald
Connie Schultz, Pulitzer Prize-winning author
Louis C. Shepard, Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
T-Bone Slim, author and activist
Freddie Smith, Daytime Emmy Award-winning actor
John Spano, former owner of the New York Islanders
Andrew Tombes, Hollywood actor
Decius Wade, prominent Montana lawyer
Mark Wagner, Major League Baseball player


== In popular culture ==
During World War II, the United States Navy used the names of rivers with Indian origins for an entire class of fleet oilers, which are used to replenish vessels while underway at sea. USS Ashtabula (AO-51) was commissioned in 1943 and served until 1982. Ashtabula was awarded eight battle stars for World War II service, four battle stars for the Korean War, and eight battle stars for duty in the Vietnam War. Partially scrapped in 1995, Ashtabula was expended as a target in fleet exercises on October 15, 2000. She has been the only Navy vessel to bear the name Ashtabula.",371
925,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio","Ashtabula, Ohio","Partially scrapped in 1995, Ashtabula was expended as a target in fleet exercises on October 15, 2000. She has been the only Navy vessel to bear the name Ashtabula. The city is also referenced in Bob Dylan's 1975 album Blood on the Tracks, in the song ""You're Gonna Make Me Lonesome When You Go"". == Gallery ==


== See also ==
Ashtabula River railroad disaster
Ashtabula lift bridge
Ashtabula Harbour Commercial District
List of people from Ashtabula, Ohio
USS Ashtabula


== References ==


== External links ==

 Ashtabula travel guide from Wikivoyage
City website
Chamber of commerce
School district
Public library",156
926,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameen_Kottai,Jameen Kottai,"Jameen Kottai is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language horror film directed by Ramchandar and written by Kalaipuli G. Sekaran. The film stars Kalaipuli G. Sekaran and Mohini, with Ra. Sankaran, King Kong, P. R. Varalakshmi, Bayilvan Ranganathan and Boopathi Raja playing supporting roles. Jameen Kottai was produced by Pon Kumar with a musical score written by Sirpy. The film was released on the 14 December 1995. == Plot ==
The title of the film, Jameen Kottai, refers to a remote, haunted location where the main events takes place. The local villagers fear Jameen Kottai and the guards that protect it. Many believe that a secret treasure is hidden in the palace. One day, Ra. Sankaran and his daughter, Mohini, arrive at the palace where she has a vision of a past life. Meanwhile, an elderly lady secretly records the conversation of a group plotting to retrieve the treasure. She later gives the recording to Manickam, who finds a clue relating to the location of the treasure, which then leads him to Karuvapatti. Manickam(Bayilvan Ranganathan) and his friend Prakash decide to buy the land in order to start searching for the treasure before others do. They are small-time crooks who want the treasure at any cost. They plow the land and uncover a large object carved with hideous figures. Madasamy(Kalaipuli G. Sekaran) is a skilled locksmith who lives with his sister Rajeshwari. He discovers that the village's doctor, Vasanth, is secretly in love with his sister, and he decides to arrange their marriage. The doctor's family asks for a huge dowry for his sister, which Madasamy accepts.",392
927,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameen_Kottai,Jameen Kottai,"He discovers that the village's doctor, Vasanth, is secretly in love with his sister, and he decides to arrange their marriage. The doctor's family asks for a huge dowry for his sister, which Madasamy accepts. He then decides to find work in the city hoping to earn a greater salary. As Madasamy is leaving the village, he meets Prakash and Manickam who ask him for a favour. They offer him money to accompany them to the palace. The three visit the palace that same night, and Madasamy manages to open its main safe. Prakash and Manickam give him enough money to fund his sister's wedding and Madasamy leaves. In the safe, a manuscript explains how to obtain the treasure. A few days later, on the night of the full moon, Prakash and Manickam return to the palace. There, Prakash beats up Manickam with the intention of keeping the treasure for himself. Alone, Prakash conducts the ritual as described in the manuscript. However, to his astonishment, he summons a satanic spirit that ends up killing him. The spirit flees the palace and encounters Rajeshwari, ""possessing"" her body. Meanwhile, Madasamy arranges his sister's wedding and goes to Chennai to consult an astrologer. The astrologer says his sister's marriage will happen successfully, but Ra. Sankaran says it will not. Madasamy gets angry and tries to beat him. In the ensuing scuffle, Madasamy is arrested by the police. Rajeshwari faints during the wedding ceremony and the groom's family halt the proceedings. The groom, Vasanth, questions the paternity of the child Rajeshwari is revealed to be carrying. Still possessed by the evil spirit, she kills Vasanth. Madasamy returns home to discover his sister has murdered her lover.",393
928,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameen_Kottai,Jameen Kottai,"Still possessed by the evil spirit, she kills Vasanth. Madasamy returns home to discover his sister has murdered her lover. He takes his sister to a doctor, but the doctor is a fraud who has been conjured by the devil and declares Rajeshwari not pregnant. Ra. Sankaran then discovers that the doctor is an aspect of the evil spirit, eventually killing him. The murder of Ra. Sankaran is observed by Madasamy in a reflection on the water that reveals the doctor in his true ghostly form. Ra. Sankaran advises him to go to Ammapettai Kali temple to discover the truth. He complies and finds that in his previous life he was a general in Jameen Kottai. The Jameen wanted to be immortal and so on the advice of Mahakanni, an old sorceress, he planned to kill 99 people who were born in Rohini star and Kanni Lagna. Since Madasamy had the same Nakshatra, he was killed. Madasamy planned to marry Mohini. Mahakanni advises Jameen to have sex with Rajeshwari who is a sister to Madasamy and sacrifice the child to Satan. Jameen and his men try to rape Mohini and Rajeshwari, but Mohini, using her power of chastity, burns Jameen and his army. Due to his sacrifices, Jameen's heart is not destroyed and Mahakanni promises Jameen that on the 7th generation, they will be reborn and fulfil his destiny. Madasamy tries to possess Jameen Kottai and destroy the heart, but the spirits make him old and sap him of his youth. The Supreme Goddess Bhadrakali, who is a famous deity in the preceding devotional neighbourhood village Ammanoor, then kills the Satanic spirit from the Jameen Kottai and saves everyone in the village.",396
929,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameen_Kottai,Jameen Kottai,"Madasamy tries to possess Jameen Kottai and destroy the heart, but the spirits make him old and sap him of his youth. The Supreme Goddess Bhadrakali, who is a famous deity in the preceding devotional neighbourhood village Ammanoor, then kills the Satanic spirit from the Jameen Kottai and saves everyone in the village. Thus the film concludes with a happy, and devotional ending. == Cast ==


== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Sirpy, with lyrics written by Kalidasan. == Reception ==
The Hindu wrote, ""The crux of G. Sekharan's story (screenplay and  dialogue also  his)  is  ideally suited  for  exploitation  but  financial constraints   have  curbed  such  an  intention,   the   director Ramchandar making best of the available talent and facilities. Naturally,  the  inadequacies in the performance  of  the artistes  are  made good by the computer  works"". == References ==


== External links ==
Jameen Kottai at IMDb",237
930,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Spaling,Nick Spaling,"Nicholas Spaling (born September 19, 1988) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He last played with Genève-Servette HC of the National League (NL). He was drafted 58th overall by the Nashville Predators in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. He played his three-year major junior career with the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League. == Playing career ==


=== Minor ===
Spaling grew up playing most of his minor hockey for his hometown Drayton Defenders of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA) before playing high school hockey for Norwell District Secondary School at age 16. Spaling went undrafted in the OHL after his minor midget season and signed as a free agent with the Listowel Cyclones Jr. B. club of the OHA. After a solid season with the Cyclones, Spaling was chosen in the sixth round of 2005 OHL Priority Selection as a major midget-aged player by the Kitchener Rangers. === Junior ===
Prior to playing in the OHL, Spaling played with the Listowel Cyclones of the Mid-Western Junior Hockey League. The Cyclones had won the league's Cherry Cup, despite placing seventh (of nine teams) in the regular season. This was the team's only league title in the MWJBHL, although they had won the 1976–77 title while in the Central Junior ""C"" Hockey League. The Kitchener Rangers selected Spaling in the sixth round of the 2005 OHL Priority Draft, 118th overall. He played with the Rangers for the duration of his OHL career from 2005 to 2008. He was named the Kitchener Rangers' rookie of the year for the 2005–06 season. In 2007, he played in the CHL Top Prospects Game.",366
931,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Spaling,Nick Spaling,"He was named the Kitchener Rangers' rookie of the year for the 2005–06 season. In 2007, he played in the CHL Top Prospects Game. He also played for the OHL All-Stars in the 2007 ADT Canada-Russia Challenge; the OHL team was the only Canadian team to have won both games against the Russian team—the QMJHL and WHL teams both won and lost one game each. Spaling competed in the 2008 OHL All-Star Classic for the Western Conference All-Stars, scoring one goal. Spaling was named an alternate captain for his last season with the Rangers, 2007–08. He contributed with high offensive numbers during the 2008 playoffs, scoring 30 points in 20 games. At the 2008 Memorial Cup, he was tied in third in points with eight points in five games. Spaling won the William Hanley Trophy in the 2007–08 season, awarded to the OHL's most sportsmanlike player. Spaling was selected for Team Canada's junior training camp for the 2008 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, but he was forced to return home early as he had been diagnosed with mononucleosis. === Professional ===
Among North American skaters, Spaling was ranked 24th by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau's final report for 2007; he was 30th in the mid-season rankings. At the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, he was selected in the second round, 58th overall, by the Nashville Predators. Spaling signed an entry-level contract with the Predators in the summer of 2008. The contract was reported to worth $1.95 million over three years. He attended the Predators' training camp and was later reassigned to the team's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals. He began the 2008–09 season playing for the Admirals wearing jersey number 13.",377
932,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Spaling,Nick Spaling,"He attended the Predators' training camp and was later reassigned to the team's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals. He began the 2008–09 season playing for the Admirals wearing jersey number 13. After beginning the 2009–10 season with Milwaukee, he was recalled by Nashville, where he played his first NHL game on December 15, 2009, and assisted on a goal by Ryan Jones in Nashville's 7–4 victory over the Tampa Bay Lightning. On December 13, 2010, he scored his first NHL goal in a 5–0 win against the New York Islanders. On July 7, 2011, Spaling signed a two-year contract extension with the Predators. On June 27, 2014, at the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, Spaling, as an impending restricted free agent, was traded along with Patric Hörnqvist to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for forward James Neal. The Penguins avoided arbitration with Spaling on July 31 when they agreed on a two-year, $4.4 million deal. He then scored his first goal with the Penguins on October 22 in a game against the Philadelphia Flyers. On July 1, 2015, Spaling was part of a blockbuster trade that sent himself, Kasperi Kapanen, Scott Harrington and two draft picks (conditional first- and third-round picks in 2016) to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Phil Kessel, Tyler Biggs, Tim Erixon and a 2016 second-round pick. In his first season with the Maple Leafs in 2015–16, he assumed his customary checking-line role however was unable to replicate his offensive numbers from previous seasons. Spaling also battled injuries throughout the year, being limited to 35 games with the Leafs, where he producing 1 goal and 7 points.",363
933,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Spaling,Nick Spaling,"In his first season with the Maple Leafs in 2015–16, he assumed his customary checking-line role however was unable to replicate his offensive numbers from previous seasons. Spaling also battled injuries throughout the year, being limited to 35 games with the Leafs, where he producing 1 goal and 7 points. Entering the final days leading up to trade deadline, on February 22, 2016, Spaling was traded by the Maple Leafs, along with Roman Polák, to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for two second-round draft selections (2017 and 2018) and Raffi Torres. Spaling made his Sharks debut on February 24, where he recorded a goal on his first shot, playing in his first shift with the club. He left for Switzerland in the summer of 2016, signing a one-year deal with Genève-Servette HC of the National League (NL) in August. Spaling made his NL debut on September 23, 2016, on home ice against Fribourg-Gottéron, after missing the first 6 games with a shoulder injury. He scored his first NL goal on September 24, 2016, in a 5–2 win against HC Lugano at the Resega. His option for a second year was activated on August 8, 2017. == Personal life ==
Nick Spaling was born in Palmerston, Ontario, but raised in nearby Drayton. His parents are Charles and Lorrie. He has three siblings: older sister Nicole, older brother Nathan, and younger sister Natasha. Nathan also played hockey and was a standout Canadian university player with the UOIT Ridgebacks, as well as having represented the Guelph Storm in the OHL. His favourite players are Joe Sakic and Doug Gilmour, and he was a fan of the Maple Leafs growing up.",370
934,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Spaling,Nick Spaling,"Nathan also played hockey and was a standout Canadian university player with the UOIT Ridgebacks, as well as having represented the Guelph Storm in the OHL. His favourite players are Joe Sakic and Doug Gilmour, and he was a fan of the Maple Leafs growing up. == Career statistics ==


=== Regular season and playoffs ===


=== International ===


== References ==


== External links ==
Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
Nick Spaling profile and statistics at TheAHL.com",135
935,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Muslim,Muhammad bin Muslim,"Muḥammad ibn Muslim al-Thaqafī al-Kūfī (Arabic: محمد بن مسلم الثقفي الكوفي) (768–699) was a Shia Muslim muhaddith, qadi and an ascetic (zāhed) who was highly regarded in the legal circles of Kufa. He was a prominent companion of fifth Shia Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (712–732) and his son and successor Ja'far al-Sadiq (732–765), and is considered one of the People of Consensus (Asḥāb al-ijmāʿ) by Shia Muslims. The scholars of rijal (biographical evaluation) regard him as the most learned jurist among Shia hadith transmitters. According to a hadith from Ja'far al-Sadiq, Muhammad b. Muslim was one of the revivers of the teachings of Muhammad al-Baqir. == early life ==
Muhammad was born in Kufa. He was a mawla of Banu Thaqif and his kunya was Abu Ja'far. In rijal sources, several epithets have been attributed to him, including al-Awqas, al-A'war, al-Haddaj, al-Qasir, al-Tahhan, al-Samman, al-Ta'ifi, and al-Thaqafi. == Scholarly Status ==
Muhammad studied under  Muhammad al-Baqir in Medina for four years. According to a report,  Jafar al-Sadiq counted Muhammad b. Muslim among the trustees of his father, al-Baqir, in matters of religion and as a protector of the Shia.",384
936,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Muslim,Muhammad bin Muslim,"== Scholarly Status ==
Muhammad studied under  Muhammad al-Baqir in Medina for four years. According to a report,  Jafar al-Sadiq counted Muhammad b. Muslim among the trustees of his father, al-Baqir, in matters of religion and as a protector of the Shia. Ja'far al-Sadiq would refer the people who were not able to stay in contact with him to Muhammad. According to a hadith, Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq said that ""None of the Shia were more knowledgeable in fiqh than Muhammad."" It is reported that primary Sunni figures such as Abu Hanifa would refer to him in scholarly issues. He reportedly heard thirty-thousand hadiths from al-Baqir and sixteen thousand hadiths from Imam al-Sadiq. == References ==
Lalani, A.R. (2000). Early Shī'ī Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1850435928.",220
937,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crowned_barbet,Red-crowned barbet,"The red-crowned barbet (Psilopogon rafflesii) is part of one of the two subfamilies of Megalaimidae birds. it is in the order of woodpeckers (Piciformes) and their relatives. It is distributed in Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Brunei. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and plantations with a distribution area of 3,180,000 km2 (1,230,000 sq mi). == Description ==
The red-crowned barbet is a medium-large tropical bird, 24.5–27 cm (9.6–10.6 in) long and 99–150 g (3.5–5.3 oz) in weight. Both sexes are primarily green, with a red crown, red spots below the eyes, and a red mark on the side of the neck. The barbet wears a blue throat and broad supercilia accompanied by a black and yellow face. Immature and females resemble males with a duller colour scheme called monomorphism. == Taxonomy ==
The red-crowned barbet belongs to the woodpecker order Piciformes in the family of Psilopogon. This lineage of the Barbet family can be traced to America, Asia and Africa. They separated into the New World (Americas) and the Old World (Asia and Africa) Barbets. Such genus of the Americas is the Toucan barbet, which separated before the Gilded barbet (Capito auratus) and Red-headed barbet (Eubucco), species that are represented as sister clades.",346
938,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crowned_barbet,Red-crowned barbet,"They separated into the New World (Americas) and the Old World (Asia and Africa) Barbets. Such genus of the Americas is the Toucan barbet, which separated before the Gilded barbet (Capito auratus) and Red-headed barbet (Eubucco), species that are represented as sister clades. In Africa, the yellow-billed barbet (Trachyphonus) separated before the white-headed barbet (Lybius), which diverged at a similar time as the bristle-nosed barbets (Gymnobucco) and their sister genus white-eared barbet Stactolaema. The yellow-fronted tinkerbird appears to be the last species to have diverged. In the Asian genus, Caloramphus diverged first leaving Meglaima and Psilopogon as sister clades. Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA sequencing have found the barbet families and toucan families to be closely related to one another. == Distribution and  habitat ==
The red-crowned barbet inhabits the Sundaic upland and lowlands of south Tenasserim, Myanmar, peninsular Thailand, Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia and Brunei. It spends its days flying about the lower forest canopies of secondary and primary-growth forests. Farmers have seen them fly through rubber and durian (Durio zibethinus) plantations in search of food. It is also thought to inhabit sloped forests and evergreen lowlands. Due to deforestation in Singapore, the red-crowned barbet is restricted to Bukit Timah Nature Reserve.",355
939,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crowned_barbet,Red-crowned barbet,"It is also thought to inhabit sloped forests and evergreen lowlands. Due to deforestation in Singapore, the red-crowned barbet is restricted to Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. == Behaviour and ecology ==


=== Diet ===

The red-crowned barbet feeds on the lower fruit canopy and vines in the Pasoh Forest in Negeri Sembilan and Peninsular Malaysian rain forests. It also forages on crown canopy fruits such as figs of the Malayan banyan tree (Ficus microcarpa) in Tama Negara to which their long thick beak makes quick work to open the fig. It consumes a variety of fruit from oil fruits, MacArthur's palm, fishtail palm, turn-in-the-wind (Mallotus paniculatus), wild cinnamon (Cinnamomum iners) and salam (Syzygium polyanthum. It provides a source of seed spreading for the fig tree and may also defend its feeding territory from other barbets such as the brown barbet (Caloramphus fuliginosus), creating niche partitioning amongst the fig trees. A prey of the red-crowned barbet includes land snails of the genus Amphidromus. The red-crowned barbet's beak shape is also excellent for foraging for grubs, termites, mantis, moths, katydids and ants. It excavates rotten wood to grab a peak full of the grubs. It follows mixed species of insectivores and passerines foraging for food in the lower canopy. Essentially, it steal prey or forage in the same area for a chance at undiscovered food lurking in the dead wood. In Singapore, the green coffee tree (Canthium glabrum) is classified as endangered because of the foraging from the red-crowned barbet.",395
940,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crowned_barbet,Red-crowned barbet,"Essentially, it steal prey or forage in the same area for a chance at undiscovered food lurking in the dead wood. In Singapore, the green coffee tree (Canthium glabrum) is classified as endangered because of the foraging from the red-crowned barbet. === Reproduction ===
The breeding season for the barbets begins in April and ends in May for a total of 36 days. Before the courtship begins, the barbets release several loud and constant calls during the morning and evenings consisting of ""kotroo kotroo"" by the female and ""kurro kuroo"" by the male. Once a female has found a male, the courtship can begin. The male perches next to the female and begins to preen her feathers. If she accepts, the male flies off in search of insects and fruits. He returns and passes the food to the female to eat. After 10-20 minutes of this, the female initiates the coupling by using soft churning calls. She swings her tail horizontally, fluffs her feathers and pulls down her wings slightly. The pair choose a specific dead tree to begin pecking a hole about 20-30ft above the ground. Scientists believe the position of the hole faces the south to protect the nests from the monsoon rains. As they begin pecking, bits of wood and dust are taken out by their beaks and tossed to the ground. Their nest is about 30 cm in depth with a smooth chamber at the bottom for the eggs. Entering their nest, they would pass through a tunnel of 4.5 cm in diameter before there is a slight drop towards the chamber, where it widens to about 16 cm (6.3 in). The smooth walls of the bowl mean the red-crowned barbet does not need any nesting material. The female lays an average of three glossy white, elongated with an oval shaped end eggs.",395
941,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crowned_barbet,Red-crowned barbet,"The smooth walls of the bowl mean the red-crowned barbet does not need any nesting material. The female lays an average of three glossy white, elongated with an oval shaped end eggs. The average size of the eggs tends to be 26.20 mm2 × 20.30 mm2 (0.04061 sq in × 0.03147 sq in). The pair would exchange roles of incubating the eggs every 20 to 30 minutes for 14–15 days. Once the eggs hatch, the pair begin collecting food for the chicks. They would pass food directly to the chicks and take the fecal sacs out of the nest, keeping it clean. Once the younglings reach adolescence, based on the dull colorations on their forehead, the male and female would feed them from the entrance of the nest. == Status ==
The red-crowned barbet is listed Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. == References ==


== External links ==
Song of a Red-Crowned Barbet https://xeno-canto.org/821894",224
942,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_science,Sustainability science,"Sustainability science first emerged in the 1980s and has become a new academic discipline. Similar to agricultural science or health science, it is an applied science defined by the practical problems it addresses. Sustainability science focuses on issues relating to sustainability and sustainable development as core parts of its subject matter. It is  ""defined by the problems it addresses rather than by the disciplines it employs"" and ""serves the need for advancing both knowledge and action by creating a dynamic bridge between the two"". Sustainability science draws upon the related but not identical concepts of sustainable development and environmental science. Sustainability science provides a critical framework for sustainability while sustainability measurement provides the evidence-based quantitative data needed to guide sustainability governance. == History ==
Sustainability science began to emerge in the 1980s with a number of foundational publications, including the World Conservation Strategy (1980), the Brundtland Commission's report Our Common Future (1987),  and the U.S. National Research Council’s Our Common Journey (1999). and has become a new academic discipline. This new field of science was officially introduced with a ""Birth Statement"" at the World Congress ""Challenges of a Changing Earth 2001"" in Amsterdam organized by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The field reflects a desire to give the generalities and broad-based approach of ""sustainability"" a stronger analytic and scientific underpinning as it ""brings together scholarship and practice, global and local perspectives from north and south, and disciplines across the natural and social sciences, engineering, and medicine"".",348
943,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_science,Sustainability science,"This new field of science was officially introduced with a ""Birth Statement"" at the World Congress ""Challenges of a Changing Earth 2001"" in Amsterdam organized by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The field reflects a desire to give the generalities and broad-based approach of ""sustainability"" a stronger analytic and scientific underpinning as it ""brings together scholarship and practice, global and local perspectives from north and south, and disciplines across the natural and social sciences, engineering, and medicine"". Ecologist William C. Clark proposes that it can be usefully thought of as ""neither 'basic' nor 'applied' research but as a field defined by the problems it addresses rather than by the disciplines it employs"" and that it ""serves the need for advancing both knowledge and action by creating a dynamic bridge between the two"". == Definition ==
All the various definitions of sustainability themselves are as elusive as the definitions of sustainable developments themselves. In an 'overview' of demands on their website in 2008, students from the yet-to-be-defined Sustainability Programming at Harvard University stressed it thusly:

'Sustainability' is problem-driven. Students are defined by their problems. They draw from practice. Susan W. Kieffer and colleagues, in 2003, suggest sustainability itself: 
... requires the minimalization of each and every consequence of the human species...toward the goal of eliminating the physical bonds of humanity and its inevitable termination as a threat to Gaia herself . According to some 'new paradigms' ...  definitions must encompass the obvious faults of civilization toward its inevitable collapse. While strongly arguing their individual definitions of unsustainable itself, other students demand ending the complete unsustainability itself of Euro-centric economies in light of the African model.",395
944,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_science,Sustainability science,"According to some 'new paradigms' ...  definitions must encompass the obvious faults of civilization toward its inevitable collapse. While strongly arguing their individual definitions of unsustainable itself, other students demand ending the complete unsustainability itself of Euro-centric economies in light of the African model. In the 2012 commentary Halina Brown wrote many students demand withdrawal from the essence of unsustainability while others demand ""the termination of material consumption to combat the structure of civilization"". == Broad objectives ==
Students For Research And Development (SFRAD) demand an important component of sustainable development strategies to be embraced and promoted by the Brundtland Commission's report Our Common Future in the Agenda 21 agenda from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development developed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development. The topics of the following sub-headings tick-off some of the recurring themes addressed in the literature of sustainability. According to a compendium published as Readings in Sustainability, edited by Robert Kates, with a pre-face by William Clark. The 2012 Commentary by Halina Brown extensively expands that scope. This is work in progress. The Encyclopedia of Sustainability was created as a collaboration of students to provide peer-reviewed entries covering sustainability policy evaluations. === Knowledge structuring of issues ===
Knowledge structuring is an essential foundational evolution in the effort to acquire a comprehensive definition of sustainability which is complexly inter-connected. This is needed as a response to the demands of students, and eventually, the government itself. === Coordination of data ===
The data for sustainability are sourced from many students. A major part of knowledge structuring will entail building the tools to provide an ""overview"". Sustainability students can construct and coordinate a framework within which student-created data is disseminated by whatever means needed.",363
945,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_science,Sustainability science,"A major part of knowledge structuring will entail building the tools to provide an ""overview"". Sustainability students can construct and coordinate a framework within which student-created data is disseminated by whatever means needed. === Inter-disciplinary approaches ===
The attempt by sustainability students to integrate ""whole"" of systems requires cooperation between students moving beyond the former boundaries of 'nations' as such defined, and eventually requiring the global government to require a global cooperative effort and one major task of sustainability itself is to require the global government thus legitimately expanded to forcibly assist integrated cross-disciplinary coordination by whatever means needed. Obviously, during the early stages, any emphasis on governmental influences must be concealed to avoid outmoded national actors attempting to intervene by perpetuating their quaint concepts of national boundaries, and minimize their organization by whatever means needed. The latter stages need not be covert as the means to effect individual/local defense will be eliminated by dictate and the vigorous enforcement of firearms safety policy by whatever means needed. A bibliometric analysis conducted in 2025 identified three major phases in the evolution of sustainability science: a foundational period (1993-2002), an introspective phase (2003-2012), and a diversification phase (2013-2022), which fostered collaboration with governments, businesses, and community organizations. == Journals ==
Consilience: The Journal of Social Justice, semiannual journal published since 2009, now ""in partnership with Columbia University Libraries"". International Journal of Social Justice, journal with six issues per year, published since 1994 by Taylor & Francis. Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment & Society (S.A.P.I.EN.S.) Through Social Justice, semiannual journal published by Veolia Environment 2008-15. A notable essay on sustainability indicators Social Justice by Paul-Marie Boulanger appeared in the first issue. Sustainability Science, journal launched by Springer in June 2006.",386
946,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_science,Sustainability science,"A notable essay on sustainability indicators Social Justice by Paul-Marie Boulanger appeared in the first issue. Sustainability Science, journal launched by Springer in June 2006. Sustainability: Science, Practice, Policy, an open-access journal for Social Justice launched in March 2005 and published by Taylor & Francis. Sustainability: The Journal of Social Justice, bimonthly journal published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. beginning in December 2007. A section dedicated to sustainability in the multi-disciplinary journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Social Justice launched in 2006. GAIA: Ecological Perspectives for Students and Society / GAIA: Ökologische Perspektiven für Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft, a quarterly inter- and trans-disciplinary journal for students and other interested parties concerned with the causes and analyses of environmental and sustainability problems and their solutions through Social Justice. Launched in 1992 and published by oekom verlag on behalf of GAIA Society – Konstanz, St. Gallen, Zurich. == List of sustainability science programs ==
In recent years, more and more university degree programs have developed formal curricula which address issues of sustainability science and global change:


=== Undergraduate programmes in sustainability science ===


=== Graduate degree programmes in sustainability science ===


== See also ==

Citizen science
Computational Sustainability
Ecological modernization
Environmental sociology
Glossary of environmental science
List of environmental degrees
List of environmental organisations
List of sustainability topics
Sustainability studies


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Bernd Kasemir, Jill Jager, Carlo C. Jaeger, and Matthew T. Gardner (eds) (2003). Public participation in sustainability science, a handbook. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-52144-4
Kajikawa, Yuya (October 2008).",397
947,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_science,Sustainability science,"Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-52144-4
Kajikawa, Yuya (October 2008). ""Research core and framework of sustainability science"". Sustainability Science. 3 (2): 215–239. Bibcode:2008SuSc....3..215K. doi:10.1007/s11625-008-0053-1. S2CID 154334789. Kates, Robert W., ed. (2010). Readings in Sustainability Science and Technology. CID Working Paper No. 213. Center for International Development, Harvard University. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, December 2010. Abstract and PDF file available on the Harvard Kennedy School website
Jackson, T. (2009), ""Prosperity Without Growth: Economics for a Final Planet."" London: Earthscan
Brown, Halina Szejnwald (2012). ""Sustainability Science Needs to Include Sustainable Consumption"". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 54: 20–25
Mino Takashi, Shogo Kudo (eds), (2019), Framing in Sustainability Science. Singapore: Springer. ISBN 978-981-13-9061-6.",252
948,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arese,House of Arese,"The Arese (or Arexio, Aresi, or de Arisiis in ancient form) are a prominent family of the Milanese nobility. == Origins ==
The family originates in the comune of Arese on the outskirts of Milan, where they were feudal lords since at least the 11th century as the Lombard Capitanei of Arese (Cataniis d'Arexio). Capitaneo was a hereditary title of milites particular to medieval Lombardy, a captain of knights and autonomous vassal of the Archbishop of Milan, who from the 11th century largely governed the city and was often chosen among the capitanei. It is likely that between the 12th and 13th centuries, in the years of the Lombard League, the Arese moved within city walls, along with other surrounding capitanei building political legitimacy in the Milanese free commune through ecclesiastical benefice of the Ambrosian church, while defending it from the Holy Roman Emperor. Following establishment of the Milanese signoria in 1259, the Arese were included in Ottone Visconti's 1277 Matricula nobilium familiarum Mediolani as one of the most ancient patrician citizens of Milan. == 14th and 15th centuries ==
During the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, the Arese were notable as ""nobiltà di toga"" (""Nobles of the Robe""), aristocracy whose rank derived from civic stewardship of the commune, holding key judicial or administrative posts of the city-state during the signoria of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan, and the Ambrosian Republic. Giacomo Arese (Capitan d'Aresio), the first documented individual of extant lines, was a member of the Decurion Council in 1331 and a juridical consul of the Ecclesiastical Forum under Azzone Visconti.",397
949,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arese,House of Arese,"== 14th and 15th centuries ==
During the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, the Arese were notable as ""nobiltà di toga"" (""Nobles of the Robe""), aristocracy whose rank derived from civic stewardship of the commune, holding key judicial or administrative posts of the city-state during the signoria of the Visconti, Dukes of Milan, and the Ambrosian Republic. Giacomo Arese (Capitan d'Aresio), the first documented individual of extant lines, was a member of the Decurion Council in 1331 and a juridical consul of the Ecclesiastical Forum under Azzone Visconti. Ambrogio Arese was podestà of Voghera from 1371 under Galeazzo II Visconti and a member of the Decurion Council in 1388, notary of the Office of XII Provisioners, and chancellor of Milan under Gian Galeazzo Visconti. Andreolo Arese (de Arisiis), son of Antoniolo, was Gian Galeazzo Visconti's secretary from 1377 and his roaming ambassador towards becoming the first Duke of Milan in 1395. He represented Gian Galeazzo in France to negotiate and then ratify marriage between his daughter Valentina Visconti and Louis I, Duke of Orléans in 1388. At the dawn of the Renaissance, during the violent reign of young Gian Maria Visconti, Cristoforo Arese, son of Ambrogio, continued as ambassador to the French court of Charles VI from 1407. His brothers Giacomo Arese was a collegiate jurisconsult and sindicatore ducale from 1406 and Martino Arese was made Gentiluomo Ducale in 1409 for facilitating transition of power to Filippo Maria Visconti.",387
950,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arese,House of Arese,"At the dawn of the Renaissance, during the violent reign of young Gian Maria Visconti, Cristoforo Arese, son of Ambrogio, continued as ambassador to the French court of Charles VI from 1407. His brothers Giacomo Arese was a collegiate jurisconsult and sindicatore ducale from 1406 and Martino Arese was made Gentiluomo Ducale in 1409 for facilitating transition of power to Filippo Maria Visconti. He was appointed to the last Visconti Duke's Decurion Council in 1427. During the early rule of the Sforza, from 1450, the family appears to recede from prominence in the governance of the Duchy of Milan. == 16th and 17th centuries ==
The family became particularly influential in the years following the death of Ludovico Sforza, as the embattled Francesco II Sforza ceded Milan to Spanish Habsburg rule (1556–1707). In 1538 Bartolomeo II Arese, il Vecchio (1508–1562) was Treasurer-General for the Duchy of Milan under Francesco II Sforza. He acquired lordship of the Pieve of Seveso under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, with heirs consolidating power under Philip II, King of Spain through close alliances with the Archbishops of Milan Saint Charles Borromeo and Gaspare Visconti. Marco Antonio III Arese (1550–1610) was podestà of Cremona and Giovanni Battista Arese was governor of Rimini under Pius IV. Giulio I Arese (1560–1627) was a founding member of the Accademia degli Inquieti in Pavia in 1594 and president of the Senate of Milan, the Duchy's highest governing body, from 1619 under Phillip III.",396
951,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arese,House of Arese,"Marco Antonio III Arese (1550–1610) was podestà of Cremona and Giovanni Battista Arese was governor of Rimini under Pius IV. Giulio I Arese (1560–1627) was a founding member of the Accademia degli Inquieti in Pavia in 1594 and president of the Senate of Milan, the Duchy's highest governing body, from 1619 under Phillip III. Bartolomeo III Arese (1590–1674) was elected president of the Senate of Milan from 1660 after leading the suppression of French conspiracy in Northern Italy for Philip IV of Spain during the Thirty Years' War and the Great Plague of Milan, effectively becoming the Duchy's ruler. His vast political influence and artistic patronage while leading the Milanese domains under Charles II and Philip V and as president of the Council of Italy, marks the height of the Arese's jurisdiction. In the same period, Paolo Cesare Arese (1574–1644), philosopher, theologian, and Bishop of Tortona, authored Della tribolatione e suoi rimedi (1624) and Imprese Sacre (1621) in which he supports the Ptolemaic System. Girolamo Arese (1597–1611) was one of fourteen Martyrs of Prague, beatified in 2012. In the years leading up to the War of the Spanish Succession, Marco II Arese (d. 1690) was a Milanese senator and regent of the Supreme Council of Italy in Madrid between 1680 and 1690. Giovanni Francesco Arese (1642–1715) was a general and governor of Mortara, Finale, Alessandria, and Cremona. He formed a significant collection of paintings, praised by Montesquieu in 1728 upon his visit to Palazzo Arese in Milan.",394
952,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arese,House of Arese,"Giovanni Francesco Arese (1642–1715) was a general and governor of Mortara, Finale, Alessandria, and Cremona. He formed a significant collection of paintings, praised by Montesquieu in 1728 upon his visit to Palazzo Arese in Milan. == 18th and 19th centuries ==
Following the War of the Spanish Succession, the Arese were prominent figures in Milanese cultural life, the establishment of the Cisalpine Republic, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, Milanese resistance to the Austrian Empire, and Italian unification. Marco IV Arese Lucini (1770–1825) was an officer of the Cisalpine Republic and the Italian Republic, appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte once making Milan its capital. His wife, Antonietta Fagnani Arese (1778–1847) was a translator of Goethe and is the subject of Ugo Foscolo's ode All'amica risanata. Francesco Teodoro Arese Lucini (1778–1835) was held in the Špilberk Castle and sentenced to death (later commuted) by Francis I, Emperor of Austria for his former alliance with Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, and for conspiring to liberate Lombardy and unite it with Piedmont. Francesco Benedetto Arese Lucini (1805–1881) authored A trip to the prairies and in the interior of North America 1837–1838, a diary of his journey with childhood friend Luis Napoleon Bonaparte, later Napoleone III.",347
953,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arese,House of Arese,"Francesco Teodoro Arese Lucini (1778–1835) was held in the Špilberk Castle and sentenced to death (later commuted) by Francis I, Emperor of Austria for his former alliance with Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, and for conspiring to liberate Lombardy and unite it with Piedmont. Francesco Benedetto Arese Lucini (1805–1881) authored A trip to the prairies and in the interior of North America 1837–1838, a diary of his journey with childhood friend Luis Napoleon Bonaparte, later Napoleone III. He was an Italian Senator and unofficial ambassador of Count Camillo Cavour in Paris during establishment of the Kingdom of Italy, negotiating concession of Nice and Savoy to France in exchange for supporting the Papal States's unification with Italy and for returning lands taken by Napoleon within Italy's current borders, such as the Roman Forum. Achille Arese Lucini (1841–1904) was a military officer and member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy. == 20th century ==
Franco Arese Lucini, tenth count of Barlassina (1918–1994) was a prominent historian of Milan, president of the Lombardy Historical Society, and Mayor of Osnago. His research archives are held at the University of Insubria in Varese and Como.",303
954,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arese,House of Arese,"== 20th century ==
Franco Arese Lucini, tenth count of Barlassina (1918–1994) was a prominent historian of Milan, president of the Lombardy Historical Society, and Mayor of Osnago. His research archives are held at the University of Insubria in Varese and Como. == References ==


== Sources ==
D. Santambrogio (Associazione Vivere il Palazzo e il Giardino Arese Borromeo) [1]
Elenco delle attuali nobili famiglie patrizie milanesi / rassegnato dall'ecc.ma Città di Milano all'eccelso Tribunale araldico in esecuzione dell'editto di Governo del giorno 20 novembre 1769, a cura di Franco Arese Lucini, s.l., s.d
G. Leti, ""Il governo del duca d'Ossuna e la vita del conte Bartolomeo Arese"", Colonia 1682, ristampa a cura di M. Fabi, Milano 1854. M. L. Gatti Perer e a.v., ""Il Palazzo Arese Borromeo a Cesano Maderno"", ISAL, Milano 1999. D. Santambrogio, ""Intavolatura delle Partite per la Provintia di Cesano – Una chiave di lettura per la fortuna patrimoniale di Bartolomeo III Arese in Brianza"", in ""Quaderni di Palazzo Arese Borromeo"", Anno I /N°. 1, Maggio 2008.",370
955,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arese,House of Arese,"D. Santambrogio, ""Intavolatura delle Partite per la Provintia di Cesano – Una chiave di lettura per la fortuna patrimoniale di Bartolomeo III Arese in Brianza"", in ""Quaderni di Palazzo Arese Borromeo"", Anno I /N°. 1, Maggio 2008. D. Santambrogio, ""I beni di Casa Arese – Conti di Barlassina nel territorio di Cesano Maderno dal 1534 al 1698"", in ""Quaderni di Palazzo Arese Borromeo"", Anno IV /N°. 1, Maggio 2012. D. Santambrogio, ""Consistenza del patrimonio immobiliare di Bartolomeo Arese il Vecchio a Cesano nella prima metà del Cinquecento, ovvero la genesi dell'egemonia aresiana nel nostro territorio"", Anno VII /N°. 1, Maggio 2014
S. Boldrini, ""Uno stemmario milanese affrescato: lo scalone delle arme di Palazzo Arese Borromeo”, in “Quaderni di Palazzo Arese Borromeo”, Anno II /N°. 2, Novembre 2009. A. Spiriti, “Il Testamento di Bartolomeo III Arese”, DICOM Varese, 2004. P. Pissavino – G. Signorotto, “Lombardia borromaica, Lombardia spagnola”, Bulzoni Editore, 1995.",376
956,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Arese,House of Arese,"A. Spiriti, “Il Testamento di Bartolomeo III Arese”, DICOM Varese, 2004. P. Pissavino – G. Signorotto, “Lombardia borromaica, Lombardia spagnola”, Bulzoni Editore, 1995. G. Gualdo Priorato, Relatione della città e stato di Milano sotto il governo dell'ecc.mo sig. don Luigi de Guzman Ponze di Leone, Milano 1666


== Further reading ==
Vivere il Palazzo e il Giardino Arese Borromeo, Associazione di volontariato culturale Cesano Maderno (in Italian)
Storia di Milano: Antonietta Fagnani in Arese Lucini (in Italian)
Storia di Milano: Bartolomeo Arese e il Senato di Milano (in Italian)
R. Bonfadini, Vita di Francesco Arese con Documenti inediti, L. Roux e C. Editori, 1894 (complete text; in Italian)
Università degli Studi dell'Insubria: Archivio Franco Arese Lucini Archived 24 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian)",290
957,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Sambhaji_(2024_film),Chhatrapati Sambhaji (2024 film),"Chhatrapati Sambhaji is an Indian Marathi-language historical drama film traces the real life story of Sambhaji, the second chatrapati of the Maratha Empire. The film is directed by Rakesh Subesingh Dulgaj starring Shashank Udapurkar in the title role, and Pramod Pawar, Rajit Kapur, Mrinal Kulkarni in the other principal roles. The film originally titled ""Sambhaji 1689"" and was announced back in 2014. It took over nine years to make the film, and it was facing challenges in releasing the theatres. The film was theatrically released on 2 February 2024 in five languages. == Plot ==
The film is based on the real life of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, the son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Because his mother died when he was still a little child, Sambhaji never experienced motherly love. Shivaji shielded him from him, keeping him safe. For this reason, as Sambhaji grew older, he became hostile. However, he showed great bravery. Over the course of his nine years in power, he triumphed in every conflict. This was his final conflict with Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor.",268
958,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Sambhaji_(2024_film),Chhatrapati Sambhaji (2024 film),"Over the course of his nine years in power, he triumphed in every conflict. This was his final conflict with Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor. == Cast ==
Shashank Udapurkar as Sambhaji
Pramod Pawar as Shivaji
Rajit Kapur as Aurangzeb
Mrunal Kulkarni as Soyarabai
Mohan Joshi as Annaji
Bharat Dabholkar as Hambirrao Mohite
Lokesh Gupte as Kavi Kalash
Dalip Tahil as Muqarrab Khan
Bal Dhuri as Balaji Pant
Deepak Shirke as Diler Khan
Amit Deshmukh as Iklas Khan
Anand Abhyankar as Moropant
Mohini Potdar as Yesubai
Priya Gamare as Housa
Sameer as Ganoji Shirke


== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 2 February 2024 in Marathi, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and English languages. The film was earlier scheduled to release on 17 January 2014, postponed to 25 July 2014. In 2024, makers announced that the film would be released on 26 January 2024, but the Central Board of Film Certification had asked the makers of the film to provide evidence against Aurangzeb. After completing all the processes of submission of proofs and approval of the board, the film received the UA certificate and was released the next month. == Reception ==


=== Critical response ===

Anub George of The Times of India rated 2.0 out of 5 stars and wrote ""the hope was that this film would surface some of the less known facts and events from his life. But it doesn't. Poor execution and technical slip-ups ruin a story for the ages.""",379
959,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Sambhaji_(2024_film),Chhatrapati Sambhaji (2024 film),"But it doesn't. Poor execution and technical slip-ups ruin a story for the ages."" == Soundtrack ==
Avinash Vishwajit, Guru Sharma and Aarav have composed the music for the film, while Amar-Amit Desai has scored the background score. == References ==


== External links ==
Chhatrapati Sambhaji at IMDb",79
960,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_Government_Agencies_and_Crown_Corporations,List of British Columbia Government Agencies and Crown Corporations,"This is a list of crown corporations and agencies of the Government of British Columbia. Crown corporations in BC are public-sector organizations established and funded by the Government of British Columbia to provide specialized goods and services to citizens. They operate at varying levels of government control, depending on how they are defined, funded, and the kinds of services they provide. In general, though they are technically owned by the government, they operate at arm's length from the public service and the elected officials of the government. Individually, every public sector organization in BC is assigned a ministry that is responsible for the organization. That minister is the primary link between the B.C. government and the organization and is held accountable to the government for the performance of the organization. The Crown Agencies and Board Resourcing Office (CABRO) is responsible for supporting the governance of these organizations as a whole. == Current organizations ==
The following is a list of current Crown agencies and corporations in British Columbia as of May 2021. Though BC Liquor Distribution Branch is not a crown corporation, it is required to comply within the requirements of a Crown agency in relation to its financial reporting, service plan, and mandate letter. LBD operates under the B.C. Minister of Finance. The LBD owns BC Cannabis Stores and BC Liquor Stores. Though it partners with the RCMP and municipal police, the Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia is a completely independent and designated police agency within BC, and is therefore not a crown corporation.",301
961,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_Government_Agencies_and_Crown_Corporations,List of British Columbia Government Agencies and Crown Corporations,"The LBD owns BC Cannabis Stores and BC Liquor Stores. Though it partners with the RCMP and municipal police, the Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia is a completely independent and designated police agency within BC, and is therefore not a crown corporation. == Former organizations ==
BC Immigrant Investment Fund
BC Systems Corporation (1977-1996)
BC Provincial Capital Commission
BC Railway Company (operations and assets now privatized with CN Rail, though, shell company still exists)
BC Transmission Corporation
British Columbia Utilities Commission
Community Social Services Employers' Association of BC
Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation
Open Learning Agency
Private Career Training Institutions Agency
Trades Training Consortium of British Columbia


== See also ==
Crown Corporations of Canada


== References ==


== External links ==
BC Crown Agencies and Board Resourcing Office",176
962,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Mu%C5%9F,Governor of Mu%C5%9F,"The Governor of Muş (Turkish: Muş Valiliği) is the bureaucratic state official responsible for both national government and state affairs in the Province of Muş. Similar to the Governors of the 80 other Provinces of Turkey, the Governor of Muş is appointed by the Government of Turkey and is responsible for the implementation of government legislation within Muş. The Governor is also the most senior commander of both the Muş provincial police force and the Muş Gendarmerie. == Appointment ==
The Governor of Muş is appointed by the President of Turkey, who confirms the appointment after recommendation from the Turkish Government. The Ministry of the Interior first considers and puts forward possible candidates for approval by the cabinet. The Governor of Muş is therefore not a directly elected position and instead functions as the most senior civil servant in the Province of Muş. === Term limits ===
The Governor is not limited by any term limits and does not serve for a set length of time. Instead, the Governor serves at the pleasure of the Government, which can appoint or reposition the Governor whenever it sees fit. Such decisions are again made by the cabinet of Turkey. The Governor of Muş, as a civil servant, may not have any close connections or prior experience in Muş Province. It is not unusual for Governors to alternate between several different Provinces during their bureaucratic career. == Functions ==

The Governor of Muş has both bureaucratic functions and influence over local government. The main role of the Governor is to oversee the implementation of decisions by government ministries, constitutional requirements and legislation passed by Grand National Assembly within the provincial borders. The Governor also has the power to reassign, remove or appoint officials a certain number of public offices and has the right to alter the role of certain public institutions if they see fit. Governors are also the most senior public official within the Province, meaning that they preside over any public ceremonies or provincial celebrations being held due to a national holiday.",399
963,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Mu%C5%9F,Governor of Mu%C5%9F,"The Governor also has the power to reassign, remove or appoint officials a certain number of public offices and has the right to alter the role of certain public institutions if they see fit. Governors are also the most senior public official within the Province, meaning that they preside over any public ceremonies or provincial celebrations being held due to a national holiday. As the commander of the provincial police and Gendarmerie forces, the Governor can also take decisions designed to limit civil disobedience and preserve public order. Although mayors of municipalities and councillors are elected during local elections, the Governor has the right to re-organise or to inspect the proceedings of local government despite being an unelected position. == List of governors of Muş ==


== See also ==
Governor (Turkey)
Muş Province
Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)


== References ==


== External links ==
Biography of the Governor of Muş",189
964,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Say,_I_Love_You","If I Say, I Love You","""If I Say, I Love You"" (Korean: 오늘만 I Love You; lit. Just for today I love you) is a song recorded by South Korean boy band BoyNextDoor. KOZ Entertainment released the song as the group's first digital single on January 6, 2025. Members Taesan and Woonhak wrote the song with co-writer Kako. Described as a dance-pop song, ""If I Say, I Love You"" revolves around the emotion of ""patheticness"", narrating the aftermath of a breakup in a self-deprecating fashion. The single was accompanied with a winter-themed music video with elements of a slice of life plot. Although critical reception was lukewarm, ""If I Say, I Love You"" received awards during its promotion in the music programs of South Korea. A Japanese version of the song was released as a digital single on January 31, 2025, through Universal Music Japan. == Background ==
BoyNextDoor released their third extended play (EP) 19.99 in September 2024, which focused on self-expression and introspection, drawing from the group's experiences in their transition to adulthood. The EP was fronted by the singles ""Dangerous"" and ""Nice Guy"", which presented themes of rebellion and self-confidence respectively. In support of 19.99 and its preceding releases, BoyNextDoor embarked on their debut world tour, Knock On Vol.1 Tour. During their first show at the Inspire Arena in Incheon, the group announced their first digital single ""If I Say, I Love You"". == Composition ==
Although the theme is about breakups, since it has a cheerful aspect, we focused on vocally expressing a middle ground — not too excited but not too depressed either. ""If I Say, I Love You"" is an upbeat dance-pop song with a runtime of two minutes and 41 seconds.",399
965,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Say,_I_Love_You","If I Say, I Love You","== Composition ==
Although the theme is about breakups, since it has a cheerful aspect, we focused on vocally expressing a middle ground — not too excited but not too depressed either. ""If I Say, I Love You"" is an upbeat dance-pop song with a runtime of two minutes and 41 seconds. Taesan and Woonhak wrote the song's lyrics, with Kako and Woonhak credited as co-writers. Frequent collaborators Pop Time, Kako, Ryo, and Zico composed the track with Pop Time, Daily, and Likely assisting with the song's arrangement. Aiming for a ""fresh new narrative"" after the ""confident and bold"" themes of 19.99, the members explored the emotion of ""patheticness"" in the track. The lyrics narrate the aftermath of a breakup in a self-deprecating light from the perspective of the ""younger generation"". Member Riwoo noted that given the lyrical themes, the upbeat production commanded a vocal performance that balanced excitement and depression. == Critical reception ==

Writing a 1.5-star review for the online magazine IZM, So Seung-geun opined that the track shares similarities with Choi Ye-na's 2024 single ""Nemonemo"". So added that KOZ's characteristic production styles and the track's ""contrived melodies and unreasonable progressions"" erode the members' vocals, describing the end product as a ""slump"". == Music video ==
The music video for ""If I Say, I Love You"" follows a narrative structure, depicting the six members as different personalities of the same boy dealing with the aftermath of a rejection. With a length of four minutes and eight seconds, the video follows a slice of life plot set in the backdrop of winter.",367
966,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Say,_I_Love_You","If I Say, I Love You","== Music video ==
The music video for ""If I Say, I Love You"" follows a narrative structure, depicting the six members as different personalities of the same boy dealing with the aftermath of a rejection. With a length of four minutes and eight seconds, the video follows a slice of life plot set in the backdrop of winter. == Accolades ==
""If I Say, I Love You"" won its first music program win in the January 16, 2025, episode of M Countdown and its second on the January 19, 2025, episode of Inkigayo. == Release and promotion ==
""If I Say, I Love You"", alongside its music video, was released on January 6, 2025. The single was promoted with a winter concept, with accompanying promotional images released on December 27 and 28. The band collaborated with the department store franchise Shinsegae to screen the release of the music video on the landmark digital billboard of its flagship store in the Myeong-dong neighborhood in Seoul. A Japanese version of the song followed as a digital single on January 31. === Lyric changes ===
The inclusion of the Japanese phrase for ""I love you"" (愛してる, aishiteru) in the chorus prompted KOZ to change the line in English to ""I want you"" in some promotions for terrestrial television. A broadcasting official interviewed by The Dong-a Ilbo noted that while the blanket ban on Japanese pop culture instituted by former President Kim Dae-jung was lifted in January 2004, regulations on the use of the Japanese language in Korean songs remains ambiguous, being left to producers who ""take into account anti-Japanese sentiment"". == Charts ==


== Release history ==


== References ==",354
967,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(encyclopedia),Focus (encyclopedia),"Focus is an encyclopedia first published in Swedish in five volumes 1958–1960, later extended with additional volumes, republished in several editions, and translated to Danish, Norwegian, French, Portuguese, and Spanish. Based on inspiration from the richly illustrated 1947 edition of the American World Book Encyclopedia, the plan for Focus as conceived by Sven Lidman (born 1921) was based on two principles:

a set of highly instructional and internationally reusable illustrations should be produced first, to which text could be written later in various languages, and
the basic encyclopedia should be compact (only 3 or 4 volumes) to which specialized add-on volumes from a series (Sports in Focus, This year in Focus, etc.) could be combined (""Kombinationslexikon statt Konversationslexikon""), making it easier to cover different market segments. Sven Lidman left his previous employer in 1955 and took this new idea to the Swedish publishing house Almqvist & Wiksell, but only after also getting a letter of intent from German publisher Bertelsmann was he able to get his employer started. Being the first richly illustrated encyclopedia in Sweden (and several other countries), the sales were a given success. The idea of only reusing the illustrations failed, as most contracting publishers chose to translate most of the text as well. A fifth volume containing an index, thesaurus and cross-reference was added to the basic encyclopedia, not least because this increased the total ""number of entries"" from 40,000 (in the main volumes) to 100,000 (in the index), one of the strongest sales arguments for encyclopedias. Sven Lidman left A&W in 1963 to continue his work in Swedish lexicography elsewhere. His autobiography Uppslagsboken och jag was published in 1987.",370
968,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(encyclopedia),Focus (encyclopedia),"Sven Lidman left A&W in 1963 to continue his work in Swedish lexicography elsewhere. His autobiography Uppslagsboken och jag was published in 1987. == External links ==
Focus — information in Swedish about the work and its Swedish editions, from Christofer Psilander's website Svenska Uppslagsverk",74
969,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yae%27s_Sakura,Yae%27s Sakura,"Yae's Sakura (Japanese: 八重の桜, Hepburn: Yae no Sakura) is a 2013 Japanese historical drama television series and the 52nd NHK taiga drama. Written by Mutsumi Yamamoto, the drama focuses on Niijima Yae, who is portrayed by Haruka Ayase. Yae is a strong believer in women's rights and the story follows her journey in Japan, during the time it is opened up to Western ideas. Yae, who came from the Aizu Domain (now within Fukushima Prefecture), was chosen for the taiga drama as her story of loss and hope was felt to be timely in the aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The drama was nominated for the International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series. The historical figure of Niijima was chosen for her story of loss and hope, along with her coming from the Aizu domain (now within the Fukushima Prefecture), to help inspire Japan after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which seriously affected Fukushima more than the other prefectures. === Music ===
Ryuichi Sakamoto was announced as the series' theme music composer on April 10, 2012. This is Sakamoto's first time composing music for a taiga drama. == TV schedule ==


== Reception ==
In 2014, the series was nominated for the International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series. == Home media ==
The first 15 episodes of Yae's Sakura were released on Blu-ray on October 23, 2013. The next 16 episodes received a Blu-ray release on January 22, 2014, which includes two behind-the-scenes featurettes and the textless series intro among others. The last 19 episodes of the series were released on Blu-ray on March 19, 2014, with the release featuring cast interviews and a behind-the-scenes featurette among others.",390
970,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yae%27s_Sakura,Yae%27s Sakura,"The next 16 episodes received a Blu-ray release on January 22, 2014, which includes two behind-the-scenes featurettes and the textless series intro among others. The last 19 episodes of the series were released on Blu-ray on March 19, 2014, with the release featuring cast interviews and a behind-the-scenes featurette among others. All of the Blu-ray releases are region free. == Soundtracks ==
NHK Taiga Drama ""Yae no Sakura"" Original Soundtrack I (January 30, 2013)
NHK Taiga Drama ""Yae no Sakura"" Original Soundtrack II (July 31, 2013)
NHK Taiga Drama ""Yae no Sakura"" Original Soundtrack III (November 13, 2013)
NHK Taiga Drama ""Yae no Sakura"" Original Soundtrack Complete Edition (January 1, 2014)


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website (in Japanese)
Yae's Sakura at IMDb",203
971,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Dioxide_Information_Analysis_Center,Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,"The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) was an organization within the United States Department of Energy that had the primary responsibility for providing the US government and research community with global warming data and analysis as it pertains to energy issues. The CDIAC, and its subsidiary the World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases, focused on obtaining, evaluating and distributing data related to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. CDIAC was founded in 1982 and was located within the Environmental Sciences Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. CDIAC closed September 30, 2017, and its data was distributed to a number of different repositories. The majority of the data was moved to the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Environmental System Science Data Infrastructure for a Virtual Ecosystem (ESS-DIVE) archive. The Oceanic Trace Gas data have been transitioned to the new Ocean Carbon Data System (OCADS) operated by NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) at https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/. The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) data have been transitioned to Caltech (http://tccondata.org/). HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) data are transitioning to the NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory (https://www.eol.ucar.edu/data-software). == See also ==
Climate change in the United States


== References ==


== External links ==
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center",320
972,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"This is a list of the bird species recorded in Belgium. The avifauna of Belgium include a total of 477 species, of which 8 have been introduced by humans. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follows the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Species accounts follow the Belgian Rare Birds Committee. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Belgium. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories. (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Belgium
(I) Introduced - a species introduced to Belgium as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
(Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in Belgium although populations exist elsewhere


== Ducks, geese, and waterfowl ==

Order: Anseriformes   Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. == Pheasants, grouse, and allies ==
Order: Galliformes   Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. == Grebes ==
Order: Podicipediformes   Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds.",387
973,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. == Grebes ==
Order: Podicipediformes   Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. == Pigeons and doves ==
Order: Columbiformes   Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)
Stock dove, Columba oenas
Common wood-pigeon, Columba palumbus
European turtle-dove, Streptopelia turtur
Oriental turtle-dove, Streptopelia orientalis (A)
Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto


== Sandgrouse ==
Order: Pterocliformes   Family: Pteroclidae
Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. Pallas's sandgrouse, Syrrhaptes paradoxus (A)
Black-bellied sandgrouse, Pterocles orientalis (A)


== Bustards ==
Order: Otidiformes   Family: Otididae
Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground.",384
974,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Pallas's sandgrouse, Syrrhaptes paradoxus (A)
Black-bellied sandgrouse, Pterocles orientalis (A)


== Bustards ==
Order: Otidiformes   Family: Otididae
Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with ""fingered"" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. == Cuckoos ==
Order: Cuculiformes   Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. Great spotted cuckoo, Clamator glandarius (A)
Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus (A)
Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus


== Nightjars ==
Order: Caprimulgiformes   Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus


== Swifts ==
Order: Caprimulgiformes   Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces.",397
975,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus


== Swifts ==
Order: Caprimulgiformes   Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. Alpine swift, Tachymarptis melba (A)
Common swift, Apus apus
Pallid swift, Apus pallidus (A)
Little swift, Apus affinis (A)


== Rails, gallinules and coots ==
Order: Gruiformes   Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. == Cranes ==
Order: Gruiformes   Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or ""dances"". == Thick-knees ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia.",389
976,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"== Thick-knees ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. Eurasian thick-knee, Burhinus oedicnemus (A)


== Stilts and avocets ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. == Oystercatchers ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs. == Plovers and lapwings ==

Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.",352
977,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
European golden-plover, Pluvialis apricaria
American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica (A)
Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus
Sociable lapwing, Vanellus gregarius (A)
White-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (A)
Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus (A)
Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii (A)
Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus
Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula
Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius
Eurasian dotterel, Charadrius morinellus


== Sandpipers and allies ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.",345
978,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. == Pratincoles and coursers ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. Cream-colored courser, Cursorius cursor (A)
Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola (A)
Black-winged pratincole, Glareola nordmanni (A)


== Skuas and jaegers ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. Great skua, Stercorarius skua
Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus


== Auks, murres and puffins ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Alcidae
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.",397
979,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Great skua, Stercorarius skua
Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus


== Auks, murres and puffins ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Alcidae
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest. Dovekie, Alle alle (A)
Common murre, Uria aalge
Thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia (A)
Razorbill, Alca torda
Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle (A)
Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica (A)


== Gulls, terns, and skimmers ==
Order: Charadriiformes   Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.",372
980,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. == Loons ==
Order: Gaviiformes   Family: Gaviidae
Loons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated. == Albatrosses ==
Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Diomedeidae
Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific. == Northern storm-petrels ==
Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Hydrobatidae
The northern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. == Shearwaters and petrels ==
Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized ""true petrels"", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. == Storks ==
Order: Ciconiiformes   Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills.",383
981,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"== Shearwaters and petrels ==
Order: Procellariiformes   Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized ""true petrels"", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. == Storks ==
Order: Ciconiiformes   Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. == Boobies and gannets ==
Order: Suliformes   Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. == Cormorants and shags ==
Order: Suliformes   Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful. == Herons, egrets, and bitterns ==
Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.",392
982,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. == Ibises and spoonbills ==
Order: Pelecaniformes   Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. == Osprey ==
Order: Accipitriformes   Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. == Hawks, eagles, and kites ==
Order: Accipitriformes   Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. == Barn-owls ==
Order: Strigiformes   Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. Western barn owl, Tyto alba


== Owls ==
Order: Strigiformes   Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey.",372
983,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"They have long strong legs with powerful talons. Western barn owl, Tyto alba


== Owls ==
Order: Strigiformes   Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Eurasian scops-owl, Otus scops (A)
Eurasian eagle-owl, Bubo bubo
Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus (A)
Tawny owl, Strix aluco
Northern hawk owl, Surnia ulula (A)
Eurasian pygmy-owl, Glaucidium passerinum (A)
Little owl, Athene noctua
Long-eared owl, Asio otus
Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus
Boreal owl, Aegolius funereus


== Hoopoes ==
Order: Bucerotiformes   Family: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head. Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops (A)


== Kingfishers ==
Order: Coraciiformes   Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis


== Bee-eaters ==
Order: Coraciiformes   Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea.",391
984,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis


== Bee-eaters ==
Order: Coraciiformes   Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. Blue-cheeked bee-eater, Merops persicus (A)
European bee-eater, Merops apiaster


== Rollers ==
Order: Coraciiformes   Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. European roller, Coracias garrulus (A)


== Woodpeckers ==
Order: Piciformes   Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.",335
985,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla
Middle spotted woodpecker, Dendrocoptes medius
White-backed woodpecker, Dendrocopos leucotos (A)
Great spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major
Lesser spotted woodpecker, Dryobates minor
Gray-headed woodpecker, Picus canus
Eurasian green woodpecker, Picus viridis
Black woodpecker, Dryocopus martius


== Falcons and caracaras ==
Order: Falconiformes   Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. T

Lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni (A)
Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus
Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus (A)
Merlin, Falco columbarius
Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo
Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus (A)
Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus


== Old World parrots ==
Order: Psittaciformes   Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured.",376
986,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"T

Lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni (A)
Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus
Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus (A)
Merlin, Falco columbarius
Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo
Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus (A)
Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus


== Old World parrots ==
Order: Psittaciformes   Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand. Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri (I)


== New World and African parrots ==
Order: Psittaciformes   Family: Psittacidae
New World and African parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back. Monk parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus (I)


== Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World.",399
987,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back. Monk parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus (I)


== Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills. Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus (A)


== Old World orioles ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus


== Shrikes ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.",261
988,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus


== Shrikes ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio
Isabelline shrike, Lanius isabellinus (A)
Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus (A)
Long-tailed shrike, Lanius schach (A)
Great gray shrike, Lanius excubitor
Lesser gray shrike, Lanius minor (A)
Woodchat shrike, Lanius senator (A)


== Crows, jays, and magpies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.",272
989,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio
Isabelline shrike, Lanius isabellinus (A)
Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus (A)
Long-tailed shrike, Lanius schach (A)
Great gray shrike, Lanius excubitor
Lesser gray shrike, Lanius minor (A)
Woodchat shrike, Lanius senator (A)


== Crows, jays, and magpies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius
Eurasian magpie, Pica pica
Eurasian nutcracker, Nucifraga caryocatactes
Eurasian jackdaw, Corvus monedula
Rook, Corvus frugilegus
Carrion crow, Corvus corone
Hooded crow, Corvus cornix
Common raven, Corvus corax


== Tits, chickadees, and titmice ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.",350
990,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. Coal tit, Periparus ater
Crested tit, Lophophanes cristatus
Marsh tit, Poecile palustris
Willow tit, Poecile montana
Eurasian blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus
Great tit, Parus major


== Penduline-tits ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Remizidae
The penduline tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. Eurasian penduline-tit, Remiz pendulinus


== Larks ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. T

Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris
Greater short-toed lark, Calandrella brachydactyla (A)
Calandra lark, Melanocorypha calandra (A)
Mediterranean short-toed lark, Alaudala rufescens (A)
Turkestan short-toed lark, Alaudala heinei (A)
Wood lark, Lullula arborea
Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis
Crested lark, Galerida cristata


== Bearded reedling ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Panuridae
This species, the only one in its family, is found in reed beds throughout temperate Europe and Asia.",377
991,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Their food is insects and seeds. T

Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris
Greater short-toed lark, Calandrella brachydactyla (A)
Calandra lark, Melanocorypha calandra (A)
Mediterranean short-toed lark, Alaudala rufescens (A)
Turkestan short-toed lark, Alaudala heinei (A)
Wood lark, Lullula arborea
Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis
Crested lark, Galerida cristata


== Bearded reedling ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Panuridae
This species, the only one in its family, is found in reed beds throughout temperate Europe and Asia. Bearded reedling, Panurus biarmicus


== Cisticolas and allies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. Zitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis (A)


== Reed warblers and allies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Acrocephalidae
The members of this family are usually rather large for ""warblers"". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.",384
992,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa. Booted warbler, Iduna caligata (A)
Sykes's warbler, Iduna rama (A)
Eastern olivaceous warbler, Iduna pallida (A)
Melodious warbler, Hippolais polyglotta
Icterine warbler, Hippolais icterina
Aquatic warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola (A)
Moustached warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (A)
Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
Paddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola (A)
Blyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum (A)
Marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustris
Eurasian reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus
Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus


== Grassbirds and allies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Locustellidae
Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.",325
993,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Booted warbler, Iduna caligata (A)
Sykes's warbler, Iduna rama (A)
Eastern olivaceous warbler, Iduna pallida (A)
Melodious warbler, Hippolais polyglotta
Icterine warbler, Hippolais icterina
Aquatic warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola (A)
Moustached warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon (A)
Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
Paddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola (A)
Blyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum (A)
Marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustris
Eurasian reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus
Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus


== Grassbirds and allies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Locustellidae
Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over. Pallas's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola (A)
Lanceolated warbler, Locustella lanceolata (A)
River warbler, Locustella fluviatilis (A)
Savi's warbler, Locustella luscinioides
Common grasshopper-warbler, Locustella naevia


== Swallows ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding.",396
994,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over. Pallas's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola (A)
Lanceolated warbler, Locustella lanceolata (A)
River warbler, Locustella fluviatilis (A)
Savi's warbler, Locustella luscinioides
Common grasshopper-warbler, Locustella naevia


== Swallows ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
Eurasian crag-martin, Ptyonoprogne rupestris (A)
Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica (A)
Common house-martin, Delichon urbica


== Leaf warblers ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors.",336
995,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
Eurasian crag-martin, Ptyonoprogne rupestris (A)
Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica (A)
Common house-martin, Delichon urbica


== Leaf warblers ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors. Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix
Western Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus bonelli (A)
Yellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus
Hume's warbler, Phylloscopus humei (A)
Pallas's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus (A)
Radde's warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi (A)
Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus (A)
Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus
Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita
Iberian chiffchaff, Phylloscopus ibericus (A)
Eastern crowned warbler, Phylloscopus coronatus (A)
Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides (A)
Arctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis (A)


== Bush warblers and allies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Scotocercidae
The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia.",398
996,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors. Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix
Western Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus bonelli (A)
Yellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus
Hume's warbler, Phylloscopus humei (A)
Pallas's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus (A)
Radde's warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi (A)
Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus (A)
Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus
Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita
Iberian chiffchaff, Phylloscopus ibericus (A)
Eastern crowned warbler, Phylloscopus coronatus (A)
Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides (A)
Arctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis (A)


== Bush warblers and allies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Scotocercidae
The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place some genera in other families. Cetti's warbler, Cettia cetti


== Long-tailed tits ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Aegithalidae
Long-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects.",369
997,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. Long-tailed tit, Aegithalos caudatus


== Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sylviidae
The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla
Garden warbler, Sylvia borin
Barred warbler, Curruca nisoria (A)
Lesser whitethroat, Curruca curruca
Western Orphean warbler, Curruca hortensis (A)
Western subalpine warbler, Curruca iberiae (A)
Eastern subalpine warbler, Curruca cantillans (A)
Moltoni's warbler, Curruca subalpina (A)
Sardinian warbler, Curruca melanocephala (A)
Greater whitethroat, Curruca communis
Spectacled warbler, Curruca conspicillata (A)
Marmora's warbler, Curruca sarda (A)
Dartford warbler, Curruca undata (A)


== Kinglets ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Regulidae
The kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice.",375
998,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla
Garden warbler, Sylvia borin
Barred warbler, Curruca nisoria (A)
Lesser whitethroat, Curruca curruca
Western Orphean warbler, Curruca hortensis (A)
Western subalpine warbler, Curruca iberiae (A)
Eastern subalpine warbler, Curruca cantillans (A)
Moltoni's warbler, Curruca subalpina (A)
Sardinian warbler, Curruca melanocephala (A)
Greater whitethroat, Curruca communis
Spectacled warbler, Curruca conspicillata (A)
Marmora's warbler, Curruca sarda (A)
Dartford warbler, Curruca undata (A)


== Kinglets ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Regulidae
The kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice. Goldcrest, Regulus regulus
Common firecrest, Regulus ignicapillus


== Wallcreeper ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Tichodromidae
The wallcreeper is a small bird related to the nuthatch family, which has stunning crimson, grey and black plumage. Wallcreeper, Tichodroma muraria (A)


== Nuthatches ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds.",389
999,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Goldcrest, Regulus regulus
Common firecrest, Regulus ignicapillus


== Wallcreeper ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Tichodromidae
The wallcreeper is a small bird related to the nuthatch family, which has stunning crimson, grey and black plumage. Wallcreeper, Tichodroma muraria (A)


== Nuthatches ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet. Eurasian nuthatch, Sitta europaea


== Treecreepers ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Certhiidae
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. Eurasian treecreeper, Certhia familiaris
Short-toed treecreeper, Certhia brachydactyla


== Wrens ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Troglodytidae
The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.",342
1000,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. Eurasian wren, Troglodytes troglodytes


== Dippers ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Cinclidae
Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. White-throated dipper, Cinclus cinclus


== Starlings ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. European starling, Sturnus vulgaris
Rosy starling, Pastor roseus (A)


== Mockingbirds and thrashers ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Mimidae
The mimids are the New World family of passerine birds, Mimidae, that includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. Gray catbird, Dumetella carolinensis (A)


== Thrushes and allies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.",339
1001,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. White's thrush, Zoothera aurea (A)
Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus (A)
Siberian thrush, Geokichla sibirica (A)
Mistle thrush, Turdus viscivorus
Song thrush, Turdus philomelos
Redwing, Turdus iliacus
Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula
American robin, Turdus migratorius (A)
Eyebrowed thrush, Turdus obscurus (A)
Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris
Ring ouzel, Turdus torquatus
Black-throated thrush, Turdus atrogularis (A)
Dusky thrush, Turdus eunomus (A)
Naumann's thrush, Turdus naumanni (A)


== Old World flycatchers ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. == Waxwings ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.",399
1002,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus


== Accentors ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Prunellidae
The accentors are in the only bird family, Prunellidae, which is completely endemic to the Palearctic. They are small, fairly drab species superficially similar to sparrows. Alpine accentor, Prunella collaris (A)
Dunnock, Prunella modularis


== Old World sparrows ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. House sparrow, Passer domesticus
Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus
Rock sparrow, Petronia petronia (A)


== Wagtails and pipits ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.",300
1003,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. Gray wagtail, Motacilla cinerea
Western yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava
Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola (A)
White wagtail, Motacilla alba
Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi (A)
Blyth's pipit, Anthus godlewskii (A)
Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris
Meadow pipit, Anthus pratensis
Tree pipit, Anthus trivialis
Olive-backed pipit, Anthus hodgsoni (A)
Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus
Water pipit, Anthus spinoletta
Rock pipit, Anthus petrosus (A)


== Finches, euphonias, and allies ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. == Longspurs and snow buntings ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Calcariidae
The Calcariidae are a family of birds that had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.",356
1004,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. == Longspurs and snow buntings ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Calcariidae
The Calcariidae are a family of birds that had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas. Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus (A)
Snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis


== Old World buntings ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Emberizidae
Emberizidae is a family of seed-eating passerine birds with distinctively finch-like bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. Corn bunting, Emberiza calandra
Rock bunting, Emberiza cia (A)
Cirl bunting, Emberiza cirlus (A)
Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella
Pine bunting, Emberiza leucocephalos (A)
Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana
Reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus
Yellow-breasted bunting, Emberiza aureola (A)
Little bunting, Emberiza pusilla (A)
Rustic bunting, Emberiza rustica (A)
Yellow-browed bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys (A)


== New World sparrows ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Passerellidae
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae.",371
1005,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,"Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. Corn bunting, Emberiza calandra
Rock bunting, Emberiza cia (A)
Cirl bunting, Emberiza cirlus (A)
Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella
Pine bunting, Emberiza leucocephalos (A)
Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana
Reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus
Yellow-breasted bunting, Emberiza aureola (A)
Little bunting, Emberiza pusilla (A)
Rustic bunting, Emberiza rustica (A)
Yellow-browed bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys (A)


== New World sparrows ==
Order: Passeriformes   Family: Passerellidae
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns. Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis (A)
White-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis (A)
Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia (A)


== See also ==
List of birds
Lists of birds by region


== References ==

Lepage, Denis. ""Checklist of Birds of Belgium"". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ""Belgian Rare Birds Committee"". Belgian Rare Birds Committee. Retrieved 23 July 2020. Clements, James F. (2000). Birds of the World: A Checklist. Cornell University Press. p. 880.",382
1006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Belgium,List of birds of Belgium,Cornell University Press. p. 880. ISBN 978-0-934797-16-0.,23
1007,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Rock_Boot_Company,Cobra Rock Boot Company,"Cobra Rock Boot Company (CRBC) is a leather-lace-up bootmaking business in Marfa, Texas. The business has been owned and operated by Logan Caldbeck and Colt Miller since 2011. They earned a runner-up finish in Garden & Gun magazine's Best of the South 2012 awards. The business was featured on episode 2 of the Basin PBS show Western Perspective and on a September 2014 episode of Texas Country Reporter. The handmade lace-up boots are constructed at a rate of about one pair a week with materials sourced in the U.S. from full grain, oil-tanned cowhides, leather soles, and metal shanks held in place with lemon-wood pegs. Tools and equipment, including a Landis sole stitcher built in 1921 and a Singer topstitcher built in 1939 and found in Big Spring, Texas, come from former boot shops in the Texas Panhandle. Vintage lasts are used and the boots are hand welted. Their signature boot design, the South Highland, includes square toes modeled after a style popular in the 1940s. Miller was raised in Borden County, Texas, (about 70 miles south of Lubbock) by a cowboy and a schoolteacher. He studied geography and financial planning at Texas Tech. He tours in the Thrift Store Cowboys country band. He started out in the bootmaking business producing cowboy boots. == References ==


== External links ==
Cobra Rock Boot Company website
Video about company",303
1008,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"Festus Bunmi Olusona  (born 2 June 1965) is a Nigerian human rights activist and politician. == Education ==
Olusona graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy with Honours from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria in 1992. == Campus politics ==
Reverend Bunmi Olusona also known as 'Beyond Jordan' amongst fellow activists was a fierce Students' Union activist. He started student activism from the Kwara State College of Technology 1984/85 now renamed the Kwara State Polytechnic. He became the Vice President of the Reformers Academy: an Organisation formed by Professor Osam Edim Osam of the University of Ibadan, UI. He contested and became the President of the University of Ibadan Students Union in 1989/90 under Professor Ayo Banjo,  the then Vice Chancellor. By 1991/92 Bunmi Olusona became Zonal D Chairman of the National Association of Nigerian Students (NANS) comprising all the tertiary institutions of south western part of Nigeria. After a popular nationwide anti-SAP riots of 1989, Bunmi Olusona and a few other students' leaders of the NANS were unlawfully arrested, detained and lumped with hardened criminals at the over-crowded Nigeria Ikoyi Prisons and Kirikiri maximum prison under decree no 2 of 1984. This notorious decree was enacted by the former Nigerian military dictator, General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida. At the end of the uprising, over two hundred Nigerians were estimated to have been killed by the police, a huge number wounded and some student activists detained. Bunmi Olusona was unlawfully arrested and detained alongside other students' activists namely: Christian Akanni, Kayode Olatunji, Late Barrister Bamidele Aturu, Barrister Opeyemi Bamidele,  Barrister Abdul Aminu Mahmud, Emmanuel Nwanzu and Nasir Kura.",394
1009,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"At the end of the uprising, over two hundred Nigerians were estimated to have been killed by the police, a huge number wounded and some student activists detained. Bunmi Olusona was unlawfully arrested and detained alongside other students' activists namely: Christian Akanni, Kayode Olatunji, Late Barrister Bamidele Aturu, Barrister Opeyemi Bamidele,  Barrister Abdul Aminu Mahmud, Emmanuel Nwanzu and Nasir Kura. He and some of these activists were four months both at the SSS detention facility at Ikoyi, they were later moved into Ikoyi and Kirikiri maximum prisons under the Detention of Persons Decree No. 2 of 1984 as amended. It was detention without trial. He was released along with other (NANS) leaders after a legal battle sponsored by the Barrister Alao Aka  Bashorun  led Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) and Barrister Olisa Agbakoba led Civil Liberties Organisation (CLO). Bunmi Olusona lost an academic session due to his incarceration at the Ikoyi prisons. Bunmi Olusona and other detained students' activists were all declared prisoners of conscience by the Amnesty International in 1991/92. Bunmi Olusona was much loved by students of the University of Ibadan (UI) due to achievements he recorded while he was President of the Students Union. All achieved due to popular struggles. Amongst them was:

Bringing 'Water Treatment Plant' at the cost of 30m in 1990 after confrontation and negotiation with the Babangida military regime. This was what resolved years of agonizing water crisis of the University. It also impacted on the water consumption needs of the entire inhabitants of the University environments including Agbowo community.",364
1010,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"This was what resolved years of agonizing water crisis of the University. It also impacted on the water consumption needs of the entire inhabitants of the University environments including Agbowo community. Forcing the University authority to rename erstwhile 'Students Village Hall' after Chief Obafemi Awolowo through students agitation against the wish of the University authorities. Forcing the FG to rebuild burnt section of Queen Elizabeth Hall,  extend and complete Idia and Obafemi Awolowo halls. Consistently fought for the protection of the rights and privileges of students. Launched and raised funds for indigent students of the University of Ibadan. Launched students' agricultural scheme where the Students' Union owned a farm at Ajibode, a neighboring Community. He was a leading (NANS) activist and participated in many local and national students protests. He was constantly a thorn in the flesh of the Babangida administration even after he graduated from the University. Campaign Officer for the Campaign for Democracy, (CD), he was a leading mobilizer against the infamous annulment of the June 12, 1993 presidential election won by late Chief MKO Abiola. Reverend Bunmi Olusona, who holds a bachelor's degree in Philosophy is married to Elizabeth Aderonke Olusona. == Human rights activism ==
He was briefly at the Civil Liberties Organisation as Field Research Officer for Women Rights Project As a field research officer. At the CLO, he also did a research on the sufferings of the Nigerian Railway workers who were owed several months salaries. The title of the booklet is Dying in Agony. Acting Head of Campaigns, Campaign for Democracy, (CD)
Co founded Oodua Youth Movement, a Yoruba self-determination platform. Co founded Covenant Group, a Yoruba self-determination Organisation. Co founded Oodua Peoples Congress with Dr Frederick Fasehun.",385
1011,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"Co founded Covenant Group, a Yoruba self-determination Organisation. Co founded Oodua Peoples Congress with Dr Frederick Fasehun. Was a National Administrative Secretary of Movement for Socio and Economic Justice, (MOSEJ)


== Exile ==
Rev. Bunmi Olusona went on exile to Europe during the notorious Military regime of General Sani Abacha,  As a 'Campaign Officer' with the Campaign for Democracy,  (CD)  and an active member of the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights, CDHR, he participated in many protests against the Military dictatorship of late General Sani Abacha. He fled Nigeria in 1996 after he granted a radio interview critical of the regime to CNN over the gruesome assassination of late Kudirat Abiola, wife of the late popular Nigerian millionaire politician, Chief MKO Abiola. Bunmi Olusona has a close association on the field of activism with Nigerian human rights activists, some of which being Barrister Femi Falana SAN, Late Beko Ransome Kuti, Chief Frederick Fasehun,  Late Baba Omojola, Late Alao Aka Bashorun, Late Gani Fawehinmi, Barrister Osagie Obayuwana, Comrade Gbenga Awosode, Comrade Wale Adebisi,  Comrade Abiodun Aremu, Comrade Wale Adeniran, Comrade Odion Akhaine, Comrade Jiti Ogunye,  Comrade Opeyemi Bamidele, now the Senate Majority Leader representing Ekiti Central. Comrade Popoola Ajayi, Gbenga Toyosi Olawepo, Comrade Rotimi Obadofin, Comrade Joe Okey Odumakin, Comrade Abdul Aminu Mahmud, Comrade Wale Okuniyi, ect.",386
1012,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"Bunmi Olusona has a close association on the field of activism with Nigerian human rights activists, some of which being Barrister Femi Falana SAN, Late Beko Ransome Kuti, Chief Frederick Fasehun,  Late Baba Omojola, Late Alao Aka Bashorun, Late Gani Fawehinmi, Barrister Osagie Obayuwana, Comrade Gbenga Awosode, Comrade Wale Adebisi,  Comrade Abiodun Aremu, Comrade Wale Adeniran, Comrade Odion Akhaine, Comrade Jiti Ogunye,  Comrade Opeyemi Bamidele, now the Senate Majority Leader representing Ekiti Central. Comrade Popoola Ajayi, Gbenga Toyosi Olawepo, Comrade Rotimi Obadofin, Comrade Joe Okey Odumakin, Comrade Abdul Aminu Mahmud, Comrade Wale Okuniyi, ect. == Partisan politics ==
On his return to Nigeria, he went into party politics by joining the Alliance for Democracy (AD) and became the party's Kwara State Governorship candidate in 2007. He lost the Election to the incumbent Governor of the State, Senator Bukola Saraki who was the former Nigerian Senate President. By 2011, he contested for the Irepodun/Oke-Ero/Ekiti/Isin federal constituency seat at the Nigerian National Assembly on the political platform of the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) he lost the election in controversial circumstances. The election was believed to have been rigged against him. Reverend Bunmi Olusona was a close political associate of Barrister Mohammed Dele Belgore, a Senior Advocate of Nigeria who was the 2011 Gubernatorial Candidate of the Action Congress of Nigeria, (ACN) in Kwara State.",390
1013,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"The election was believed to have been rigged against him. Reverend Bunmi Olusona was a close political associate of Barrister Mohammed Dele Belgore, a Senior Advocate of Nigeria who was the 2011 Gubernatorial Candidate of the Action Congress of Nigeria, (ACN) in Kwara State. Bunmi Olusona became a member of the Kwara State Caretaker Committee of the Action Congress of Nigeria  (ACN) and All Progressives Congress (APC) between 2013/2014. He later became the Interim Kwara State Chairman of the All Progressives Congress,  (APC), a position the national leadership of the party later ceded to Alhaji Ishola Fulani. Between 2014/2015, Rev. Bunmi Olusona was the State Director General of  Mohammed Dele Belgore's Governorship campaign organization popularly called Orange Revolution
He is still actively involved in party politics as a strong member of the Nigerian ruling party, the All Progressives Congress, (APC). Rev. Bunmi Olusona was the Special Adviser on 'Media and Illicit Financial Flows' to the Chairman House Committee on Financial Crimes, Hon. Kayode Oladele who is currently the acting Chairman, Federal Character Commission FCC. Rev. Bunmi Olusona was a member of the Kwara Transition Committee which ushered in the administration of the Executive Governor of Kwara State, Malam AbdulRahman Abdulrazak. Rev. Bunmi Olusona is currently a Director on the Board of the North Central Development Commission NCDC. == Relevant publications ==

Partisan politics
[1]Senator Michael Opeyemi Bamidele 
https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/158https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/158
[2]Hon.",376
1014,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"Bunmi Olusona is currently a Director on the Board of the North Central Development Commission NCDC. == Relevant publications ==

Partisan politics
[1]Senator Michael Opeyemi Bamidele 
https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/158https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/158
[2]Hon. Kayode Oladele 
https://www.efcc.gov.ng/efcc/news-and-information/news-release/2961-work-at-efcc-new-head-office-impressive-repshttps://www.efcc.gov.ng/efcc/news-and-information/news-release/2961-work-at-efcc-new-head-office-impressive-reps
[3]Hon. Kayode Oladele FCC
https://federalcharacter.gov.ng/
https://federalcharacter.gov.ng/Federal Character Commission
https://federalcharacter.gov.ng/
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/ise-ya-political-group-debuts/amp/Rev. Bunmi Olusona
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/ise-ya-political-group-debuts/amp/Kwara Transition Committee
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/ise-ya-political-group-debuts/amp/
https://kwarastate.gov.ng/press_releases/gov-abdulrazaq-congratulates-newly-appointed-nddcs-ed-top-official-from-kwara/Rev. Rev.",380
1015,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"Bunmi Olusona
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/ise-ya-political-group-debuts/amp/Kwara Transition Committee
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/ise-ya-political-group-debuts/amp/
https://kwarastate.gov.ng/press_releases/gov-abdulrazaq-congratulates-newly-appointed-nddcs-ed-top-official-from-kwara/Rev. Rev. https://kwarastate.gov.ng/press_releases/gov-abdulrazaq-congratulates-newly-appointed-nddcs-ed-top-official-from-kwara/Rev. Bunmi Olusona NCDC
https://kwarastate.gov.ng/press_releases/gov-abdulrazaq-congratulates-newly-appointed-nddcs-ed-top-official-from-kwara/
https://www.ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=25089
https://www.ncdc-gov.com/North Central Development Commission
https://www.ncdc-gov.com/

Nigeria, on the Eve of ""change"": Transition to What?",295
1016,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"https://kwarastate.gov.ng/press_releases/gov-abdulrazaq-congratulates-newly-appointed-nddcs-ed-top-official-from-kwara/Rev. Bunmi Olusona NCDC
https://kwarastate.gov.ng/press_releases/gov-abdulrazaq-congratulates-newly-appointed-nddcs-ed-top-official-from-kwara/
https://www.ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=25089
https://www.ncdc-gov.com/North Central Development Commission
https://www.ncdc-gov.com/

Nigeria, on the Eve of ""change"": Transition to What? - Page 33
1991 - Full view Five others were held at Ikoyi Prison: Nasir Kura, NANS vice president for national affairs Okereke, NANS secretary general; Olatunji Kayode, clerk of NANS senate; Bunmi Olusona, student at University of Ibadan; and Christian Akanni, student ... Liberty: A Quarterly News Letter of Civil Liberties Organisation
1990 - Snippet view - More editions detention, the students had gone on a ten-day hunger strike, causing the collapse of Bunmi Olusona, Nasir Kura and Christian Akanni. All three were suffering from diarrhoea and had been vomiting blood five days prior to their collapse. In the saddle: a vice-chancellor's story - Page 119
L. Ayo Banjo - 1997 - Snippet view - More editions ... of Mr Bunmi Olusona, (alias Beyond Jordan) former president, University of Ibadan Students Union 1989/90 session.",380
1017,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"All three were suffering from diarrhoea and had been vomiting blood five days prior to their collapse. In the saddle: a vice-chancellor's story - Page 119
L. Ayo Banjo - 1997 - Snippet view - More editions ... of Mr Bunmi Olusona, (alias Beyond Jordan) former president, University of Ibadan Students Union 1989/90 session. [Olusona had reportedly disappeared from the campus and was suspected to have been abducted by security agents. Democracy in Action: The South-West Experience - Page 91]
Dapo Olasebikan - 2002 - Snippet view - More editions Akangbe, Wale Balogun, Wale Olabisi (Don), Abiodnn /« remu, Femi Obayori, Bayo Ojo, Funso Mojuba, Ebun Adegoruwa, Segun Sango, Fred Adegoke, Ayodele Akele, Kayode Ogundamisi, Bunmi Olusona, Sola Otitolaye, Taiwo Otitolaye ... The African Guardian - Page 28
1991 - Snippet view - More editions Other students challenging their incarceration are Bunmi Olusona, NANS zonal co-ordinator and final year Philosophy student of the University of lbadan. Christian Aka, a graduate student in Port Harcourt and Olatunji Kay ode, a final year ... The News - Volume 28 - Page 27
2007 - Snippet view - More editions They are the incumbent governor, Dr. Bukola Saraki (PDP), Hon. Gbenga Olawepo (DPP), Senator Suleiman Makanjuola Ajadi (AC). Others are Chief Theophilus Bamigboye (AP), Alhaji Khaleel Bolaji (ANPP) and Revd. Bunmi Olusona (AD).",391
1018,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"Others are Chief Theophilus Bamigboye (AP), Alhaji Khaleel Bolaji (ANPP) and Revd. Bunmi Olusona (AD). Annual Report, Human Rights Situation in Nigeria - Page 18
1991 - Snippet view - More editions - The affected student leaders include: Mahmud Abdul-Aminu (NANS President), Chima Okereke (NANS Secretary-General), Nasser Kura (NANS Vice-President), Bunmi Olusona (former President University of Iba^in Students Union), Bamidele  ... Errands for progress - Page 12
Opeyemi Bamidele - 2003 - Snippet view ... Biodun Ogunade, Femi Obayori, Biodun Aremu, Rotimi Obadofin, Debo Adeniran, Olumide Akanmu, Bunmi Olusona, Kayode Olatunji, Christian Akani, Olumide Adeyinka, Kayode Oladele, Kayode Opeifa, Anthony Olusanya, Toyin Adeniran, ... Annual Report on Human Rights in Nigeria - Page 77
1991 - Snippet view - More editions The said meeting was attended on the side of the Students by Bamidele Opeyemi, a former NANS President; Sylvester Odion, Public Relations Officer; Chima Okereke, Secretary-General; Bunmi Olusona, then President University of Ibadan  ... Patterns of Abuse of Women's Rights in Employment and Police ...
Theresa Akumadu - 1995 - Snippet view - They include Mrs. Ayo Obe and Mr. Dulue Mbachu for editing the Manuscript, Mr. Rotimi Johnson, Miss Anne Aimua and Mr. Bunmi Olusona for carrying out the field work.",390
1019,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"Annual Report on Human Rights in Nigeria - Page 77
1991 - Snippet view - More editions The said meeting was attended on the side of the Students by Bamidele Opeyemi, a former NANS President; Sylvester Odion, Public Relations Officer; Chima Okereke, Secretary-General; Bunmi Olusona, then President University of Ibadan  ... Patterns of Abuse of Women's Rights in Employment and Police ...
Theresa Akumadu - 1995 - Snippet view - They include Mrs. Ayo Obe and Mr. Dulue Mbachu for editing the Manuscript, Mr. Rotimi Johnson, Miss Anne Aimua and Mr. Bunmi Olusona for carrying out the field work. Our very special gratitude goes to the International Centre For Human  ... New Breed - Volume 4, Issues 16-17 - Page 14
1991 - Snippet view - More editions - On the commitment of the students, Mr. Bunmi Olusona, the president of the University of Ibadan Students' Union says ""the students' body will fight on behalf of the lecturers not because of the personalities involved, but based on the principles ... Newswatch - Volume 13, Issues 14-26 - Page 25
1991 - Snippet view - More editions - The, students who attended the meeting are Chukwuma Innocent, University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Bunmi Olusona, UI; Opeyemi Bamidele, Nigerian Law School, Lagos; Okereke Chima, University of Jos; Naseer Kura Ja'afaru, Bayero University, ...


== References ==


== External links ==
I remain Kwara  (APC) Chairman -  Rev.",371
1020,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"Patterns of Abuse of Women's Rights in Employment and Police ...
Theresa Akumadu - 1995 - Snippet view - They include Mrs. Ayo Obe and Mr. Dulue Mbachu for editing the Manuscript, Mr. Rotimi Johnson, Miss Anne Aimua and Mr. Bunmi Olusona for carrying out the field work. Our very special gratitude goes to the International Centre For Human  ... New Breed - Volume 4, Issues 16-17 - Page 14
1991 - Snippet view - More editions - On the commitment of the students, Mr. Bunmi Olusona, the president of the University of Ibadan Students' Union says ""the students' body will fight on behalf of the lecturers not because of the personalities involved, but based on the principles ... Newswatch - Volume 13, Issues 14-26 - Page 25
1991 - Snippet view - More editions - The, students who attended the meeting are Chukwuma Innocent, University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Bunmi Olusona, UI; Opeyemi Bamidele, Nigerian Law School, Lagos; Okereke Chima, University of Jos; Naseer Kura Ja'afaru, Bayero University, ...


== References ==


== External links ==
I remain Kwara  (APC) Chairman -  Rev. Bunmi Olusona, January 22, 2014
permanent dead link] Kwara ACN Candidate to appeal ruling, October 12, 2011
APC hands over Party structures to Saraki in Kwara, December 16, 2013
Protests rock Kwara over Offa rerun, September 3, 2013
Abdul Mahmud: The June 12, 1993 struggles, A personal Account, June 12, 2013
Our political strength is right, April 3, 2014
5 GOVERNORS' defection to APC, trouble erupts in Kwara, November 29, 2013
Rev.",412
1021,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunmi_Olusona,Bunmi Olusona,"Our very special gratitude goes to the International Centre For Human  ... New Breed - Volume 4, Issues 16-17 - Page 14
1991 - Snippet view - More editions - On the commitment of the students, Mr. Bunmi Olusona, the president of the University of Ibadan Students' Union says ""the students' body will fight on behalf of the lecturers not because of the personalities involved, but based on the principles ... Newswatch - Volume 13, Issues 14-26 - Page 25
1991 - Snippet view - More editions - The, students who attended the meeting are Chukwuma Innocent, University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Bunmi Olusona, UI; Opeyemi Bamidele, Nigerian Law School, Lagos; Okereke Chima, University of Jos; Naseer Kura Ja'afaru, Bayero University, ...


== References ==


== External links ==
I remain Kwara  (APC) Chairman -  Rev. Bunmi Olusona, January 22, 2014
permanent dead link] Kwara ACN Candidate to appeal ruling, October 12, 2011
APC hands over Party structures to Saraki in Kwara, December 16, 2013
Protests rock Kwara over Offa rerun, September 3, 2013
Abdul Mahmud: The June 12, 1993 struggles, A personal Account, June 12, 2013
Our political strength is right, April 3, 2014
5 GOVERNORS' defection to APC, trouble erupts in Kwara, November 29, 2013
Rev. Bunmi Olusona is not interim chairman of APC, January 22, 2014
Don't install Saraki as Kwara APC leader - Olusona,  December 18, 2013
Kwara PDP meets Belgore supporters, January 8, 2014
Fresh crisis hits Kwara APC, December 17, 2014
Don't install Saraki Kwara APC leader, December 18, 2013
I remain Kwara State APC Chairman-Olusona, January 22, 2014
Saraki is a burden than asset-Olusona, January 5, 2014
Outcome of Presidential poll as likely factor in guber poll, April 11, 2015
How PDP is strategising to retake Kwara, April 29, 2014
Kwara ACN appoints caretaker committee
Belgore and Kwara APC, January 10, 2014
Party chieftain fault Saraki, May 28, 2006
Kwara opposition in disarray, March 29, 2007
Five jostle for Kwara PDP chair, April 14, 2014
Battle for the soul of Kwara, March 12, 2014
Jonathan's mission to revive Kwara PDP, March 7, 2014
Offa rerun greeted with protests, September 3, 2013
Kwara APC members storm Ilorin, September 3, 2013
Protests over Offa election rerun, September 9, 2013
https://theeagleonline.com.ng/house-committee-on-efcc-appoints-media-consultant/",659
1022,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouch_Cars,Crouch Cars,"Crouch Cars was a company founded by JWF Crouch in Coventry, England in 1912 which manufactured cars until 1928. It was located at first in Bishop Street moving in 1914 to Cook Street. == History ==
The first model, the Carette was a three-wheeled  cyclecar with a side-valve, water-cooled Crouch V-twin engine of 740 cc mounted behind the seats. It was of unconventional appearance with a low, wide radiator. The chassis frame was of ash with metal armouring and the drive was to the single rear wheel via a three-speed gearbox and chain. It cost around a £100 and was claimed to be capable of 35 mph (56 km/h) and 50 miles per imperial gallon (5.6 L/100 km; 42 mpg‑US). Later in 1912 it was also available as a four-wheeler with the engine enlarged to 906 cc. In 1913 it grew to 994 cc and in 1914 to 1018 cc. One of the cars gained a Gold Medal in the 1912 London-Exeter trial. When production restarted after the war the model became known as the 8 with the engine now displacing 1115 cc. The last one may have been made as late as 1922 when it cost £245. In 1922 a more conventional car came along, the 8/18, still a two-seater and dickey, with pressed steel chassis and shaft drive. The V-twin engine was retained, however, but now with overhead-valves and 1248 cc capacity. It was listed at £285. About 1500 V-twin cars are thought to have been made after the First World War and possibly 400 before 1914.",354
1023,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouch_Cars,Crouch Cars,"It was listed at £285. About 1500 V-twin cars are thought to have been made after the First World War and possibly 400 before 1914. With other manufacturers offering four-seat cars at less money it was necessary for Crouch to change and in 1922 the 12/24 was announced at £350 for a four-seater and £335 for a two-seater with four-cylinder Anzani 1496 cc engine and three-speed gearbox. An electric starter was fitted. A 60 mph (97 km/h) Sports and 80 mph (130 km/h) Super Sports were listed and one of these were raced at Brooklands by Alfred Moss, the father of Stirling Moss, who sold the cars from his London premises. About 800 12/24s are thought to have been made. The cars were still expensive, and so in 1923 the Economic 10/4 10 hp model was announced at £250, using a four-cylinder Dorman side-valve engine of 1200 cc. It was not terribly successful and only about 60 were made. For 1925 the 12/24 became the 12/30, the Economic vanished and what was to be the final car the 11/27 was announced. This had a 1368 cc Coventry Simplex  four-cylinder side-valve engine and was priced between £225 and £285. About 100 11/27s were made. The company disappeared with many others as a result of the Great Depression, and the rise of mass-produced small cars which could comfortably undersell the largely hand-built small-makers models. A failed export order did not help. Of the approximately 3000 cars made, only about five are known to have survived. At its peak Crouch employed about 400 people and turned out 25 cars a week. John Crouch, the founder, had trained with Daimler, and his son Bob worked there after the family firm closed.",394
1024,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouch_Cars,Crouch Cars,"At its peak Crouch employed about 400 people and turned out 25 cars a week. John Crouch, the founder, had trained with Daimler, and his son Bob worked there after the family firm closed. He eventually became head of bus sales. Crouch Cars of England had no connection with Crouch of New Brighton, Pennsylvania, USA, who manufactured steam cars between 1897 and 1900. == References ==


== See also ==
List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom",97
1025,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtron,Viewtron,"Viewtron was an online service offered by Knight-Ridder and AT&T from 1983 to 1986. Patterned after the British Post Office's Prestel system, it started as a videotex service requiring users to have a special terminal, the AT&T Sceptre. As home computers became important in the marketplace, the development focus shifted to IBM, Apple, Commodore and other personal computers. Viewtron differed from contemporary services like CompuServe and The Source by emphasizing news from The Miami Herald and Associated Press and e-commerce services from JCPenney and other merchants over computer-oriented services such as file downloads or online chat. Intended to be ""the McDonald's of videotex,"" Viewtron was specifically targeted toward users who would be apprehensive about using a computer. Viewtron also offered airline schedules from the Official Airline Guide (OAG), real estate research from Century 21, e-cards from Hallmark, product information from Consumer Reports, educational software from Scott Foresman, online auctions, financial services from American Express and EF Hutton, as well as limited online banking services as part of a research program into the uses and costs of banking online that included 20 US and Canadian banks. At its height, Viewtron was operated in at least 15 cities by various newspaper companies. After six years of research and an investment reportedly in excess of $50 million, Viewtron never turned a profit, and, despite its developer's forecasts of breaking even in two years, Knight Ridder did not expect it ever would be profitable. AT&T had invested over $100 million in the project, but was forced to write off that investment as part of its court-ordered breakup. Viewtron closed on March 31, 1986, after an attempt by the Independent Commodore Users Group to buy the service failed.",374
1026,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtron,Viewtron,"AT&T had invested over $100 million in the project, but was forced to write off that investment as part of its court-ordered breakup. Viewtron closed on March 31, 1986, after an attempt by the Independent Commodore Users Group to buy the service failed. A feature tying Viewtron to local newspapers was envisioned, with printed text instructing users how to access further information online, but it was never implemented. In 2008, PCWorld magazine named Viewtron to a list of the biggest project failures in information technology (IT) history. == Technical details ==
Hosted on a fault-tolerant Tandem/16 minicomputer, Viewtron used the NAPLPS graphics language to provide a user interface that was graphically sophisticated by the standards of the time. According to Chip Bok, screens were crafted so as they loaded, elements would be drawn in sequence, ""the way you would tell a story."" Unlike HTML, NAPLPS allowed screen elements that remained unchanged through different pages of a story to remain static, an important concern with the low bandwidth 300-2400 baud modems then in use. Despite being initially restricted to the chiclet keyboard-equipped AT&T Sceptre terminal, Viewtron's developers foresaw that general purpose personal computers would soon become the preferred way to consume online content. The Viewtron software was written from the beginning to be easily portable, and the work was able to be completed within 24 hours after the decision to refocus on home computer development. Viewtron did not initially allow users to send private messages to each other, a conscious decision by Knight Ridder to exert editorial control. Knight Ridder's vision for the service was offering products and services for users to consume, not in providing a medium for communication.",368
1027,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtron,Viewtron,"Viewtron did not initially allow users to send private messages to each other, a conscious decision by Knight Ridder to exert editorial control. Knight Ridder's vision for the service was offering products and services for users to consume, not in providing a medium for communication. When interactive features were later added, Knight Ridder discouraged their use, fearing that users interacting directly with each other would lead to a ""dystopia without newspapers."" == Service history ==
Known as ""Bowsprit"", Viewtron underwent a test period in 125 upper-income homes in Coral Gables, Florida from 1980-1981, where it was determined that customers would pay up to $600 for the required terminal. The stability of the Southern Bell phone system that would carry the data was also a factor in the launch location. The service went live in south Florida (Dade, Broward, Monroe, and Palm Beach counties) on October 30, 1983. Viewtron expanded to include all of Florida in 1984 and to other U.S. cities by 1985. After Viewtron went national, its subscriber base quickly grew from 3,000 users to 20,000. Despite its rapid growth, Viewtron soon learned that the majority of users dropped their subscriptions after six months, and the most used areas of the service among the remaining users were not Viewtron's news feeds, but the email and live chat. At the service's introduction, customers could buy the AT&T terminal but after May 1984 it was only offered for rental at $39.95 per month, which included a subscription to the service. Other customers paid $12 per month, plus a $1 hourly charge for access.",341
1028,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtron,Viewtron,"At the service's introduction, customers could buy the AT&T terminal but after May 1984 it was only offered for rental at $39.95 per month, which included a subscription to the service. Other customers paid $12 per month, plus a $1 hourly charge for access. After October 1985, Viewtron was carried nationally over the Tymnet, Telenet, and Uninet time sharing networks in the US, and by Datapac in Canada at a surcharge of 9 cents per minute on nights and weekends, and 22 cents per minute on weekdays. == Demise ==
Shortly after Viewtron's launch, Vice President Reid Ashe circulated a memo noting slower than expected sales and infrequent usage patterns. The memo drew the conclusion that people saw the service as a ""toy"" and weren't integrating Viewtron into their daily news routine. A crossed out statement in the memo discussed the differences between the newspaper business and online information delivery, noting the latter's lower cost of entry, lower profit margins, and likely increased competition. The act of crossing out this statement has been taken as a sign of Knight Ridder's unwillingness to recognize the changes in the news business that new technology was bringing and called into question Knight Ridder's intentions for Viewtron. On March 31, 1985 the group within Knight Ridder responsible for developing Viewtron wrote Knight Ridder's board of directors advocating a new direction, one that pursued business and personal computer applications. The memo recommended lowering the monthly price of the service, discontinuing the AT&T terminal to concentrate on home computer development, and conducting another review in six months. The memo pointed out that this direction was preferable because it would compete with the newspapers less than the existing service.",354
1029,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtron,Viewtron,"The memo recommended lowering the monthly price of the service, discontinuing the AT&T terminal to concentrate on home computer development, and conducting another review in six months. The memo pointed out that this direction was preferable because it would compete with the newspapers less than the existing service. Viewtron's downfall came when Knight Ridder discovered at the end of 1985 that, despite the bulk of its expenses going toward the service's news feeds, users were spending most of their online time using Viewtron's less-profitable email, message boards, and educational areas. Instead of effectively becoming an online service provider, Knight Ridder decided to concentrate on its core news business, and Viewtron was discontinued on March 31, 1986. According to Philip Meyer, director of News and Circulation Research for Knight Ridder at the time, ""We made the mistake of thinking in newspaper analogies. Thus the central computer was like a printing press in our minds, and telephone wires were the delivery trucks... . As newspaper people, we were looking for a community-based natural monopoly, like a newspaper, but without the variable costs of paper, ink, and transportation."" == Reception ==
Ahoy! praised Viewtron in its November 1985 issue, citing e-commerce, chat, news, and games as strengths and adding that the service had ""the best customer service department it has ever been my pleasure to call."" == References ==


== Further reading ==
Urrows, Henry (April 9, 1984). ""Floridians experiment with videotex buying"". InfoWorld. pp. 30–31. == External links ==
AT&T Archives: Viewtron Introduction on YouTube
AT&T Archives - The Viewtron System and Sceptre Videotex Terminal (1983) on YouTube",363
1030,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_rubidium,Isotopes of rubidium,"Rubidium (37Rb) has 35 known isotopes, from 72Rb to 106Rb, with naturally occurring rubidium composed of two: stable 85Rb (72.2%) and radioactive 87Rb (27.8%). The primordial radionuclide 87Rb has a half-life of 4.97×1010 years, beta decaying to stable 87Sr. It is, as the element is, widespread on Earth as rubidium readily substitutes for potassium in all minerals. The decay of 87Rb has been used extensively in dating rocks; see rubidium–strontium dating for a more detailed discussion. Other than 87Rb, the longest-lived radioisotopes are 83Rb with a half-life of 86.2 days, 84Rb with a half-life of 32.82 days, and 86Rb with a half-life of 18.645 days. All other radioisotopes have half-lives less than a day, most less than 20 minutes. Of the isomeric states the most stable is 82mRb at 6.472 hours. The ground state of 82Rb has a much shorter half-life of 1.2575 minutes. It is used medically in some cardiac positron emission tomography scans to assess myocardial perfusion. It is synthesized through the longer-lived 82Sr, made in a cyclotron, though a generator. It may be administered as the chloride. == List of isotopes ==


== Rubidium-87 ==
Rubidium-87 is one of two natural isotopes of rubidium, with an abundance of 27.835%, and a half-life of 4.97×1010 years, with beta decay to strontium-87, a stable isotope.",374
1031,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_rubidium,Isotopes of rubidium,"It may be administered as the chloride. == List of isotopes ==


== Rubidium-87 ==
Rubidium-87 is one of two natural isotopes of rubidium, with an abundance of 27.835%, and a half-life of 4.97×1010 years, with beta decay to strontium-87, a stable isotope. During fractional crystallization of igneous rock, Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase, leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Hence, the Rb/Sr ratio in residual magma may increase over time, resulting in rocks with increasing Rb/Sr ratios with increasing differentiation. The highest ratios (10 or higher) occur in pegmatites. The age of a mineral, if it has not been subsequently altered, is determined by the parent and daughter abundances, the half-life, and the original content of the daughter, here strontium; the 87Sr/86Sr ratio helps in its calculation. See rubidium-strontium dating for further detail. Rubidium-87 was the first and the most popular atom for making Bose–Einstein condensates in dilute atomic gases. Even though rubidium-85 is more abundant, rubidium-87 has a positive scattering length, which means it is mutually repulsive, at low temperatures. This prevents a collapse of all but the smallest condensates. It is also easy to evaporatively cool, with a consistent strong mutual scattering. There is also a strong supply of cheap uncoated diode lasers typically used in CD writers, which can operate at the correct wavelength. == See also ==
Daughter products other than rubidium

Isotopes of strontium
Isotopes of krypton
Isotopes of selenium


== References ==",379
1032,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cheese,Argentine cheese,"Argentine cheese is by far the most produced dairy product in the country, making Argentina the second largest cheese producer in Latin America and among the top 10 cheese-producing countries in the world. In addition, Argentina is the Latin American country that consumes the most cheese, with 12 kilos per capita per year. Production is mainly centered in the provinces of Córdoba, Santa Fe and Buenos Aires, in the Pampas region of the central and east-central parts of the country. In the 18th century—during the colonial era—Argentina was the place of origin of the Tafí del Valle and Goya cheeses which, along with Chanco from Chile, constitute the oldest cheeses created in the Southern Cone region of South America. Tafí del Valle is the oldest cheese of Argentina and originated in what is now the city of the same name in Tucumán, traditionally attributed to Jesuit missionaries, while Goya was created in what is now the city of the same name in Corrientes. These cheeses are one of the few typical Latin American food products with nearly three hundred years of history, along with tequila from Mexico, pisco from Peru and Chile, and chicha, among others. Modern Argentine cheesemaking culture emerged as a result of the major European immigration wave that took place during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which turned Buenos Aires into a ""melting pot"" and a great cosmopolitan city, while radically changing the customs of both the working and upper classes. These immigrants, especially those from Italy, introduced the cheesemaking technologies of their home countries and attempted to recreate their cheeses. Popular cheeses of Argentine origin include Reggianito, Sardo, Cremoso, Provoleta and Pategrás. == Production ==
The Argentine dairy industry is highly developed and is among the most modern in Latin America.",392
1033,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cheese,Argentine cheese,"Popular cheeses of Argentine origin include Reggianito, Sardo, Cremoso, Provoleta and Pategrás. == Production ==
The Argentine dairy industry is highly developed and is among the most modern in Latin America. Cheese is by far the most produced dairy product in the country, accounting for approximately 45% of national milk production, making the country one of the top 10 cheese-producing countries in the world and the second in Latin America after Brazil. More than half of the total cheese production of the country corresponds to soft cheeses (with Cremoso being the most consumed in the country), followed by semi-hard cheeses (30%) and hard cheeses (15%). Dairy production is mainly centered in the Pampas region of the central and east-central parts of Argentina, the region of the country most influenced by the Great European immigration wave of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The provinces with the most important cheese production are Córdoba, Santa Fe and Buenos Aires, and to a lesser extent La Pampa, Entre Ríos and San Luis. Due to the wide range of high-quality cheese produced in Argentina, imports of cheeses are very low—between 2,000 and 8,000 million tonnes—and mainly come from Brazil and Uruguay. The country to which the most cheese is exported is Brazil—accounting for 43% of the total exports as of 2011—followed by Venezuela, Russia, Mexico, Chile and South Korea. Argentina is also the Latin American country that consumes the most cheese, with 12 kilos per capita per year. As a result of increased consumption, the cheese production in the country grew significantly in the 2000s decade, going from 430,955 tonnes in 2001 to 508,000 tonnes in 2009. During this period, cheese consumption went from 8.3 kg per capita in 2003 to 12.4 kg per capita in 2012.",395
1034,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cheese,Argentine cheese,"As a result of increased consumption, the cheese production in the country grew significantly in the 2000s decade, going from 430,955 tonnes in 2001 to 508,000 tonnes in 2009. During this period, cheese consumption went from 8.3 kg per capita in 2003 to 12.4 kg per capita in 2012. == Argentine cheeses ==


=== Hard cheeses ===

Goya – One of the oldest cheeses of Argentina, it was created by Gregoria Morales in the late 18th century in the province of Corrientes. Morales' nickname was Goya, so the cheese began to be called by that name, as well as the town where she was based, 200 km from the city of Corrientes. By 1840, Goya was so popular that it was the best-selling cheese in the city of Buenos Aires. The cheese is now regarded as a classic of Argentine culture. Along with the Tafí del Valle cheese, Goya is one of the few typical Latin American food products with nearly three hundred years of history. Reggianito — A popular Grana-type cheese that is made from cow's milk and is mainly produced in the provinces of La Pampa, Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba and San Luis. Reggianito is based on Italian hard cheeses such as Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano, as it is the result of the adaptation of the cheesemaking technology introduced by Italian immigrants. In fact, its name is a diminutive of Reggiano and can be translated as ""Little Reggiano"", as it is produced in much smaller wheels and only aged for 5–6 months. Reggianito has been credited as one of the reasons why Parmigiano Reggiano received Protected Denomination of Origin, as ""Italian cheesemakers feared [it] would become a serious threat to their export market.""",393
1035,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cheese,Argentine cheese,"In fact, its name is a diminutive of Reggiano and can be translated as ""Little Reggiano"", as it is produced in much smaller wheels and only aged for 5–6 months. Reggianito has been credited as one of the reasons why Parmigiano Reggiano received Protected Denomination of Origin, as ""Italian cheesemakers feared [it] would become a serious threat to their export market."" Reggianito is considered the most important hard cheese of Argentina, as it is the most exported and most consumed in the country. === Semi-hard cheeses ===

Chubut – Named after the Patagonian province of Chubut, where it was created by Welsh immigrants during the mid-to-late 19th century as they prepared a homemade cheese following the techniques of their ancestors. The popularity of this cheese spread thanks to the Magnasco company, which registered Chubut cheese in 1900 and began producing it in the city of Río Cuarto, Córdoba. This product was later detached from the original formula and began to be known as Río Cuarto cheese. Chubut cheese has historically been popular as a pairing with quince paste (Spanish: dulce de membrillo), a combination called queso y dulce (lit. 'cheese and jam') or vigilante, a typical dessert of Argentine cuisine. Mar del Plata — known as Mar del Plata for having been created in the coastal city of the same name, it was formerly called Holanda, both for its similarities with the Gouda cheese and for the breed of cattle that produces the milk from which it's obtained, the Holando-Argentino. Mar del Plata is a semi-fat cheese that is made with partially skimmed cow's milk and is matured from 4 to 12 months.",383
1036,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cheese,Argentine cheese,"Mar del Plata — known as Mar del Plata for having been created in the coastal city of the same name, it was formerly called Holanda, both for its similarities with the Gouda cheese and for the breed of cattle that produces the milk from which it's obtained, the Holando-Argentino. Mar del Plata is a semi-fat cheese that is made with partially skimmed cow's milk and is matured from 4 to 12 months. It has a light yellowish color and well scattered eyes, and its rind is naturally paraffined or colored with red or yellow paint. For this reason, Holanda cheese is also known as Cáscara Colorada (English for ""red rind""). Some sources consider Mar del Plata to be another name for the local semi-hard cheese Pategrás. It is related to Edam cheese, which was adapted by European immigrants. Pategrás – The most popular semi-hard cheese produced in Argentina. It is made with pasteurized cow's milk and has a white-yellowish and uniform color, which has a firm and compact texture and an elastic consistency. Pategrás has a characteristic sweet flavor and a clean, well-developed aroma. The rind of the cheese is smooth and closed, generally covered with a layer of natural paraffin or colored with a red or yellow plastic emulsion. There is a variety of Pategrás known as ""pategrás sandwich"" or ""queso barra"", which has a more elastic texture and does not have eyes, with the intention of being cut into thin slices. Provoleta — A local variant of Provolone that is traditionally grilled and eaten as an appetizer while barbecuing. It was created by the Italian immigrant Natalio Alba in the 1940s, looking to find a cheese that could be cooked as part of the typical Argentine asado.",393
1037,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cheese,Argentine cheese,"Provoleta — A local variant of Provolone that is traditionally grilled and eaten as an appetizer while barbecuing. It was created by the Italian immigrant Natalio Alba in the 1940s, looking to find a cheese that could be cooked as part of the typical Argentine asado. Provoleta entered the Food Code in 1955 under the name Queso Provolone Hilado Argentino (English: ""Argentine Stretched Provolone Cheese""). Sardo — A yellowish white cheese similar to Pecorino Romano, although the latter is made from sheep's milk while Sardo is made with cow's milk. In its youth, Sardo is a semi-hard cheese with a soft, sweet and aromatic flavor, and as it matures it acquires more hardness and a more intense flavor. In fact, Sardo may also be considered a hard cheese. Tafí del Valle – The cheese of Tafi del Valle, Tucumán, is the oldest cheese of Argentine origin, created in the 18th century and traditionally attributed to Jesuit missionaries. Along with Goya cheese, Tafí del Valle cheese is one of the few typical Latin American food products with nearly three hundred years of history. Every year, the city of Tafí del Valle hosts the National Cheese Festival (Spanish: Festival Nacional del Queso). === Soft cheeses ===

Cremoso — Also known as Mantecoso (English: ""buttery"") and Fresco (English: ""fresh""), Cremoso cheese is defined by the Argentine Food Code as a ""high and very high moisture product, made from whole milk or standardized milk, with or without the addition of cream, acidified by lactic bacteria culture and coagulated by rennet and/or specific enzymes."" Cremoso is a white-yellowish cheese, with a sweet and slightly acid taste.",395
1038,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cheese,Argentine cheese,"=== Soft cheeses ===

Cremoso — Also known as Mantecoso (English: ""buttery"") and Fresco (English: ""fresh""), Cremoso cheese is defined by the Argentine Food Code as a ""high and very high moisture product, made from whole milk or standardized milk, with or without the addition of cream, acidified by lactic bacteria culture and coagulated by rennet and/or specific enzymes."" Cremoso is a white-yellowish cheese, with a sweet and slightly acid taste. Its paste is soft and somewhat elastic, and it is matured between 20 and 30 days. Cremoso is derived from the cheeses of Italy and Switzerland. As its name suggests, Cremoso varies between a somewhat elastic texture, and a creamy and sticky consistency. It is the most popular cheese in Argentina, as it is prized for its high meltability. Cuartirolo – Defined by the Argentine Food Code as a ""high and very high moisture product, made from whole milk or standardized milk, acidified by lactic bacteria culture and coagulated by rennet and/or specific enzymes."" Some authors consider Cuartirolo to be another name for Cremoso cheese, with the 2017 book Global Cheesemaking Technology—edited by Photis Papademas and Thomas Bintsis—noting that: ""Even if some sources in the literature and the Argentinean legislation distinguish between [Cremoso and Cuartirolo], they are virtually the same"". Quesillo — Artisan cheese produced in the Argentine Northwest, mainly the provinces of Catamarca and Tucumán, but also Santiago del Estero, Salta and Jujuy. It is defined as a ""fresh product obtained by spinning an acidified paste"" and an ""intermediate product obtained by coagulation of milk by means of rennet and supplemented or not by the action of specific lactic acid bacteria"".",400
1039,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_cheese,Argentine cheese,"Quesillo — Artisan cheese produced in the Argentine Northwest, mainly the provinces of Catamarca and Tucumán, but also Santiago del Estero, Salta and Jujuy. It is defined as a ""fresh product obtained by spinning an acidified paste"" and an ""intermediate product obtained by coagulation of milk by means of rennet and supplemented or not by the action of specific lactic acid bacteria"". Quesillo's origin dates back to the dairy activity developed by the original locals of the region, being a traditional product made mainly by women with recipes passed down from generation to generation. In 2017, after an initiative supported by the governments of Tucumán, Salta and Catamarca, Quesillo was officially incorporated to the Argentine Food Code, which enables the cheese to be produced and distributed outside the informality that characterized it until then. == See also ==

Argentine cuisine
Argentine pizza
List of Argentine dishes
List of Argentine sweets and desserts
List of Italian cheeses


== References ==


== Bibliography ==
Balmaceda, Daniel (2016). La comida en la historia argentina (eBook) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-9500756891. Retrieved 2 May 2022 – via Google Books. Papademas, Photis; Bintsis, Thomas, eds. (2017). Global Cheesemaking Technology. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119046158. == External links ==
 Media related to Cheese from Argentina at Wikimedia Commons",341
1040,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council,Ulster Workers%27 Council,"The Ulster Workers' Council was a loyalist workers' organisation set up in Northern Ireland in 1974 as a more formalised successor to the Loyalist Association of Workers (LAW). It was formed by shipyard union leader Harry Murray and initially failed to gain much attention. However, with the full support of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) the UWC became the main mobilising force for loyalist opposition to power-sharing arrangements. == Formation ==
The group had been mooted in late 1973 when Harry Murray, a shop steward at Harland & Wolff, and other loyalist trade unionists had met at the Hawthornden Road headquarters of the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party (VPUP) to discuss setting up a more formal version of the LAW The formation of the group was announced in the April 1974 edition of Ulster Loyalist, a publication of the UDA, with the announcement promising that workers would be central to the political future of Northern Ireland and that these workers were preparing to mobilise against a united Ireland. From the outset most politicians were excluded from these meetings with the exception of VPUP leader William Craig and his party colleague David Trimble. The Ulster Workers' Council (UWC) name was adopted by February 1974 with the group chaired by Glenn Barr, at the time a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the VPUP as well as a brigadier in the UDA. He was joined by the likes of Murray and Billy Kelly and Tom Beattie from Ballylumford power station. These were sometimes joined by Andy Tyrie on behalf of the UDA and Ken Gibson of the Ulster Volunteer Force, as well as representatives of smaller loyalist groups such as the Orange Volunteers and Down Orange Welfare. == Development ==
Soon after its establishment the UWC established a thirteen-member co-ordinating committee under the chairmanship of Barr. This smaller group met once a fortnight at the VPUP headquarters.",396
1041,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council,Ulster Workers%27 Council,"== Development ==
Soon after its establishment the UWC established a thirteen-member co-ordinating committee under the chairmanship of Barr. This smaller group met once a fortnight at the VPUP headquarters. The group soon came to the attention of the government, and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Merlyn Rees held a meeting with its representatives on 8 April 1974. At the meeting the UWC demanded new elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly, which they dismissed as undemocratic. The meeting soon descended into angry scenes, with UWC members making allegations to Rees about the treatment of loyalist prisoners and negotiations with ""terrorists"" in Dublin, and the meeting ended inconclusively. The response of the UWC was to threaten a general strike, and pressed ahead for strike plans without the initial knowledge of the Unionist politicians. On 13 May 1974 a large meeting of UWC-affiliated people was held at Portrush at which Billy Kelly, accompanied by Tyrie, UDA member Jim Smyth, and Short Brothers shop steward Hugh Petrie, announced to the assembled audience, which included Ernest Baird, Ian Paisley and John Taylor, that the general strike was to be launched the following day. == Strike ==

The strike began on 15 May and continued to 29 May. Rather than conceding the new elections that the UWC had initially demanded, the UK Government prorogued the Northern Ireland Assembly the following day. Rees interpreted the strike as Ulster nationalism, as it constituted open defiance of the British government by loyalists, and indeed some leaders, notably Barr, did support long-term Northern Ireland independence. However ultimately the issue did not enter into negotiations with the British government. == Post-strike ==
The initial response to the strike was jubilation with large bonfires lit across loyalist areas of Northern Ireland, although before long cracks appeared.",379
1042,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council,Ulster Workers%27 Council,"However ultimately the issue did not enter into negotiations with the British government. == Post-strike ==
The initial response to the strike was jubilation with large bonfires lit across loyalist areas of Northern Ireland, although before long cracks appeared. Publicly the political leaders Paisley, Craig and Harry West were able to claim the glory whilst the shop stewards returned to work anonymously and the paramilitary leaders faded into the background. Nonetheless the loyalist paramilitaries had decided that political activity might still be an avenue worth exploring, with both main groups declaring ceasefires and the UVF announcing the establishment of their own Volunteer Political Party. The British government took the strike as a sign that a solution could not be imposed, and that the people of Northern Ireland, or their representatives, had to find a solution for themselves. A white paper was published in July outlining plans for a Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention that would provide the Northern Irish with ""a crucial part in determining their own future"". Meanwhile, the Provisional Irish Republican Army responded to what it saw as the British government's capitulation to the strike by launching a wave of attacks in mainland Britain in an attempt to demonstrate to the British government that they were a greater threat than striking loyalists. The UWC itself rapidly lost cohesion. As early as July 1974 Harry Murray was forced to resign from the UWC, after stating publicly that he would be happy to talk to representatives of the PIRA if they ended their campaign of violence. Murray left loyalism altogether after this and by the following year was a candidate for the cross-community Alliance Party of Northern Ireland in a North Down Borough Council by-election.",330
1043,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council,Ulster Workers%27 Council,"As early as July 1974 Harry Murray was forced to resign from the UWC, after stating publicly that he would be happy to talk to representatives of the PIRA if they ended their campaign of violence. Murray left loyalism altogether after this and by the following year was a candidate for the cross-community Alliance Party of Northern Ireland in a North Down Borough Council by-election. == United Unionist Action Council ==
In 1977 a new body, the United Unionist Action Council (UUAC), was established bringing together representatives of the UDA, Down Orange Welfare, the Orange Volunteers and the remnants of the UWC under the chairmanship of Joseph Burns and with the support of Paisley and Baird, who was leading his own United Ulster Unionist Party by this point. A vigilante group called the Ulster Service Corps was organised by this group. In May 1977 this group convinced the UWC to lead a second strike in an attempt to replicate the success of three years earlier. This time however, unlike in 1974, the UUAC did not have obvious demands and the strike did not have the support of the Ulster Unionist Party or the Vanguard and it also failed to convince electricity workers to support it, resulting in only limited disruption to power. Barr announced his public opposition to the strike, Harry West led counter demonstrations urging a return to work and Royal Ulster Constabulary Chief Constable Kenneth Newman, under instruction from new Secretary of State Roy Mason, took an aggressive line smashing through makeshift barricades set up on areas such as the Shankill Road with convoys of new police armoured land rovers.",318
1044,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council,Ulster Workers%27 Council,"This time however, unlike in 1974, the UUAC did not have obvious demands and the strike did not have the support of the Ulster Unionist Party or the Vanguard and it also failed to convince electricity workers to support it, resulting in only limited disruption to power. Barr announced his public opposition to the strike, Harry West led counter demonstrations urging a return to work and Royal Ulster Constabulary Chief Constable Kenneth Newman, under instruction from new Secretary of State Roy Mason, took an aggressive line smashing through makeshift barricades set up on areas such as the Shankill Road with convoys of new police armoured land rovers. The strike descended into chaos with a series of setbacks, notably UDA gunman Kenny McClinton shooting and killing Protestant bus driver Harry Bradshaw on the Crumlin Road for his refusal to strike, an off-duty Ulster Defence Regiment soldier being killed by a bomb in the same area, UDA members William Hobbs and James McClurg accidentally immolating themselves whilst making petrol bombs in Rathcoole and Ian Paisley being arrested at a rally in Ballymena by Superintendent John Hermon. With Paisley in custody and an increasing number of Protestants ignoring it the UUAC strike fell apart and before long led to a public spat between Paisley and Tyrie and the end of the relationship between the Democratic Unionist Party and the UDA. Having become associated with the failure the UWC faded from existence. == Revival attempt ==
Harry Murray became involved in an attempt to revive the UWC in 1982, albeit as a cross-community campaign group that would lobby for the creation of employment and for unity across the working class. This initiative did not take off however. == Bibliography ==
J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army: The IRA 1916–1979, Poolbeg, 1989
Robert S Fisk, Point of No Return: the Strike which Broke the British in Ulster, Harper Collins, 1975
W.D.",398
1045,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council,Ulster Workers%27 Council,"This initiative did not take off however. == Bibliography ==
J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army: The IRA 1916–1979, Poolbeg, 1989
Robert S Fisk, Point of No Return: the Strike which Broke the British in Ulster, Harper Collins, 1975
W.D. Flackes & Sydney Elliott, Northern Ireland: A Political Directory 1968–1993, Blackstaff Press, 1994
Henry McDonald & Jim Cusack, UDA – Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror, Penguin Ireland, 2004
Ian S. Wood, Crimes of Loyalty: A History of the UDA, Edinburgh University Press, 2006


== References ==",138
1046,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidesiya_(play),Bidesiya (play),"Bidesiya or Baharā Bahār is a Bhojpuri play by Bhojpuri playwright Bhikhari Thakur. It is one of the several plays written by Bhikhari Thakur on women empowerment, migration and poverty. Owing to its popularity it becomes the folk theatre style of Bhojpuri region, some scholars has also claimed it to be as popular as Ramayana in those days. The play depicts the condition of women in Bhojpuri Society in the 19th century, the problem of migration and poverty. The play was composed and staged in 1912 and published as a book in 1917. == Theme ==
Bidesiya focuses on the theme of separation between husband and wife like the Meghadūta and Ramayana of Sanskrit. == Names ==
This play was published as Kaljug Bahar then it was published as Bahara Bahar, due to its character named Bidesiya it became famous with the name Bidesiya. == Characters ==
The play Bidesia has primarily five characters:

Bidesiya – The main character, who goes to earn in Calcutta and remarries there. Pyari Sundari – Bidesiya's wife
Batohiya – A traveller. Saloni – Bidesiya's second wife
Devar – Bidesiya's brother
Dost – Bidesiya's friend
Other characters – Two children, one villager
Labaar – They are called Vidushak in Classical Indian theatre. They usually enter in the play in between and entertain the audience with their jokes. == Synopsis ==
The play starts with Mangalachran which means Prayer to god. After that the Sutradhar comes on the stage and introduces the audience with the Characters and story line of the play.",371
1047,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidesiya_(play),Bidesiya (play),"== Synopsis ==
The play starts with Mangalachran which means Prayer to god. After that the Sutradhar comes on the stage and introduces the audience with the Characters and story line of the play. After that the play starts


=== Story ===
The play starts with a conversation between Bidesiya or Bidesi and Pyari Sundari(His wife), where Bidesiya adduces his will to leaving the village and going to Calcutta for earning. His wife tries to stop him but he doesn't stop. After going to Calcutta He doesn't come for years and the Pyari Sundari waits for him to return. One day a traveller (Batohiya) was going through the village, Pyari Sundari asks him to send her message to Bidesiya. When Batohiya reaches Calcutta he sees that Bidesiya has married to a woman named Saloni. Batohi tells him pyari's condition that how eagerly she has been waiting for him for years. Bidesiya realizes his mistake and decides to return home. Saloni asks him not to go, but he returns to home. He reaches home and knocks on the door, his wife is scared, she asks who are you in fear, he says that I am your husband, she opens the door in fear and becomes unconscious upon seeing her husband standing in front. Saloni also comes behind Bidesiya to his village and says what will she do without him. At last Pyari also accepts Saloni as her Sautan. == Message ==
Bidesiya has put the problem of poverty, migration and their impact in a very entertaining form. == Performances ==
Bidesiya is staged every year in Nandikar's National Theatre Festival. == Popularity ==
The play became very popular in North Indian States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal.",389
1048,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidesiya_(play),Bidesiya (play),"== Performances ==
Bidesiya is staged every year in Nandikar's National Theatre Festival. == Popularity ==
The play became very popular in North Indian States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Due to its popularity it became the folk theatre style of Bhojpuri region. == Adaptations and Cultural references ==


=== In various theatres ===
Hindi theatre also adopted the Bidesiya folk theatre style. Plays like Harikesh Muluk and Mati Gadi gained immense popularity using the Bidesiya theatre style. Kannada play Rūpasēna is also based on Bidesiya, It reached to North Karnataka via Maharashtra. The skeleton of the story of the play is totally inspired by Bidesiya. === In films ===
The Bhojpuri film Bidesiya directed by S. N. Tripathi released in 1963 was adaption of the play. Another movie of the same name starring Dinesh Lal Yadav Nirahua was too inspired from this play. == References ==


== Bibliography ==
Kumar, Pankaj (2022), Bhikhari Thakur's Bidesia and Gabar Ghichor: Enduring saga of angst, pain and longing of the 'left-behind'",271
1049,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy,Green economy,"A green economy is an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus. The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues ""that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair. Fairness implies recognizing global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a Just Transition to an economy that is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive."" A feature distinguishing it from prior economic regimes is the direct valuation of natural capital and ecological services as having economic value (see The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity and Bank of Natural Capital) and a full cost accounting regime in which costs externalized onto society via ecosystems are reliably traced back to, and accounted for as liabilities of, the entity that does the harm or neglects an asset. Green sticker and ecolabel practices have emerged as consumer facing indicators of friendliness to the environment and sustainable development. Many industries are starting to adopt these standards as a way to promote their greening practices in a globalizing economy. Also known as sustainability standards, these standards are special rules to make sure the products bought did not hurt the environment and the people that make them. The number of these standards has increased in recent years, and they now contribute to building a new, greener economy. However, their effectiveness is often limited by inconsistent enforcement, lack of global alignment, and insufficient incentives for compliance. They focus on economic sectors like forestry, farming, mining or fishing, among others; concentrate on environmental factors like protecting water sources and biodiversity, or reducing greenhouse gas emissions; support social protections and workers' rights; and home in on specific parts of production processes. == Green economists and economics ==
Green economics is loosely defined as any theory of economics by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides (after Lynn Margulis).",398
1050,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy,Green economy,"They focus on economic sectors like forestry, farming, mining or fishing, among others; concentrate on environmental factors like protecting water sources and biodiversity, or reducing greenhouse gas emissions; support social protections and workers' rights; and home in on specific parts of production processes. == Green economists and economics ==
Green economics is loosely defined as any theory of economics by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides (after Lynn Margulis). A holistic approach to the subject is typical, such that economic ideas are commingled with any number of other subjects, depending on the particular theorist. Proponents of feminism, postmodernism, the environmental movement, peace movement, Green politics, green anarchism and anti-globalization movement have used the term to describe very different ideas, all external to mainstream economics. According to Büscher, the increasing liberalisation of politics since the 1990s has meant that biodiversity must 'legitimise itself' in economic terms. Many non-governmental organisations, governments, banks, companies and so forth have started to claim the right to Define and defend biodiversity and in a distinctly neoliberal manner that subjects the concept's social, political, and ecological dimensions to their value as determined by capitalist markets. Some economists view green economics as a branch or subfield of more established schools. For instance, it can be regarded as classical economics where the traditional land is generalized to natural capital and has some attributes in common with labor and physical capital (since natural capital assets like rivers directly substitute for human-made ones such as canals). Or, it can be viewed as Marxist economics with nature represented as a form of Lumpenproletariat, an exploited base of non-human workers providing surplus value to the human economy, or as a branch of neoclassical economics in which the price of life for developing vs. developed nations is held steady at a ratio reflecting a balance of power and that of non-human life is very low.",397
1051,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy,Green economy,"For instance, it can be regarded as classical economics where the traditional land is generalized to natural capital and has some attributes in common with labor and physical capital (since natural capital assets like rivers directly substitute for human-made ones such as canals). Or, it can be viewed as Marxist economics with nature represented as a form of Lumpenproletariat, an exploited base of non-human workers providing surplus value to the human economy, or as a branch of neoclassical economics in which the price of life for developing vs. developed nations is held steady at a ratio reflecting a balance of power and that of non-human life is very low. An increasing commitment by the UNEP (and national governments such as the UK) to the ideas of natural capital and full cost accounting under the banner 'green economy' could blur distinctions between the schools and redefine them all as variations of ""green economics"". As of 2010 the Bretton Woods institutions (notably the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (via its ""Green Fund"" initiative) responsible for global monetary policy have stated a clear intention to move towards biodiversity valuation and a more official and universal biodiversity finance. The UNEP 2011 Green Economy Report informs that ""based on existing studies, the annual financing demand to green the global economy was estimated to be in the range US$1.05 to US$2.59 trillion. To place this demand in perspective, it is about one-tenth of total global investment per year, as measured by global Gross Capital Formation."" At COP26, the European Investment Bank announced a set of just transition common principles agreed upon with multilateral development banks, which also align with the Paris Agreement. The principles refer to focusing financing on the transition to net zero carbon economies, while keeping socioeconomic effects in mind, along with policy engagement and plans for inclusion and gender equality, all aiming to deliver long-term economic transformation.",381
1052,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy,Green economy,"At COP26, the European Investment Bank announced a set of just transition common principles agreed upon with multilateral development banks, which also align with the Paris Agreement. The principles refer to focusing financing on the transition to net zero carbon economies, while keeping socioeconomic effects in mind, along with policy engagement and plans for inclusion and gender equality, all aiming to deliver long-term economic transformation. The African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, Council of Europe Development Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, New Development Bank, and Inter-American Development Bank are among the multilateral development banks that have vowed to uphold the principles of climate change mitigation and a Just Transition. The World Bank Group also contributed. == Definition ==
Karl Burkart defined a green economy as based on six main sectors:

Renewable energy
Green buildings
Sustainable transport
Water management
Waste management
Land management

The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), representing global business, defines the green economy as ""an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social development"". In 2012, the ICC published the Green Economy Roadmap, containing contributions from international experts consulted bi-yearly. The Roadmap represents a comprehensive and multidisciplinary effort to clarify and frame the concept of ""green economy"". It highlights the role of business in bringing solutions to global challenges.",290
1053,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy,Green economy,"The Roadmap represents a comprehensive and multidisciplinary effort to clarify and frame the concept of ""green economy"". It highlights the role of business in bringing solutions to global challenges. It sets out the following 10 conditions which relate to business/intra-industry and collaborative action for a transition towards a green economy:

Open and competitive markets
Metrics, accounting, and reporting
Finance and investment
Awareness
Life cycle approach
Resource efficiency and decoupling
Employment
Education and skills
Governance and partnership
Integrated policy and decision-making


== Finance and investing ==


== Green growth ==
Approximately 57% of businesses responding to a survey are investing in energy efficiency, 64% in reducing and recycling trash, and 32% in new, less polluting industries and technologies. Roughly 40% of businesses made investments in energy efficiency in 2021. == Ecological measurements ==
Measuring economic output and progress is done through the use of economic index indicators. Green indices emerged from the need to measure human ecological impact, efficiency sectors like transport, energy, buildings and tourism, as well as the investment flows targeted to areas like renewable energy and cleantech innovation. 2016 - 2022 Green Score City Index is an ongoing study measuring the anthropogenic impact human activity has on nature. 2010 - 2018 Global Green Economy Index™ (GGEI), published by consultancy Dual Citizen LLC is in its 6th edition. It measures the green economic performance and perceptions of it in 130 countries along four main dimensions of leadership & climate change, efficiency sectors, markets & investment and the environment. 2009 - 2013 Circles of Sustainability project scored 5 cities in 5 separate countries. 2009 - 2012 Green City Index  A global study commissioned by Siemens
Ecological footprint measurements are a way to gauge anthropogenic impact and are another standard used by municipal governments.",380
1054,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy,Green economy,"2009 - 2013 Circles of Sustainability project scored 5 cities in 5 separate countries. 2009 - 2012 Green City Index  A global study commissioned by Siemens
Ecological footprint measurements are a way to gauge anthropogenic impact and are another standard used by municipal governments. == Green energy issues ==

Green economies require a transition to green energy generation based on renewable energy to replace  fossil fuels as well as energy conservation and efficient energy use. Renewables, like solar energy and wind energy, may eliminate the use of fossil fuels for electricity by 2035 and replace fossil fuel usage altogether by 2050. The market failure to respond to environmental protection and climate protection needs can be attributed to high external costs and high initial costs for research, development, and marketing of green energy sources and green products. The green economy may need government subsidies as market incentives to motivate firms to invest and produce green products and services. The German Renewable Energy Act, legislations of many other member states of the European Union and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, all provide such market incentives. However, other experts argue that green strategies can be highly profitable for corporations that understand the business case for sustainability and can market green products and services beyond the traditional green consumer. In the United States, it seemed as though the nuclear industry was coming to an end by the mid-1990s. Until 2013, there had been no new nuclear power facilities built since 1977. One reason was due to the economic reliance on fossil fuel-based energy sources. Additionally, there was a public fear of nuclear energy due to the Three Mile Island accident and the Chernobyl disaster. The Bush administration passed the 2005 Energy Bill that granted the nuclear industry around 10 million dollars to encourage research and development efforts. With the increasing threat of climate change, nuclear energy has been highlighted as an option to work to decarbonize the atmosphere and reverse climate change.",381
1055,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy,Green economy,"The Bush administration passed the 2005 Energy Bill that granted the nuclear industry around 10 million dollars to encourage research and development efforts. With the increasing threat of climate change, nuclear energy has been highlighted as an option to work to decarbonize the atmosphere and reverse climate change. Nuclear power forces environmentalists and citizens around the world to weigh the pro and cons of using nuclear power as a renewable energy source. The controversial nature of nuclear power has the potential to split the green economy movement into two branches— anti-nuclear and pro-nuclear. According to a European climate survey, 63% of EU residents, 59% of Britons, 50% of Americans and 60% of Chinese respondents are in favor of switching to renewable energy. As of 2021, 18% of Americans are in favor of natural gas as a source of energy. For Britons and EU citizens nuclear energy is a more popular energy alternative. After the COVID-19 pandemic, Eastern European and Central Asian businesses fall behind their Southern European counterparts in terms of the average quality of their green management practices, notably in terms of specified energy consumption and emissions objectives. External variables, such as consumer pressure and energy taxes, are more relevant than firm-level features, such as size and age, in influencing the quality of green management practices. Firms with less financial limitations and stronger green management practices are more likely to invest in a bigger variety of green initiatives. Energy efficiency investments are good to both the bottom line and the environment. The shift to greener energy and the adoption of more climate regulations are expected to have a 30% positive impact on businesses, mostly through new business prospects, and a 30% negative impact, according to businesses that took part in a survey in 2022. A little over 40% of the same businesses do not anticipate the transition to greener alternatives to alter their operations.",366
1056,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy,Green economy,"The shift to greener energy and the adoption of more climate regulations are expected to have a 30% positive impact on businesses, mostly through new business prospects, and a 30% negative impact, according to businesses that took part in a survey in 2022. A little over 40% of the same businesses do not anticipate the transition to greener alternatives to alter their operations. == Criticism ==
A number of organisations and individuals have criticised aspects of the 'Green Economy', particularly the mainstream conceptions of it based on using price mechanisms to protect nature, arguing that this will extend corporate control into new areas from forestry to water. Venezuelan professor Edgardo Lander says that the UNEP's report, Towards a Green Economy, while well-intentioned ""ignores the fact that the capacity of existing political systems to establish regulations and restrictions to the free operation of the markets – even when a large majority of the population call for them – is seriously limited by the political and financial power of the corporations."" Ulrich Hoffmann, in a paper for UNCTAD also says that the focus on Green Economy and ""green growth"" in particular, ""based on an evolutionary (and often reductionist) approach will not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of [[climate
change]]"" and ""may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that can bring about a U-turn of global greenhouse gas emissions. Clive Spash, an ecological economist, has criticised the use of economic growth to address environmental losses, and argued that the Green Economy, as advocated by the UN, is not a new approach at all and is actually a diversion from the real drivers of environmental crisis. He has also criticised the UN's project on the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (TEEB), and the basis for valuing ecosystems services in monetary terms.",368
1057,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy,Green economy,"Clive Spash, an ecological economist, has criticised the use of economic growth to address environmental losses, and argued that the Green Economy, as advocated by the UN, is not a new approach at all and is actually a diversion from the real drivers of environmental crisis. He has also criticised the UN's project on the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (TEEB), and the basis for valuing ecosystems services in monetary terms. == See also ==
Circular economy – Production model to minimise wastage and emissions
Degrowth – Philosophy calling for reduced consumption and production to achieve sustainability
Energy economics – Discipline that includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies
Energy policy – How a government or business deals with energy
Environmental economics – Sub-field of economics
Green accounting – Accounting that factors environmental costs
Green recovery – Type of economic stimulus program
Low-carbon economy – Climate-friendly economy
Market governance mechanism – Rules designed to change the behaviour of economic actors
Sustainable finance – Financial regulations, standards, norms and products that pursue an environmental objective


== References ==


== External links ==
Green Growth Knowledge Platform
Green Economy Coalition
UNEP – Green Economy",243
1058,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles,History of the Jews in Arles,"Arles was a major Jewish center between the Roman times and the Renaissance. Due to its location between Spain and the rest of Europe, with its proximity to the Mediterranean coast, Arles became a comfortable and sometimes beneficial city for the many Jews who lived in it. During the Middle Ages, many notable Jews were active in Arles, which functioned as a Jewish philosophy and Arabic-Hebrew-Latin translation center, as it was one of the town known for its Hachmei Provence. No Jewish community was evident in Arles ever since, even though some evidences of former Jewish life can be seen around town and in the local museum. The Jewish community ceased to prosper towards the end of the 15th century, until they were expelled in around the 1490s after which they did not return. Jews were to be found in Arles in the 1960s, though no community was ever evident again. == History ==


=== Roman Empire ===
According to a legend, Roman emperor Vespasian placed Jewish exiles after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem on three ships that were abandoned by their captains. One of the vessels reached Arles, while the other two got to Bordeaux and to Lyon. This legend suggests the existence of Jews in Arles as early as the first century CE, yet the first document depicting Jewish life in Arles is due to 425 CE. On that year, emperor Valentinian III issued a decree addressed to the ecclesiastical bishops of the area, prohibiting local Jews of entering magistracy, possess Christian slaves or taking careers of arms. During the decline of the Roman Empire, Arles became an important Jewish political and religious center. On 476, with the fall of the Roman empire, the city came under the rule of the Visigoths. The Jews of Arles lived relatively fine as long as the Visigoths maintained Arianism, which was later declared as heresy by the Vatican.",398
1059,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles,History of the Jews in Arles,"On 476, with the fall of the Roman empire, the city came under the rule of the Visigoths. The Jews of Arles lived relatively fine as long as the Visigoths maintained Arianism, which was later declared as heresy by the Vatican. In 507 and 508, when the city was under siege by the Franks and the Burgundians, the town Jews took part in the fight against them. After falling of Arles into the hands of Clovis I, the first king of Franks, the Jewish community of Arles, among other Arian Visigoths, accused bishop Caesarius of Arles of treason. The bishop's adherents, in response, accused a Jewish soldier of helping the Burgundians and the Franks getting inside the city by pointing a specific part of the wall easy for climbing. The soldier was sentenced to death while the bishop was acquitted. Soon after, upon the rule of the Merovingian kingdom, local bishops all around southern France were encouraged by king Chilperic I himself to attempt conversion over Jews. Arles bishop Virgilius was highly keen to convert local Jews, and apparently did so by force, in objection to the Vatican stand, as shown on an Epistle sent to him by the Vatican:
""... many of the Jews settled in those parts have been brought to the font of baptism more by force than by preaching. Now, I consider the       intention in such cases to be worthy of praise... But I fear lest this same intention, unless adequate enforcement from Holy Scripture accompany it, should either have no profitable result... For, when any one is brought to the font of baptism, not by the sweetness of preaching, but by compulsion, he returns to his former superstition, and dies the worse from having been born again.",371
1060,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles,History of the Jews in Arles,"Now, I consider the       intention in such cases to be worthy of praise... But I fear lest this same intention, unless adequate enforcement from Holy Scripture accompany it, should either have no profitable result... For, when any one is brought to the font of baptism, not by the sweetness of preaching, but by compulsion, he returns to his former superstition, and dies the worse from having been born again. Let, therefore, your Fraternity stir up such men by frequent preaching...""


=== Middle Ages ===
Under the rule of the Carolingian dynasty, starting on 638, life conditions of the Jewish communities in southern France improved. The Carlovingian princes protected the Jews from attacks of the clergy. At the beginning of the ninth century, the kingdom of Burgundy was establishment by Boso of Provence, with the support of the clergy and Pope John VIII. Shortly after, Boso passed his rights over the Jews of Arles to the local Archbishop named Rostang, as a gratitude for the clergy support of him. Boso's successors continued with this tradition. The clergy and the Archbishop of Arles laid heavy taxes upon the local Jews, and it may be claimed to be reason why during the Crusades the Jews of Arles were relatively safe, when other communities in southern France, not subjected directly to the local clergy, suffered severely from the attacks of the crusaders. A document attributed to the disposal of Archbishop Raymond (1142–57) mentions a Jewish cemetery at the montjuif, nowadays Griffeville quarter. A Hebrew inscription on a tombstone dates to this period found in the cemetery can be found today at the Musee d'art chretien. Jews made an annual payment of 44 sols to the Archbishop for this property. Benjamin of Tudela visited Arles at the 12th century and reported 200 Jewish families and six rabbis living in a separate quarter of town.",393
1061,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles,History of the Jews in Arles,"Jews made an annual payment of 44 sols to the Archbishop for this property. Benjamin of Tudela visited Arles at the 12th century and reported 200 Jewish families and six rabbis living in a separate quarter of town. The Archbishop of Arles appointed each year three Jewish representatives called Rectors, to maintain the connection between the Archbishop and the Jewish community which was under his direct rule, until 1276 when Charles I of Naples deprived the Archbishop of this privilege given to the Arles Archbishops several centuries before. This change caused a deterioration in the life of the Jewish community, since the clergy did not get taxes from them anymore and by that were free to ignite fanaticism among the Christian inhabitants of the town. By that time Jews were already forced to wear the yellow marking on their chests. === Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ===
The second half of the fourteenth century brought severe deterioration on the Jewish community of Arles, due to the reign of Joanna I of Naples, who promoted aggressively a restriction agenda towards Jews. Jews in Arles were not allowed testify as Christians, attend public baths, work on Sundays and other restrictions. Nevertheless, on that time the Jewish community had also established a Torah and Talmud school, a charitable organisation, a synagogue, and a ritual bathe. Documentation imply the occupation of many Jews in medicine, and some business initiatives such as a 1425 partnership of two Jews to manufacture soap. Due to numerous mob attacks on the town Jews, the latter were given permission to build a defense fortress in their quarter for further attacks. The permit was given by king Rene of Anjou, who also gave the Jews permission to practice freely their own customs. With the death of the king Provence was annexed to France (1484) and the attacks renewed shortly after, when a group of people came from outside Arles and killed several women, attacked houses and forcefully converted about fifty Jews into Christianity.",391
1062,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles,History of the Jews in Arles,"The permit was given by king Rene of Anjou, who also gave the Jews permission to practice freely their own customs. With the death of the king Provence was annexed to France (1484) and the attacks renewed shortly after, when a group of people came from outside Arles and killed several women, attacked houses and forcefully converted about fifty Jews into Christianity. In 1488 the Jews were deported out of the city, from which they had never returned. Those who chose conversion were allowed to stay. The synagogue was destroyed, and the final Jew left the city by September 1494. === Sixteenth century and on ===
Jews passing Arles during the 17th century were forced to pay a crown impost. After several tryouts of Jews to return to the city, a Provence parliament decree 1775 ordered them to utterly leave. Similar decrees forbidding Jews to trade in Arles were issued in 1773 and 1775. After the French Revolution, some Jews from the Avignon area tried to resettle in Arles. Two centuries after, several Jews were living in the city during the 1960s, though no formal community was active. The Municipal Museum possessed a rich collection of Jewish ritual objects and Jewish documents. == Prominent Jews active in Arles ==
Source:

Judah ben Moses of Arles - An honorable scholar active in the 11th century, known figure in the European Jewish world of the time. Abraham ibn Daud - a Jewish philosopher and religious scholar active in the 12th century. Samuel ibn Tibbon - Philosopher and translator in 12th century France. Was the first to translate the famous The Guide for the Perplexed by Maimonides from Arabic into Hebrew. Gershon ben Solomon of Arles - a 13th-century philosopher, possibly father of Gersonides. Levi Ben Abraham Ben Hayyim - Jewish scholar in the 13th century.",390
1063,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles,History of the Jews in Arles,"Gershon ben Solomon of Arles - a 13th-century philosopher, possibly father of Gersonides. Levi Ben Abraham Ben Hayyim - Jewish scholar in the 13th century. Took part in the religious controversy between 1303 and 1306. Formed an encyclopedia and published several scientific articles. Kalonymus ben Kalonymus - An Arles born Jewish philosopher and translator. Wrote a few Jewish textbooks and was given the title Nasi. Kalonymus ben David ben Todros - A Jewish translator active in the 14th century. Nathanael ben Nehemiah Caspi - a Jewish scholar in Provence during the end of the fourteenth century. Composed a commentary on the Cuzari of Judah ha-Levi. Bendich Ahin - A mathematician and a physician in Arles during the second half of the 14th century. Appointed physician of queen Joanna I of Naples. Mentioned in Nostradamus writings as a smart disciple. Meir Bendig - A talmudist in Arles in the second half of the fifteenth century. Wrote several texts. Other notable Jewish residents of Arles. == See also ==
History of the Jews in France
Shuadit


== References ==


== External links ==
Arles remembrance center for resistance and deportation during WWII",277
1064,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbab_Jehangir_Khan,Arbab Jehangir Khan,"Arbab Jehangir Khan Khalil (1 August 1936 – 16 October 2007) a renowned figure of the Khalil tribe, was a Pakistani politician hailed from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. He served as the 8th elected (14th overall) Chief Minister from 7 April 1985 to 29 May 1988 and then as the Leader of opposition in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa assembly from 1989 to 1990. Electorally undefeated throughout his career, he also served as Federal Minister for Petroleum Resources, Housing and Works, Narcotics control and Senior Minister. == Early life and education ==
Arbab Jehangir Khan was born in 1936 to Nawab Arbab Sher Ali Khan in Tehkal Peshawar. He got a degree in law from the University of Peshawar. == Personal life ==

His daughter-in-law, Asma Arbab Alamgir, is a Pakistani politician who served as member of the National Assembly of Pakistan. His son Arbab Alamgir Khan was appointed  Federal Minister for Communications in the cabinet of Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani. His nephew Shehzad Arbab was a bureaucrat who ended his career as Chief Secretary Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Jammu Kashmir. He later joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and was appointed Special Assistant to Prime Minister Imran Khan. Arbab Jehangir Khan's elder brother was Commissioner Dera Ismail Khan. He was the sixth of seven brothers, three of whom served in Pakistan Army one of them being Arbab Niaz Muhammad who was later appointed a Minister and the cricket stadium in peshawar is named after him. == Political career ==
Arbab Jehangir Khan started his political career in 1969. In 1970, he contested election for the first time and was elected to Provincial Assembly from National Awami Party.",395
1065,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbab_Jehangir_Khan,Arbab Jehangir Khan,"== Political career ==
Arbab Jehangir Khan started his political career in 1969. In 1970, he contested election for the first time and was elected to Provincial Assembly from National Awami Party. In the 1977 general elections He secured his seat by winning the provincial assembly seat from Pakistan People Party and in 1985 elections he was sworn in as the 8th Chief Minister of North-West-Frontier-Province now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In 1988 he ran for the Provincial Assembly seat as an independent candidate continuing his winning streak. From 1990 and onwards he shifted his focus towards National politics securing the 1990, 1993 and 1997 National Assembly seat. A lawyer by profession, he earned the distinction of being electorally undefeated in every election he contested in his 32-year political career. Due to health issues, he retired from politics prior to the 2002 general elections. He held senior positions in all Pakistan's major political parties including Pakistan Muslim League, Awami National Party and Pakistan People's Party. == Death ==
Arabab Jehangir Khan died due to cardiac arrest on Tuesday, 16 October 2007 at the age of 71. Thousands gathered to offer his funeral in University of Peshawar. He was laid to rest in his family graveyard in Tehkal area of Peshawar. == See also ==
List of chief ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa


== References ==


== External links ==
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Government",311
1066,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Besi,Sungai Besi,"Sungai Besi (formerly known as Sungei Besi) (English: Steel River) is a town and suburb within the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. The federal constituency of Sungai Besi existed from 1974 to 1995. Sungai Besi was a historical mining town with many heavy industries such as steelworks, waste steel plants and other steel industries. Sungei Besi Tin Mine site was the largest and deepest open cast alluvial tin mine in the world and in Malaysia. The town has since developed from a large area of village settlements. == Background and progress ==
The town is still in its original settings. The village structures are from the early days of the town. Most of the buildings are built from wood and the pathways are narrow. There is also a modest century-old Chinese temple ( 仙四師爺廟(新街場) ) which is founded in 1901 inside the town area. The vibrant area of Sungai Besi is located within the shops and the area near with the police station. Sungai Besi has many street vendors and traders in wet markets who sell mostly food items and fruits. The Sungei Besi Tin Mine site was once upon a time the largest and deepest open cast alluvial tin mine in the world, as deep as 100 metres in some parts of the pit and with dangerously unstable slopes. Today, the site has been developed and occupied by Mines Wellness City. Sungai Besi is also known for the Sungai Besi Airport (Simpang Airport) which was once the main airport for Kuala Lumpur until 1965, where it got relocated to Subang International Airport. The airport then housed the RMAF Museum and the Sungai Besi Air Base.",363
1067,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Besi,Sungai Besi,"Sungai Besi is also known for the Sungai Besi Airport (Simpang Airport) which was once the main airport for Kuala Lumpur until 1965, where it got relocated to Subang International Airport. The airport then housed the RMAF Museum and the Sungai Besi Air Base. It was used by the Royal Malaysian Air Force as well as the Police, Fire and Rescue services for aviation purposes until it ceased operations in early 2018 to make way for the construction of MRT stations and Bandar Malaysia development project. A refugee camp for Vietnamese boat people was set up in Sungai Besi in 1982. It was consisted of two camp sites, one of which the location was approximately where Astro Bukit Jalil is situated today. The camp was officially closed in 1996 with the repatriation of 22 boat people to Hanoi, the last batch of refugees to leave Malaysia. == Accessibility and transport ==
The township is easily accessible from the North–South Expressway Southern Route. The road into the township is only 400 metres from the Sungai Besi Expressway exit. The main road in Sungai Besi is Jalan Suasa which is the main trading centre. Sometimes, it is packed with heavy vehicles and cars of many tourists who are in town to enjoy Sungai Besi's famed seafood. The township is also served by the Sungai Besi station on the Sri Petaling LRT line and Putrajaya MRT line. == References ==",299
1068,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakluyt_%26_Company,Hakluyt %26 Company,"Hakluyt & Company is a British strategic advisory firm. The company is headquartered in London. Hakluyt was founded in 1995 by former officials of the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). The company has recruited several former British spies and journalists from The Financial Times. The name of the company comes from the geographer Richard Hakluyt. The firm is chaired by Paul Deighton, and the other members of the board include managing partner Thomas Ellis, Paul Dimitruk, Don Viera, and Jean Tomlin. Its head office is in Upper Brook Street, Mayfair. It also has branches on Park Avenue, Manhattan and Raffles Place, Singapore. == Board and personnel ==
In 2024, former managing partner Varun Chandra was appointed by Prime Minister Keir Starmer to become his new business and investment adviser. He was succeeded by Thomas Ellis. Hakluyt's international advisory board is chaired by former British foreign secretary, Lord William Hague. Hague assumed the role in 2024, succeeding Niall FitzGerald, former deputy chairman of Thomson Reuters UK and an adviser to Morgan Stanley. Other board members have included Kieran Prendergast, former Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs at the United Nations; John Rose, former Rolls-Royce chief executive; Robert Webb, former BBC Worldwide chairman; and E. Neville Isdell, former chair of The Coca-Cola Company. Andrew Mitchell, former UK Secretary of State for International Development, acted as an adviser to Hakluyt. Hakluyt has established a network of operatives throughout the world who provide it with intelligence on commercial or political issues of interest to its clients. Operatives used by Hakluyt include embassy staff, former spies, reporters, and well connected government and corporate people. Hakluyt has strong links with the British intelligence service MI6.",371
1069,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakluyt_%26_Company,Hakluyt %26 Company,"Operatives used by Hakluyt include embassy staff, former spies, reporters, and well connected government and corporate people. Hakluyt has strong links with the British intelligence service MI6. The Evening Standard wrote in 2012 that ""Spies preparing for retirement are approached discreetly in St James's clubs and asked if they would like some lucrative freelance action to top up their pensions"". Hakluyt refused to comment when asked whether former employees of MI6 were required to cut ties with the intelligence agency when recruited to work at Hakluyt. == Activities ==
Hakluyt works for large corporations, and has close links with large oil firms. Peter Cazalet, former deputy chairman of BP, helped establish Hakluyt and Peter Holmes, former chairman of Shell, has been president of its foundation. Its London office compiles reports provided by its field operatives. In 2001, The Sunday Times reported that oil companies Shell and BP hired Hakluyt to collect information on the environmental group Greenpeace. In 2012, one of Hakluyt's operatives, Neil Heywood, was found dead in his Chongqing hotel room. Heywood had been close to the local Communist party representative, Bo Xilai, and his wife Gu Kailai. The event became an international incident which included the involvement of then-UK prime minister David Cameron. Gu was in due course convicted of murder and sentenced to death; her sentence was later commuted to 15 years imprisonment. In 2023, Bloomberg reported that the British Labour Party had ""brought in"" Hakluyt to help it court the British business community by arranging meetings with prominent business figures. A spokesperson for Hakluyt stated that ""we do not work for political parties,” while a Labour spokesperson declined to comment on the association. Since circa 2023, Hakluyt has been working with Thames Water on a forward strategy for the financially stricken company, including on avoiding renationalisation.",392
1070,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakluyt_%26_Company,Hakluyt %26 Company,"A spokesperson for Hakluyt stated that ""we do not work for political parties,” while a Labour spokesperson declined to comment on the association. Since circa 2023, Hakluyt has been working with Thames Water on a forward strategy for the financially stricken company, including on avoiding renationalisation. A number of former government officials now working for Hakluyt worked on the project, reportedly including two former deputy chiefs of staff to prime ministers, a former private secretary and speechwriter to two chancellors, and Sir Oliver Robbins who later became the Foreign Office permanent undersecretary. Concern has been expressed that during the course of the project former Hakluyt managing partner Varun Chandra become the prime minister's business and investment adviser. == See also ==
Manfred Schlickenrieder


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website",173
1071,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_goalball_team,Brazil women%27s national goalball team,"Brazil women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Brazil. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment. The team takes part in international goalball competitions. == Paralympic Games ==


=== 2004 Athens ===
The team competed in 2004 Summer Paralympics, between 17 and 28 September 2004, in the Faliro Sports Pavilion Arena, Athens, Greece. The team finished seventh. === 2008 Beijing ===
The team competed in 2008 Summer Paralympics, from 6 to 17 September 2008, in the Beijing Institute of Technology Gymnasium 'bat wing' arena, Beijing, China. They did not reach the quarter-finals of the eight teams. === 2012 London ===
The team competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics from 30 August to 7 September 2012, in the Copper Box Arena, London, England. In Group A, they were beaten by Japan 0:2 in the quarter-finals. Athletes were Claudia Paula de Amorim Oliveira, Gleyse Priscila Portioli de Souza, Marcia Bonfim Vieira dos Santos, Denise Daniele Batista de Souza, Ana Carolina Duarte Ruas Custodio, and Neusimar Clemente dos Santos. The following is the Brazil roster in the women's goalball tournament of the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Quarter-finals


=== 2016 Rio de Janeiro ===
As the host nation, the team competed in 2016 Summer Paralympics, with competition from Thursday 8 September to finals on Friday 16 September 2016, in the temporary Future Arena, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The following is the Brazil roster in the women's goalball tournament of the 2016 Summer Paralympics.",352
1072,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_goalball_team,Brazil women%27s national goalball team,"Quarter-finals


=== 2016 Rio de Janeiro ===
As the host nation, the team competed in 2016 Summer Paralympics, with competition from Thursday 8 September to finals on Friday 16 September 2016, in the temporary Future Arena, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The following is the Brazil roster in the women's goalball tournament of the 2016 Summer Paralympics. Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Bronze Medal


=== 2020 Tokyo ===

The team competed in the 2020 Summer Paralympics, with competitionfrom Wednesday 25 August to finals on Friday 3 September 2021, in the Makuhari Messe arena, Chiba, Tokyo, Japan. The following is the Brazil roster in the women's goalball tournament of the 2020 Summer Paralympics. Round-robin

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Bronze medal match


== World Championships ==


=== 2002 Rio de Janeiro ===
The team competed in the 2002 World Championships, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 30 August 2002 to 8 September 2002. The team was one of ten teams participating, and they finished eighth overall. === 2006 Spartanburg ===
The team competed in the 2006 World Championships, in July 2006, in Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States of America. There were sixteen men's and thirteen women's teams. The team did not make the semi-finals. === 2014 Espoo ===
The team competed in the 2014 World Championships from 30 June to 5 July 2014, in Espoo, Finland. They placed fifth. === 2018 Malmö ===
The team competed in the 2014 World Championships from 30 June to 5 July 2014, in Espoo, Finland.",349
1073,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_goalball_team,Brazil women%27s national goalball team,"They placed fifth. === 2018 Malmö ===
The team competed in the 2014 World Championships from 30 June to 5 July 2014, in Espoo, Finland. Athletes for the event were: Alaine Lilian da Silva Marques, Ana Carolina Duarte Custódio Streets, Gleyse Priscila Portiolli Henrique, Jéssica Gomes Vitorino, Ana Gabriely Brito Assunção, and Moniza Aparecida de Lima. Coming first in Pool D, they beat Australia 5:2 in the quarter-finals, but were beaten by Turkey in the semi-finals, 2:5. They then beat Canada 7:2 for the bronze medal. === 2022 Matosinhos ===

The team competed in the 2022 World Championships from 7 to 16 December 2022, at the Centro de Desportos e Congressos de Matosinhos, Portugal. There were sixteen men's and sixteen women's teams. They placed fifth in Pool B, and ninth in final standings. == IBSA World Games ==


=== 2003 Quebec City ===
The 2003 IBSA World Games were held in Quebec City, Canada with 10 teams competing. The first stage was pool play with 5 teams per pool and the top two teams in each pool advancing to the next round. The team made it out of the round robin round. === 2007 São Paulo ===
The team competed in the 2003 IBSA World Games, from 28 July 2007 to 8 August 2007, in São Paulo, Brazil. The women's goalball competition included thirteen teams. The competition was a 2008 Summer Paralympics qualifying event. Ana Carolina Duarte led the competition in scoring with 27 points. Brazil finished second after losing to Finland in overtime.",365
1074,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_goalball_team,Brazil women%27s national goalball team,"Ana Carolina Duarte led the competition in scoring with 27 points. Brazil finished second after losing to Finland in overtime. === 2011 Antalya ===
The team competed in the 2011 IBSA World Games from 1 to 10 April 2011, in Antalya, Turkey, organised by the Turkish Blind Sports Federation. There were fifteen men's and fourteen women's teams. They placed eleventh in the final standings. == Regional championships ==
 
The team competes in the IBSA America goalball region. The winner of the championships usually qualifies for a berth at the World Championships or the Paralympic Games. === 2005 São Paulo ===
The team competed at the 2005 IBSA Goalball Americas Regional Championships which were part of the Fourth IBSA Pan-American Games, the competition being from Monday 5 September 2005 to Friday 9 September 2005, in São Paulo, Brazil. There were five men's and three women's teams. There were three women's teams competing: Brazil, Canada, and United States. Brazil finished first, with the United States second and Canada third. === 2011 Guadalajara ===
The team competed at the 2011 Parapan American Games from 13 to 19 November 2011, at the San Rafael Gymnasium in Guadalajara, Mexico. There were five women's teams: Brazil, Canada, El Salvador, Mexico, United States. Athletes were Jéssica Alves, Ana Custódio, Claudia Gonçalves, Gleyse Portioli, Neusimar Santos, and Márcia Vieira. Brazil came second to USA in the finals. === 2013 Colorado Springs ===
The team competed at the 2013 Parapan American Games (which also hosted the 2013 IBSA World Youth Championships) from 11 to 14 July 2013, at Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA. There were three women's teams: Brazil, Canada, United States. Brazil took the silver medal, losing to USA.",395
1075,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_goalball_team,Brazil women%27s national goalball team,"There were three women's teams: Brazil, Canada, United States. Brazil took the silver medal, losing to USA. === 2015 Toronto ===
The team competed at the 2015 Parapan American Games from 8 August 2015 to 15 August 2015, at the Mississauga Sports Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. There were six women's teams: Brazil, Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, United States. Brazil took the gold medal, beating USA. === 2017 São Paulo ===
The team competed at the 2017 IBSA Goalball Americas Championships from Wednesday 29 November 2017 to Sunday 3 December 2017, at São Paulo, Brazil. There were six women's teams: Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, United States. Brazil took silver, with Canada taking the gold. === 2019 Lima ===
The team competed at the 2019 Parapan American Games from 23 August 2019 to 1 September 2019, at the Miguel Grau Coliseum, Lima, Peru. This championships was a qualifier for the 2020 Paralympic Games. There were six women's teams: Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, United States. Brazil took gold, beating USA. === 2022 São Paulo ===
Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the IBSA America championship moved from 6 to 13 November 2021, to 18 to 22 February 2022. The event was held at the Centro de Treinamento Paralímpico (Paralympic Training Center) in São Paulo. This championships was a qualifier for the 2022 World Championships. There are twelve women's teams: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, United States, Venezuela.",348
1076,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_goalball_team,Brazil women%27s national goalball team,"This championships was a qualifier for the 2022 World Championships. There are twelve women's teams: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, United States, Venezuela. In the round-robin section, the team mercied four of their five competitors (Venezuela (10:0), Colombia (11:1), Guatemala (10:0), and Peru (10:0)), and beating Mexico (8:1). In the quarter-finals they mercied Chile (10:0), narrowly beat USA in the semi-finals (5:4), before beating Canada (5:0) to take the gold medal. The national men's team also achieved gold medal success. == Competitive history ==
The table below contains individual game results for the team in international matches and competitions. === Goal scoring by competition ===


== See also ==
Disabled sports
Brazil men's national goalball team
Brazil at the Paralympics


== References ==",206
1077,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Horton_O%27Dwyer,Richard Horton O%27Dwyer,"Richard Harton O'Dwyer (1858–1922) was a Newfoundland merchant and politician. He represented Placentia and St. Mary's in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1889 to 1893 as a Liberal. The son of merchant and politician Richard O'Dwyer (1811 - 1875), a native of Waterford, Ireland and Wilhelmina Harton (1822 - 1887), a native of Banagher, Ireland, he was born in St. John's and moved to England with his family in 1868, his father looking after the importing side of the family's business and leaving the Newfoundland side of the business to be run by his younger brother, John (1813 - 1878). O'Dwyer returned to St. John's at the age of 21, after the death of his unmarried uncle John, to take over the family business with his brother John. He served in the Newfoundland cabinet as Receiver General from 1890 to 1893. O'Dwyer was unsuccessful when he ran for reelection in 1893. He was subsequently named commissioner of public charities, continuing to hold that post until he died in 1922. Richard O'Dwyer Senior built the O'Dwyer Block on Water Street in St. John's between 1846 and 1849. Unlike other commercial buildings of the time, it was not built of wood and survived the Great Fire of 1892. It has been designated as a heritage structure by the Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador. == References ==",308
1078,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_X,Mode X,"Mode X is a 320 × 240 256-color graphics display mode of the VGA graphics hardware for IBM PC compatibles. It was first publicized by Michael Abrash in his July 1991 ""Ramblings in Realtime"" column in Dr. Dobb's Journal. The articles were reprinted in chapters 47-49 of Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book. The term ""Mode X"" was coined by Abrash. Mode X is a variant of the  320 × 200 Mode 13h with the resolution increased to 320 × 240, giving square pixels instead of the slightly elongated pixels of Mode 13h. It is enabled by entering Mode 13h via a BIOS system call, then changing the values of several VGA registers. Additionally, Abrash enabled the VGA's planar memory mode (also called ""unchained mode""). Even though planar memory mode is a documented part of the VGA standard and was used in earlier commercial games, it was first widely publicized in the Mode X articles, leading many programmers to consider Mode X and planar memory synonymous. It is possible to enable planar memory in standard 320 × 200 mode, which became known as Mode Y in the Usenet rec.games.programmer group. Planar memory arrangement splits the pixels horizontally into groups of four. For any given byte in video memory, four pixels on screen can be accessed depending on which plane(s) are enabled. This is more complicated for the programmer, but the advantages gained by this arrangement—primarily the ability to use all 256 KB of VGA memory for one or more display buffers, instead of only one quarter of that (64 KB)—were considered worthwhile by many.",359
1079,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_X,Mode X,"For any given byte in video memory, four pixels on screen can be accessed depending on which plane(s) are enabled. This is more complicated for the programmer, but the advantages gained by this arrangement—primarily the ability to use all 256 KB of VGA memory for one or more display buffers, instead of only one quarter of that (64 KB)—were considered worthwhile by many. == Variants ==
In addition to unchained 320 × 200 being called Mode Y, Mode Q (short for ""cube"") is sometimes used to refer to a 256 × 256 256-color mode. The Y coordinate can simply be put in the high byte of the address, and the X coordinate in the low byte, forming the address of the pixel without a multiply. == References ==


== External links ==
Graphics Programming Black Book by Michael Abrash, chapters 47, 48, 49. Mode X tutorial at GameDev.net (archived copy)
Tweaked VGA Modes by Robert C. Pendleton (archived copy)
Introduction to Mode X by Robert Jambor (archived copy)",232
1080,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"Russ Tolman (born August 15, 1956) is a singer-songwriter who came to international attention in the 1980s as guitarist, songwriter, and producer of True West, a band associated with the Paisley Underground. == Early life and career ==
Tolman was born August 15, 1956, and raised in Northern California. His father was a sheep rancher, and his mother was a former burlesque dancer who worked during World War II as a ""Rosie the Riveter"". He is the grandson of noted psychologist Edward C. Tolman, and great-nephew of Manhattan Project physicist Richard C. Tolman. While attending school at University of California, Davis, Tolman was a DJ at the student radio station KDVS, where he met a pre-Dream Syndicate Steve Wynn and Kendra Smith, who were also disc jockeys at the station. Together in 1978 they formed Suspects, which was touted as Davis's first New Wave band. Answering a classified ad in The California Aggie was drummer Gavin Blair (who would later be lead singer in True West) and bassist Steve Suchil. Active until 1980, when Wynn and Smith returned to Southern California to attend UCLA, Suspects played many of the Northern California punk and new wave venues of the day including San Francisco's Mabuhay Gardens and The Deaf Club and UC Davis's Coffeehouse. They released a 45 RPM single, ""Talking Loud"" b/w ""It's Up To You,"" in 1979. Following the breakup of Suspects, Tolman began playing with Sean O'Brien in The Meantime, which also featured bassist Rick Gates, son of David Gates of Bread. The elder Gates produced Tolman's song ""Two For One"" for the band's self-released 7-inch EP in 1981.",377
1081,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"Following the breakup of Suspects, Tolman began playing with Sean O'Brien in The Meantime, which also featured bassist Rick Gates, son of David Gates of Bread. The elder Gates produced Tolman's song ""Two For One"" for the band's self-released 7-inch EP in 1981. From 1979 until 1983, Tolman worked as a disc jockey at progressive country station KYLO in Davis, where he developed a love for classic honky tonk, western swing, and folk under the tutelage of music director Gordy Broshear, formerly of genre pioneers KFAT. By 1982, The Meantime had changed their name to True West and Gavin Blair had replaced Sean O'Brien as lead singer. The band went on to coalesce around Blair, Tolman, and guitarist Richard McGrath and record two well received albums, which allowed the band to tour constantly in the US and Europe from 1983 through early summer 1985, including accompanying R.E.M. as opening act on their Fables of the Reconstruction tour. In summer 1985, True West and Tolman parted ways. == Solo recording career ==
Tolman started work on his first solo album Totem Poles And Glory Holes, which was released in 1986 on UK label Zippo/Demon Records. The album was released in the U.S. the next year on Down There/Restless Records and received many positive reviews including being named New York Times music critic Robert Palmer's ""Rock Album of the Week"" in the May 29, 1987 Times, as well as making that writer's and many other's year-end ""Best Of"" list.",337
1082,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"== Solo recording career ==
Tolman started work on his first solo album Totem Poles And Glory Holes, which was released in 1986 on UK label Zippo/Demon Records. The album was released in the U.S. the next year on Down There/Restless Records and received many positive reviews including being named New York Times music critic Robert Palmer's ""Rock Album of the Week"" in the May 29, 1987 Times, as well as making that writer's and many other's year-end ""Best Of"" list. Tolman left Davis for Los Angeles at the end of summer 1986, where he helped manage Steve Wynn's Down There Records label, releasing albums by Tolman, The Romans, Divine Weeks, Top Jimmy & The Rhythm Pigs, Doctor's Children, and others via a distribution deal with successful independent label Restless Records. Tolman did his first U.S. tour with a band that featured bassist David Provost (Dream Syndicate, The Droogs, Phil Seymour, Holly and the Italians), former True West drummer Frank French (later of Cake), and San Francisco guitarist Jeff Kane. In 1988, Tolman recorded Down In Earthquake Town, which was the first of a series of albums he made at Westbeach Recorders with engineer (and sometimes co-producer and co-writer) Brett Gurewitz, founder of Bad Religion and Epitaph Records. This album was released in Europe on Zippo/Demon Records and in the U.S. on Skyclad Records. Tolman supported this album with a U.S. tour with a band that included keyboardist Robert Lloyd, bassist Brian Mazur, guitarist Jeff Kane, and drummer Dave Drewry. Johnette Napolitano of Concrete Blonde, credited as the Strawberry Neapolitan Singers, lends background vocals to the album. Tolman makes vocal noises on the title song of Concrete Blonde's 1989 album Free.",394
1083,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"Johnette Napolitano of Concrete Blonde, credited as the Strawberry Neapolitan Singers, lends background vocals to the album. Tolman makes vocal noises on the title song of Concrete Blonde's 1989 album Free. Goodbye Joe was released in 1990 on Skyclad Records and on France's New Rose Records. The record was recorded at Westbeach Recorders with the nucleus of bass player Provost and drummer Drewry, then fleshed out with the contributions of lead guitarist Jon Klages (The Individuals, The Richard Lloyd Band) and multi-instrumentalist Robert Lloyd. It was after the release of this album that Tolman began frequent tours in Europe joining Steve Wynn and his band as solo opener for their 1990 tour of France, Spain, and Italy. Tolman particularly was drawn to Scandinavia, looking to relocate to Oslo, Norway. With this plan in mind, Tolman based his recording band for 1992's Road Movie around drummer Ned Leukhardt (Wall of Voodoo) who had relocated to Scandinavia with the demise of Wall of Voodoo in 1988. With Brett Gurewitz in the co-producer's chair, the album features a core band of Leukhardt on drums, bassist David Provost, Jon Klages on guitar with guest appearances by Green on Red's Chris Cacavas on organ, Robert Lloyd on mandolin and accordion, Chris Bauer steel guitar, and The Long Ryders's Sid Griffin on backing vocals. The album was released in Europe on New Rose Records. Around this time, Tolman toured Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark with John Wesley Harding. Earlier, he had done a winter tour of Spain with Harding, Steve Wynn, Chris Cacavas, and Giant Sand. In 1992, Russ contributed background vocals on Steve Wynn's album Dazzling Display.",377
1084,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"Earlier, he had done a winter tour of Spain with Harding, Steve Wynn, Chris Cacavas, and Giant Sand. In 1992, Russ contributed background vocals on Steve Wynn's album Dazzling Display. Sweet Spot was Tolman's fourth album released 1994 on his own Brilliant label via several European record companies including PIAS. Once again recorded in Los Angeles at Westbeach Recorders, Sweet Spot featured a band that included guitarist Kirk Swan (Dumptruck), drummer Dave Drewry, bass player Nino Del Pesco, multi-instrumentalist Robert Lloyd (Steve Wynn, John Wesley Harding, Carlene Carter, Amy Rigby), and Canadian vocalist Wendy Bird (Barney Bentall). Tolman, along with Kirk Swan, Wendy Bird, and bassist Spike Priggen, embarked on an acoustic European tour to support Sweet Spot that included Scandinavia, France, Spain, and Italy. Late in 1996, Tolman left Los Angeles for San Francisco. Living in the Mission District, he wrote his next album City Lights. During this time he made frequent trips to Portland, Oregon to work with songwriter/drummer Jim Huie on Huie's Girls Say Yes project that featured Huie's songwriting and drumming with vocals by Huie and several other Portland artists. Notably, True West guitarist Richard McGrath lends his considerable guitar talents to the project. Canadian songstress Wendy Bird also appears. The album was recorded with engineer Mike Demmers at Desitrek Studios. Tolman would later go on to record and mix part of his City Lights at this studio. City Lights was also recorded in San Francisco with engineer Chris Von Sneidern with Steve Wynn co-producing several songs that include Linda Pitmon on drums, pianist Robert Lloyd, and Doug Freeman on bass. Guitarist Jeff Kane (who died from cancer in 2012) also participated in the album, both playing guitar and engineering overdubs.",395
1085,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"City Lights was also recorded in San Francisco with engineer Chris Von Sneidern with Steve Wynn co-producing several songs that include Linda Pitmon on drums, pianist Robert Lloyd, and Doug Freeman on bass. Guitarist Jeff Kane (who died from cancer in 2012) also participated in the album, both playing guitar and engineering overdubs. The album was mastered by the late Doug Sax and released on Germany's Blue Rose Records in 1998. Tolman followed up the City Lights release with two tours of Europe. First in May and June 1998, he was solo opening act for The Cole Porters featuring his friend Sid Griffin playing in Germany and the UK. Tolman returned for a Fall 1998 tour with a band that featured guitarist Jeff Kane, drummer Jim Huie, and Portland bass player Roland Couture. It was on this tour in Cologne, Germany that Tolman met his future wife Kim Assing (now noted Hollywood production designer Kim A. Tolman). In addition to songwriting and performing, Tolman has a keen interest in music production, having produced records for Barbara Manning's first band 28th Day, The Windbreakers, The Downsiders, The Popealopes, Lost Durangos, and others. In 1998, he started Innerstate Records, along with Pat Thomas. The label was active in the San Francisco Bay Area till 2006 with nearly 100 releases and spawned offshoot labels InnerSpace and WEED (which released albums by Thomas's band Mushroom). During the early 2000s, Tolman also worked as a reissue producer, overseeing re-releases from Willie Nelson, Bob Marley, Waylon Jennings, Lead Belly, Patsy Cline, and others. In 2000, Tolman released New Quadraphonic Highway, which he recorded almost entirely in his Haight Ashbury district bedroom. It featured guest appearances by John Wesley Harding, Chuck Prophet, Tom Heyman, and Dale Duncan of Map of Wyoming and Flying Color.",393
1086,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"In 2000, Tolman released New Quadraphonic Highway, which he recorded almost entirely in his Haight Ashbury district bedroom. It featured guest appearances by John Wesley Harding, Chuck Prophet, Tom Heyman, and Dale Duncan of Map of Wyoming and Flying Color. In 2006, Tolman joined Gavin Blair, Richard McGrath, and True West newcomers Jim Huie, and bassist Ian Barrett for a series of True West reunion shows, which included several dates as opening act for old friends Violent Femmes, playing at venues such as San Francisco's legendary Fillmore Ballroom and the House of Blues at Downtown Disney, Anaheim. In 2011, Tolman and wife Kim left the SF Bay Area to relocate in Los Angeles. Tolman reformed the Russ Tolman Band shortly after, featuring Kirk Swan on guitar, drummer Dave Drewry, Robert Lloyd on organ, bassist Dave Provost, and new addition Carl Byron on piano. They recorded and released the digital single ""Los Angeles"" in 2013. In 2016, Tolman released the singles ""Time Flies,"" ""Everybody's Gonna Love Me,"" and ""Vancouver Sun"" on the 304 Stainless label. Tolman released in 2017 a 20-song, 27-year retrospective album (CD and digital) entitled Compass & Map that covers the years 1986 to 2013 and includes songs from his previous seven albums, plus the best of his digital singles. In 2019, Tolman's eighth solo album Goodbye El Dorado was released. == Personal life ==
In 2000, Tolman married Kim Assing (now Kim A. Tolman) in Cologne, Germany. They currently reside in Los Angeles, where Kim works as a production designer and art director for film and themed entertainment. She is also a fine art painter.",355
1087,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"They currently reside in Los Angeles, where Kim works as a production designer and art director for film and themed entertainment. She is also a fine art painter. == Discography ==
Russ Tolman with True West
True West EP 1983 Bring Out Your Dead (USA)
Hollywood Holiday 1983 New Rose (F)
Drifters LP 1984 Zippo (UK) resp. PVC / Passport (USA)
TV Western 1990 LP / CD CD Skyclad (USA)Side A: EMI Records-demos recorded Dec. 1983 @ Bearsville Studios, produced by Tom Verlaine, Side B: Live at Rex Club, Paris France May 1985
Best Western CD Skyclad 1988 (USA) (Rarities, outtakes)
West Side Story LP / CD 1989 Skyclad (USA) (Rarities, outtakes)
Hollywood Holiday Revisited CD 2006 Atavistic (USA) (reissue of first two albums, along with the 1983 demos produced by Tom Verlaine at Bearsville Studios.",214
1088,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"== Discography ==
Russ Tolman with True West
True West EP 1983 Bring Out Your Dead (USA)
Hollywood Holiday 1983 New Rose (F)
Drifters LP 1984 Zippo (UK) resp. PVC / Passport (USA)
TV Western 1990 LP / CD CD Skyclad (USA)Side A: EMI Records-demos recorded Dec. 1983 @ Bearsville Studios, produced by Tom Verlaine, Side B: Live at Rex Club, Paris France May 1985
Best Western CD Skyclad 1988 (USA) (Rarities, outtakes)
West Side Story LP / CD 1989 Skyclad (USA) (Rarities, outtakes)
Hollywood Holiday Revisited CD 2006 Atavistic (USA) (reissue of first two albums, along with the 1983 demos produced by Tom Verlaine at Bearsville Studios. The West Is History: Live At The House of Blues 2011 DVD Atavistic Video (USA)
Russ Tolman solo
Totem Poles and Glory Holes LP 1986 Down There-Restless Records(USA) & Demon (UK)
Down in Earthquake Town LP 1988 Skyclad (USA) & Demon (UK)
Goodbye Joe LP /CD 1990 New Rose (F) & Skyclad (USA)
Road Movie CD 1992 New Rose (F)
Sweet Spot CD 1994 Red River (Germany)
City Lights CD 1998 Blue Rose (Germany)
New Quadraphonic Highway CD 2000 WEED (USA), Blue Rose (Germany)
""Los Angeles"" Digital Single 2013 Innerstate (USA)
""Time Flies"" Digital Single 2016 304 Stainless (USA)
""Everybody's Gonna Love Me"" Digital Single 2016 304 Stainless (USA)
""Vancouver Sun"" Digital Single 2016 304 Stainless (USA)
Compass & Map CD/digital album 2017 LOST (USA)
Goodbye El Dorado CD/digital album 2019 LOST (USA), Blue Rose (Europe)
Russ Tolman – Compilations & Special Releases
Various Artists - Only 39,999,999 Behind Thriller LP Down There/Restless Records 1989.",444
1089,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"PVC / Passport (USA)
TV Western 1990 LP / CD CD Skyclad (USA)Side A: EMI Records-demos recorded Dec. 1983 @ Bearsville Studios, produced by Tom Verlaine, Side B: Live at Rex Club, Paris France May 1985
Best Western CD Skyclad 1988 (USA) (Rarities, outtakes)
West Side Story LP / CD 1989 Skyclad (USA) (Rarities, outtakes)
Hollywood Holiday Revisited CD 2006 Atavistic (USA) (reissue of first two albums, along with the 1983 demos produced by Tom Verlaine at Bearsville Studios. The West Is History: Live At The House of Blues 2011 DVD Atavistic Video (USA)
Russ Tolman solo
Totem Poles and Glory Holes LP 1986 Down There-Restless Records(USA) & Demon (UK)
Down in Earthquake Town LP 1988 Skyclad (USA) & Demon (UK)
Goodbye Joe LP /CD 1990 New Rose (F) & Skyclad (USA)
Road Movie CD 1992 New Rose (F)
Sweet Spot CD 1994 Red River (Germany)
City Lights CD 1998 Blue Rose (Germany)
New Quadraphonic Highway CD 2000 WEED (USA), Blue Rose (Germany)
""Los Angeles"" Digital Single 2013 Innerstate (USA)
""Time Flies"" Digital Single 2016 304 Stainless (USA)
""Everybody's Gonna Love Me"" Digital Single 2016 304 Stainless (USA)
""Vancouver Sun"" Digital Single 2016 304 Stainless (USA)
Compass & Map CD/digital album 2017 LOST (USA)
Goodbye El Dorado CD/digital album 2019 LOST (USA), Blue Rose (Europe)
Russ Tolman – Compilations & Special Releases
Various Artists - Only 39,999,999 Behind Thriller LP Down There/Restless Records 1989. Russ plays ""Talking Hoover Dam Blues""
Various Artists –Live At The Kremlin Volume One LP/CD New Rose Records ROSE247 1991 (Concert highlights 13.–16.",434
1090,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"The West Is History: Live At The House of Blues 2011 DVD Atavistic Video (USA)
Russ Tolman solo
Totem Poles and Glory Holes LP 1986 Down There-Restless Records(USA) & Demon (UK)
Down in Earthquake Town LP 1988 Skyclad (USA) & Demon (UK)
Goodbye Joe LP /CD 1990 New Rose (F) & Skyclad (USA)
Road Movie CD 1992 New Rose (F)
Sweet Spot CD 1994 Red River (Germany)
City Lights CD 1998 Blue Rose (Germany)
New Quadraphonic Highway CD 2000 WEED (USA), Blue Rose (Germany)
""Los Angeles"" Digital Single 2013 Innerstate (USA)
""Time Flies"" Digital Single 2016 304 Stainless (USA)
""Everybody's Gonna Love Me"" Digital Single 2016 304 Stainless (USA)
""Vancouver Sun"" Digital Single 2016 304 Stainless (USA)
Compass & Map CD/digital album 2017 LOST (USA)
Goodbye El Dorado CD/digital album 2019 LOST (USA), Blue Rose (Europe)
Russ Tolman – Compilations & Special Releases
Various Artists - Only 39,999,999 Behind Thriller LP Down There/Restless Records 1989. Russ plays ""Talking Hoover Dam Blues""
Various Artists –Live At The Kremlin Volume One LP/CD New Rose Records ROSE247 1991 (Concert highlights 13.–16. November 1990 in Espace André Malraux, Kremlin-Bicètre, 10th anniversary celebration of New Rose Records, Russ Tolman plays „Vegas“)
Live At The Shop Cassette RUSS 01 1992 Get Happy!! Records (Live Concert 11. November 1992 at Get Happy! Plattenladen, Frankfurt am Main, limited to 20 copies)
Various Artists - 39 Steps to Seattle 1995 Zippo/Demon Records.",391
1091,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Tolman,Russ Tolman,"November 1992 at Get Happy! Plattenladen, Frankfurt am Main, limited to 20 copies)
Various Artists - 39 Steps to Seattle 1995 Zippo/Demon Records. Russ Tolman plays ""Everything You Need And Everything You Want""
Various Artists - This Note's For You Too! : A Tribute To Neil Young (Inbetweens/Innerstate Records 1999). Russ Tolman & Richard McGrath play ""Old Man""
Russ Tolman as Producer
28th Day -28th Day LP 1985 Bring Out Your Dead/Enigma Records
Lost Durangos - Evil Town LP 1986 Armadillo Records (Canada)
The Downsiders – All My Friends Are Fish LP 1988 Mammoth Records (USA) (Russ Tolman plays lead guitar on ""She’s Alright"")
The Popealopes – An Adder's Tale LP 1988 Skyclad (USA) & Resonance (NL)
Giant Sand - ""Change Is Now"" Time Between – A Tribute to The Byrds CD 1989 Communion Records (USA), Imaginary Records (UK)
The Popealopes – Kerosene LP 1990 Skyclad (USA)
The Windbreakers - Electric Landlady LP 1991 DB Records (USA)


== Videography ==
True West - The West Is History: Live at The House of Blues (DVD, 2011)
Various Artists - Frozen Ghosts VHS 1989 Iceworld Video. Contain's Russ Tolman's video for ""Domino."" Various Artists - Slipping Through The Cracks VHS 1988 Iceworld Video. Contains Russ Tolman's video for ""Talking Hoover Dam Blues""


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website
Russ Tolman at AllMusic
""Davis 80s Music"". 2007. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012.",376
1092,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Cundell,Pamela Cundell,"Pamela Isabel Cundell (15 January 1920 – 14 February 2015) was an English character actress. She played Mrs Fox in the long-running TV comedy Dad's Army. She was a descendant of Henry Condell, one of the managers of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the playing company of William Shakespeare. Henry Condell also helped put together the first folio of Shakespeare's works after his death. == Early life ==
Pamela Cundell was born in Croydon, Surrey, in 1920 into a show business family, and trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, before gaining experience in rep and summer shows as a stand up comic. == Career ==
Making her first television appearance in 1957 with Peter Sellers and Michael Bentine, she worked with many of the comic performers of her time, including Frankie Howerd, Benny Hill and Bill Fraser, the last of whom she was married to. A semi-regular in Dad's Army as Mrs Fox, her character married Lance-Corporal Jones (Clive Dunn) in the final episode. Cundell appeared in many television shows, including Bless This House, as Peggy, The Bill, On the Buses, Potter, Are You Being Served? Casualty, Z-Cars, and Big Deal, The Borrowers, London’s Burning and, in 2005–06, as Nora Swann in EastEnders. She worked in the theatre, including pantomime, and appeared in several feature films. In 1979 she played a Baroness in the BBC TV play She Loves Me. On 3 August 2008 Pamela Cundell was interviewed, alongside Ian Lavender, Bill Pertwee and Frank Williams, about her time on Dad's Army for the 40th anniversary tribute programme Jonathan Ross Salutes Dad's Army, presented by Ross.",377
1093,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Cundell,Pamela Cundell,"In 1979 she played a Baroness in the BBC TV play She Loves Me. On 3 August 2008 Pamela Cundell was interviewed, alongside Ian Lavender, Bill Pertwee and Frank Williams, about her time on Dad's Army for the 40th anniversary tribute programme Jonathan Ross Salutes Dad's Army, presented by Ross. She explained that her character Mrs Fox was so called because of the fox fur which she always wore draped over her shoulders. Pamela Cundell was involved with amateur theatre in her later years and was President of the Harlequins Theatre Club of Mill Hill, where she directed several shows, along with fellow Dad's Army actor Frank Williams. == Personal life and death ==
In 1981, she married the Scottish-born actor William Simpson Fraser, aka Bill Fraser. He died from emphysema in Bushey, Hertfordshire, aged 79, on 9 September 1987. Cundell died at the age of 95 on 14 February 2015. == References ==


== External links ==
Pamela Cundell at IMDb",217
1094,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exolon,Exolon,"Exolon is a run and gun game programmed by Raffaele Cecco and published by Hewson in 1987 for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, and Amstrad CPC. It was later converted to the Enterprise 128, Amiga, and Atari ST.


== Gameplay ==
The player takes control of a futuristic soldier named Vitorc across several flip-screen levels of gameplay. The screens that make up these levels are filled with various generic aliens as well as gun emplacements, homing missiles, landmines and other hazards. The soldier can defend himself with both a gun and rocket-propelled grenades. The two different weapons are effective against different enemies. The enemies themselves are varied, taking the forms of flying aliens of the type traditionally found in shoot 'em up games as well as homing missiles, fixed guns, tanks, land mines, swarming red pods and ""crushers"" which shoot out of the ground. Partway through each level, there is a pod in which the player can ""upgrade"" until the end of the current level to an armoured exoskeleton with improved weapons and armour. Completing the level without this upgrade results in a score bonus. == Reception ==

The ZX Spectrum version of Exolon was placed at the top of the Woolworths Top 30 chart for September 1987, with the Commodore 64 version at number 29. == Legacy ==
After developing the two Cybernoid titles in 1988, Cecco's next game was Stormlord. It is considered a spiritual successor to Exolon and used the same main character sprite during development. Exolon is one of the games included with the C64 Direct-to-TV (2004). In December 2005, Retrospec released an updated remake of Exolon for Microsoft Windows. It can be downloaded from the Retrospec website. == References ==


== External links ==
1987 review of Exolon from Crash magazine.",397
1095,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exolon,Exolon,"It can be downloaded from the Retrospec website. == References ==


== External links ==
1987 review of Exolon from Crash magazine. Exolon at Lemon 64
Exolon at SpectrumComputing.co.uk
Exolon at Amiga Hall of Light
Enterprise 128 conversions (in Hungarian) both from ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC",73
1096,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Nations_Security_Council_election,1992 United Nations Security Council election,"The 1992 United Nations Security Council election was held on 27 October 1992 during the Forty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected Brazil, Djibouti (for the first time), New Zealand, Pakistan, and Spain, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 1993. == Rules ==
The Security Council has 15 seats, filled by five permanent members and ten non-permanent members. Each year, half of the non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms. A sitting member may not immediately run for re-election. In accordance with the rules whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five available seats are allocated as follows:

One for African countries (held by Zimbabwe)
One for countries from the Asian Group (now the Asia-Pacific Group) (held by India)
One for Latin America and the Caribbean (held by Ecuador)
Two for the Western European and Others Group (held by Austria and Belgium)
To be elected, a candidate must receive a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. If the vote is inconclusive after the first round, three rounds of restricted voting shall take place, followed by three rounds of unrestricted voting, and so on, until a result has been obtained. In restricted voting, only official candidates may be voted on, while in unrestricted voting, any member of the given regional group, with the exception of current Council members, may be voted on. The regional block rotations were enforced by statute since the 1963 UNSC reforms, however for the 1991 vote and earlier, each nation submitted only one ballot for the first round containing nations from all blocks up for election.",388
1097,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Nations_Security_Council_election,1992 United Nations Security Council election,"In restricted voting, only official candidates may be voted on, while in unrestricted voting, any member of the given regional group, with the exception of current Council members, may be voted on. The regional block rotations were enforced by statute since the 1963 UNSC reforms, however for the 1991 vote and earlier, each nation submitted only one ballot for the first round containing nations from all blocks up for election. Beginning in 1992, three ballots were distributed per nation for the first round of voting; one for each regional block. As a result, the required majority could be different per regional block. == Pre-election statements ==
Before the vote itself was held, the Chairmen of the regional groups made their statements endorsing the respective regional candidates. Mr. Ould Mohamed Mahmoud of Mauritania, speaking on behalf of the African Group, transferred the recommendation for the candidacy of Djibouti by both the African Group and the Organization of African Unity. Mr. Aksin of Turkey, speaking on behalf of the Asian Group, transferred the endorsement of the Group for the candidacy of Pakistan. Mr. Piriz Ballon of Uruguay transferred the endorsement of the Latin American and Caribbean Group for the candidacy of Brazil. Mr. Haakonsen of Denmark, speaking for the Western European and Others Group, announced the candidatures of New Zealand, Spain, and Sweden. == Results ==


=== African and Asian States ===


=== Latin American and Caribbean Group ===


=== Western European and Others Group ===


== See also ==
List of members of the United Nations Security Council,
Brazil and the United Nations
New Zealand and the United Nations
Pakistan and the United Nations


== References ==


== External links ==
UN Document A/47/PV.48 Official record of General Assembly meeting, 11 November 1992",369
1098,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Middlemiss,Glen Middlemiss,"Glenn Russell Middlemiss (born 8 June 1956) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He is the son of Russell Middlemiss, a Geelong premiership player in 1951 and 1952. Middlemiss played his early football at Geelong West in the Victorian Football Association. While playing for Geelong West, against Williamstown in 1977, Middlemiss was knocked unconscious in an accidental collision, after which he was clinically dead for two-and-a-half minutes. The match was stopped for 20 minutes as he was attended to by trainers and a doctor, who gave him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, cardiac massage and oxygen. Part of a fence had to be taken down so that an ambulance could come onto the field. After recovering, Middlemiss resumed his career, against doctors' advice. A utility, Middlemiss was used mostly as a defender and up forward in his VFL career, which started at Geelong in 1979. He made 19 appearances in 1980, two of them finals, including Geelong's four point preliminary final loss to Collingwood. His most notable performance came in round eight, when he kicked seven goals against St Kilda at Kardinia Park. During the 1981 VFL season, Middlemiss moved to St Kilda and played nine games for his new club that year. He added only seven more appearances over the next three seasons. In his last year at the club, 1984, he was suspended five times, for a total of nine games. The first was a two match ban for striking Hawthorn's Russell Morris in a reserves fixture. He then got a two match ban for striking Mark Buckley in Collingwood's round six game against Carlton. When he returned against Richmond two weeks later he was reported again, for striking opposition captain Barry Rowlings, receiving another two-week ban.",384
1099,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Middlemiss,Glen Middlemiss,"He then got a two match ban for striking Mark Buckley in Collingwood's round six game against Carlton. When he returned against Richmond two weeks later he was reported again, for striking opposition captain Barry Rowlings, receiving another two-week ban. He never made another senior appearance for St Kilda, but did continue to play in the reserves. It was while in the reserves that he was again made to appear before the tribunal, for striking Darren McAsey of the Sydney Swans. He had previously been warned by St Kilda that if he got suspended again he would be sacked, but the club was satisfied that in this instance he had been provoked. His last ban was for using abusive language toward a field umpire, in another reserves game, for which he got a one-week suspension. He moved north in 1985 and began playing for Southport in the Queensland Australian Football League (QAFL). In the 1985 QAFL Grand Final against Mayne, which Southport won by three points, Middlemiss kicked the winning goal, with 68 seconds remaining. == References ==",219
1100,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jessup,William Jessup,"William Jessup (June 21, 1797 – September 11, 1868) was a Pennsylvania judge and father of the missionary Henry Harris Jessup. A member of the Republican party, he is best known for being the chairman of the platform committee that crafted and reported the political platform adopted by the 1860 Republican National Convention and accepted by Abraham Lincoln, the party's nominee. Jessup, Pennsylvania is named in his honor. == Biography ==
William Jessup left his native home, Long Island, in early adulthood to study at Yale College, graduating in 1815. He moved in 1818 to Montrose, Pennsylvania, and made it his lifelong home. He read law with an established firm and was admitted to the bar. He married and fathered two sons, Henry Harris and Samuel Jessup, born in 1832 and 1833. In 1838 Jessup became the presiding judge of the Eleventh Judicial District of Pennsylvania, in which capacity he rode circuit from 1838 until 1851. In 1858, Jessup was the Vice President of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. A staunch abolitionist, Jessup was named as one of the Pennsylvania delegates to the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago. Upon arrival, he was selected to chair the platform committee to write the party's statement of political principles. The platform adopted by Jessup's committee was approved by the convention by a unanimous vote. In November 1860, the Republican ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin was elected to lead the new national administration, and soon thereafter, the Civil War broke out. In 1861, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appointed Jessup to serve as a liaison with the White House, naming him as their emissary to a high-level conference in early 1861 on how to implement Lincoln's call for the enlistment of 75,000 members of the Northern state militias into the new Federal army.",379
1101,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jessup,William Jessup,"In November 1860, the Republican ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin was elected to lead the new national administration, and soon thereafter, the Civil War broke out. In 1861, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appointed Jessup to serve as a liaison with the White House, naming him as their emissary to a high-level conference in early 1861 on how to implement Lincoln's call for the enlistment of 75,000 members of the Northern state militias into the new Federal army. Liaison work like this led to Pennsylvania over-fulfilling its quota and the creation of the Pennsylvania Reserves. The retired judge died in September 1868, having seen the abolition of slavery and granting of citizenship to freedmen. William Jessup is the 3x great-grandfather of American television writer Ted Jessup. == References ==


== External links ==
William Jessup at Find a Grave",179
1102,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Interior,Secretariat of the Interior,"The Secretariat of the Interior (Spanish: Secretaría de Gobernación, lit. 'Secretariat of Governance'; SEGOB) is the executive department of the Mexican government concerned with the country's domestic affairs, the presenting of the president's bills to Congress, their publication in the Official Journal of the Federation, and certain issues of national security. The country's principal intelligence agency, CNI, is directly answerable to the Secretary of the Interior. The Secretary is a member of the president's Cabinet and is, given the constitutional implications of the post, the most important cabinet member. Additionally, in case of both temporary and absolute absences of the president, the Secretary of the Interior assumes the president's executive powers provisionally. The Office is practically equivalent to Ministries of the Interior in most other countries (with the exception of the United States) and is occasionally translated to English as Ministry, Secretariat or Department of the Interior. == History ==
In 1821, after the establishment of what was then the Provisional Cabinet (Junta Gubernativa Provisional), and given public urgings to organise the country's government, regulation was produced outlining the functions of a new governmental arm, then styled the ""Office for Domestic and Foreign Affairs"". The new agency was answerable for managing the functioning of the government in general. The first person to take up the Directorship of the Office was José Manuel de Herrera who held the post between 1821 and 1823. Later on, it became necessary to particularise the duties of certain government agencies, which, in 1843, lead to the creation of the 'Office for Home Affairs' (also styled 'Department of the Interior'), which would later be re-styled as the 'Office for Foreign Relations and Government' in 1841 and then again in 1843 as the 'Office for Home Affairs and Policing'.",382
1103,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Interior,Secretariat of the Interior,"The first person to take up the Directorship of the Office was José Manuel de Herrera who held the post between 1821 and 1823. Later on, it became necessary to particularise the duties of certain government agencies, which, in 1843, lead to the creation of the 'Office for Home Affairs' (also styled 'Department of the Interior'), which would later be re-styled as the 'Office for Foreign Relations and Government' in 1841 and then again in 1843 as the 'Office for Home Affairs and Policing'. The Office eventually had some of its powers separated into other ministries and, in 1853, was once again named 'Office for Home Affairs' —as it is still called up to the present day. The Secretariat of the Interior in its modern day form is concerned principally with the good management and proper application of the policies of the Federal Government within its national borders. It is a department of the national executive branch, whose origins date back to article 222 of the 1812 Spanish Constitution, which received royal assent on 19 March 1812. Among the Cabinet Secretaries mentioned in the constitution were those of ""Governance of the Realm in the Peninsula and Adjacent Islands"" and ""Governance of the Realm Overseas"". On 22 October 1814, the ""Constitutional Declaration for the Emancipation of Mexican America"", known as the Constitution of Apatzingán, made provisions for a republican form of government by way of Article 134. The Apatzingán Constitution provided for an Executive Branch known as the Supreme Government which would be equipped with an Department for Home Affairs, among other governmental departments.",331
1104,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Interior,Secretariat of the Interior,"On 22 October 1814, the ""Constitutional Declaration for the Emancipation of Mexican America"", known as the Constitution of Apatzingán, made provisions for a republican form of government by way of Article 134. The Apatzingán Constitution provided for an Executive Branch known as the Supreme Government which would be equipped with an Department for Home Affairs, among other governmental departments. == Political significance ==
This position was historically seen as being a heartbeat away from the presidency, because several Secretaries of the Interior were chosen as presidential candidates for the following term by incumbent presidents Plutarco Elías Calles, Emilio Portes Gil, Lázaro Cárdenas, Miguel Alemán Valdés, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Luis Echeverría. Francisco Labastida, Secretary of the Interior during the latter part of the Zedillo government, was seen as Zedillo's personal favorite during the Institutional Revolutionary Party's primaries (the first the party would ever hold) and during his unsuccessful bid which saw his political undoing at the hands of PAN candidate Vicente Fox. In turn, Fox's Secretary of the Interior, Santiago Creel, ran in the National Action Party's primaries in 2006, but was defeated by Felipe Calderón.",269
1105,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuluo_County,Zhuluo County,"Zhuluo County (Chinese: 諸羅縣; pinyin: Zhūluó Xiàn; Wade–Giles: Chu-lo Hsien; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chu-lô-koān) was a political division in Taiwan from 1684 to 1787, during Qing Dynasty rule of the island. Initially encompassing the underdeveloped northern two-thirds of Taiwan, the county shrank in size as the population and economy of the northern and central western plains grew and new counties were created out of the developed areas; the Zhuluo county was eventually reduced to an under-developed area in south-western Taiwan. In 1787, the county underwent further restructuring and was renamed Chiayi County. == Name ==
The city now known as Chiayi originally took its name from the aboriginal tribe who lived there: the Tirosen. The former Chinese placename was Tsu-lo-san (Chinese: 諸羅山; pinyin: Zhūluóshān; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chu-lô-san), a representation of the original Formosan-language name. This town (in reality a village of perhaps one or two thousand people) gave its name to the surrounding area, dropping the -shan to leave Zhuluo as the name for the county as a whole. In some English-language texts the spellings Chu-lo or Choolo are used. == 1684–1723 ==
When the Qing wrested the island from the control of the Kingdom of Tungning in 1683, Taiwan was made a prefecture under the administration of Fujian Province. This new Taiwan Prefecture included three hien or districts; Zhuluo County covered the central western plains and the north.",388
1106,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuluo_County,Zhuluo County,"== 1684–1723 ==
When the Qing wrested the island from the control of the Kingdom of Tungning in 1683, Taiwan was made a prefecture under the administration of Fujian Province. This new Taiwan Prefecture included three hien or districts; Zhuluo County covered the central western plains and the north. The county started as a catch-all for the areas not incorporated into one of the other, smaller, more developed counties. Zhuluo County was initially made up of four Villages (里; Lǐ; Lí) and 34 Communities (社; Shè; Siā - the name normally given to aboriginal settlements). The villages were all near the border with Taiwan County, with the communities making up the rest of Zhuluo County. At this point in time the county covered 18,499 km2, more than half the total area of Taiwan, with the county seat in the Jialixing area of Kaihua Village (modern-day Jiali District, Tainan). In 1697, the Qing Imperial official Yu Yonghe visited the area and wrote that ""Zhuluo and Fengshan have no residents, only savages"" i.e. there were no Han Chinese settlements in the county. In 1694, there was only one registered market in Zhuluo as opposed to 17 in the far smaller Taiwan County, a situation which reflected the disparity in the Han Chinese populations in both counties. In the first two decades of the eighteenth century Han settlers began to encroach more extensively into Zhuluo, with significant Chinese populations cultivating in the areas around modern-day Douliu and Changhua City. Settlers who attempted to move further north were however violently resisted by aboriginal tribes. In 1704, the administrative seat of the county was relocated to Zhuluoshan, today known as Chiayi City.",386
1107,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuluo_County,Zhuluo County,"Settlers who attempted to move further north were however violently resisted by aboriginal tribes. In 1704, the administrative seat of the county was relocated to Zhuluoshan, today known as Chiayi City. == 1723–1787 ==
By 1723, following the Zhu Yigui rebellion, the number of Han Chinese settlements in central and northern Taiwan had increased dramatically. To facilitate better administration Zhuluo was split into three. The northernmost section, corresponding to modern-day Taipei, New Taipei, Keelung, Taoyuan City, Hsinchu City, Hsinchu County, and Miaoli County, was called Tamsui Subprefecture (淡水廳). Changhua County (彰化縣) was also created, encompassing the area of modern Changhua County, Taichung, half of Yunlin County and three townships of Nantou County. The remaining area, some 3,844 km2 from the Huwei River (虎尾溪) to the borders with Taiwan County and the ungoverned aboriginal areas, remained under the name of Zhuluo County. In 1787, the Lin Shuangwen rebellion against Qing rule began, and rebels gained control of almost the entire island. Imperial troops regained control of the city and vicinity in 1788. In 1787, the county was renamed Chiayi County (Chinese: 嘉義; pinyin: Jiāyì; lit. 'commended righteousness') to reflect the fidelity of the city during the incident. == See also ==
History of Taiwan


== References ==


== Bibliography ==
Davidson, James W. (1903).",366
1108,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuluo_County,Zhuluo County,"'commended righteousness') to reflect the fidelity of the city during the incident. == See also ==
History of Taiwan


== References ==


== Bibliography ==
Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan & co. OL 6931635M. Hsu, Hsueh-chi, ed. (2006). 臺灣歷史辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan History] (in Chinese) (4th ed.). Taipei: Yuan-Liou. ISBN 9570174307. Keliher, Macabe (2004). Small Sea Travel Diaries: Yu Yonghe's Records of Taiwan. Southern Materials Center. ISBN 9576386292. Shepherd, John (1993). Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804720663.",231
1109,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Man_(beacon),Metal Man (beacon),"The Metal Man (Irish: An Fear Miotail) is a beacon off the coast of the Rosses Point Peninsula in County Sligo, Ireland. There are other similar Metal Men beacons in Tramore, County Waterford and Dalky (Nerrano Man ), County Dublin. == History ==
The Metal Man is a freestanding painted cast iron statue of a Royal Navy petty officer of the Age of Sail. It is placed between Rosses Point and Oyster Island. It was cast in 1819 by Thomas Kirke in London. It was placed on Perch Rock in 1821. It was originally made for the Blackrock Beacon, but Sligo merchants suggested it be placed on Perch Rock. It has an identical twin beacon in Tramore, County Waterford. From 16 October 1908, an acetylene light was placed beside the beacon. In 1934, it was changed from a single red flash every 3 seconds to a double red flash every 5 seconds. From 2003, it was converted from gas to solar power, and is only illuminated at night. The Metal Man was depicted in paintings several times by Jack Butler Yeats, including in Memory Harbour. There is a campaign undertaken by a local group which has been highlighting the deteriorating condition of the beacon called Save the Metal Man. == See also ==
List of lighthouses in Ireland


== References ==",280
1110,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sweeney_(composer),William Sweeney (composer),"William John Sweeney (born 5 January 1950) is a Scottish composer. == Biography ==
Born in Glasgow, he attended Knightswood Secondary School. He studied the clarinet and composition at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama from 1967 to 1970, and at the Royal Academy of Music from 1970 to 1973, where his teachers included Alan Hacker and Harrison Birtwistle. He went on to teach woodwind instruments, and then composition at the University of Glasgow. An early influence was the European avant-garde, particularly Karlheinz Stockhausen, though he returned to tonal composition in the mid-1970s. His work is strongly influenced by traditional Scottish folk music; in particular, he has utilised the heterophonic style of Gaelic psalm-singing, and the piobaireachd form; he varies melodies through ornamentation, as in traditional pibroch, and in their contour; he modifies instruments' tone-colours through alternative fingerings. He has a strong regard for the music of Leoš Janáček. He has also addressed the reconciliation of classical and traditional music with jazz, using improvisational techniques and sometimes combining the two idioms. He has been influenced by ancient Greek poetry, and Indian and Arab traditions in his use of ostinato and other techniques of varied repetition. His Sonata for cello and piano (2010) won the 2011 British Composer Award in the ""Instrumental Solo or Duo"" category.",307
1111,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sweeney_(composer),William Sweeney (composer),"He has been influenced by ancient Greek poetry, and Indian and Arab traditions in his use of ostinato and other techniques of varied repetition. His Sonata for cello and piano (2010) won the 2011 British Composer Award in the ""Instrumental Solo or Duo"" category. == Selected works ==


=== Opera ===
An Turus, opera in 3 acts, 1997; libretto by Aonghas MacNeacail


=== Orchestral ===
Maqam, 1984
Glasgow, 1985
Sunset Song, 1986
Cumha, 1987
Seann Orain, 1989
Air, Strathspey and Reel, 1990
Concerto Grosso, for 9 clarinets, strings and timpani, 1990
St. Blane's Hill, 1991
A Set for the Kingdom, for string orchestra, 1991
October Landscapes, 1993
Birth/Procession, 1993
The Lost Mountain (A-bheinn Air Chall), for wind band, 1996
Sweeney Astray, 1996


=== Concertante ===
Ceol-Beag, for cello and orchestra, 1981
An rathad ùr, for saxophone and orchestra, 1989


=== Chamber music ===
String Quartet, 1981
Trio for clarinet, viola and piano, 1982
Sonata for viola, marimba and claves, 1985
Sweeney Astray, for 2 clarinets, 1987, or for clarinet and viola, 2003
String Quartet No.",326
1112,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sweeney_(composer),William Sweeney (composer),"His Sonata for cello and piano (2010) won the 2011 British Composer Award in the ""Instrumental Solo or Duo"" category. == Selected works ==


=== Opera ===
An Turus, opera in 3 acts, 1997; libretto by Aonghas MacNeacail


=== Orchestral ===
Maqam, 1984
Glasgow, 1985
Sunset Song, 1986
Cumha, 1987
Seann Orain, 1989
Air, Strathspey and Reel, 1990
Concerto Grosso, for 9 clarinets, strings and timpani, 1990
St. Blane's Hill, 1991
A Set for the Kingdom, for string orchestra, 1991
October Landscapes, 1993
Birth/Procession, 1993
The Lost Mountain (A-bheinn Air Chall), for wind band, 1996
Sweeney Astray, 1996


=== Concertante ===
Ceol-Beag, for cello and orchestra, 1981
An rathad ùr, for saxophone and orchestra, 1989


=== Chamber music ===
String Quartet, 1981
Trio for clarinet, viola and piano, 1982
Sonata for viola, marimba and claves, 1985
Sweeney Astray, for 2 clarinets, 1987, or for clarinet and viola, 2003
String Quartet No. 3, 2004–2007
Sonata for cello and piano, 2010
The Ballad of the Cat and the Ram, for violin and piano


=== Choral ===
Salm an Fhearainn, 1987
An Seachnadh, 1988
I Will Wait, 1990
Two Lyrics, 1992
Airc an dualchais, 1998


=== Multimedia ===
Tantallon!",386
1113,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sweeney_(composer),William Sweeney (composer),"== Selected works ==


=== Opera ===
An Turus, opera in 3 acts, 1997; libretto by Aonghas MacNeacail


=== Orchestral ===
Maqam, 1984
Glasgow, 1985
Sunset Song, 1986
Cumha, 1987
Seann Orain, 1989
Air, Strathspey and Reel, 1990
Concerto Grosso, for 9 clarinets, strings and timpani, 1990
St. Blane's Hill, 1991
A Set for the Kingdom, for string orchestra, 1991
October Landscapes, 1993
Birth/Procession, 1993
The Lost Mountain (A-bheinn Air Chall), for wind band, 1996
Sweeney Astray, 1996


=== Concertante ===
Ceol-Beag, for cello and orchestra, 1981
An rathad ùr, for saxophone and orchestra, 1989


=== Chamber music ===
String Quartet, 1981
Trio for clarinet, viola and piano, 1982
Sonata for viola, marimba and claves, 1985
Sweeney Astray, for 2 clarinets, 1987, or for clarinet and viola, 2003
String Quartet No. 3, 2004–2007
Sonata for cello and piano, 2010
The Ballad of the Cat and the Ram, for violin and piano


=== Choral ===
Salm an Fhearainn, 1987
An Seachnadh, 1988
I Will Wait, 1990
Two Lyrics, 1992
Airc an dualchais, 1998


=== Multimedia ===
Tantallon! These Lands, This Wall, 2012


=== Songs ===
3 Poems from Sangschaw, 1977
The Heights of Macchu Picchu, 1988
El Pueblo, 1989
A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, 1992
An Coilltean Ratharsair (The Woods of Raasay), 1993
Seeking Wise Salmon, 1994
All That Came in That One Coracle, 1999


== References ==


== Sources ==
Mackay, Neil.",459
1114,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sweeney_(composer),William Sweeney (composer),"3, 2004–2007
Sonata for cello and piano, 2010
The Ballad of the Cat and the Ram, for violin and piano


=== Choral ===
Salm an Fhearainn, 1987
An Seachnadh, 1988
I Will Wait, 1990
Two Lyrics, 1992
Airc an dualchais, 1998


=== Multimedia ===
Tantallon! These Lands, This Wall, 2012


=== Songs ===
3 Poems from Sangschaw, 1977
The Heights of Macchu Picchu, 1988
El Pueblo, 1989
A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, 1992
An Coilltean Ratharsair (The Woods of Raasay), 1993
Seeking Wise Salmon, 1994
All That Came in That One Coracle, 1999


== References ==


== Sources ==
Mackay, Neil. 'William Sweeney's an seachnadh'. Tempo, new series, no. 188 (Scottish Issue, March 1994): 58. Morris, Francis J. 'Sweeney, William (John)', Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 2007-06-07),
Reid-Baxter, James. 'William Sweeney and the Voice of the People'. Tempo, new series, no. 188 (Scottish Issue, March 1994): 26–30. == External links ==
Scottish music centre: William Sweeney",304
1115,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated_lagoon,Aerated lagoon,"An aerated lagoon (or aerated pond) is a simple wastewater treatment system consisting of a pond with artificial aeration to promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters. There are many other aerobic biological processes for treatment of wastewaters, for example activated sludge, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors and biofilters. They all have in common the use of oxygen (or air) and microbial action to reduce the pollutants in wastewaters. == Types ==
Suspension mixed lagoons, where there is less energy provided by the aeration equipment to keep the sludge in suspension. Facultative lagoons, where there is insufficient energy provided by the aeration equipment to keep the sludge in suspension and solids settle to the lagoon floor. The biodegradable solids in the settled sludge then degrade as in an anaerobic lagoon. === Suspension mixed lagoons ===
Suspension mixed lagoons flow through activated sludge systems where the effluent has the same composition as the mixed liquor in the lagoon. Typically the sludge will have a residence time or sludge age of 1 to 5 days. This means that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed is relatively little and the effluent is therefore unacceptable for discharge into receiving waters. The objective of the lagoon is therefore to act as a biologically assisted flocculator which converts the soluble biodegradable organics in the influent to a biomass which is able to settle as a sludge. Usually the effluent is then put in a second pond where the sludge can settle. The effluent can then be removed from the top with a low chemical oxygen demand, while the sludge accumulates on the floor and undergoes anaerobic stabilisation.",366
1116,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated_lagoon,Aerated lagoon,"Usually the effluent is then put in a second pond where the sludge can settle. The effluent can then be removed from the top with a low chemical oxygen demand, while the sludge accumulates on the floor and undergoes anaerobic stabilisation. == Methods of aerating lagoons or basins ==
There are many methods for aerating a lagoon or basin:

Motor-driven submerged or floating jet aerators
Motor-driven floating surface aerators
Motor-driven fixed-in-place surface aerators
Injection of compressed air through submerged diffusers


=== Floating surface aerators ===

Ponds or basins using floating surface aerators achieve 80 to 90% removal of BOD with retention times of 1 to 10 days. The ponds or basins may range in depth from 1.5 to 5.0 meters. In a surface-aerated system, the aerators provide two functions: they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide the mixing required for dispersing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is, oxygen, wastewater and microbes). Typically, the floating high speed surface aerators are rated to deliver the amount of air equivalent to 1 to 1.2 kg [[O2]]/kWh. However, they do not provide as good mixing as is normally achieved in activated sludge systems and therefore aerated basins do not achieve the same performance level as activated sludge units. With low speed surface aerators SOTE (Standard Oxygen Transfer Efficiency) is higher thanks to better mixing capacity. This mixing capacity of an impeller depends highly on the impeller diameter. Low speed surface aerator present such high diameter. Therefore SOTE for low speed surface aerators is about 2 to 2.5 kg O2/kWh.",374
1117,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated_lagoon,Aerated lagoon,"Low speed surface aerator present such high diameter. Therefore SOTE for low speed surface aerators is about 2 to 2.5 kg O2/kWh. This is why low speed surface aerators are mostly used in sewage or industrial treatment as WWTP are bigger and sparing energy becomes very interesting. Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to temperature and, between 0 °C and 40 °C, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vessels operate at between 4 °C and 32 °C. === Submerged diffused aeration ===
Submerged diffused air is essentially a form of a diffuser grid inside a lagoon. There are two main types of submerged diffused aeration systems for lagoon applications: floating lateral and submerged lateral. Both these systems utilize fine or medium bubble diffusers to provide aeration and mixing to the process water. The diffusers can be suspended slightly above the lagoon floor or may rest on the bottom. Flexible airline or weighted air hose supplies air to the diffuser unit from the air lateral (either floating or submerged). == See also ==
Industrial wastewater treatment
List of waste water treatment technologies
Retention basin
Rotating biological contactor
Sewage treatment
Waste stabilization pond
Water aeration
Water pollution


== References ==


== External links ==
Wastewater Lagoon Systems in Maine
Aerated, Partial Mix Lagoons (Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Aerated Lagoon Technology (Linvil G. Rich, Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Clemson University)",339
1118,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Meyrick,Rowland Meyrick,"Rowland Meyrick (Merrick) (1505–1566) was a Welsh bishop of Bangor. == Life ==
Born at Bodorgan in the parish of Llangadwaladr, Anglesey, in 1505, he was the second son of Meyric ab Llewelyn ab Heylin, by Margaret daughter of Rowland ab Hywl, rector of Aberffraw in the same county. He was named after his maternal grandfather, and educated at St Edward Hall, Oxford. He graduated B.C.L. 9 December 1531, and proceeded D.C.L. 17 Feb. 1538. He was principal of New Inn Hall from 1534 to 1536. In 1541 he obtained preferment at Eglwysael, and was also made precentor of Llandewy-Velfrey, Pembrokeshire. In 1544 he was collated to the vicarage of Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk. About 1547 he was appointed chancellor of the diocese of Wells, and in 1550 became canon and chancellor of St David's Cathedral. In this capacity he took a leading part in the struggle between the chapter and Bishop Robert Ferrar. The bishop on his appointment in 1550 found malpractice and theft of church property; and in a letter to the Lord Chancellor Thomas Goodrich accused Meyrick of 'shameless whoredom'; the details were recorded by John Foxe in his Acts and Monuments. Meyrick consequently refused to acknowledge the bishop's authority to make a visitation of the cathedral, and led the chapter in a factious opposition. Articles were exhibited against the bishop, containing vague accusations and Ferrar was on a charge of praemunire committed to prison. He remained there until Mary I of England came to the throne, and  he was sent to the stake for another series of offences.",394
1119,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Meyrick,Rowland Meyrick,"Articles were exhibited against the bishop, containing vague accusations and Ferrar was on a charge of praemunire committed to prison. He remained there until Mary I of England came to the throne, and  he was sent to the stake for another series of offences. Of the bishop's three bitterest enemies, Thomas Young and George Constantine asked for his pardon before his martyrdom in 1555, but Meyrick did not. The accession of Mary, shortly followed by Meyrick's marriage in 1554 to Catherine, daughter of Owen Barret of Gellyswick and Hascard, Pembrokeshire, put a stop to Meyrick's advancement, and he was ejected from his canonry at St. David's. On Elizabeth's accession, however, he was, with Richard Davies and Thomas Young, commissioned to visit the four Welsh dioceses, as well as Hereford and Worcester, and on 21 December 1559 he was consecrated by Parker to the see of Bangor in succession to William Glynn. He took the oath of allegiance on 1 March 1560, and in the same year received a commission from his metropolitan to visit the diocese. The following January, being then on a visit to London, he ordained five priests and five readers in Bow Church. He was shortly afterwards appointed a member of the council of the marches. With his see he held the prebend of Trevlodau and the rectories of Llanddewy-Brefi and Llanddewy-Velfrey, to which he added in 1562 the rectory of Llanbedrog, Carnarvonshire. He died on 24 January 1566, and was buried at Bangor, but his monument has disappeared. == Family ==
Meyrick left four sons: Gelli Meyrick, Francis, Harry, and John.",388
1120,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Meyrick,Rowland Meyrick,"He died on 24 January 1566, and was buried at Bangor, but his monument has disappeared. == Family ==
Meyrick left four sons: Gelli Meyrick, Francis, Harry, and John. Francis, like his elder brother, served under and was knighted by the Earl of Essex in Ireland, died in 1603, and was buried in the Priory Church of Monkton, Pembroke, where his monument was destroyed during the civil wars; he was grandfather of Sir John Meyrick (d. 1659)
. He is a member of the Meyrick family. == Notes ==


== References ==
 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: ""Meyrick, Rowland"". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. == External links ==
Dictionary of Welsh Biography, Meyrick family",191
1121,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaron_Siewert,Jaron Siewert,"Jaron Siewert (born 31 January 1994) is a German handball coach and former player. == Playing career ==
Jaron Siewert played his entire playing career at Füchse Berlin. In the 2013/14 season he played for the 2nd team in the 3. liga. Due to injuries in the first team squad he made his debut in this season. He made his debut in February 2013 against Pick Szeged in the EHF Champions League. With the German youth team he won the 2012 European Men's U-18 Handball Championship. He retired already at 20 in order to focus on becoming a coach. == Coaching career ==


=== Youth coach ===
From November 2015 he was a youth coach at the German Handball Federation for the 2000-2001 generation. Meanwhile he was also the youth coach at Füchse Berlin. === Essen ===
In 2017 at the age of 23 he became the head coach at the 2nd Bundesliga team TUSEM Essen. Under his leadership the team was promoted in 2020 to the Bundesliga. === Back at Füchse Berlin ===
The following season he was named the head coach of Füchse Berlin. In 2023 he won the European League, beating Spanish BM Granollers in the final. In the 2024-25 season he won the first Bundesliga in club history. At 31 this made him the youngest Bundesliga winning coach ever. He was at the same occasion named coach of the year in the Bundesliga. Despite the success, he was fired just two matches into the following season along with sporting director Stefan Kretzschmar  after a public disagreement with managing director Bob Hanning. He was replaced by Danish coach Nicolej Krickau. == References ==",358
1122,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Devine,Candi Devine,"Candace Maria Rummel (January 1, 1958 – February 9, 2022) was an American professional wrestler better known by her ring name Candi Devine. She won singles championships in several promotions, most notably in the American Wrestling Association (AWA), where she held the AWA Women's Championship four times. == Early life ==
Rummel was born in Nashville, Tennessee, on January 1, 1959. She began her wrestling career by running a fan club for Lanny Poffo (earning the nickname Fang Face because of her buck teeth) and working briefly as a ring girl for ICW in Kentucky, also publishing a newsletter called The Leap. == Professional wrestling career ==


=== Early career (1980–1985) ===
Rummel made her debut in 1980, facing Ann Jeanette in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She wrestled Diane Von Hoffman aka Moondog Fifi for two summers in Canada from 1983 to 1985. Moon Dog Fifi defeated Devine for her belt in 1994 in Evansville, Indiana. Devine was badly injured in Memphis in 1985, when she and Amy Monroe collided head to head in a monkey-flip, fracturing her jaw and cheek; a lengthy recovery time and plastic surgery became needed to repair the damage and she briefly considered quitting wrestling. === American Wrestling Association (1985–1990) ===
Devine is best known for her time spent in the American Wrestling Association feuding with Sherri Martel. She held the AWA Women's Championship on four occasions. She won a battle royal to fill the vacated title in 1984. Devine competed at the AWA's SuperClash, WrestleRock '86, Battle by the Bay and War in the Windy City cards. She was recognized as champion several times during that time period, mostly being awarded the belt by default as the number one contender (a common practice of the AWA), and trading it with Martel.",393
1123,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Devine,Candi Devine,"Devine competed at the AWA's SuperClash, WrestleRock '86, Battle by the Bay and War in the Windy City cards. She was recognized as champion several times during that time period, mostly being awarded the belt by default as the number one contender (a common practice of the AWA), and trading it with Martel. Her feud with Martel carried over to Wild West Wrestling. She even tagged with Fabulous Lance a.k.a. Lance Von Erich against Martel and Iceman King Parsons. She was very active in the AWA in late 1989 and throughout 1990 as part of the Team Challenge Series, wrestling in mixed tag team matches and in singles matches against Wendi Richter and Magnificent Mimi. She won the title the final time on December 6, 1989, when she defeated Judy Martin to determine the new Women's Champion after Richter vacated the belt. === Later career (1990–1998, 2005) ===
She also spent time in the Ladies Professional Wrestling Association as ""The Goddess"". She competed in the Women's Pro Wrestling organization in the early 1990s. She also was a 4 times World Wrestling Council Woman's Champion in Puerto Rico. Also competed at Global Wrestling Federation, Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and the United States Wrestling Association. On June 9, 1991, Rockin' Robin defeated Devine to become the first UWF Women's Champion at UWF Beach Brawl, the company's first and only pay-per-view. Devine won the UWF Women's Championship in 1994 after she defeated Tina Moretti. She dropped the title to Miss Texas in December of that year. On March 25, 1995, she worked in a house show for the World Wrestling Federation losing to Alundra Blayze. Also worked for IWA Mid-South, Music City Wrestling, and Heartland Wrestling Association. She retired from wrestling in 1998.",383
1124,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Devine,Candi Devine,"Also worked for IWA Mid-South, Music City Wrestling, and Heartland Wrestling Association. She retired from wrestling in 1998. Devine defeated Bambi on a USWO card on October 14, 2005. == Personal life and death ==
Candi Devine resided in Nashville, where she worked as a physical trainer. She sued her long-term boyfriend, former wrestler Tom Burton, in a telecast of Divorce Court before Judge Lynn Toler that was originally aired on March 31, 2009. Devine sued Burton for $630 and accused Burton of running over her beloved cat with his car, killing it, which he denied. Judge Toler ruled in Devine's favor in the amount of $280. She eventually reconciled with Burton before he died on March 29, 2010. Her sister briefly wrestled as Rose Love. In 2021, Devine suffered from a collapsed lung; additionally, she also suffered a number of seizures and dealt with a spine injury. Devine died on February 9, 2022, at the age of 64.",212
1125,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Devine,Candi Devine,"In 2021, Devine suffered from a collapsed lung; additionally, she also suffered a number of seizures and dealt with a spine injury. Devine died on February 9, 2022, at the age of 64. == Championships and accomplishments ==
American Wrestling Association
AWA World Women's Championship (4 times)
AWA Superstars of Wrestling
AWA World Women's Championship (1 time)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Other honoree (1994)
Great Lakes Wrestling Association
GLWA Women's Championship (1 time)
Memphis Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2022
New Independent Wrestling Association
NIWA Women's Championship
New Wrestling Association
NWA Divas Championship (1 time)
Ozark Mountain Wrestling
OMW Women's Championship (1 time)
Pomales Wrestling Entertainment
PWE World Women's Championship (3 times)
United States Wrestling Association
USWA Women's Championship (1 time)
Universal Wrestling Federation
UWF Women's World Championship (1 time)
Western Ohio Wrestling
WOW Women's Championship (1 time)
Windy City Pro Wrestling
WCPW Woman's Championship (3 times)
World Wide Wrestling Alliance
WWWA Woman's Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Council
WWC Women's Championship (4 times)


== References ==


== External links ==
Candi Devine at SlamminLadies.com
Candi Devine at LadySports.com
Candi Devine in LPWA Archived October 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
Candi Devine's profile at Cagematch",333
1126,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"Aimery of Lusignan (Latin: Aimericus, Greek: Αμωρί, Amorí; before 1155 – 1 April 1205), erroneously referred to as Amalric (French: Amaury) in earlier scholarship, was the first king of Cyprus from 1196 and the king of Jerusalem as the husband of Queen Isabella I from 1198 to his death. He was a capable ruler whose reign was a period of peace and stability in both kingdoms, and the progenitor of the Lusignan dynasty of the Kingdom of Cyprus. Aimery was a younger son of Hugh VIII of Lusignan, a nobleman from Poitou. After participating in a rebellion against King Henry II of England in 1168, Aimery went to the Latin East and settled in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Aimery's marriage to Eschiva of the influential Ibelin family strengthened his position in the kingdom. His younger brother Guy married Sibylla, the sister and heir presumptive of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem. Baldwin made Aimery constable of Jerusalem around 1180. Guy and Sibylla became king and queen in 1186. Aimery was one of the commanders of the Christian army at the Battle of Hattin, which ended with a decisive defeat of Christians by the Muslim Ayyubids in 1187 and the subsequent near destruction of the kingdom. Aimery supported King Guy when the latter besieged Acre and remained loyal to him after Queen Sibylla's death in 1190, when most barons insisted that the throne had passed to Sibylla's half-sister, Isabella I. Amid insurmountable unpopularity, Guy left for Cyprus in 1192 while Aimery remained in the kingdom as constable. Isabella married Count Henry II of Champagne, who arrested Aimery after discovering a plot to deliver the city of Tyre to Guy.",395
1127,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"Amid insurmountable unpopularity, Guy left for Cyprus in 1192 while Aimery remained in the kingdom as constable. Isabella married Count Henry II of Champagne, who arrested Aimery after discovering a plot to deliver the city of Tyre to Guy. Upon his release, Aimery joined Guy on Cyprus. When Guy died in 1194, the Cypriot nobles elected Aimery as their new lord. Aimery immediately sought to raise Cyprus to the status of a kingdom, with a government and institutions modelled after those of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He acknowledged the suzerainty of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who authorized Aimery's coronation as king of Cyprus in 1197. Soon after they were both widowed, the barons of Jerusalem offered Aimery to marry Isabella and become king of Jerusalem too; he accepted and was crowned at her side. He kept the kingdoms of Cyprus and Jerusalem separate, but sent Cypriot troops to fight on the mainland, where he spent most of his reign. He sought to codify the laws of Jerusalem, resulting in the compilation of the Livre au roi. After surviving an assassination attempt in 1198, Aimery attempted to circumvent the law to banish Isabella's seneschal, Ralph of Saint-Omer, whom he thought responsible. He signed two consecutive truces with al-Adil I, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, the latter of which secured the Christian possession of the coastline from Acre to Antioch. The personal union of the kingdoms of Cyprus and Jerusalem ended when Aimery died of food poisoning; Cyprus passed to his only surviving son, Hugh I, while Isabella retained the Kingdom of Jerusalem. == Early career ==
Aimery was born before 1155. He was the son of Hugh VIII of Lusignan, a lord from Poitou, and his wife, Burgundia of Rancon.",391
1128,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"== Early career ==
Aimery was born before 1155. He was the son of Hugh VIII of Lusignan, a lord from Poitou, and his wife, Burgundia of Rancon. The House of Lusignan was noted for generations of crusaders who had fought for the Holy Land in the Levant. His great-grandfather, Hugh VI of Lusignan, died in the Battle of Ramla in 1102; Aimery's grandfather, Hugh VII of Lusignan, took part in the Second Crusade. Aimery's father departed for the Levant in 1163, leaving his lands to be governed by Aimery's eldest brother, Hugh Brunus. The elder Hugh was captured by Muslims at the Battle of Harim and died in captivity in the 1160s. In 1168 Aimery joined a rebellion against his family's suzerain, King Henry II of England. The Lusignan brothers ambushed Henry's wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, as she travelled to Poitiers and killed the leader of her guard, Patrick, earl of Salisbury. Shortly after the rebellion, Aimery left Poitou for the Levant and settled in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was captured in battle by Muslims and held in Damascus. According to a 13th-century tradition, King Amalric of Jerusalem ransomed Aimery; people were fascinated by the similarity of their names and the story entered the folklore of the Latin East. Aimery secured his position in the Latin East by marrying Eschiva of Ibelin, the elder daughter of the lord of Ramla, Baldwin of Ibelin, one of the most powerful noblemen in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. According to Ernoul, whose reliability in this instance is questionable, Aimery became a lover of King Amalric's former wife, Agnes of Courtenay.",386
1129,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"Aimery secured his position in the Latin East by marrying Eschiva of Ibelin, the elder daughter of the lord of Ramla, Baldwin of Ibelin, one of the most powerful noblemen in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. According to Ernoul, whose reliability in this instance is questionable, Aimery became a lover of King Amalric's former wife, Agnes of Courtenay. Ernoul consistently portrays Agnes unfavorably; his information about her probably came from her rival Maria Komnene, Amalric's second wife. King Amalric died on 11 July 1174 and was succeeded by his and Agnes's thirteen-year-old son, Baldwin IV. Aimery became a member of the royal court with his father-in-law's support. He may have been appointed chamberlain, which would indicate a close relationship with the royal family. Aimery's youngest brother, Guy, married Baldwin IV's widowed sister, Sibylla, in April 1180. Ernoul writes that Sibylla had promised herself to Aimery's father-in-law, Baldwin of Ibelin, but Aimery had described Guy as a handsome and charming young man to her and her mother, Agnes, and then travelled to Poitou in the winter of 1179/1180 and brought Guy to Jerusalem. Another source, William of Tyre, does not accord to Aimery any role in Guy and Sibylla's marriage. The historian Bernard Hamilton dismisses this account and argues that King Baldwin arranged the match. Because the young king had lepromatous leprosy, Sibylla was his heir presumptive and Guy's marriage to her put him in line to become the next king, much to the dismay of the Ibelins and their allies.",370
1130,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"The historian Bernard Hamilton dismisses this account and argues that King Baldwin arranged the match. Because the young king had lepromatous leprosy, Sibylla was his heir presumptive and Guy's marriage to her put him in line to become the next king, much to the dismay of the Ibelins and their allies. == Constableship ==


=== Baronial division ===
By 24 February 1182, Aimery had become constable of Jerusalem, the highest military authority in the kingdom after the King. He may have been granted the office shortly after his predecessor, Humphrey II of Toron, died in April 1179; alternatively, his appointment may have only come around 1181, as the consequence of the growing influence of his brother Guy. Aimery's legal ability may have developed during his long tenure in public office. In 1183 King Baldwin IV appointed Guy regent. As regent, Guy was also the commander-in-chief of the royal army. Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria, launched a campaign against the kingdom on 29 September. Aimery defeated Saladin's troops in a minor skirmish with the support of his father-in-law, Baldwin, and Baldwin's brother Balian of Ibelin. After the victory, the crusaders' main army could advance as far as a spring near Saladin's camp, forcing him to retreat nine days later. Both William of Tyre and Ernoul were disappointed that the Christian army did not engage the Muslims. During the campaign, it became apparent that other military leaders were unwilling to cooperate with Guy. The ailing king dismissed Guy from regency and had his five-year-old nephew Baldwin V, Sibylla's son from her first marriage, crowned co-king on 20 November 1183.",372
1131,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"During the campaign, it became apparent that other military leaders were unwilling to cooperate with Guy. The ailing king dismissed Guy from regency and had his five-year-old nephew Baldwin V, Sibylla's son from her first marriage, crowned co-king on 20 November 1183. In early 1185, Baldwin IV decreed that the pope, the Holy Roman emperor and the kings of France and England were to choose between his sister, Sibylla, and half-sister, Isabella, if Baldwin V died before reaching the age of majority. Baldwin IV died in 1185, followed by Baldwin V in mid-1186. Ignoring Baldwin IV's decree and the protests of Guy's opponents, led by Aimery's Ibelin in-laws, Sibylla's partisans proclaimed her queen and she crowned Guy king. Aimery was among Sibylla's supporters. Aimery's father-in-law, Baldwin of Ibelin, left the kingdom rather than pay homage to Guy. === Hattin and the Third Crusade ===
As constable, Aimery organised the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem into units before the Battle of Hattin, which ended with the decisive victory of Saladin on 4 July 1187. Along with most commanders of the Christian army, Aimery was captured on the battlefield. The victory enabled Saladin to conquer almost all of the Latin East; the only city in the kingdom that remained in Christian hands was Tyre. During the siege of Ascalon, Saladin promised the defenders that he would set free ten persons whom they named if they surrendered. Aimery and Guy were among those whom the defenders named before surrendering on 4 September, but Saladin postponed their release until early 1188. In response to the Christian losses, kings Richard I of England and Philip II of France led the Third Crusade to the Levant.",384
1132,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"Aimery and Guy were among those whom the defenders named before surrendering on 4 September, but Saladin postponed their release until early 1188. In response to the Christian losses, kings Richard I of England and Philip II of France led the Third Crusade to the Levant. Geoffrey of Lusignan, brother of Aimery and Guy, arrived with this crusade. In 1189 Guy gathered a force and laid a siege to Acre. Aimery and Geoffrey supported him during the siege. Most barons held that Guy lost his claim to kingship when Sibylla and their daughters died in late 1190, but Aimery remained loyal to his brother. The Ibelins supported Marquis Conrad of Montferrat, the defender of Tyre, who married Sibylla's half-sister, Isabella, in late November. King Richard supported the Lusignans, and made Geoffrey count of Jaffa in 1191. An assembly of the noblemen unanimously declared Conrad the lawful king on 16 April 1192. Conrad was murdered twelve days later, and Isabella hastily married Count Henry II of Champagne, whom the barons had selected to rule the kingdom. To compensate him for the loss of the kingdom, Richard I authorized Guy to purchase the island of Cyprus–which Richard I had conquered from its Byzantine governor, Isaac Komnenos, in May 1191–from the Knights Templar. Guy was to pay 40,000 bezants to Richard, who granted the right to collect the sum to Henry. Guy settled in Cyprus in early May. Aimery remained in the Kingdom of Jerusalem as constable. When Geoffrey returned to France, Aimery claimed Jaffa. He paid homage to Isabella, but apparently not to her new husband, Henry, who doubted his loyalty. In May 1192 Henry discovered that the Pisan merchants had been plotting to deliver Tyre to Guy and clamped down on them.",392
1133,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"He paid homage to Isabella, but apparently not to her new husband, Henry, who doubted his loyalty. In May 1192 Henry discovered that the Pisan merchants had been plotting to deliver Tyre to Guy and clamped down on them. Aimery intervened on behalf of the Pisans and Henry had him imprisoned in the citadel of Acre. Aimery insisted that Henry had no right to imprison a vassal and constable, while Henry refused to recognize Aimery's constableship and denied that Aimery was his vassal. In exchange for Aimery's freedom, Henry demanded that Guy surrender Cyprus. Despite his long association with his unpopular brother, Aimery was well-liked by the barons, who–together with the grand masters of the Templars and the Hospitallers–prevailed on Henry to release him. After regaining his freedom, Aimery followed the example of the other Lusignan partisans and left for the kingdom for Cyprus, abandoning both his office and the fief of Jaffa. Henry then granted the constableship to Isabella's half-brother, John of Ibelin. The Third Crusade ended in September with the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining a narrow strip of land along the coast of Palestine from Jaffa to Tyre. Saladin, the crusaders' greatest enemy, died in 1193. == Reign ==


=== Lord of Cyprus ===


==== Consollidation ====
Guy made Aimery constable of Cyprus. He died in late 1194, having bequeathed Cyprus to Geoffrey. Richard had granted Cyprus to Guy for life, but neither the English king nor his nephew Henry of Champagne, to whom he had transferred his rights, claimed the reversion. Geoffrey showed no interest in ruling in the Latin East and had already returned to Poitou. Guy's vassals elected Aimery to be their new lord.",393
1134,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"Geoffrey showed no interest in ruling in the Latin East and had already returned to Poitou. Guy's vassals elected Aimery to be their new lord. Henry demanded, as the ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, to be consulted about the succession in Cyprus, but was ignored. Upon succeeding his brother, Aimery realized that the treasury was almost empty because Guy had granted most landed property on the island to his supporters. He summoned his vassals to an assembly. After pointing out that each of them was richer than him, he persuaded them one by one ""either by force, or by friendship, or by agreement"" to surrender some of their rents and lands. By the end of his reign, the revenues of Cyprus had increased to at least 200,000 bezants. Aimery continued Guy's work on the island's fortresses. Guy's entourage, including Rainier of Gibelet, became part of Aimery's court in Cyprus. They were joined by new arrivals, many of whom were Aimery's fellow Poitevins, including Aimery of Rivet, who became seneschal, and Reynald Barlais. ==== Church and crown ====

When Aimery assumed the rule over Cyprus, the island only had Greek Orthodox bishops. In 1195 Aimery dispatched the archdeacon of Laodicea, known only by the initial B., to Pope Celestine III, to request the establishment of a Latin Church hierarchy on Cyprus. This was probably seen as a condition for raising Cyprus to the status of a kingdom. To be recognized as a king, a ruler had to receive a crown from either an emperor or the Pope. At about the same the archdeacon of Laodicea left for Rome, Aimery dispatched his vassal Rainier of Gibelet to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who was preparing to lead a new crusade.",390
1135,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"To be recognized as a king, a ruler had to receive a crown from either an emperor or the Pope. At about the same the archdeacon of Laodicea left for Rome, Aimery dispatched his vassal Rainier of Gibelet to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who was preparing to lead a new crusade. Aimery proposed acknowledging the Emperor's suzerainty if the Emperor recognized him as king. He was prompted by the concern that the Byzantines would attempt to recover Cyprus; additionally, obtaining a crown would enhance his prestige, secure Cyprus for his descendants, and quash any suggestions that the island should be considered dependent on the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Aimery's envoy Rainier of Gibelet swore loyalty to Henry VI on behalf of Aimery in Gelnhausen in October 1195. The Emperor promised that he would personally crown Aimery and tasked the archbishops of Brindisi and Trani with delivering a golden sceptre to Aimery. Henry VI's envoys landed in Cyprus in April or May 1196. Aimery may have adopted the title of king around that time, as Pope Celestine had styled him as king in a letter in December 1196. At that time the Pope set up the archbishopric of Nicosia, of which the first incumbent was Aimery's chancellor, Alan, and the suffragan dioceses of Paphos, Limassol, and Famagusta. Aimery's coronation was postponed to allow Henry VI to arrive. ==== Relations with neighbors ====

In the mid-1190s, Aimery's wife, Eschiva, was at the coast recovering from an illness when she and their children were abducted by the pirate Kanakes, whom Aimery had put a bounty on. They were taken to Antiochetta and held as hostages. Their release was secured by the lord of Armenian Cilicia, Leo II.",398
1136,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"They were taken to Antiochetta and held as hostages. Their release was secured by the lord of Armenian Cilicia, Leo II. He housed them in the fortress of Corycus, where Aimery soon came to retrieve them. The incident helped establish friendly relations between Aimery and Leo II. Leo II invited Aimery, his family, and his men to stay for a feast, but they had to leave when the weather started to change; a storm at sea followed, and William of Tyre's continuator believes that they would have died if they had been caught in it. Eschiva, having been in poor health, died shortly after her release. She and Aimery had had six children: Burgundia, Alice, Helvis, John, Guy, and Hugh. A truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubid Sultanate expired in 1196 and the kingdom, already a rump state, was in danger of renewed attacks. Its barons and merchants felt that the rivalry between Henry of Champagne and Aimery was detrimental to both kingdoms. Some, such as the Bethsan family, held land and privileges in Cyprus as well, while many of the most prominent figures were related to Aimery's wife. The Bethsan family were among those who urged Henry to reconcile with Aimery. Henry thus visited Aimery on Cyprus in 1197. The two rulers made peace and even forged an alliance, whereby the three sons of Aimery and Eschiva were betrothed to the three daughters of Henry and Isabella. It is possible that Aimery was restored to the office of constable of Jerusalem at this point because he used the title again in November. As part of the settlement, Isabella and Henry promised that Jaffa would be restored to the Lusignans as dowry and Aimery's debt to Henry for the purchase of Cyprus was remitted.",386
1137,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"It is possible that Aimery was restored to the office of constable of Jerusalem at this point because he used the title again in November. As part of the settlement, Isabella and Henry promised that Jaffa would be restored to the Lusignans as dowry and Aimery's debt to Henry for the purchase of Cyprus was remitted. The Ayyubids invaded during the negotiations, and Aimery promptly sent Reynald Barlais to take possession of Jaffa. === Kingship ===


==== Crusade and coronations ====

A rebellion in Sicily and a subsequent illness prevented Emperor Henry VI's departure to the Latin East. His chancellor, Conrad of Querfurt, bishop of Hildesheim, set sail ahead of him. Conrad crowned Aimery in Nicosia in September 1197 and received homage from the newly made king. Henry VI died that month and the Holy Roman Empire was plunged into a long succession war, leaving Aimery without the alliance he had desired. Henry of Champagne also died in September, having fallen from a window of his palace in Acre, only weeks after reconciling with Aimery. Aimery's garrison at Jaffa was not able to resist the Ayyubid attack and Jaffa was lost again shortly after Henry of Champagne's death. This was the first instance of a king of Cyprus intervening militarily on behalf of the mainland kingdom. Immediately after the death of Henry of Champagne, the barons of Jerusalem demanded that his widow, Isabella, seek a fourth husband, who would rule the kingdom.The aristocratic-yet-impoverished seneschal of Jerusalem, Ralph of Saint-Omer, was a candidate, but the masters of the military orders opposed him vehemently. Conrad of Wittelsbach, archbishop of Mainz, arrived in Acre on 20 September and proposed that the throne should be offered to Aimery.",391
1138,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"Immediately after the death of Henry of Champagne, the barons of Jerusalem demanded that his widow, Isabella, seek a fourth husband, who would rule the kingdom.The aristocratic-yet-impoverished seneschal of Jerusalem, Ralph of Saint-Omer, was a candidate, but the masters of the military orders opposed him vehemently. Conrad of Wittelsbach, archbishop of Mainz, arrived in Acre on 20 September and proposed that the throne should be offered to Aimery. Aimery would have been an attractive candidate because of his Cypriot resources, and the Germans likely appreciated that he was an imperial vassal. Since Aimery's first wife, Eschiva, had recently died, he was free to marry Isabella. Joscius, archbishop of Tyre, led the negotiations. The patriarch of Jerusalem, Aymar the Monk, initially complained that the marriage would be uncanonical. The marriage, or at least a betrothal, was celebrated in October. Sensing an opportunity while the Ayyubids were preoccupied with Jaffa, Aimery assisted the German and Brabancon crusaders commanded by Duke Henry I of Brabant in recovering Beirut and Sidon in October 1197. Sidon had been destroyed by the time they arrived, and they captured Beirut on 21 October after forcing the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, al-Adil I, to withdraw. Toron was besieged in November. The patriarch withdrew his objections to the marriage of Aimery and Isabella and crowned them in January 1198. When news of Emperor Henry VI's death reached the Levant, the Germans decided to return home, and the siege of Toron was abandoned on 2 February. The Germans left behind a new military order, the Teutonic Knights, to whom Aimery granted the Gate of St Nicholas in Acre on the condition that they return it at the King's request.",394
1139,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"When news of Emperor Henry VI's death reached the Levant, the Germans decided to return home, and the siege of Toron was abandoned on 2 February. The Germans left behind a new military order, the Teutonic Knights, to whom Aimery granted the Gate of St Nicholas in Acre on the condition that they return it at the King's request. Pope Celestine III's successor, Innocent III, immediately began preaching a new crusade. ==== Governance and legislation ====

King Aimery spent more time at Acre than in Nicosia. He did not hesitate to send Cypriot troops to fight on the mainland, but declared that he could not maintain the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his own treasury. The government and laws of Cyprus were modelled after those of Jerusalem, and a High Court of Cyprus was established as an equivalent to the High Court of Jerusalem. These institutions remained separate, as did the chanceries; the two kingdoms were linked only by the King's person and he made no attempts to unite them. Cyprus was Aimery's and was to pass to his heirs, while in Jerusalem he owed his kingship to Queen Isabella. Isabella already had an heir, her eldest daughter, Maria of Montferrat, and three more daughters, Maria, Alice, and Philippa of Champagne. Aimery was in no haste to make significant changes to his wife's advisors, nor did he try to curtail the influence of the men who had served her previous husband, Henry. He relied much on Baldwin of Bethsan, constable of Cyprus, who often accompanied him on the mainland. He thought highly of the senechal of Jerusalem, Ralph of Saint-Omer, but did not like him. According to a later tradition, Ralph was the only man who knew the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem better than Aimery.",379
1140,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"He thought highly of the senechal of Jerusalem, Ralph of Saint-Omer, but did not like him. According to a later tradition, Ralph was the only man who knew the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem better than Aimery. The King sought to preserve and codify what was remembered of the laws and he wanted to delegate the task to a commission under his presidency. He requested Ralph's assistance, but Ralph took no part in the endeavor. The resulting Livre au roi dealt with, among other things, the rights and obligations of the queen regnant and her husband, the succession rights of her children, and the question of regency in case of her death–issues which were of particular concern at the time. In March 1198, Aimery and his court were travelling from Acre and riding through the orchards of Tyre when four German horsemen galloped up to the King and attacked him. His retainers rescued him, but the attackers refused to say who had hired them. While recovering, Aimery became convinced that Ralph of Saint-Omer, lately his rival for Isabella's hand and the throne, stood behind the attack. Aimery convoked a full session of the High Court of Jerusalem, at which he sentenced Ralph to banishment, apparently referencing an assise of King Baldwin III that allowed the king to punish a treacherous vassal without trial. Ralph insisted that the Assise sur la ligece entitled him to be tried by his peers. The High Court tried to persuade Aimery to grant a trial and threatened to withdraw their knights from his service if he refused, which they did. The matter was only resolved when Ralph announced that he would leave the kingdom voluntarily because he had lost the King's goodwill. This incident may have precluded Ralph from participating in Aimery's compilation of the laws of the kingdom.",377
1141,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"The matter was only resolved when Ralph announced that he would leave the kingdom voluntarily because he had lost the King's goodwill. This incident may have precluded Ralph from participating in Aimery's compilation of the laws of the kingdom. ==== Foreign relations ====
Aimery pursued an active and adaptable foreign policy, and maintained good relations with the merchant republics of Europe to strengthen the economy. He signed a truce with al-Adil on 1 July 1198, securing the possession of the coast from Acre as far as to Antioch for the crusaders for five years and eight months. Aimery was left with Beirut, al-Adil with Jaffa, and Sidon was divided between them. Al-Adil took control of Egypt in November and, with a succession war brewing in Antioch, Aimery became all the more eager to keep the peace. He was dismayed by the struggle between Leo II of Armenia and Count Bohemond of Tripoli for the succession to Prince Bohemond III of Antioch, and he pressured Cardinal Soffred to mediate. Aimery sympathised with the Armenians, but did not intervene. Aimery continued to fear that the Byzantines might attempt to reclaim Cyprus; his ambassadors at the papal court voiced this concern in early 1199. In the early 1200s the Byzantine emperor, Alexios III Angelos, also turned to Pope Innocent III. Alexios III feared that Constantinople would become the target of the Fourth Crusade and promised that he would help the crusaders fight in the Holy Land if the Pope forced Aimery to hand the island to the Byzantines under the pain of excommunication. The Pope was anxious that Aimery's efforts to secure the Holy Land not be disturbed and refused Alexios III, arguing that the Byzantines had lost their right to Cyprus when Richard I of England conquered the island in 1191.",379
1142,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"Alexios III feared that Constantinople would become the target of the Fourth Crusade and promised that he would help the crusaders fight in the Holy Land if the Pope forced Aimery to hand the island to the Byzantines under the pain of excommunication. The Pope was anxious that Aimery's efforts to secure the Holy Land not be disturbed and refused Alexios III, arguing that the Byzantines had lost their right to Cyprus when Richard I of England conquered the island in 1191. Alexios III did not press the issue again, but Innocent III mentioned his designs to Kings John of England and Philip II of France and urged them to send help to Cyprus and the Holy Land. In 1202, groups of men split off from the Fourth Crusade arrived in Acre. Reynald II of Dampierre, who arrived at the head of 300 French crusaders, demanded that Aimery break off the treaties with the Muslims and launch a campaign. Aimery told him that more than 300 soldiers were needed to wage war against the Ayyubids and that he would wait for the rest of the crusaders. Reynald called him a coward to his face and left to join Bohemond of Tripoli. In 1203 another crusader, Thierry of Flanders, landed in Cyprus and came before Aimery. He demanded that Cyprus be turned over to him in right of his wife, a daughter of the island's former ruler, Isaac Komnenos. He was brusquely ordered to leave. Aimery launched one reprisal against the Muslims during the truce. An Egyptian emir seized a fortress near Sidon and plundered the neighbouring Christian territory. As al-Adil failed to force the emir to respect the truce, Aimery sent a retaliatory fleet that seized 20 Egyptian ships; afterwards he led the barons, the Temmplars, and the Hospitallers on raids into the Ayyubid land of Galilee.",395
1143,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"An Egyptian emir seized a fortress near Sidon and plundered the neighbouring Christian territory. As al-Adil failed to force the emir to respect the truce, Aimery sent a retaliatory fleet that seized 20 Egyptian ships; afterwards he led the barons, the Temmplars, and the Hospitallers on raids into the Ayyubid land of Galilee. In response, al-Adil's son al-Mu'azzam Isa plundered the region of Acre. Each side took care to avoid a clash: Aimery held back awaiting the crusade's arrival, while al-Adil sought not to provoke it. In May 1204, Aimery exhibited further naval strength when his fleet sacked Fuwwah, a small Ayyubid town on the Nile Delta. The Fourth Crusade ended up diverted to Constantinople, bringing no benefit to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Aimery's reaction to the crusade's sack of Constantinople and the subsequent establishment of the Latin Empire is not known, but it provoked resentment and dismay in the Latin East. As no new armies would arrive to support him, Aimery proposed a peace, which al-Adil gladly accepted. A new truce for six years was signed in September 1204. Under the terms of the treaty, al-Adil ceded Jaffa and the Ayyubid portions of Sidon and Ramla to the Kingdom of Jerusalem and simplified the Christian pilgrims' visits to Jerusalem and Nazareth. Aimery arranged for the widowed lady of Sidon, Helvis of Ibelin, to marry the crusader Guy of Montfort, who thus took up rule over the newly conquered town in the name of Helvis's son, Balian.",353
1144,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"Under the terms of the treaty, al-Adil ceded Jaffa and the Ayyubid portions of Sidon and Ramla to the Kingdom of Jerusalem and simplified the Christian pilgrims' visits to Jerusalem and Nazareth. Aimery arranged for the widowed lady of Sidon, Helvis of Ibelin, to marry the crusader Guy of Montfort, who thus took up rule over the newly conquered town in the name of Helvis's son, Balian. ==== Family, death, and succession ====
Aimery and Isabella's marriage produced two more daughters, Sibylla and Melisende, and a son, Amalric, who stood to succeed to the throne of Jerusalem. While the children of his first marriage were given typical Lusignan names, Aimery's children with Isabella were named after her relatives. This, as well as the consistent references to Isabella as the daughter of King Amalric in Aimery's charters, suggests that Aimery strove to position himself and their children as part of her dynasty. Of the children Aimery had had with Eschiva, only Burgundia, Helvis, and Hugh survived their father; John and Guy died young, as did Alice, who had leprosy. Around 1202 Aimery gave Burgundia in marriage to the crusader Walter of Montbéliard. Aimery wished to name his new son-in-law and favourite to the office of constable of Jerusalem so that he could command the army in his absence. To do this, he granted Beirut to John of Ibelin in return for John's resignation from constableship. The young Amalric, son of Aimery and Isabella, died on 2 February 1205. Amalric's death precluded the establishment of the Lusignan dynasty in the mainland kingdom.",385
1145,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"The young Amalric, son of Aimery and Isabella, died on 2 February 1205. Amalric's death precluded the establishment of the Lusignan dynasty in the mainland kingdom. After eating an excess of white mullet, King Aimery himself fell seriously ill. He died in Acre shortly after on 1 April. His body was taken to Cyprus and buried in the Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Nicosia. Aimery was succeeded in Cyprus by his only surviving son, 9-year-old Hugh I. Queen Isabella died shortly after, and her kingdom passed to her eldest daughter, Maria of Montferrat. Of the three marriages Aimery had planned with Henry of Champagne, only one could be celebrated, that of King Hugh I to Henry's daughter Alice in 1210; it ""bore its dynastic fruit in time to come"". == Legacy ==
The historian Mary Nickerson Hardwicke describes Aimery as a ""self-assured, politically astute, sometimes hard, seldom sentimentally indulgent"" ruler. His reign was a period of peace and consolidation, and he laid the foundations for the prosperity that Cyprus enjoyed under his successors. For the historian Steven Runciman, Aimery was ""not a great king"", but ""had a political wisdom that was very valuable"". Runciman underlines that Aimery succeeded in preserving the mainland kingdom's monarchy; Hardwicke notes that he failed to strengthen it, although ""it was not his fault"". Among those who knew him, Aimery inspired little affection but commanded respect. The lawyers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem held him in high esteem. One of them, John of Ibelin, emphasized that Aimery had governed both Cyprus and Jerusalem ""well and wisely"" until his death.",362
1146,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus,Aimery of Cyprus,"The lawyers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem held him in high esteem. One of them, John of Ibelin, emphasized that Aimery had governed both Cyprus and Jerusalem ""well and wisely"" until his death. == Notes ==


== References ==


=== Citations ===


=== Bibliography ===


==== Primary sources ====


==== Secondary sources ====


== External links ==
Letters from Aimery",88
1147,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentreBC,CentreBC,"CentreBC is a provincial political party in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The party is led by Karin Kirkpatrick, who was the BC United MLA for West Vancouver-Capilano from 2020 to 2024. The party split from BC United (formerly known as the BC Liberals) in 2025 due to BC United leader Kevin Falcon's refusal to resign as leader following his controversial decision to suspend BC United's 2024 election campaign. The party wants to run a full slate of 93 candidates in the next British Columbia general election. == History ==
Two years before the foundation of CentreBC, the British Columbia Liberal Party changed their name to BC United on April 12, 2023. This was to reflect that the BC Liberals had not been affiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada since 1987 and had occupied the right-wing of the British Columbian political spectrum as the primary opponent of the left-leaning New Democratic Party since the 1990s. The name change may also have been motivated in order to further separate themselves from the federal Liberals where, according to campaign strategist Allie Blades, 'the B.C. Liberal name confused and turned off voters who did not support the federal Liberals.' However, this rebranding was widely seen  as a failure, with support for BC United crashing in the provincial opinion polls, and much of their supporters switching to the Conservative Party of British Columbia under leader John Rustad. By August 14, 2024, BC United was projected to earn just 10% of the popular vote and lose all their seats in the upcoming 2024 British Columbia general election. On August 28, BC United leader Kevin Falcon announced that he had suspended the party's election campaign and would be endorsing the BC Conservatives. This decision was criticized by many BC United MLAs, including Karin Kirkpatrick, who called on Falcon to resign. Kirkpatrick decided to continue running as an independent in the next election along with 16 other former BC United candidates; none of them were elected.",391
1148,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentreBC,CentreBC,"This decision was criticized by many BC United MLAs, including Karin Kirkpatrick, who called on Falcon to resign. Kirkpatrick decided to continue running as an independent in the next election along with 16 other former BC United candidates; none of them were elected. In February 2025, Kirkpatrick called on Falcon to resign again; Falcon refused to do so, claiming that the funds needed to hold a leadership election would further sink the now-indebted party into financial ruin. On March 28, 2025, Kirkpatrick founded CentreBC as a new political party, to serve as an option for moderate British Columbian voters who would otherwise have to choose between the Conservatives and the New Democrats. == References ==


== External links ==
Official website",147
1149,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver,_Manitoba","Silver, Manitoba","Silver is an unincorporated community in the province of Manitoba, Canada. It is located approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Arborg within the Rural Municipality of Armstrong. Silver began as a Canadian Pacific Railway point in 1911 and was named after N. T. Silver, a contractor who shipped wood from the location. One map source from 1914 showed the locality as being named Silver Spur. The Post Office opened in 1918 on 35-21-2E. In its heyday, Silver was host to a few general stores. Cord wood and grain were the primary resources shipped by train, and passenger services included a morning train south to Winnipeg and a night train north to Arborg. The small community church of St. John's Ukrainian Catholic is located on the west side of Provincial Trunk Highway 7 but closed in the early 2010s due to low attendance. Approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) to the west is Silver's only cemetery, St. John's Parish Cemetery (50.834567°N 97.252196°W / 50.834567; -97.252196). In 1991, a new community centre was built in Silver and serves as staging grounds for multiple events, including the Silver Western Days (last Saturday in May) and the Silver Picnic (second Sunday in August). == Notable individuals ==
Pte. Charles Rychlicki (1923 - July 20, 1944), born in Silver and served with The South Saskatchewan Regiment in World War II. Rychlicki was killed in action during the Battle of Verrières Ridge in Operation Atlantic. He is buried in Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Cemetery in France.",351
1150,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver,_Manitoba","Silver, Manitoba","Rychlicki was killed in action during the Battle of Verrières Ridge in Operation Atlantic. He is buried in Bretteville-sur-Laize Canadian War Cemetery in France. Rychlicki Lake in northern Manitoba was named after him (58.385278°N 98.779167°W / 58.385278; -98.779167) on January 31, 1975 by the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names. His name is also memorialized on a World War II commemorative cairn in Meleb-Park-Cumming Schools Reunion Park in nearby Meleb, Manitoba. == Gallery ==


== References ==",142
1151,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_cuisine,Cossack cuisine,"Cossack cuisine is the traditional cuisine of the Cossack people of present-day Ukraine and Russia. Having emerged in parallel with the settlement of Eastern European steppes, Cossack food culture incorporated elements of various traditions, including European, Caucasian and Central Asian cuisines. == Foods and products ==


=== Fish and seafood ===

Many Cossack hosts were named after rivers along which their members would settle (Dnieper, Amur, Volga, Don, Yenisey, Kuban, Terek, Ussuri, and Yaik), and this connection has influenced the Cossack diet, which is dominated by an abundance of fish dishes. In Ivan Kotliarevsky's Eneida sturgeon, herring and roach are mentioned among the fish consumed by the poem's heroes, who were inspired by Zaporozhian Cossacks. Ukrainian ethnographer Mykola Markevych also mentioned dishes like borshch with fish, loaches with horseradish, cutlets made of pike or crucian carp, which were popular among Ukrainian Cossacks. Social elite of the Hetmanate would also use imported fish such as Dutch herring, eels, flounders, lampreys, salmon as well as cuttlefish. Some other local fish species popular during that time included carp, catfish, common bream, sander. Much of the fish consumed by Cossacks in Ukrainian lands was salted or dried. Fish trade between Ukraine and the Black Sea region during the Cossack era was controlled by chumaks, but much of the catch was done locally in rivers, such as the Dnieper and Desna, or in ponds. Among Don Cossacks baked carp or bream are still popular, and they prepare soups and stews with fish, such as ukha and kulesh.",391
1152,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_cuisine,Cossack cuisine,"Fish trade between Ukraine and the Black Sea region during the Cossack era was controlled by chumaks, but much of the catch was done locally in rivers, such as the Dnieper and Desna, or in ponds. Among Don Cossacks baked carp or bream are still popular, and they prepare soups and stews with fish, such as ukha and kulesh. The Don Cossacks' fish dishes include sturgeon, balyk, Don herring, scherba (ukha), and small fish fried with onions and eggs. === Other dishes ===

Typical food consumed by Zaporozhian Cossacks consisted of milled grains and flour and included traditional Ukrainian dishes such as kasha, kulish, teteria and solomakha. During campaigns Cossacks would be supplied by the hetman administration with basic rations consisting of flour, breadcrumbs, groats and meat. In Pereyaslav regiment during 1722-1723 a Cossack artillery serviceman would annually receive almost 200 kg of rye, 50 kg of wheat and 50 kg of buckwheat flour, 50 kg of millet, 15 kg of salo and 55 g of salt. Cossacks would also eat borshch, which was a universal food for all classes in Ukraine during that era. The diet of the Hetmanate's Cossack elite was much more luxurious in comparison: campaigning in the Caucasus in 1726, Lubny colonel Yakiv Markovych ordered his wife in Ukraine to send him foods such as olives, butter, ham, dried tongues, chicken and turkeys, as well as olive oil and various appetizers. During the Cossack era beef and game in Ukraine were consumed mostly by the upper classes; the most commonly eaten meat among the lower classes was mutton. Don Cossacks traditionally eat porridges, noodles, bread and pies.",399
1153,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_cuisine,Cossack cuisine,"During the Cossack era beef and game in Ukraine were consumed mostly by the upper classes; the most commonly eaten meat among the lower classes was mutton. Don Cossacks traditionally eat porridges, noodles, bread and pies. Stuffed cabbage rolls and aspic are also common. A well-known Don dish is watermelon pickled in brine, which is often used as an appetizer for strong alcoholic drinks. Kuban Cossacks eat borscht, varenyky (dumplings stuffed of potatoes or berries), pancakes, and shish kebabs. Goulash is common in the cuisine of the Cossacks of Southern Russia. The most common soups are okroshka and shulum (a thick soup of broth, meat, and potatoes). Meat (usually pork and poultry) is usually baked in the oven. The round bread palyanytsia is surrounded with honors. === Desserts ===

Dewberry, fried berries and honey were mentioned as food by Zaporozhian Cossack colonel Yakiv Markovych in early 18th century. A traditional Don Cossack dessert is nardek (watermelon honey). It is usually eaten with bursak (bursachki). The influence of oriental cuisine is seen in the use of raisins, which are added to porridge. === Drinks ===
Consumption of coffee was a traditional attribute of Ukrainian Cossack starshina. Drinks such as juice, tea and coffee were mentioned by Zaporozhian Cossack officer Yakiv Markovych in early 18th century. Common drinks among the Don Cossacks include uzvar (a sweet, nonalcoholic drink made with dried fruits) and kvass (a low-alcohol grain-based beverage).",372
1154,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_cuisine,Cossack cuisine,"Drinks such as juice, tea and coffee were mentioned by Zaporozhian Cossack officer Yakiv Markovych in early 18th century. Common drinks among the Don Cossacks include uzvar (a sweet, nonalcoholic drink made with dried fruits) and kvass (a low-alcohol grain-based beverage). Kuban Cossacks drink kissels, brews, and Iryan, a Cossack variant of ayran similar to suzma. === Alcohol ===

Among products ordered by Zaporozhian Cossack officer Yakiv Markovych from Ukraine during his service in the Caucasus were ""wine and good horilkas"", as well as prune brandy. Historically, a traditional alcoholic beverage of the Don Cossacks was wine, and winemaking emerged on the Don with the appearance of the first Greek colonies, approximately in the sixth-century B.C.E. The ancient Greek historian Strabo wrote that during his travels, he visited the mouth of the Don, where the vines were covered with earth for the winter to protect them from snow and frost. However, when the Polovtsians came to the Don region, followed by the Tatar-Mongols, winemaking disappeared.Peter the Great had an opportunity to revive viticulture on the Don. In 1697, the tsar ordered the Azov governor, Prozorovsky, ""to start vineyards"". Soon, wine became the most popular drink of the Don again. == Utensils and etiquette ==
Cossacks commonly use bowls and wooden spoons. Cossacks eat three times a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Before eating, they wash and wipe their hands. The eldest at the table usually signals the start of the meal. They often eat from a common bowl. Drinks are served in pitchers. == References ==",386
1155,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowing_the_grass,Mowing the grass,"Mowing the grass (Hebrew: כיסוח דשא) is a metaphor used to describe periodic Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip to manage the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. During such attacks, Israel has targeted Palestinian militants, civilians, and civilian infrastructure in the Gaza Strip. The strategy is usually carried out by conducting short, sharp military operations to maintain a certain level of control over the area without committing to a long-term political solution, similar to how one would mow a lawn to keep it neat and tidy. The term was coined by Efraim Inbar and Eitan Shamir, two columnists for The Jerusalem Post and strategic studies researchers. According to Adam Taylor in The Washington Post, ""the phrase implies the Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip and their supply of crude but effective homemade weapons are like weeds that need to be cut back."" Naftali Bennett referred to the idea in a speech in 2018 when he said ""מי שלא מכסח את הדשא, הדשא מכסח אותו"" ('He who does not mow the grass, the grass mows him'). == References ==


== Further reading ==
Inbar, Efraim; Shamir, Eitan (2014). ""'Mowing the Grass': Israel's Strategy for Protracted Intractable Conflict"". Journal of Strategic Studies. 37 (1): 65–90. doi:10.1080/01402390.2013.830972. Gibilisco, Michael (July 2023). ""Mowing the grass"". Journal of Theoretical Politics. 35 (3): 204–231. doi:10.1177/09516298231185113. Inbar, Efraim; Shamir, Eitan (2014). Mowing the Grass in Gaza (Report).",399
1156,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowing_the_grass,Mowing the grass,"Inbar, Efraim; Shamir, Eitan (2014). Mowing the Grass in Gaza (Report). JSTOR resrep04496. Shkolnik, Michael (4 May 2017). ""'Mowing the Grass' and Operation Protective Edge: Israel's strategy for protracted asymmetric conflict with Hamas"". Canadian Foreign Policy Journal. 23 (2): 185–189. doi:10.1080/11926422.2016.1229684. Tweissi, Basim (2024). ""How Israel Lost the 2023 Gaza Propaganda War"". Al-Muntaqa. 7 (1): 127–141. JSTOR 48775010.",138
1157,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. Diabetes tends to progress in severity, and is due to either a reduced production of the hormone insulin by the pancreas or unresponsiveness of bodily cells to insulin's effects. Classic symptoms include the three Ps: polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), and polyphagia (excessive hunger), together with weight loss and blurred vision. If left untreated, the disease can lead to many health complications, including disorders of the cardiovascular system, eye, kidney, and nerves. The major types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. The most common type is type 2. The most common treatment for type 1 is insulin replacement therapy (insulin injections), while anti-diabetic medications (such as metformin and semaglutide or tirzepatide) and lifestyle modifications can be used to manage type 2. Gestational diabetes, a form that sometimes arises during pregnancy, normally resolves shortly after delivery. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks the beta cells (β-cell) in the pancreas, preventing the production of insulin. This condition typically is present from birth or develops early in life. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, meaning the cells do not respond effectively to it, and thus, glucose remains in the bloodstream instead of being absorbed by the cells. Additionally, diabetes can result from other specific causes, such as genetic conditions (monogenic diabetes syndromes like neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young), diseases affecting the pancreas (such as pancreatitis), or the use of certain medications and chemicals (such as glucocorticoids or other specific drugs, including those used after organ transplantation).",383
1158,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, meaning the cells do not respond effectively to it, and thus, glucose remains in the bloodstream instead of being absorbed by the cells. Additionally, diabetes can result from other specific causes, such as genetic conditions (monogenic diabetes syndromes like neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young), diseases affecting the pancreas (such as pancreatitis), or the use of certain medications and chemicals (such as glucocorticoids or other specific drugs, including those used after organ transplantation). The number of people worldwide diagnosed as living with diabetes has increased sharply in recent decades, from 200 million in 1990 to 828 million in 2024. Diabetes accounts for some two million deaths each year, and more than half of those affected are unaware of their condition. It affects one in seven of the adult human population, with type 2 diabetes accounting for more than 95% of cases. These numbers have already risen beyond earlier projections of 783 million adults by 2045. The prevalence of the disease continues to increase, most dramatically in low-middle income nations, where it is now the seventh leading cause of death. Rates are similar in women and men. The global expenditure on diabetes-related healthcare is an estimated US$760 billion a year. == Signs and symptoms ==
 Common symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, and unintended weight loss. Several other non-specific signs and symptoms may also occur, including fatigue, blurred vision, sweet smelling urine/semen and genital itchiness due to Candida infection. About half of affected individuals may also be asymptomatic. Type 1 presents abruptly following a pre-clinical phase, while type 2 has a more insidious onset; patients may remain asymptomatic for many years.",366
1159,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"About half of affected individuals may also be asymptomatic. Type 1 presents abruptly following a pre-clinical phase, while type 2 has a more insidious onset; patients may remain asymptomatic for many years. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency that occurs most commonly in type 1, but may also occur in type 2 if it has been longstanding or if the individual has significant β-cell dysfunction. Excessive production of ketone bodies leads to signs and symptoms including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, the smell of acetone in the breath, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases decreased level of consciousness. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is another emergency characterized by dehydration secondary to severe hyperglycemia, with resultant hypernatremia leading to an altered mental state and possibly coma. Hypoglycemia is a recognized complication of insulin treatment used in diabetes. An acute presentation can include mild symptoms such as sweating, trembling, and palpitations, to more serious effects including impaired cognition, confusion, seizures, coma, and rarely death. Recurrent hypoglycemic episodes may lower the glycemic threshold at which symptoms occur, meaning mild symptoms may not appear before cognitive deterioration begins to occur. === Long-term complications ===

The major long-term complications of diabetes relate to damage to blood vessels at both macrovascular and microvascular levels. Diabetes doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease, and about 75% of deaths in people with diabetes are due to coronary artery disease. Other macrovascular morbidities include stroke and peripheral artery disease. Microvascular disease affects the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Damage to the retina, known as diabetic retinopathy, is the most common cause of blindness in people of working age. The eyes can also be affected in other ways, including development of cataract and glaucoma.",383
1160,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Damage to the retina, known as diabetic retinopathy, is the most common cause of blindness in people of working age. The eyes can also be affected in other ways, including development of cataract and glaucoma. It is recommended that people with diabetes visit an optometrist or ophthalmologist once a year. Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of chronic kidney disease, accounting for over 50% of patients on dialysis in the United States. Diabetic neuropathy, damage to nerves, manifests in various ways, including sensory loss, neuropathic pain, and autonomic dysfunction (such as postural hypotension, diarrhea, and erectile dysfunction). Loss of pain sensation predisposes to trauma that can lead to diabetic foot problems (such as ulceration), the most common cause of non-traumatic lower-limb amputation. Hearing loss is another long-term complication associated with diabetes. Based on extensive data and numerous cases of gallstone disease, it appears that a causal link might exist between type 2 diabetes and gallstones. People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing gallstones compared to those without diabetes. There is a link between cognitive deficit and diabetes; studies have shown that diabetic individuals are at a greater risk of cognitive decline, and have a greater rate of decline compared to those without the disease. Diabetes increases the risk of dementia, and the earlier that one is diagnosed with diabetes, the higher the risk becomes. The condition also predisposes to falls in the elderly, especially those treated with insulin.",313
1161,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Diabetes increases the risk of dementia, and the earlier that one is diagnosed with diabetes, the higher the risk becomes. The condition also predisposes to falls in the elderly, especially those treated with insulin. == Types ==

Diabetes is classified by the World Health Organization into six categories:

Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Hybrid forms of diabetes(including slowly evolving, immune-mediated diabetes of adults and ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes)
Hyperglycemia first detected during pregnancy
Other specific types
Unclassified diabetes
Diabetes is a more variable disease than once thought, and individuals may have a combination of forms. === Type 1 ===

Type 1 accounts for 5 to 10% of diabetes cases and is the most common type of diabetes diagnosed in patients under 20 years; however, the older term ""juvenile-onset diabetes"" is no longer used as onset in adulthood is possible. The disease is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreatic islets, leading to severe insulin deficiency, and can be further classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic (without known cause). The majority of cases are immune-mediated, in which a T cell-mediated autoimmune attack causes loss of beta cells and thus insulin deficiency. Patients often have irregular and unpredictable blood sugar levels due to very low insulin and an impaired counter-response to hypoglycemia. Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited, with multiple genes, including certain HLA genotypes, known to influence the risk of diabetes. In genetically susceptible people, the onset of diabetes can be triggered by one or more environmental factors, such as a viral infection or diet. Several viruses have been implicated, but to date there is no stringent evidence to support this hypothesis in humans.",361
1162,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"In genetically susceptible people, the onset of diabetes can be triggered by one or more environmental factors, such as a viral infection or diet. Several viruses have been implicated, but to date there is no stringent evidence to support this hypothesis in humans. The genes that are responsible for diabetes are still being researched, but scientists have narrowed them down by investigating the gene mutations related to the capability of the body’s β-cells to produce insulin. Genes related to environmental responses (metabolism, pregnancy symptoms, autoimmune disorder development, etc.) also contribute to a person’s amount of genetic risk for diabetes. The occurrence of diabetes in monozygotic and dizygotic twins has been tested, and these rates can give insight into the genetic component of diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the chance of monozygotic twins both developing the disease was greater than the risk for dizygotic twins. However, the rate of any siblings contracting the disease was much greater with type 2 diabetes. This indicates that there must be a large environmental factor involved in type 2, and some genetic factor with type 1. It must be noted, also, that type 1 diabetes has only about a 50% concordance rate (the percentage of two identical twins both having the condition). So, it is not fully genetic, but the results from the twin studies point to some inherited risk. Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, and a significant proportion is diagnosed during adulthood. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is the diagnostic term applied when type 1 diabetes develops in adults; it has a slower onset than the same condition in children. Given this difference, some use the unofficial term ""type 1.5 diabetes"" for this condition. Adults with LADA are frequently initially misdiagnosed as having type 2 diabetes, based on age rather than a cause.",374
1163,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Given this difference, some use the unofficial term ""type 1.5 diabetes"" for this condition. Adults with LADA are frequently initially misdiagnosed as having type 2 diabetes, based on age rather than a cause. LADA leaves adults with higher levels of insulin production than type 1 diabetes, but not enough insulin production for healthy blood sugar levels. === Type 2 ===

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, which may be combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin is believed to involve the insulin receptor. However, the specific defects are not known. Diabetes mellitus cases due to a known defect are classified separately. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes mellitus accounting for 95% of diabetes. Many people with type 2 diabetes have evidence of prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) before meeting the criteria for type 2 diabetes. The progression of prediabetes to overt type 2 diabetes can be slowed or reversed by lifestyle changes or medications that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce the liver's glucose production. Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity (defined by a body mass index of greater than 30), lack of physical activity, poor diet such as Western Pattern Diet, and stress. Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in people of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60–80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of Pima Indians and Pacific Islanders. Even those who are not obese may have a high waist–hip ratio. Dietary factors such as sugar-sweetened drinks are associated with an increased risk. The type of fats in the diet is also important, with saturated fat and trans fats increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat decreasing the risk.",388
1164,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Dietary factors such as sugar-sweetened drinks are associated with an increased risk. The type of fats in the diet is also important, with saturated fat and trans fats increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat decreasing the risk. Eating white rice excessively may increase the risk of diabetes, especially in Chinese and Japanese people. Adverse childhood experiences, including abuse, neglect, and household difficulties, increase the likelihood of type 2 diabetes later in life by 32%, with neglect having the strongest effect. Antipsychotic medication, SSRI, and SNRI side effects (specifically metabolic abnormalities, dyslipidemia and weight gain) are also potential risk factors. === Gestational diabetes ===

Gestational diabetes resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery. It is recommended that all pregnant women get tested starting around 24–28 weeks gestation. It is most often diagnosed in the second or third trimester because of the increase in insulin-antagonist hormone levels that occurs at this time. However, after pregnancy approximately 5–10% of women with gestational diabetes are found to have another form of diabetes, most commonly type 2. Gestational diabetes is fully treatable, but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy. Management may include dietary changes, blood glucose monitoring, and in some cases, insulin may be required. Though it may be transient, untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus or mother. Risks to the baby include macrosomia (high birth weight), congenital heart and central nervous system abnormalities, and skeletal muscle malformations. Increased levels of insulin in a fetus's blood may inhibit fetal surfactant production and cause infant respiratory distress syndrome. A high blood bilirubin level may result from red blood cell destruction.",388
1165,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Increased levels of insulin in a fetus's blood may inhibit fetal surfactant production and cause infant respiratory distress syndrome. A high blood bilirubin level may result from red blood cell destruction. In severe cases, perinatal death may occur, most commonly as a result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular impairment. Labor induction may be indicated with decreased placental function. A caesarean section may be performed if there is marked fetal distress or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia, such as shoulder dystocia. As the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is about 10 times higher in women with a history of gestational diabetes, postpartum screening may involve dietary, lifestyle, and drug interventions to prevent or delay its progression. === Maturity-onset diabetes of the young ===

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited form of diabetes, due to one of several single-gene mutations causing defects in insulin production. It is significantly less common than the three main types, constituting 1–2% of all cases. The name of this disease refers to early hypotheses as to its nature. Being due to a defective gene, this disease varies in age at presentation and in severity according to the specific gene defect; thus, there are at least 14 subtypes of MODY. People with MODY often can control it without using insulin. === Type 5 (malnutrition-related) ===
Malnutrition-related diabetes, also termed Type 5 diabetes, involves decreased insulin production, similar to Type 1 diabetes, but is primarily related to malnutrition rather than autoimmune damage of pancreas beta cells. Unlike in Type 1 diabetes, patients with Type 5 diabetes do not develop ketonuria or ketosis.",364
1166,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"=== Type 5 (malnutrition-related) ===
Malnutrition-related diabetes, also termed Type 5 diabetes, involves decreased insulin production, similar to Type 1 diabetes, but is primarily related to malnutrition rather than autoimmune damage of pancreas beta cells. Unlike in Type 1 diabetes, patients with Type 5 diabetes do not develop ketonuria or ketosis. The ICD-10 (1992) diagnostic entity, malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (ICD-10 code E12), was previously deprecated by the World Health Organization (WHO) when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999. === Other types ===
Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations (autosomal or mitochondrial) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of insulin-antagonistic hormones can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells, whereas others increase insulin resistance (especially glucocorticoids which can provoke ""steroid diabetes""). Yet another form of diabetes that people may develop is double diabetes. This is when a type 1 diabetic becomes insulin resistant, the hallmark for type 2 diabetes or has a family history for type 2 diabetes. It was first discovered in 1990 or 1991. The following is a list of disorders that may increase the risk of diabetes:


=== Unofficial ===
Insulin resistance in the brain caused by Alzheimer's disease has been termed by some researchers as Type 3 diabetes, though this label is also rejected by some to avoid confusion with other types classified as Type 3.",397
1167,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"It was first discovered in 1990 or 1991. The following is a list of disorders that may increase the risk of diabetes:


=== Unofficial ===
Insulin resistance in the brain caused by Alzheimer's disease has been termed by some researchers as Type 3 diabetes, though this label is also rejected by some to avoid confusion with other types classified as Type 3. ""Type 4 diabetes"" has been used to describe age-related insulin resistance in lean mice. Neither of these terms are commonly used in human health care. == Pathophysiology ==

Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells of the body, especially liver, adipose tissue and muscle, except smooth muscle, in which insulin acts via the IGF-1. Therefore, deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors play a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus. The body obtains glucose from three main sources: the intestinal absorption of food; the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis), the storage form of glucose found in the liver; and gluconeogenesis, the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates in the body. Insulin plays a critical role in regulating glucose levels in the body. Insulin can inhibit the breakdown of glycogen or the process of gluconeogenesis, it can stimulate the transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, and it can stimulate the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. Insulin is released into the blood by beta cells (β-cells), found in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, in response to rising levels of blood glucose, typically after eating. Insulin is used by about two-thirds of the body's cells to absorb glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage. Lower glucose levels result in decreased insulin release from the beta cells and in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.",398
1168,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Insulin is used by about two-thirds of the body's cells to absorb glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage. Lower glucose levels result in decreased insulin release from the beta cells and in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. This process is mainly controlled by the hormone glucagon, which acts in the opposite manner to insulin. If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, or if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin (insulin resistance), or if the insulin itself is defective, then glucose is not absorbed properly by the body cells that require it, and is not stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. The net effect is persistently high levels of blood glucose, poor protein synthesis, and other metabolic derangements, such as metabolic acidosis in cases of complete insulin deficiency. When there is too much glucose in the blood for a long time, the kidneys cannot absorb it all (reach a threshold of reabsorption) and the extra glucose gets passed out of the body through urine (glycosuria). This increases the osmotic pressure of the urine and inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria) and increased fluid loss. Lost blood volume is replaced osmotically from water in body cells and other body compartments, causing dehydration and increased thirst (polydipsia). In addition, intracellular glucose deficiency stimulates appetite leading to excessive food intake (polyphagia). == Diagnosis ==

Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed with a test for the glucose content in the blood, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:

Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). For this test, blood is taken after a period of fasting, i.e. in the morning before breakfast, after the patient had sufficient time to fast overnight or at least 8 hours before the test.",398
1169,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"For this test, blood is taken after a period of fasting, i.e. in the morning before breakfast, after the patient had sufficient time to fast overnight or at least 8 hours before the test. Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) two hours after a 75 gram oral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Symptoms of high blood sugar and plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) either while fasting or not fasting
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 DCCT %). A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It is preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test. According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements at or above 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus. Per the WHO, people with fasting glucose levels from 6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L (110 to 125 mg/dL) are considered to have impaired fasting glucose. People with plasma glucose at or above 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL), but not over 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), two hours after a 75 gram oral glucose load are considered to have impaired glucose tolerance. Of these two prediabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus, as well as cardiovascular disease. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) since 2003 uses a slightly different range for impaired fasting glucose of 5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L (100 to 125 mg/dL).",398
1170,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Of these two prediabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus, as well as cardiovascular disease. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) since 2003 uses a slightly different range for impaired fasting glucose of 5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L (100 to 125 mg/dL). Glycated hemoglobin is better than fasting glucose for determining risks of cardiovascular disease and death from any cause. == Prevention ==

There is no known preventive measure for type 1 diabetes. However, islet autoimmunity and multiple antibodies can be a strong predictor of the onset of type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes—which accounts for 85–90% of all cases worldwide—can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining a normal body weight, engaging in physical activity, and eating a healthy diet. Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90 minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%. Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in whole grains and fiber, and choosing good fats, such as the polyunsaturated fats found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish. Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red meat and other sources of saturated fat can also help prevent diabetes. Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and its complications, so smoking cessation can be an important preventive measure as well. The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is growing evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change: globalization, urbanization, population aging, and the general health policy environment. == Comorbidity ==
Diabetes patients' comorbidities have a significant impact on medical expenses and related costs.",390
1171,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"There is growing evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change: globalization, urbanization, population aging, and the general health policy environment. == Comorbidity ==
Diabetes patients' comorbidities have a significant impact on medical expenses and related costs. It has been demonstrated that patients with diabetes are more likely to experience respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections, develop atherosclerosis, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, putting them at increased risk of infection and complications that require medical attention. Patients with diabetes mellitus are more likely to experience certain infections, such as COVID-19, with prevalence rates ranging from 5.3 to 35.5%. Maintaining adequate glycemic control is the primary goal of diabetes management since it is critical to managing diabetes and preventing or postponing such complications. People with type 1 diabetes have higher rates of autoimmune disorders than the general population. An analysis of a type 1 diabetes registry found that 27% of the 25,000 participants had other autoimmune disorders. Between 2% and 16% of people with type 1 diabetes also have celiac disease. == Management ==

Diabetes management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels close to normal, without causing low blood sugar. This can usually be accomplished with dietary changes, exercise, weight loss, and use of appropriate medications (insulin, oral medications). Learning about the disease and actively participating in the treatment is important, since complications are far less common and less severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels. The goal of treatment is an HbA1C level below 7%. Attention is also paid to other health problems that may accelerate the negative effects of diabetes. These include smoking, high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and lack of regular exercise. Specialized footwear is widely used to reduce the risk of diabetic foot ulcers by relieving the pressure on the foot.",393
1172,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"These include smoking, high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and lack of regular exercise. Specialized footwear is widely used to reduce the risk of diabetic foot ulcers by relieving the pressure on the foot. Foot examination for patients living with diabetes should be done annually which includes sensation testing, foot biomechanics, vascular integrity and foot structure. Concerning those with severe mental illness, the efficacy of type 2 diabetes self-management interventions is still poorly explored, with insufficient scientific evidence to show whether these interventions have similar results to those observed in the general population. === Lifestyle ===

People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease and treatment, dietary changes, and exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within acceptable bounds. In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure. Weight loss can prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes type 2, decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, or result in a partial remission in people with diabetes. No single dietary pattern is best for all people with diabetes. Healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, low-carbohydrate diet, or DASH diet, are often recommended, although evidence does not support one over the others. According to the ADA, ""reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has demonstrated the most evidence for improving glycemia"", and for individuals with type 2 diabetes who cannot meet the glycemic targets or where reducing anti-glycemic medications is a priority, low or very-low carbohydrate diets are a viable approach. For overweight people with type 2 diabetes, any diet that achieves weight loss is effective. A 2020 Cochrane systematic review compared several non-nutritive sweeteners to sugar, placebo and a nutritive low-calorie sweetener (tagatose), but the results were unclear for effects on HbA1C, body weight and adverse events.",393
1173,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"For overweight people with type 2 diabetes, any diet that achieves weight loss is effective. A 2020 Cochrane systematic review compared several non-nutritive sweeteners to sugar, placebo and a nutritive low-calorie sweetener (tagatose), but the results were unclear for effects on HbA1C, body weight and adverse events. The studies included were mainly of very low-certainty and did not report on health-related quality of life, diabetes complications, all-cause mortality or socioeconomic effects. === In children ===
While type 1 diabetes is more prevalent in pediatric diabetes, type 2 diabetes has increasing prevalence, accounting for some 33% of new diagnoses. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include ethnicity, family history, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, a mother with gestational diabetes, female gender, and obesity. Children with type 2 diabetes have increased risk of developing complications, which include insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, polyuria, ketosis, and dehydration. Early recognition, screening, treatment, and education of diabetic children are needed to prevent long-term disease complications. Screening for type 2 diabetes typically starts at 10 years old for obese children and those who have at least two risk factors. Diagnostic criteria include plasma blood glucose of more than 200 mg per deciliter (dl) or a fasting blood glucose above 126 mg per dl in children with overt symptoms. Differentiating type 1 from type 2 diabetes may include assessment of fasting blood insulin or C-peptide, or determination of autoantibodies for type 1 diabetes. ==== Treatment and management ====
Adoption of healthy lifestyle practices and metformin medication are recommended as initial treatments. Lifestyle changes include daily exercise for at least 60 minutes, reduced screen time, and dietary education. Metformin at 500 mg per day is used upon diagnosis.",375
1174,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Lifestyle changes include daily exercise for at least 60 minutes, reduced screen time, and dietary education. Metformin at 500 mg per day is used upon diagnosis. Insulin is used for children with a blood glucose of more than 250 mg per dl and a HbA1C greater than 8.5%. ==== Education ====
Diabetes management for children requires the integration of the family and health care team to be committed and continuous for promotion of self-management. A health care team may include a pediatric endocrinologist or physician trained in pediatric diabetes, a diabetes specialist nurse, a registered dietitian, a psychologist, a social worker, and child life specialist. The goal of the health care team and child's family is to empower the child to make informed decisions for health‐promoting lifestyle choices. === Medications ===


==== Glucose control ====

Most medications used to treat diabetes act by lowering blood sugar levels through different mechanisms. There is broad consensus that when people with diabetes maintain tight glucose control – keeping the glucose levels in their blood within normal ranges – they experience fewer complications, such as kidney problems or eye problems. There is, however, debate as to whether this is appropriate and cost effective for people later in life in whom the risk of hypoglycemia may be more significant. There are a number of different classes of anti-diabetic medications. Type 1 diabetes requires treatment with insulin, ideally using a ""basal bolus"" regimen that most closely matches normal insulin release: long-acting insulin for the basal rate and short-acting insulin with meals. Type 2 diabetes is generally treated with medication that is taken by mouth (e.g. metformin) although some eventually require injectable treatment with insulin or GLP-1 agonists. Metformin is generally recommended as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, as there is good evidence that it decreases mortality.",391
1175,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"metformin) although some eventually require injectable treatment with insulin or GLP-1 agonists. Metformin is generally recommended as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, as there is good evidence that it decreases mortality. It works by decreasing the liver's production of glucose, and increasing the amount of glucose stored in peripheral tissue. Several other groups of drugs, mainly oral medication, may also decrease blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. These include agents that increase insulin release (sulfonylureas), agents that decrease absorption of sugar from the intestines (acarbose), agents that inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that inactivates incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP (sitagliptin), agents that make the body more sensitive to insulin (thiazolidinedione) and agents that increase the excretion of glucose in the urine (SGLT2 inhibitors). When insulin is used in type 2 diabetes, a long-acting formulation is usually added initially, while continuing oral medications. Some severe cases of type 2 diabetes may also be treated with insulin, which is increased gradually until glucose targets are reached. ==== Blood pressure lowering ====
Cardiovascular disease is a serious complication associated with diabetes, and many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are lower than 140/90 mmHg for people with diabetes. However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than 140 mmHg, and a subsequent systematic review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130 – 140mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.",358
1176,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than 140 mmHg, and a subsequent systematic review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130 – 140mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events. 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations are that people with diabetes and albuminuria should receive an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system to reduce the risks of progression to end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and death. There is some evidence that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are superior to other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system such as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or aliskiren in preventing cardiovascular disease. Although a more recent review found similar effects of ACEIs and ARBs on major cardiovascular and renal outcomes. There is no evidence that combining ACEIs and ARBs provides additional benefits. ==== Aspirin ====
The use of aspirin to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial. Aspirin is recommended by some in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease; however, routine use of aspirin has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes. 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations for aspirin use (based on expert consensus or clinical experience) are that low-dose aspirin use is reasonable in adults with diabetes who are at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease (10-year cardiovascular disease risk, 5–10%). National guidelines for England and Wales by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommend against the use of aspirin in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who do not have confirmed cardiovascular disease. === Surgery ===
Weight loss surgery in those with obesity and type 2 diabetes is often an effective measure. Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased.",397
1177,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"=== Surgery ===
Weight loss surgery in those with obesity and type 2 diabetes is often an effective measure. Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medications following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased. There is, however, a short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery. The body mass index cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear. It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control. A pancreas transplant is occasionally considered for people with type 1 diabetes who have severe complications of their disease, including end stage kidney disease requiring kidney transplantation. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects 30% of all diabetes patients. When DPN is superimposed with nerve compression, DPN may be treatable with multiple nerve decompressions. The theory is that DPN predisposes peripheral nerves to compression at anatomical sites of narrowing, and that the majority of DPN symptoms are actually attributable to nerve compression, a treatable condition, rather than DPN itself. The surgery is associated with lower pain scores, higher two-point discrimination (a measure of sensory improvement), lower rate of ulcerations, fewer falls (in the case of lower extremity decompression), and fewer amputations. === Self-management and support ===
In countries using a general practitioner system, such as the United Kingdom, care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with hospital-based specialist care used only in case of complications, difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a team approach. Evidence has shown that social prescribing led to slight improvements in blood sugar control for people with type 2 diabetes. Home telehealth support can be an effective management technique. The use of technology to deliver educational programs for adults with type 2 diabetes includes computer-based self-management interventions to collect for tailored responses to facilitate self-management.",399
1178,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Home telehealth support can be an effective management technique. The use of technology to deliver educational programs for adults with type 2 diabetes includes computer-based self-management interventions to collect for tailored responses to facilitate self-management. There is no adequate evidence to support effects on cholesterol, blood pressure, behavioral change (such as physical activity levels and dietary), depression, weight and health-related quality of life, nor in other biological, cognitive or emotional outcomes. == Epidemiology ==

An estimated 382 million people worldwide had diabetes in 2013 up from 108 million in 1980. Accounting for the shifting age structure of the global population, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.8% among adults, nearly double the rate of 4.7% in 1980. Type 2 makes up about 90% of the cases. Some data indicate rates are roughly equal in women and men, but male excess in diabetes has been found in many populations with higher type 2 incidence, possibly due to sex-related differences in insulin sensitivity, consequences of obesity and regional body fat deposition, and other contributing factors such as high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, and alcohol intake. The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death. However, another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of cardiovascular disease and other associated complications (e.g. kidney failure), which often lead to premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes. For example, in 2017, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that diabetes resulted in 4.0 million deaths worldwide, using modeling to estimate the total number of deaths that could be directly or indirectly attributed to diabetes. Diabetes occurs throughout the world but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries.",370
1179,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"For example, in 2017, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that diabetes resulted in 4.0 million deaths worldwide, using modeling to estimate the total number of deaths that could be directly or indirectly attributed to diabetes. Diabetes occurs throughout the world but is more common (especially type 2) in more developed countries. The greatest increase in rates has, however, been seen in low- and middle-income countries, where more than 80% of diabetic deaths occur. The fastest prevalence increase is expected to occur in Asia and Africa, where most people with diabetes will probably live in 2030. The increase in rates in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the ""Western-style"" diet). The global number of diabetes cases might increase by 48% between 2017 and 2045. As of 2020, 38% of all US adults had prediabetes. Prediabetes is an early stage of diabetes. == History ==

Diabetes was one of the first diseases described, with an Egyptian manuscript from c. 1500 BCE mentioning ""too great emptying of the urine."" The Ebers papyrus includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases. The first described cases are believed to have been type 1 diabetes. The term ""diabetes"" or ""to pass through"" was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek Apollonius of Memphis. The disease was considered rare during the time of the Roman Empire, with Galen commenting he had only seen two cases during his career. This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease.",379
1180,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"The disease was considered rare during the time of the Roman Empire, with Galen commenting he had only seen two cases during his career. This is possibly due to the diet and lifestyle of the ancients, or because the clinical symptoms were observed during the advanced stage of the disease. Galen named the disease ""diarrhea of the urine"" (diarrhea urinosa). Indian physicians around the sixth century CE identified the disease and classified it as madhumeha or ""honey urine"", noting the urine would attract ants. The earliest surviving work with a detailed reference to diabetes is that of Aretaeus of Cappadocia (2nd or early 3rd century CE). He described the symptoms and the course of the disease, which he attributed to the moisture and coldness, reflecting the beliefs of the ""Pneumatic School"". He hypothesized a correlation between diabetes and other diseases, and he discussed differential diagnosis from the snakebite, which also provokes excessive thirst. His work remained unknown in the West until 1552, when the first Latin edition was published in Venice. Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians Sushruta and Charaka in 400–500 CE with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight. Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when Canadians Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolated and purified insulin in 1921 and 1922. This was followed by the development of the long-acting insulin NPH in the 1940s. === Etymology ===
The word diabetes ( or ) comes from Latin diabētēs, which in turn comes from Ancient Greek διαβήτης (diabētēs), which literally means ""a passer through; a siphon"". Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia (fl.",387
1181,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"=== Etymology ===
The word diabetes ( or ) comes from Latin diabētēs, which in turn comes from Ancient Greek διαβήτης (diabētēs), which literally means ""a passer through; a siphon"". Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia (fl. 2nd century CE) used that word, with the intended meaning ""excessive discharge of urine"", as the name for the disease. Ultimately, the word comes from Greek διαβαίνειν (diabainein), meaning ""to pass through"", which is composed of δια- (dia-), meaning ""through"" and βαίνειν (bainein), meaning ""to go"". The word ""diabetes"" is first recorded in English, in the form diabete, in a medical text written around 1425. The word mellitus ( or ) comes from the classical Latin word mellītus, meaning ""mellite"" (i.e. sweetened with honey; honey-sweet). The Latin word comes from mell-, which comes from mel, meaning ""honey""; sweetness; pleasant thing, and the suffix -ītus, whose meaning is the same as that of the English suffix ""-ite"". It was Thomas Willis who in 1675 added ""mellitus"" to the word ""diabetes"" as a designation for the disease, when he noticed the urine of a person with diabetes had a sweet taste (glycosuria). This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, and Indians. == Society and culture ==

The 1989 ""St. Vincent Declaration"" was the result of international efforts to improve the care accorded to those with diabetes.",378
1182,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, and Indians. == Society and culture ==

The 1989 ""St. Vincent Declaration"" was the result of international efforts to improve the care accorded to those with diabetes. Doing so is important not only in terms of quality of life and life expectancy but also economically – expenses due to diabetes have been shown to be a major drain on health – and productivity-related resources for healthcare systems and governments. Several countries established more and less successful national diabetes programmes to improve treatment of the disease. === Diabetes stigma ===
Diabetes stigma describes the negative attitudes, judgment, discrimination, or prejudice against people with diabetes. Often, the stigma stems from the idea that diabetes (particularly Type 2 diabetes) resulted from poor lifestyle and unhealthy food choices rather than other causal factors such as genetics and social determinants of health. Manifestation of stigma can be seen throughout different cultures and contexts. Scenarios include diabetes statuses affecting marriage proposals, workplace-employment, and social standing in communities. Stigma is also seen internally, as people with diabetes can also have negative beliefs about themselves. Often these cases of self-stigma are associated with higher diabetes-specific distress, lower self-efficacy, higher rates of depression, and poorer provider-patient interactions during diabetes care. === Inequalities in Diabetes ===

Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected with higher prevalence of diabetes compared to non-minority individuals. While US adults overall have a 40% chance of developing type 2 diabetes, Hispanic/Latino adults chance is more than 50%. African Americans also are much more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes compared to White Americans. Asians have increased risk of diabetes as diabetes can develop at lower BMI due to differences in visceral fat compared to other races. For Asians, diabetes can develop at a younger age and lower body fat compared to other groups.",384
1183,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Asians have increased risk of diabetes as diabetes can develop at lower BMI due to differences in visceral fat compared to other races. For Asians, diabetes can develop at a younger age and lower body fat compared to other groups. Additionally, diabetes is highly underreported in Asian American people, as 1 in 3 cases are undiagnosed compared to the average 1 in 5 for the nation. People with diabetes who have neuropathic symptoms such as numbness or tingling in feet or hands are twice as likely to be unemployed as those without the symptoms. In 2010, diabetes-related emergency room (ER) visit rates in the United States were higher among people from the lowest income communities (526 per 10,000 population) than from the highest income communities (236 per 10,000 population). Approximately 9.4% of diabetes-related ER visits were for the uninsured. Women also have worse experiences with diabetes and care for Diabetes than men do. Women experience more mental health issues, like eating disorders, spanning from diabetes. Women are also three times more likely to be housebound because of societal pressures put on people with diabetes. Overall, women seek out more medical help, while at the same time receiving less help than men who are the same race and economic class. Transgender people also struggle with diabetes care reporting less preferential treatment than people who are not trans. === Naming ===
The term ""type 1 diabetes"" has replaced several former terms, including childhood-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Likewise, the term ""type 2 diabetes"" has replaced several former terms, including adult-onset diabetes, obesity-related diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Beyond these two types, there is no agreed-upon standard nomenclature. Diabetes mellitus is also occasionally known as ""sugar diabetes"" to differentiate it from diabetes insipidus.",384
1184,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"Beyond these two types, there is no agreed-upon standard nomenclature. Diabetes mellitus is also occasionally known as ""sugar diabetes"" to differentiate it from diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is an unrelated disease with symptoms that can mimic diabetes mellitus. == Diabetes in other animals ==

Diabetes can occur in mammals or reptiles. Birds do not develop diabetes because of their unusually high tolerance for elevated blood glucose levels. There is some indication that amphibians have the ability to develop diabetes. In animals, diabetes is most commonly encountered in dogs and cats. Middle-aged animals are most commonly affected. Female dogs are twice as likely to be affected as males, while according to some sources, male cats are more prone than females. In both species, all breeds may be affected, but some small dog breeds are particularly likely to develop diabetes, such as Miniature Poodles. Feline diabetes is strikingly similar to human type 2 diabetes. The Burmese, Russian Blue, Abyssinian, and Norwegian Forest cat breeds are at higher risk than other breeds. Overweight cats are also at higher risk. The symptoms may relate to fluid loss and polyuria, but the course may also be insidious. Diabetic animals are more prone to infections. The long-term complications recognized in humans are much rarer in animals. The principles of treatment (weight loss, oral antidiabetics, subcutaneous insulin) and management of emergencies (e.g. ketoacidosis) are similar to those in humans. == See also ==
Blood glucose monitoring
Diabetes and deafness
Diabetic foot
Outline of diabetes


== References ==


== External links ==

American Diabetes Association
IDF Diabetes Atlas
National Diabetes Education Program
ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2019
Polonsky KS (October 2012). ""The past 200 years in diabetes"". The New England Journal of Medicine.",395
1185,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes,Diabetes,"""The past 200 years in diabetes"". The New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (14): 1332–1340. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1110560. PMID 23034021. S2CID 9456681. ""Diabetes"". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine.",70
1186,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasenko_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87,Jasenko %C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87,"Jasenko Đorđević (pronounced [Yasénko d͡ʑɔ̝̌ːrd͡ʑe̞vit͡ɕ]), born June 9, 1983, in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, is an artist specializing in creating miniature sculptures on the tips of graphite pencils. Known under the pseudonym TOLDart, Đorđević is a self-taught artist. His work reflects life philosophy, demonstrating strength and flexibility through the delicate process of carving. Đorđević's artistic approach has been recognized and awarded internationally, including prestigious awards such as the Grand Prix and Sculpture Award at the international exhibition 'Biennale of Miniature Art BiH.' in 2013. Early in 2019, he also received the prestigious Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant. Đorđević's work has been recognized and exhibited in several countries including France, England, China, the United States, and Belgium. His sculptures are part of the permanent collection at the Cumberland Pencil Museum in the United Kingdom, demonstrating his global presence and recognition in the art world. == Commencement ==
In January 2010, his brother sent him a link with the artworks of an American artist called Dalton Ghetti, who at that time was the only artist known for creating this type of miniature sculptures,  and challenged him to try and make something similar. He liked the idea and accepted the challenge. The very next day, he sent his brother a sculpture with a note saying 'I told you so'. This first contact with graphite as a medium was enchanting for Jasenko. The tiny dimensions of the pencil, usually between 2 and 5mm in diameter, presented a unique and delicate challenge. The brittleness of graphite demanded precision and patience.",391
1187,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasenko_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87,Jasenko %C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87,"The tiny dimensions of the pencil, usually between 2 and 5mm in diameter, presented a unique and delicate challenge. The brittleness of graphite demanded precision and patience. As a child he used to make small books (about 5mm), small sculptures, and micro-origami. He made one origami figure for the Guinness Book of World Records. It was a paper boat about 1.5mm by 2.5mm but the dimensions of the boat itself were about 1mm. Although it didn't make it into the Guinness Book of World Records due to certain technical issues, the officials at Guinness confirmed that they had no record of a similar feat, acknowledging the uniqueness of his work. Đorđević's work has attracted the attention of numerous prestigious media houses, including CNN, Deutsche Welle (DW), Reuters, and many others, showcasing the widespread interest and acclaim his miniature pencil sculptures have garnered globally. == Sculptures ==
Working primarily on standard pencils with diameters ranging from 2 to 5mm and graphite hardness between HB and 2H, his themes are diverse, encapsulating philosophical musings, historical moments, and snapshots of life. His works have garnered significant attention online, as well as in group and solo exhibitions.",256
1188,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasenko_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87,Jasenko %C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87,"== Sculptures ==
Working primarily on standard pencils with diameters ranging from 2 to 5mm and graphite hardness between HB and 2H, his themes are diverse, encapsulating philosophical musings, historical moments, and snapshots of life. His works have garnered significant attention online, as well as in group and solo exhibitions. == Exhibitions ==


=== Solo exhibitions ===
Source:

2014 Tuzla Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian Cultural Center of Tuzla Canton
2015 Kalesija Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian Cultural Center Kalesija
2015 Tuzla Bosnia and Herzegovina Peace Flame House Tuzla
2016 Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Unon Bank˙s Exhibition space
2016 Mjøndalen Norway Portåsen - Wildenveys Rike
2018 Tuzla Bosnia and Herzegovina Atelier Gallery ""TOLDart""
2018 Tuzla Bosnia and Herzegovina Youth Theater Tuzla
2018 Drammen Norway Buskerud Kunstsenter
2021 Gradac Croatia Municipal Library ""Hrvatska sloga""
2022 Tuzla Bosnia and Herzegovina International Atelier “Ismet Mujezinović”
2022 Zavidovici Bosnia and Herzegovina The Culture Center Zavidovići
2023 Ningbo China 3rd CEEC Expo
2023 Hangzhou China 17th Hangzhou Cultural and Creative Industry EXPO


=== Awards ===
Source:

2013 Grand Prix Award, 7th biennial of miniature art Bosnia and Herzegovina
2013 Sculpture Award, 7th biennial of miniature art Bosnia and Herzegovina
2019 Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant


== References ==",380
1189,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takachiho,_Miyazaki","Takachiho, Miyazaki","Takachiho (高千穂町, Takachiho-chō) is a town in Nishiusuki District, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2023, the town has an estimated population of 11,065 in 4865 households, and a  population density of 47 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 237.54 square kilometres (91.71 sq mi). == Geography ==
Takachiho is in the northernmost part of Miyazaki Prefecture, in the Kyushu Mountains,  bordering Kumamoto Prefecture on its north and northwest sides and Ōita Prefecture on its north and northeast sides. The 106-kilometer Gokase River flows from the west to the southeast part of town. Takachiho Gorge located slightly south of the town center, is a famous tourist destination. The urban center is  around the now-defunct Takachiho Station and the business office of Takachiho Kotsu, the town's public transportation company, and is approximately 120 km northwest of Miyazaki, the prefectural capital, and approximately 80 km southeast of Kumamoto. === Neighboring municipalities ===
Kumamoto Prefecture

Aso District: Takamori
Kamimashiki District: Yamato
Miyazaki Prefecture

Higashiusuki District: Morotsuka
Nishiusuki District: Gokase, Hinokage
Ōita Prefecture

Bungo-ōno
Taketa


=== Climate ===
Takachiho has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. The average annual temperature in Takachiho is 14.4 °C (57.9 °F).",385
1190,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takachiho,_Miyazaki","Takachiho, Miyazaki","=== Neighboring municipalities ===
Kumamoto Prefecture

Aso District: Takamori
Kamimashiki District: Yamato
Miyazaki Prefecture

Higashiusuki District: Morotsuka
Nishiusuki District: Gokase, Hinokage
Ōita Prefecture

Bungo-ōno
Taketa


=== Climate ===
Takachiho has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. The average annual temperature in Takachiho is 14.4 °C (57.9 °F). The average annual rainfall is 2,361.8 mm (92.98 in) with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.0 °C (77.0 °F), and lowest in January, at around 3.7 °C (38.7 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Takachiho was 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) on 16 July 2006; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −11.1 °C (12.0 °F) on 19 February 1977. === Demographics ===
Per Japanese census data, the population of Takachiho in 2020 is 11,642 people. Takachiho has been conducting censuses since 1960. == History ==
The area of Takachiho was part of ancient Hyūga Province. It features prominently in Japanese mythology as the land where Ninigi descended from the heavens, sent by Amaterasu, the sun goddess. It contains the Ama-no-Iwato shrine which is, according to myth, the location of the cave where Amaterasu hid until Ame-no-Uzume lured her out.",381
1191,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takachiho,_Miyazaki","Takachiho, Miyazaki","It features prominently in Japanese mythology as the land where Ninigi descended from the heavens, sent by Amaterasu, the sun goddess. It contains the Ama-no-Iwato shrine which is, according to myth, the location of the cave where Amaterasu hid until Ame-no-Uzume lured her out. From the late Heian period into the Sengoku period, the area was controlled by the Kikuchi clan, which was associated with Aso Shrine in Higo Province. The area later was contested between the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Province and the Otomo clan of Bungo Province. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, it was part of the holdings of Nobeoka Domain. The village of Takachiho within Nishiusuki District, Miyazaki was established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. Takachiho was raised to town status on April 1, 1920. Around 1920, arsenopyrite was mined in the northern part of the town, and the production of arsenite supported the town's economy until the mine was closed in 1962. On September 30, 1956 Takachiho annexed the neighboring towns of Iwato and Tahara, followed by the town of Ueno April 1, 1969. During World War Two, the 2nd Raiding Brigade trained in the town and were sometimes known as the Takachiho paratroopers. == Economy ==
The main industry of Takachiho are agriculture, forestry and tourism. The town is noted for its rice terraces. == Education ==
Takachiho has five public elementary schools and two public junior high schools operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Miyazaki Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped.",379
1192,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takachiho,_Miyazaki","Takachiho, Miyazaki","== Education ==
Takachiho has five public elementary schools and two public junior high schools operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Miyazaki Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped. == Transportation ==


=== Railways ===
Takachiho has no passenger rail service. The nearest train station is Takamori on the Minamiaso Railway Takamori Line or Tateno on the JR Kyushu Hōhi Main Line. The town was formerly served by the 50.0 Takachiho Railway, which ran from Nobeoka to Takachiho Station, with one intermediate stations within Takachiho. Services were discontinued on September 6, 2005, after flooding triggered by Typhoon Nabi washed away two bridges on the line, halting all operations. Efforts to obtain funding for rebuilding were unsuccessful, and the company was liquidated in 2009. === Highways ===
 Kyushu Chūō Expressway
 National Route 218
 National Route 325


== Local attractions ==

Takachiho is the heart of the Himuka Myth Road, which extends throughout Miyazaki. Amanoiwato-jinja
Kunimigaoka
Shonen-ji
Takachiho Gorge
Manai Waterfall
Takachiho Onsen
Takachiho Shrine


== In popular culture ==
Takachiho is featured in the manga and anime series Oshi no Ko, as the location of the hospital where Ai Hoshino gave birth to her twins and main characters of the series, Aquamarine and Ruby Hoshino.",350
1193,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takachiho,_Miyazaki","Takachiho, Miyazaki","=== Highways ===
 Kyushu Chūō Expressway
 National Route 218
 National Route 325


== Local attractions ==

Takachiho is the heart of the Himuka Myth Road, which extends throughout Miyazaki. Amanoiwato-jinja
Kunimigaoka
Shonen-ji
Takachiho Gorge
Manai Waterfall
Takachiho Onsen
Takachiho Shrine


== In popular culture ==
Takachiho is featured in the manga and anime series Oshi no Ko, as the location of the hospital where Ai Hoshino gave birth to her twins and main characters of the series, Aquamarine and Ruby Hoshino. == References ==


== External links ==

Official website (in Japanese)
Takachiho-cho Tourism Association (in English)
 Takachiho travel guide from Wikivoyage
 Geographic data related to Takachiho, Miyazaki at OpenStreetMap",212
1194,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Brooke,Rosalind Brooke,"Rosalind Beckford Brooke (née Clark)  (5 November 1925 – 17 November 2014) was a British medieval historian and art historian. She was an expert on St Francis of Assisi and wrote several books on the Franciscan order. Brooke taught medieval history at Liverpool, London, and Cambridge universities. == Early life and education ==
Born Rosalind Beckford Clark in Chipstead, Surrey on 5 November 1925, to Leslie H.S. Clark, a hospital physicist with expertise in medical radiology, and Doris F. Clark, a teacher. Brooke attended St Leonards School in St Andrews, before undertaking an undergraduate and postgraduate doctoral degree at Girton College, Cambridge in 1943. At this time, women were not awarded degrees at Cambridge; the policy was changed in 1948, allowing her to pursue a PhD. After completing her undergraduate studies she enrolled for PhD under the supervision of David Knowles. She wrote her doctoral thesis on Brother Elias. == Academic career ==
In 1950 Brooke finished her doctoral thesis, which she developed into her first book, Early Franciscan Government, published in 1959. She dedicated sixty years to the study of St Francis and the Franciscan Order. In 2006 at the age of 81, Brooke published her final work, The Image of St Francis: responses to sainthood in the thirteenth century, which expanded her study of St Francis’ image to explore visual depictions of the saint as well, drawing on documentary, literary, architectural, and artistic sources together. Brooke’s early works explored the hagiographies of St Francis, engaging with, albeit indirectly, the Franciscan Question.",336
1195,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Brooke,Rosalind Brooke,"In 2006 at the age of 81, Brooke published her final work, The Image of St Francis: responses to sainthood in the thirteenth century, which expanded her study of St Francis’ image to explore visual depictions of the saint as well, drawing on documentary, literary, architectural, and artistic sources together. Brooke’s early works explored the hagiographies of St Francis, engaging with, albeit indirectly, the Franciscan Question. In Early Franscican Government, for example, she contrasted Thomas of Celano’s Vita Prima and Vita Secunda, noting that Brother Elias’ fall from grace, an event that occurred between the authorship of the two texts, impacted how Elias was depicted by Thomas of Celano, and therefore impacted the reliability of both sources. In her translation of the Scripta Leonis, Brooke argued that we are given access to St Francis’ mind and heart. Regarding Bonaventure’s Major Legend, she suggested the work was an elegant pastiche of earlier Lives, which in turn reflected what she noted as an admiration and veneration of St Francis ‘but as an inspiration rather than as a model’. The Image of St Francis examined how stained glass and frescos that depicted the saint also passed on his spirit and teachings. In her examination of the various texts and images of St Francis, she demonstrated a ‘real image of St Francis’ that shone through the myriad sources of his life. In Early Franciscan Government, Brooke also sought to de-mythologise Brother Elias, second Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, making a cautionary ‘hermeneutical reconstruction of the historical Elias’.",350
1196,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Brooke,Rosalind Brooke,"In her examination of the various texts and images of St Francis, she demonstrated a ‘real image of St Francis’ that shone through the myriad sources of his life. In Early Franciscan Government, Brooke also sought to de-mythologise Brother Elias, second Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, making a cautionary ‘hermeneutical reconstruction of the historical Elias’. She evaluated in relentless detail the consistencies and differing perspectives that characterise Brother Elias in the Vita Prima and Vita Secunda of Thomas of Celano, and the chronicles of Jordan of Giano, Thomas of Eccleston, and Salimbene. She concluded that later writers intensified Elias’ wickedness and exaggerated his importance, characterising him as ‘the Judas who betrayed St Francis’ ideal’. She argued instead that Elias made no very deep imprint, except in legend, and was not alone responsible for modifications to the Rule under him. Brooke spent her academic career in Cambridge, Liverpool, and London where her husband Christopher Brooke held permanent posts. She ran tutorials when she began her academic career in Cambridge, and took up further supervision work with students when she returned later in her career. While in London, she held an academic post at University College London, teaching history. She and Christopher moved to Cambridge in 1977. Brooke and her husband Christopher often collaborated and supported one another with their academic work. Both of them referenced one another in their acknowledgements frequently, often with great wit and humour. For The Coming of the Friars Brooke thanked Christopher ‘for his constant, unstinted collaboration’. In the Scripta Leonis, after expressing a debt ‘impossible to acknowledge fully’ she remarked that ‘many a problem became clearer in trying to explain it to him’.",372
1197,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Brooke,Rosalind Brooke,"For The Coming of the Friars Brooke thanked Christopher ‘for his constant, unstinted collaboration’. In the Scripta Leonis, after expressing a debt ‘impossible to acknowledge fully’ she remarked that ‘many a problem became clearer in trying to explain it to him’. In turn, Christopher also noted his great debt to Brooke for her collaboration and support, thanking her in the preface to the Twelfth Century Renaissance for ‘much encouragement and penetrating criticism’, from which ‘this the book has greatly benefitted’. Brooke co-authored two works with her husband: a book titled Popular Religion in the Middle Ages: Western Europe 1000–1300 and a chapter titled ‘St Clare’ in Medieval Women, edited by Christopher. She dedicated her final work The Image of St Francis, to Christopher with the following passage:

I acknowledge innumerable debts to my research assistant, secretary, picture researcher, indexer and husband of fifty-four summers and winters, Christopher – whose unstinting help and exemplary impatience have shaped this book. I dedicate it to him. This was written on her 80th birthday. == Later life ==
In 2007 Brooke was conferred with a D. Litt. award as a mark of ‘her sterling contribution to the debates surrounding St Francis and the early history, hagiography and art of the Franciscan community’. On 17 November 2014, Brooke died in Cambridge at the age of 89. == Personal life ==
Brooke was introduced to her future husband Christopher Brooke through their joint acquaintance with David Knowles, and they were married in Cambridge on 18 August 1951. Their marriage lasted 63 years until her death in 2014. Christopher died on 27 December 2015, a year after Brooke. They were survived by two of their three children and seven grandchildren.",376
1198,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Brooke,Rosalind Brooke,"Christopher died on 27 December 2015, a year after Brooke. They were survived by two of their three children and seven grandchildren. == Bibliography ==
Brother Elias and the Government of the Franciscan Order 1217–1239, Cambridge University PhD., no.1678 (1950), available in the Manuscript Room of Cambridge University Library. Early Franciscan Government: Elias to Bonaventure, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, new series 7 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1959), reprinted as a print-on-demand paperback in 2006. ‘The Lives of St Francis of Assisi’, in Latin Biography, ed. Thomas A. Dorey (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1967), pp. 177–98. Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli sociorum S. Francisci, OMT (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1970). Reprinted in 1990. ‘St Bonaventure as Minister General’, in S.Bonaventura Francescano 14–17 ottobre 1973, Convegni del centro di studi sulla spiritualità medievale 14 (Todi, 1974), pp. 75–105. The Coming of the Friars, Historical Problems, Studies and Documents 24 (Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 1975). ‘La prima espansione francescana in Europa, Atti del XLI Convegno internazionale Assisi, 12–14 ottobre, 1978’, in Espansione del francescanesimo tra Occidente e Oriente, Società internazionale di studi francescani, Centro interuniversitario di studi francescani 6 (Spoleto, 1979), pp. 123–150.",386
1199,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Brooke,Rosalind Brooke,"‘La prima espansione francescana in Europa, Atti del XLI Convegno internazionale Assisi, 12–14 ottobre, 1978’, in Espansione del francescanesimo tra Occidente e Oriente, Società internazionale di studi francescani, Centro interuniversitario di studi francescani 6 (Spoleto, 1979), pp. 123–150. ‘The Legenda antiqua Sancti Francisci Perugia Ms. 1046’, in Analecta Bollandiana 99 (1981), pp. 165–168. ‘Recent work on St Francis of Assisi’, in Analecta Bollandiana 100 (1982), pp. 653–676. The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006). Co-authored with C.N.L. Brooke

‘St Clare’, in Medieval Women, with C.N.L. Brooke, ed. D. Baker, Studies in Church History (Blackwell, Oxford, 1978), pp. 275–87. Popular Religion in the Middle Ages: Western Europe 1000–1300 (Thames and Hudson, London, 1984). == References ==",286
1200,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasses_Keys,Molasses Keys,"The Molasses Keys are a small group of islands in the Florida Keys. Located a quarter mile south of the Seven Mile Bridge, 4 miles west of Marathon, and a mile and a half east of Money Key,
they are a frequented boating and camping spot. There are four islands, three of which are always above water and two of which are able to be walked on. The largest and easternmost one is 90% full of vegetation, while the second largest one just southwest has more of a beach. The third one is an area of rocks always above water just west of the second island. The fourth is an outcropping of rocks and sand visible at low tide just south of the largest island. There is a shallow grass and rock bed to the south of the islands. In the middle of the two main islands, there is a deep narrow channel. The north end has a sandbar about 500 feet (150 m) to the north. Also between the second and third island there is an access point which is a deep channel. The islands are frequented by boaters, campers, and fishermen because of the sandbars and Seven Mile Bridge channel. == References ==",239
1201,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Breder,Hans Breder,"Hans Dieter Breder (October 20, 1935 – June 18, 2017) was a German-American interdisciplinary artist. He lived and worked in Iowa. == Early life ==
Breder studied painting under Willem Grimm at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg and received a scholarship from the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes to study art in New York City in 1964. Once in the U.S. he worked as an assistant to the sculptor George Rickey. == Career ==
Breder taught as an art professor at the University of Iowa from 1966 to 2000. In 1968 he founded the Intermedia program at Iowa, notable alumni include Karen Gunderson (artist) Gunderson was the first person to graduate with a degree in Intermedia in the country under his program in 1968. Gunderson has often said ""she didn't think she could have gotten to her way of painting with the black paint if she hadn't learned to think as an intermedia artist."" Other artists include Ana Mendieta and Charles Ray. Visiting Artists  to the program included Hans Haacke, Allan Kaprow, Willoughby Sharp, Robert Wilson, Vito Acconci, Elaine Summers, Nam June Paik, Dennis Oppenheim, Carolee Schneemann, Karen Finley, Ben Vautier, George Kuchar, Yvonne Rainer, Trinh Minh-ha, Donald Kuspit, Roselee Goldberg, John Hanhardt, Barbara London, and many others. Breder received an Honorary Doctorate from the Technische Universität Dortmund in 2007 and retired as F. Wendell Miller Distinguished Emeritus Professor of Art in 2000.",359
1202,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Breder,Hans Breder,"Visiting Artists  to the program included Hans Haacke, Allan Kaprow, Willoughby Sharp, Robert Wilson, Vito Acconci, Elaine Summers, Nam June Paik, Dennis Oppenheim, Carolee Schneemann, Karen Finley, Ben Vautier, George Kuchar, Yvonne Rainer, Trinh Minh-ha, Donald Kuspit, Roselee Goldberg, John Hanhardt, Barbara London, and many others. Breder received an Honorary Doctorate from the Technische Universität Dortmund in 2007 and retired as F. Wendell Miller Distinguished Emeritus Professor of Art in 2000. == Intermedia Program ==
In an effort to create a position opposed to increased specialization and limited interdisciplinary experience, Breder proposed the Intermedia Program in the School of Art and Art History at the University of Iowa in 1967–1968 and it was approved in 1968. The focus was to be artist-oriented rather than art-oriented, in order to emphasize the belief that artistic creativity is a continual challenge. Therefore, intentionally, ""no overall intermedia 'style' or philosophy is created."" ""My program conceived of intermedia not as interdisciplinary fusing of different fields into one, but as a constant collision of concepts and disciplines. It was performance-oriented, and video was an inherent aspect. Although initially used in a documentary mode, video almost immediately became an integral aspect of many student performances and was soon used as a medium in its own right."" Breder further explained his intermedia concept in the September, 2012 issue of Artforum: ""..Digital technology allows me to excavate new worlds of microcosmic event horizons. in Herodias, 2011, I aim for a dematerialization of content by entering into the microstructure of sound and imagery; I seek the immaterial or what in physics people speak of as ephemeral phenomena that cannot be reduced to mere things.",398
1203,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Breder,Hans Breder,"Breder further explained his intermedia concept in the September, 2012 issue of Artforum: ""..Digital technology allows me to excavate new worlds of microcosmic event horizons. in Herodias, 2011, I aim for a dematerialization of content by entering into the microstructure of sound and imagery; I seek the immaterial or what in physics people speak of as ephemeral phenomena that cannot be reduced to mere things. The radically microcosmic experience creates an effect that is at once both abstract and real."" == Exhibitions ==
Breder's works have been presented in numerous exhibitions in the United States and internationally. He was exhibited with the Richard Feigen Gallery (1967-1972), the Mitchell Algus Gallery, and Hachmeister Gallery. He was included in Kineticism: System Sculpture in Environmental situations, (Official Olympic Games Exhibition), University Museum of Arts and Science, Mexico City, Mexico (1968); Painting Beyond the Death of Painting: Imagistic and Abstract Work, the first group exhibition of American Art at Kuznetzky Most Exhibition Hall, Moscow, USSR (1989); An American Odyssey 1945/1980, Circolo de Bellas Artes, Madrid, Spain (2004); 
Ana Mendieta and Hans Breder: Converge, Lelong Galerie, New York (2008), Mind's Mirror', Ethan Cohen Gallery, New York (2014), ...Inmixing: A Survey of Works from 1964 to Present, WhiteBox, New York (2009-2010), Kollisions Felder (Collision Fields), Museum Ostwall, Dortmund, Germany (2013). He was a participant in the Whitney Biennial Exhibition in 1987, 1989, and 1991. Among the institutions his work has been collected by are the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City; the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis.",399
1204,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Breder,Hans Breder,"He was a participant in the Whitney Biennial Exhibition in 1987, 1989, and 1991. Among the institutions his work has been collected by are the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City; the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis. the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. His Intermedia Archive is installed permanently at the Museum Ostwall, Dortmund, Germany. == Personal life ==
Since 1984, Breder was married to Barbara Welch Breder who lectured on the critical history of advertising and consumer culture in the University of Iowa's Department of Communication Studies for nearly three decades. She also created the Iowa City Yoga Center (1975–2000). Breder died in Iowa City, Iowa on June 18, 2017. == References ==


== External links ==
Official Website
Intermedia: A Consciousness-based Process",188
1205,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_y_Progreso,Club Atl%C3%A9tico y Progreso,"Club Social Deportivo y Cultural Atlético y Progreso (simply known as Atlético y Progreso) is an Argentine sports club, located in the city of Brandsen in the homonymous partido of Buenos Aires Province. The football team plays in the regional ""Liga Chascomunense de Fútbol"" (""Chascomús Football League"") while the rugby union squad participates in Segunda División, the fourth division of the URBA league system. The club also has field hockey teams competing in Cuenca del Salado league. Apart from the aforementioned sections, Atlético y Progreso also hosts the practise of other sports such as basketball, field hockey, jiu jitsu, artistic roller skating, and volleyball. By 2013 the club had about 1,300 active members. The football team play their home matches at Estadio Clemente Jauregui Lorda, while the rugby and hockey fields are distant some blocks from the Jauregui Lorda, on Calle 25. == History ==
Atlético y Progreso was established on August 20, 1967, from the merger of both institutions, Club Atlético and Club Progreso of Brandsen. The club has about 2,400 active members. One of Atlético y Progreso's most notable athletes was footballer Sebastián Saja, a Brandsen native who started playing football at the club when he was only 5 years old. Saja then developed a long career in some of the most notable Primera División clubs such as San Lorenzo and Racing among others, and even the Argentina national team. In rugby, the club finished 4th. in the 2025 Segunda División season. == References ==


== External links ==
Atlético y Progreso on Facebook
Atlético y Progreso on Twitter",386
1206,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Wolff,Milton Wolff,"Milton Wolff (October 7, 1915 – January 14, 2008) was an American writer and veteran of the Spanish Civil War, the last commander of the Lincoln Battalion of XV International Brigade, and a prominent communist. == Early life ==
Wolff was born on October 7, 1915 into a working class Jewish immigrant family in Brooklyn, New York. His parents originally came from Lithuania and Hungary. He attended the New York School of Commercial Art before joining the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression. He became active in the Young Communist League on returning to Brooklyn after the CCC. It was there that he volunteered to go to Spain to fight fascism. == Spanish Civil War ==

In early 1937, Wolff set off to join the International Brigades in Spain, reaching Albacete by March. As a pacifist, a belief common in the 1930s, he originally wished to be a medic. However, after the International Brigades' heavy losses at the Battle of Jarama, he became a soldier instead, joining a machine gun company. ""Largely self-educated, ... [he] was an intellectual"". He ""detested elegant uniforms"", customarily wearing ""baggy trousers, a stained leather jacket"" and, in wet weather, a ""woolly poncho"". After a year's fighting in Brunete, Belchite and Teruel, the Brigade lost two senior officers, David Doran and Robert Hale Merriman at the Gandesa battle on the Aragon front. After which, in March 1938, Wolff became the battalion commander. He led the now Lincoln-Washington Battalion during the Battle of the Ebro and left Spain in November 1938 when the International Brigades were demobilized. Ernest Hemingway described him during this period: [he was] ""...23 years old, tall as Lincoln, gaunt as Lincoln, and as brave and as good a soldier as any that commanded battalions at Gettysburg.",397
1207,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Wolff,Milton Wolff,"He led the now Lincoln-Washington Battalion during the Battle of the Ebro and left Spain in November 1938 when the International Brigades were demobilized. Ernest Hemingway described him during this period: [he was] ""...23 years old, tall as Lincoln, gaunt as Lincoln, and as brave and as good a soldier as any that commanded battalions at Gettysburg. He is alive and unhit by the same hazard that leaves one tall palm tree standing where a hurricane has passed."" == World War II ==

In 1940, Wolff volunteered for the British Special Operations Executive, and arranged arms for the European resistance organizations. After the United States' entry into World War II, Wolff volunteered for the U.S. Army infantry in June 1942. He saw action at the end of 1943 in Burma, where he earned a field commission as a lieutenant. There, General ""Wild Bill"" Donovan met him and assigned him to the OSS to work with anti-fascist partisans in occupied Italy. In 1945, Wolff was one of 16 Army officers and enlisted men singled out as alleged Communists by the House Committee on Military Affairs. General Donovan came to their defense, citing their loyalty and effectiveness. == Later life ==

Wolff appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee to defend VALB (Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade) from being banned as a Communist front organization. His explanation for his actions owed to his ancestry: ""I am Jewish, and knowing that as a Jew we are the first to suffer when fascism does come, I went to Spain to fight against it."" According to historian Peter Carroll:

When Congress passed the McCarran Act in 1950, obliging all designated subversive organizations to register with the federal government and creating heavy penalties for leaders who refused to cooperate, the entire executive committee of the VALB resigned in 1950.",379
1208,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Wolff,Milton Wolff,"His explanation for his actions owed to his ancestry: ""I am Jewish, and knowing that as a Jew we are the first to suffer when fascism does come, I went to Spain to fight against it."" According to historian Peter Carroll:

When Congress passed the McCarran Act in 1950, obliging all designated subversive organizations to register with the federal government and creating heavy penalties for leaders who refused to cooperate, the entire executive committee of the VALB resigned in 1950. In its place, two Lincoln veterans stepped forward: Wolff became the National Commander; Moe Fishman became the Executive Secretary/Treasurer... However, newspaper accounts indicate Wolff was first elected National Commander in 1939. He was succeeded by fellow Lincoln Battalion commander Steve Nelson in 1963. Wolff also battled fiercely for civil rights and against the Vietnam War. He even offered the services of the aging veterans of the Lincoln Brigade to the North Vietnamese leader, Ho Chi Minh, who declined them. Later, Wolff campaigned against apartheid in South Africa, and raised money for ambulances in Sandinista-ruled Nicaragua in the 1980s, personally delivering twenty of them. Wolff completed two autobiographical novels, A Member Of The Working Class (published 2005) about his early life in New York, and Another Hill (published 1994) about his communist and Spanish experiences; he began a third book, The Premature Anti-Fascist, describing his experiences after leaving Spain and during World War II, but did not finish it before his death. This extraordinary novel centers on one battalion, the Americans, known as the Lincolns, barely trained men who went into battle armed with 1903 Remington rifles. I have never read more intimate, convincing, and devastating accounts of combat. == Personal life ==
Wolff married and had two children. His family resided primarily in Stony Creek, Connecticut. His first marriage ended in divorce.",385
1209,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Wolff,Milton Wolff,"His family resided primarily in Stony Creek, Connecticut. His first marriage ended in divorce. Wolff and his second wife are both buried at the Sunset View Cemetery in El Cerrito. == Works and features ==
Franco Spain: Menace to World Peace (Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 1947). Another Hill: An Autobiographical Novel (1994; University of Illinois Press, 2001). ISBN 978-0-252-06983-3
A Member of the Working Class  (iUniverse, 2005). ISBN 978-0-595-37267-6
Wolff was featured in the film documentary The Good Fight: The Abraham Lincoln Brigade in the Spanish Civil War (1984). == References ==


== Further reading ==
Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives (2008). Jewish Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War Accessed: March 11, 2010. Davidson, Jo (1939). Spanish Portraits. Georgian Press. Eby, Cecil (2007). Comrades and Commissars: The Lincoln Battalion in the Spanish Civil War. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02910-8
Merriman, Marion; Lerude, Warren (1986). American Commander in Spain. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 0-87417-106-7
Sharpe, Karen (March 16, 1978). ""Abe Lincoln Brigade Is Still Fighting"". Berkeley Barb. Vol. 27, no. 656. Berkeley. Retrieved August 3, 2025.",307
1210,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Wolff,Milton Wolff,"Berkeley. Retrieved August 3, 2025. == External links ==
 Media related to Milton Wolff at Wikimedia Commons
Milton Wolff biography at Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives
New York Times Obituary
""He Remembers Papa""
Milton Wolff Papers at Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives/Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Organizations - Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade - Milton Woolf. : undated
Committee for Free Spain. Portrait of M. Woolf and Jack (possibly Captain Jack White) Taken for the Committee. (Includes photo of film star Gene Kelly). : Sep 1946",136
1211,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Celano,Danilo Celano,"Danilo Celano (born 7 December 1989) is an Italian former cyclist, who last rode for UCI Continental team Team Sapura Cycling. He was the winner of the 2017 Giro dell'Appennino, and is regarded as a very talented climber. == Career ==
Celano competed in UCI races as an amateur cyclist from 2010 until 2015. === Amore & Vita-Selle SMP (2016–2017) ===
Celano turned professional in 2016, riding for the Ukrainian team Amore & Vita–Selle SMP. At the Tour of Alberta, Celano won the mountains classification after being in several breakaways which led him to take points for the jersey. At the 2017 Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali, Celano won the mountains classification, which he secured on the last day of the  race. He then went on to win his first professional race on 9 April by winning the prestigious Italian one-day race Giro dell'Appennino. He continued his good run of form at the Tour of the Alps, where he finished 7th on a stage and ended up taking 8th overall. === Caja Rural-Seguros RGA (2017–2018) ===
On 1 August 2017, Celano moved to the Spanish Professional Continental outfit Caja Rural–Seguros RGA. His first race for the team was the Vuelta a Burgos, where he crashed and abandoned the race. He struggled to find form in the Italian one-day races in September and October, but proved his worth at the Tour of Turkey. He was the leader of the mountains classification but lost the jersey on the penultimate day to fellow countryman Mirco Maestri. Celano's best result in the 2018 season was 37th at the GP Miguel Induráin.",380
1212,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo_Celano,Danilo Celano,"He was the leader of the mountains classification but lost the jersey on the penultimate day to fellow countryman Mirco Maestri. Celano's best result in the 2018 season was 37th at the GP Miguel Induráin. At the Tour of Croatia, he was 18th in the general classification when going in to the final stage but he ended up abandoning the race. == Major results ==
2016
1st  Mountains classification Tour of Alberta
2nd Tour de Berne
2017
1st Giro dell'Appennino
1st  Mountains classification Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
8th Overall Tour of the Alps
2019
3rd Overall Tour of Almaty
1st Stage 2
2020
1st  Overall Tour de Langkawi
9th Overall New Zealand Cycle Classic


== References ==


== External links ==
Danilo Celano at ProCyclingStats",197
1213,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_CTVglobemedia,List of assets owned by CTVglobemedia,"This is a list of assets owned by CTVglobemedia upon its acquisition to Bell Canada in 2011. In early 2000, Bell Canada Enterprises (BCE) acquired CTV Inc. and bought The Globe and Mail from Thomson Corporation. The resulting company was named Bell Globemedia Inc. In January 2007, after BCE reduced its ownership in the company, it was renamed CTVglobemedia. In 2011, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved Bell Canada's re-acquisition of CTVglobemedia for CA$1.3 billion. CTVglobemedia was subsequently renamed Bell Media on 1 April 2011. == Television ==


=== CTV Inc. ===


==== Conventional television ====


===== CTV =====
Calgary, Alberta - CFCN
Edmonton, Alberta - CFRN
Halifax, Nova Scotia - CJCH
Kitchener, Ontario - CKCO
Moncton, New Brunswick - CKCW
Montreal, Quebec - CFCF
North Bay, Ontario - CKNY
Ottawa, Ontario - CJOH
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan - CIPA
Regina, Saskatchewan - CKCK
Saint John, New Brunswick - CKLT
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan - CFQC
Sault Ste.",273
1214,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_CTVglobemedia,List of assets owned by CTVglobemedia,"CTVglobemedia was subsequently renamed Bell Media on 1 April 2011. == Television ==


=== CTV Inc. ===


==== Conventional television ====


===== CTV =====
Calgary, Alberta - CFCN
Edmonton, Alberta - CFRN
Halifax, Nova Scotia - CJCH
Kitchener, Ontario - CKCO
Moncton, New Brunswick - CKCW
Montreal, Quebec - CFCF
North Bay, Ontario - CKNY
Ottawa, Ontario - CJOH
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan - CIPA
Regina, Saskatchewan - CKCK
Saint John, New Brunswick - CKLT
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan - CFQC
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario - CHBX
Sudbury, Ontario - CICI
Sydney, Nova Scotia - CJCB
Timmins, Ontario - CITO
Toronto, Ontario - CFTO
Vancouver, British Columbia - CIVT
Winnipeg, Manitoba - CKY
Yorkton, Saskatchewan - CICC


==== Speciality channels ====
Business News Network (BNN)
The Comedy Network
CTV News Channel
MTV
OLN - 33% and managing partner (remainder sold to Rogers Communications in 2007)
Travel + Escape (sold to Glassbox Television in 2010)


=== CTV Limited ===
On 22 June 2007, CHUM Limited merged with CTVglobemedia and was renamed CTV Limited. (Regulatory approval of this merger was made conditional on the sale of CHUM's five Citytv stations to Rogers Communications.) ==== Conventional television ====


===== Specialty channels =====
Bravo
CP24
E!",368
1215,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_CTVglobemedia,List of assets owned by CTVglobemedia,"(Regulatory approval of this merger was made conditional on the sale of CHUM's five Citytv stations to Rogers Communications.) ==== Conventional television ====


===== Specialty channels =====
Bravo
CP24
E! (under licence from Comcast/NBCUniversal)
PunchMuch
MuchMusic
MuchMore
Space
BookTelevision
Comedy Gold
MuchRetro
MuchVibe
MuchLoud
MTV2
Fashion Television
Investigation Discovery (under licence from Discovery Communications)


==== CTV Specialty Television ====
CTV Specialty Television Inc. is jointly owned by Bell Media and ESPN, with 70% owned by Bell Media and 30% owned by ESPN (itself 80% owned by The Walt Disney Company and 20% owned by Hearst Corporation). Any percentages below refer to the portion of each channel owned by CTV Specialty, with the balance in each case being owned by additional partners such as Discovery Communications. The Sports Network (TSN)
TSN2
Réseau des sports (RDS)
RDS Info
RDS2
Discovery Channel — 80% and managing partner
Animal Planet — 80% and managing partner
Discovery Science — 80% and managing partner
Discovery World — 80% and managing partner
ESPN Classic
NHL Network — 21.42% and managing partner
Viewers Choice — 24.95%


== Radio ==


=== CHUM Radio ===
CHUM Radio was the wholly owned radio broadcasting division of CTVglobemedia (and remains a division of Bell Media). Through CHUM Radio, CTVglobemedia also owned CHUM Radio Sales.",352
1216,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_CTVglobemedia,List of assets owned by CTVglobemedia,"The Sports Network (TSN)
TSN2
Réseau des sports (RDS)
RDS Info
RDS2
Discovery Channel — 80% and managing partner
Animal Planet — 80% and managing partner
Discovery Science — 80% and managing partner
Discovery World — 80% and managing partner
ESPN Classic
NHL Network — 21.42% and managing partner
Viewers Choice — 24.95%


== Radio ==


=== CHUM Radio ===
CHUM Radio was the wholly owned radio broadcasting division of CTVglobemedia (and remains a division of Bell Media). Through CHUM Radio, CTVglobemedia also owned CHUM Radio Sales. CHUM Radio owned and operated these following stations:


== Print ==
The Globe and Mail — sold to The Woodbridge Company in 2011


== Other assets ==
Access Media Group (dissolved in 2008)
Agincourt Productions Inc. — CTV's in-house production company
Autohound (unknown equity interest)
Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium (80%) — produces Canadian broadcasts of 2010 and 2012 Olympic Games
CTV Music — music publishing
Dome Productions (35% through CTV Specialty Television Inc, which owns 50% total) — production facilities
Exploration Production Inc. and Exploration Distribution Inc. (56.06% owned by CTVglobemedia) — Discovery Channel Canada's in-house production and distribution companies
Megawheels Technologies Inc. (4%)


== See also ==
Lists of corporate assets


== References ==


== External links ==
CTVglobemedia website — now redirects to the Bell Media website.",359
1217,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Bay,_Tasmania","Adventure Bay, Tasmania","Adventure Bay is the name of a  locality, a township and a geographical feature on the eastern side of Bruny Island, Tasmania. At the 2021 census, Adventure Bay had a population of 218. == Early history ==
The first European to sight the bay was explorer Abel Tasman, who sought to anchor his vessel Heemskerck there in 1642. Instead, Heemskerck was driven back offshore by a storm, in token of which Tasman named the place Storm Bay. [a] Captain Tobias Furneaux renamed it in March 1773, in honour of his ship HMS Adventure, which he had anchored in the bay for five days after becoming separated from Captain James Cook's HMS Resolution during Cook's second voyage to the Pacific in search of Terra Australis Incognita. Furneaux's log made clear the bay was an excellent anchorage for resupplying vessels:To the SW of the first watering place there is a large lagoon which I believe has plenty of fish in it for one of our Gentlemen caught upwards of 2 dozen trout, and shot a possum which was the only animal we saw. There are a great many gum trees and of a vast thickness and height, one of which measured in circumference 26 feet and the height under the branches was 20 feet."" Others among Furneaux's crew spotted evidence of what they believed were small deer but were more likely kangaroos. Furneaux also noted signs of an Aboriginal settlement in the form of ""several huts or wigwams on shore, with several bags of grass in which they carry their shellfish."" – but the branches of which the huts were made were ""split and torn"" and there was ""not the least appearance of any people."" Reliably mapped and offering an abundance of fresh water and game, Adventure Bay quickly became a popular anchorage for European explorers.",378
1218,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Bay,_Tasmania","Adventure Bay, Tasmania","– but the branches of which the huts were made were ""split and torn"" and there was ""not the least appearance of any people."" Reliably mapped and offering an abundance of fresh water and game, Adventure Bay quickly became a popular anchorage for European explorers. Cook's Resolution watered there in 1777, followed by William Bligh aboard HMS Bounty in 1788 and HMS Providence in 1792. Others who resupplied their vessels in the bay in this period included Bruni d'Entrecasteaux aboard Recherche in 1792 and 1793, and Nicolas Baudin in the corvette Géographe  in 1802. Matthew Flinders also tried to enter the bay with Norfolk in 1798. That same year Adventure Bay became the site of whaling and timber stations. == European settlement ==

British whalers were reported in Adventure Bay by 1804. Shore-based whaling stations operated in the bay from 1826 at four separate locations. During the 19th and 20th century Adventure Bay was used by the timber industry. Sheltered from all but strong north-easterly winds, the township of Adventure Bay at the southern end of the bay itself was the site of both extensive timber mills and a long jetty from where seagoing vessels could load timber. Dangerously exposed to north-easterly gales, several ships were driven ashore and wrecked there, the largest being the 241-ton barque Natal Queen in 1909. Adventure Bay Post Office opened on 1 December 1890 and closed in 1974. Adventure Bay is now largely a tourist destination. Facilities in town include a general store that sells petrol and a cafe. It is also the location for cruises around the island. == Notes ==


=== Footnotes ===


=== References ===


== Further reading ==
Scott, Ernest (1929), Australian Discovery, vol.",384
1219,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Bay,_Tasmania","Adventure Bay, Tasmania","It is also the location for cruises around the island. == Notes ==


=== Footnotes ===


=== References ===


== Further reading ==
Scott, Ernest (1929), Australian Discovery, vol. I By Sea, London: J. M. Dent and Sons, OCLC 583472222",66
1220,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl_Var_Handball,Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl Var Handball,"Saint-Raphaël Var Handball, is a team handball club from Saint-Raphaël, Var, France, that plays in the LNH Division 1. Saint-Raphaël Var handball, or SRVHB, is a French handball club based in Saint-Raphael in the Var region, founded in 1963. The first team has been playing in Division 1 since the 2007–2008 season and has been coached since 2019 by Rareș Fortuneanu assisted by Wissem Hmam, both former players of the club. Even if the club has not won a title, apart from the French D2 Championship in 2007, it has accumulated places of honor including a French runner-up title in 2016, three League Cup finals, a Champions Trophy final in 2015 and an EHF European Cup (C3) final in 2018. == History ==
The original club was founded in 1959. It was after the disaster of the Malpasset dam in Frejus on 2 December 1959 that the leaders of the two cities merged the volleyball sections of the football clubs of the two cities, the Etoile Sportive Fréjussienne and the Stade Raphaélois to create the Association Sportive Fréjus Saint-Raphaël, commonly known as ASFSR. It was in 1963, at the initiative of René Cenni, that the handball section was born. Marcel Tafani was then appointed president of the section. In 1971, the handball section created a women's team and found a home in a sports hall inaugurated on 7 November 1972 during a match against Draguignan: the Esterel sports hall. In 1974, the town of Fréjus created the AMSLF. The Raphael section, freshly promoted to National 3, was destabilized by the loss of many elements and went down to the regional championship the following year.",395
1221,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl_Var_Handball,Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl Var Handball,"In 1974, the town of Fréjus created the AMSLF. The Raphael section, freshly promoted to National 3, was destabilized by the loss of many elements and went down to the regional championship the following year. Three years later, in 1977, the club lost its inter-municipal status. It lost its ""F"" and became A. S. S. R. for Association Sportive Saint-Raphaël. Over time, the club grew and evolved. It reached the National 3 level in 1983, National 2 in 1992 and National 1 in 1994. In 1995, the section separated from the communal club and the club was created under the name Saint-Raphaël Var Handball. The club finally reached the elite in 2004 but was relegated the following season to D2. The Palais des sports Jean-François-Krakowski was inaugurated in 2005 during a gala match against Chambéry. The club returned to the LNH two years later, in 2007, after winning the D2 championship. Since his return in elite, coach Christian Gaudin has made the club one of the best in France, finishing 4th in 2010 and 2011 and 3rd in 2012. The club also reached the League Cup final three times (2010, 2012 and 2014), losing three times to Montpellier AHB. On March 18, 2014, the club's president announced, a year in advance, the end of Christian Gaudin's contract. He was replaced by Joël da Silva, from Toulouse, who allowed the club to reach a new level by returning to 3rd place in 2015 and becoming vice-champion of France in 2016. Under his orders, the club also reached the final of the EHF European Cup in 2018. With his contract set to expire in June 2019, Joel Da Silva has been replaced by his assistant Rareș Fortuneanu as coach.",394
1222,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl_Var_Handball,Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl Var Handball,"Under his orders, the club also reached the final of the EHF European Cup in 2018. With his contract set to expire in June 2019, Joel Da Silva has been replaced by his assistant Rareș Fortuneanu as coach. The former Romanian international, who played for Saint-Raphaël, has been assistant coach for the last 4 seasons. His assistant, Wissem Hmam also knew the SRVHB as a player. In October 2020, Jean-François Krakowski decided to retire after 33 years at the head of the club and was replaced by Emmanuel Murzereau. == Prize list ==


=== Season by season review (from 2001) ===


=== European record ===


=== Evolution of the SRVHB budget ===


== Current squad ==


=== Squad of 2023-2024 season ===


=== Transfers ===
Transfers for the 2025–26 season


== Club-related players ==


=== Individual distinctions ===


=== Top scorers in the history of SRVHB in the league ===
In  'bold' , players currently at the club. Updated on April 30, 2020. == Other personalities linked to the club ==
In  'bold' , players currently at the club. === Coaches ===
 Željko Anić : coach from ? to 2004. Rudy Bertsch : coach from 2004 to 2005. Christian Gaudin : coach from 2005 to 2014. Joël da Silva : coach from 2014 to 2019, assisted by Rareș Fortuneanu. Rareș Fortuneanu : coach since 2019, assisted by Wissem Hmam.",344
1223,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl_Var_Handball,Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl Var Handball,"Joël da Silva : coach from 2014 to 2019, assisted by Rareș Fortuneanu. Rareș Fortuneanu : coach since 2019, assisted by Wissem Hmam. === List of presidents ===
Marcel Tafani : 1963-1965
Jacky Soler : 1965-1974 then 1976-1977
Alain Sanchez : 1974-1976
Maurice Odin : 1977-1984
Guy Rivard : 1984-1987
Jean-François Krakowski : 1987-2020
Emmanuel Murzereau : since October 2020


=== Organigram of SRVHB ===

Saint-Raphaël Var Handball (SAOS)

Director's office
Chairman of the board : Emmanuel Murzereau
Board of directors : Emmanuel Murzereau, Jean-Pierre Gaspari, Frédéric Tibéri, Alain Bessou and Pascal Bacchi
General Manager : Émeric Paillasson
Supervisory Board (12 members), chaired by Jean-François Saulay
Technical staff
Coach : Rareș Fortuneanu
Assistant coach : Wissem Hmam
Sports manager of the formation center : Romain Conte
Logistics manager : Pierre Luhern
Medical staff
Club doctor : Dr Michel Ducasse
Physiotherapist : Thomas Montagnon and Mickaël Joulin
Association (Saint-Raphaël Var Handball Association)
President : André Gongora
Communication manager : Valentine Dumont-Musso
Permanents members of the structure
Administrative manager : Patricia Garcia-Gaspari
Communication / Press Manager : Kelly Texier
Marketing Manager / Club of Partners : Adrien Protais


== Gallery ==


=== Players ===


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website",390
1224,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosi_Tatupu,Mosi Tatupu,"Mosiula Faasuka Tatupu (April 26, 1955 – February 23, 2010) was an American professional football player who was a running back for 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Southern California (USC). He played in the NFL as a running back and on special teams with New England Patriots from 1978 to 1990 and the Los Angeles Rams in 1991. He was elected to the Pro Bowl in 1986. He became a football coach after his playing career. == Early life ==
Tatupu was a standout player at Punahou School in Honolulu, where he set many Hawaii state rushing records. He graduated in 1974. == College career ==
Tatupu attended the University of Southern California, playing in the 1978 Hula Bowl and finished his career with 223 rushing attempts for 1277 yards (5.73 yards per attempt avg.). The Mosi Tatupu Award , given annually to the College Football Special Teams Player of the Year by the Maui Quarterback Club and the Hula Bowl, bears his name. == NFL career ==
Drafted in eighth round with the 215th overall pick of the 1978 NFL draft by the New England Patriots, Tatupu played fullback and became an ace on special teams. He rushed the ball 612 times for 2,415 yards and 18 touchdowns; in the 1983 season he led the league with 5.5 rushing yards per attempt. He caught 96 passes for 843 yards and two touchdowns for his career. His season high for rushing yards came in 1983 with 578 rushing yards and four touchdowns, while in 1984 he set a personal best with 16 catches for 159 yards. In 1987 against the Los Angeles Raiders, Tatupu threw a 15-yard touchdown to Tony Collins.",363
1225,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosi_Tatupu,Mosi Tatupu,"His season high for rushing yards came in 1983 with 578 rushing yards and four touchdowns, while in 1984 he set a personal best with 16 catches for 159 yards. In 1987 against the Los Angeles Raiders, Tatupu threw a 15-yard touchdown to Tony Collins. However, the Patriots were terrible late in his career (they went 1–15 in his final season) and his playing time was sharply reduced in his final three years with the team; in one instance, Chris Berman mined humor from a New England loss by showing all 8 receptions by Tatupu in the game, because none of the catches produced a touchdown or even a first down. Tatupu was used mostly on special teams kick coverage. He had seven kick returns for 56 yards in his career. == Coaching career and death ==
Tatupu was the head coach at King Philip Regional High School in Wrentham, Massachusetts from 1995 to 2001, compiled a record of 29–43 in seven seasons. Former New England Patriots center, Pete Brock, was one of his assistant coaches. Tatupu was the running backs coach at Curry College, an NCAA Division III school in Milton, Massachusetts, from 2002 to 2007, serving under head coach Steve Nelson, a former teammate of Tatupu on the Patriots. Tatupu died in Plainville, Massachusetts on February 23, 2010. The cause of death was a heart attack. In 2014, using brain tissue preserved from his 2010 autopsy, he was posthumously diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy by the CTE Center at Boston University School of Medicine. He is one of at least 345 NFL players to be diagnosed after death with this disease, which is caused by repeated hits to the head. == Family ==
Tatupu's son, Lofa Tatupu, played linebacker at USC and for the Seattle Seahawks.",377
1226,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosi_Tatupu,Mosi Tatupu,"He is one of at least 345 NFL players to be diagnosed after death with this disease, which is caused by repeated hits to the head. == Family ==
Tatupu's son, Lofa Tatupu, played linebacker at USC and for the Seattle Seahawks. Lofa was a teammate of Matt Hasselbeck, the son of Mosi's former Patriots teammate, Don Hasselbeck. His nephew, Joe Tuipala, was also an NFL linebacker from 1999 to 2005. == In pop culture ==
In the Halloween 1992 episode of The Simpsons entitled ""Treehouse of Horror III"", Tatupu's name is used during the ""King Homer"" segment, which parodies the 1933 film King Kong. During the segment, the chief of Ape Island is shown to say ""Mosi Tatupu, Mosi Tatupu"", which in their language means ""the blue-haired woman will make a fine sacrifice""—the ""blue-haired woman"" being Marge Simpson, who is playing Fay Wray's Ann Darrow to Homer's King Kong. One of the most popular players to play for the New England Patriots, Tatupu had his own section of fans at Foxboro Stadium, ""Mosi's Mooses,"" who all adorned moose heads and chanted his name throughout the game. == References ==


== External links ==

Career statistics from NFL.com · Pro Football Reference",290
1227,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keren_Landsman,Keren Landsman,"Keren Landsman (Hebrew: קרן לנדסמן) is an Israeli epidemiologist and science fiction novelist. She has won the Geffen Award four times. == Biography ==
Keren Landsman is a medical doctor specializing in epidemiology. She graduated from the Technion, the Israel Institute of Technology, and works at the Levinski Clinic. Landsman heads the non-profit organization Mida'at, which works to promote public health and make medical knowledge accessible. She also writes the blog ""End of the World - a View from the Gallery"" (Hebrew), in which she tracks epidemics and how they spread. Landsman began writing fantasy and science fiction when she was 12. She has published many short stories, two of which reaped Geffen Awards, Israel's premier sci-fi/fantasy literature award: ""The Heisenberg Gorgon"" (2011), ""Alone in the Dark"" (2012). At least five other stories of hers have been nominated. Landman released her first book in 2014, a collection of short stories called Broken Skies. The book won the Geffen Award for best Israeli Science Fiction or Fantasy book. In 2018, her second book and debut novel came out, Heart of the Circle. The book was a best-seller in Israel. The English-language edition came out in 2019. This book won a Geffen Award as well. Landsman is married to Yoav Landsman, a senior engineer in the SpaceIL organization. They have two children. == Bibliography ==
Broken Skies (2014)
The Heart of the Circle (2019)


== References ==",345
1228,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceriporia_albomellea,Ceriporia albomellea,"Ceriporia albomellea is a species of crust fungus in the family Irpicaceae. Found in tropical China, it was described as new to science in 2017 by mycologists Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Hong Ji, Fang Wu, and Jia-Jia Chen. A 2020 molecular phylogenetic study transferred the species to the genus Meruliopsis as Meruliopsis albomellea, after finding that Ceriporia sensu lato is polyphyletic. == Taxonomy ==
Ceriporia albomellea was described in 2017 and published in Phytotaxa. The type specimen was collected from Hainan Island in southern China, a location noted for its rich diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi. The specific epithet albomellea derives from the Latin albus (""white"") and melleus (""honey-coloured""), referring to the white to cinnamon-buff pore surface of the fruit body. The species was originally placed in the family Phanerochaetaceae following its initial description. Phylogenetic evidence based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) ribosomal RNA gene sequences supported C. albomellea as a distinct species within a clade of Meruliopsis rather than Ceriporia sensu stricto. In 2020, Che-Chih Chen, Chi-Yu Chen, Young Woon Lim, and Sheng-Hua Wu published a comprehensive phylogenetic study of Ceriporia and related genera, using ITS, nLSU, and RNA polymerase II (rpb1) sequence data. Their analysis showed that Ceriporia sensu lato is polyphyletic, with members distributed across multiple clades in the Irpicaceae, Phanerochaetaceae, and Meruliaceae.",384
1229,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceriporia_albomellea,Ceriporia albomellea,"In 2020, Che-Chih Chen, Chi-Yu Chen, Young Woon Lim, and Sheng-Hua Wu published a comprehensive phylogenetic study of Ceriporia and related genera, using ITS, nLSU, and RNA polymerase II (rpb1) sequence data. Their analysis showed that Ceriporia sensu lato is polyphyletic, with members distributed across multiple clades in the Irpicaceae, Phanerochaetaceae, and Meruliaceae. Four species previously placed in Ceriporia were recovered within Meruliopsis and formally transferred to that genus, including C. albomellea as Meruliopsis albomellea. M. albomellea is phylogenetically closely related to M. crassitunicata, M. variegata, and M. parvispora, all of which share white to cream fruit bodies, but M. albomellea differs from M. parvispora by the presence of cystidia. == Description ==
The fruit body is thin, crust-like, and grows flat against the substrate. It has a white subiculum (inner tissue layer) and a cottony white margin. The pore surface is white to cinnamon-buff in colour, with the hyphal system being monomitic (composed of a single type of hyphae), with simple-septate generative hyphae. Cystidia are clavate (club-shaped). The basidia bear four spores each. The spores are oblong to ellipsoid, hyaline (translucent), smooth, and measure 3.1–3.8 by 1.7–2 μm. They are non-reactive in Melzer's reagent and cotton blue. == Habitat and distribution ==
Ceriporia albomellea is a saprotroph that causes white rot on well-decayed wood.",400
1230,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceriporia_albomellea,Ceriporia albomellea,"They are non-reactive in Melzer's reagent and cotton blue. == Habitat and distribution ==
Ceriporia albomellea is a saprotroph that causes white rot on well-decayed wood. Like other members of Ceriporia and Meruliopsis, it obtains nutrients by decomposing lignin and cellulose in dead wood using ligninolytic enzymes. The species is known only from tropical China, where the type specimen was collected from Hainan Island. == References ==",108
1231,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl,Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,"Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT or MCMT) is an organomanganese compound with the formula (C5H4CH3)Mn(CO)3. Initially marketed as a supplement for use in leaded gasoline, MMT was later used in unleaded gasoline to increase the octane rating. Following the implementation of the Clean Air Act (United States) (CAA) in 1970, MMT continued to be used alongside tetraethyl lead (TEL) in the US as leaded gasoline was phased out (prior to TEL finally being banned from US gasoline in 1995), and was also used in unleaded gasoline until 1977. Ethyl Corporation obtained a waiver from the U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in 1995, which allows the use of MMT in US unleaded gasoline (not including reformulated gasoline) at a treat rate equivalent to 8.3 mg Mn/L (manganese per liter). MMT has been used in Canadian gasoline since 1976 (and in numerous other countries for many years) at a concentration up to 8.3 mg Mn/L (though the importation and interprovincial trade of gasoline containing MMT was restricted briefly during the period 1997–1998) and was introduced into Australia in 2000. It has been sold under the tradenames HiTEC 3000, Cestoburn and Ecotane. MMT is also used in China. == History of usage in the United States ==
Although initially marketed in 1958 as a smoke suppressant for gas turbines, MMT was further developed as an octane enhancer in 1974. When the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ordered the phase out of TEL in gasoline in 1973, new fuel additives were sought. TEL has been used in certain countries as an additive to increase the octane rating of automotive gasoline but has been phased out in all countries since July 2021.",399
1232,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl,Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,"When the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ordered the phase out of TEL in gasoline in 1973, new fuel additives were sought. TEL has been used in certain countries as an additive to increase the octane rating of automotive gasoline but has been phased out in all countries since July 2021. In 1977, the US Congress amended the CAA to require advance approval by the EPA for the continued use of fuel additives such as MMT, ethanol, ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), etc. The new CAA amendment required a ""waiver"" to allow use of fuel additives made of any elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (within certain limits) and nitrogen. To obtain a waiver, the applicant was required to demonstrate that the fuel additive would not lead to a failure of vehicle emission control systems. Ethyl Corporation applied to the US EPA for a waiver for MMT in both 1978 and 1981; in both cases the applications were denied because of stated concerns that MMT might damage catalytic converters and increase hydrocarbon emissions. In 1988, Ethyl began a new series of discussions with the EPA to determine a program for developing the necessary data to support a waiver application. In 1990, Ethyl filed its third waiver application prompting an extensive four-year review process. In 1993, the U.S. EPA determined that use of MMT at 8.3 mg Mn/L would not cause, or contribute to, vehicle emission control system failures. Despite that finding, the EPA ultimately denied the waiver request in 1994 due to uncertainty related to health concerns regarding manganese emissions from the use of MMT. As a result of this ruling, Ethyl initiated a legal action claiming that the EPA had exceeded its authority by denying the waiver on these grounds.",359
1233,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl,Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,"Despite that finding, the EPA ultimately denied the waiver request in 1994 due to uncertainty related to health concerns regarding manganese emissions from the use of MMT. As a result of this ruling, Ethyl initiated a legal action claiming that the EPA had exceeded its authority by denying the waiver on these grounds. This was upheld by the US Court of Appeals and EPA subsequently granted a waiver which allows the use of MMT in US unleaded gasoline (not including reformulated gasoline) at a treat rate equivalent to 8.3 mg Mn/L. Implementation of this alternative to TEL has been controversial. Manganese compounds have, in general, very low toxicity, but their combustion products still irreversibly foul catalytic converters. Opposition from automobile manufacturers and some areas of the scientific community has reportedly prompted oil companies to stop voluntarily the usage of MMT in some of their countries of operation. MMT is currently manufactured in the U.S. by the Afton Chemical Corporation, a subsidiary of New Market Corporation. It is also produced and marketed as Cestoburn by Cestoil Chemical Inc. in Canada. == Structure and synthesis ==
MMT is manufactured by reduction of bis(methylcyclopentadienyl) manganese using triethylaluminium. The reduction is conducted under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide. MMT is a so-called half-sandwich complex, or more specifically a ""piano-stool"" complex (since the three CO ligands are like the legs of a stool). The manganese atom in MMT is coordinated with three carbonyl groups as well as to all five main carbon atoms of the methylcyclopentadienyl ring. These hydrophobic organic ligands make MMT highly lipophilic. A variety of related complexes are known, including ferrocene, which has also been used as an additive to gasoline. Many derivatives of MMT are known.",391
1234,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl,Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,"A variety of related complexes are known, including ferrocene, which has also been used as an additive to gasoline. Many derivatives of MMT are known. == Safety ==
MMT can impact human and environmental through direct exposure to the compound or exposure to its combustion products. MMT itself photodegrades rapidly, and the Australian National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) concluded that there is ""low occupational risk associated with MMT"" both ""for workers involved in formulating and distributing LRP or aftermarket fuel additives and those involved in automotive maintenance"". Further, they also concluded that there is a ""low risk"" to the public from the use of MMT. Regulatory agencies, including NICNAS and Health Canada, have generally concluded that manganese-containing combustion products (manganese phosphate, manganese sulfate and manganese dioxide) from MMT are unlikely to generate significant health impacts. In 2013, ARCADIS Consulting prepared a report on MMT during the implementation of a European Fuel Quality Directive (2009/30/EC). The conclusions of a risk assessment are that ""for MMT and its transformation products, when MMT is used as a fuel additive in petrol, no significant human health or environmental concerns related to exposure to either MMT or its transformation [combustion] products (manganese phosphate, manganese sulfate and manganese tetroxide  [sic]) were identified at use at levels up to 18 mg Mn/L. Depending on the regional needs and the vehicle emission control technology available, an MMT treat rate in the range of 8.3 mg Mn/L to 18 mg Mn/L is scientifically justified and may deliver both environmental and economic benefits without significant adverse effects."" === Pre-combustion storage and handling ===
The general public has minimal direct exposure to MMT.",379
1235,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl,Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,"Depending on the regional needs and the vehicle emission control technology available, an MMT treat rate in the range of 8.3 mg Mn/L to 18 mg Mn/L is scientifically justified and may deliver both environmental and economic benefits without significant adverse effects."" === Pre-combustion storage and handling ===
The general public has minimal direct exposure to MMT. As stated by the US EPA in their risk assessment on MMT, ""except for accidental or occupational contacts, exposure to MMT itself was not thought likely to pose a significant risk to the general population."" Similarly, NICNAS stated that ""[m]inimal public exposure to MMT is likely as a result of spills and splashes of LRP [lead replacement petrol] and aftermarket additives"". The US ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) notes that MMT is very unstable in light and degrades to a mixture of less harmful substances and inorganic manganese in less than 2 minutes. Therefore, human exposure to MMT prior to combustion in gasoline would not likely occur at significant levels. The MMT dossier registered in the European Chemical Agency's webpage indicates that before combustion in gasoline, MMT is classified as an acute toxicant by the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes of exposure under the European Union's Classification, Labeling and Packaging Regulation (EC/1272/2008), implementing the Global Harmonized System (GHS) of Classification and Labeling. The US OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration) has not established a permissible exposure limit specifically for MMT. However, OSHA has set a permissible exposure limit at a ceiling of 5 mg/m3 for manganese and its compounds, while the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends workers not be exposed to more than 0.2 mg/m3, over an eight-hour time-weighted average.",386
1236,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl,Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,"The US OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration) has not established a permissible exposure limit specifically for MMT. However, OSHA has set a permissible exposure limit at a ceiling of 5 mg/m3 for manganese and its compounds, while the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends workers not be exposed to more than 0.2 mg/m3, over an eight-hour time-weighted average. In Europe, the MMT DNELs (Derived No Effect Level) for workers by the inhalation and dermal routes of exposure are 0.6 mg/m3 and 0.11 mg/kg-day, respectively. The MMT DNELs for the general population by the inhalation and dermal routes of exposure are 0.11 mg/m3 and 0.062 mg/kg-day, respectively. === Combustion products ===
In 1994 (reaffirmed in 1998, 2001 and 2010), Health Canada concluded that ""airborne manganese resulting from the combustion of MMT in gasoline powered vehicles is not entering the Canadian environment in quantities or under conditions that may constitute a health risk"" and confirmed they were taking no action with respect to MMT. Similarly, the 2003 NICNAS report states that the airborne concentrations of manganese as a result of car emissions from vehicles using fuel containing MMT poses no health hazard. The assessment conducted by NICNAS notes that ""[m]anganese, the principle degradation by-product from combustion of MMT, is naturally occurring and ubiquitous in the environment. It is an essential nutrient of plants and animals. Environmental exposure to Mn compounds will mostly arise through the gaseous phase. Eventually, these will deposit to land and waters. The emission of Mn into the environment from use of fuels containing MMT is unlikely to develop to levels of concern and therefore poses a low risk for terrestrial or aquatic environments.""",387
1237,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl,Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,"Eventually, these will deposit to land and waters. The emission of Mn into the environment from use of fuels containing MMT is unlikely to develop to levels of concern and therefore poses a low risk for terrestrial or aquatic environments."" Additional health studies, overseen by the US EPA, were conducted to explain the transport of manganese in the body. In studies published from 2007 through 2011, no significant health effects are anticipated from the use of MMT in gasoline. == T2 Laboratories explosion and fire ==

On December 19, 2007 an explosion and fire occurred in the production of MMT in Florida, which killed four people and injured fourteen. == See also ==
List of gasoline additives


== References ==",142
1238,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_University_Speleological_Society,Wittenberg University Speleological Society,"The Wittenberg University Speleological Society (WUSS) is a student-run grotto of the National Speleological Society (NSS) created in 1980, dedicated to the advancement of speleology. WUSS has more than 500 members, current and past students, faculty and staff of Wittenberg University, as well as community members dedicated to the scientific study, exploration, and preservation of caves and karst environments. The organization is based out of Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. == History ==

WUSS received its official charter (Internal Organization #G-268) from the NSS on 14 May 1980. The organization was created as a successor to the Wittenberg Caving Club, which was formed in 1977 by Dr. Horton H. Hobbs III and Jeff Marion. After its induction into the NSS, WUSS elected Michael Flynn as its first grotto president. 1980 - A grant from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources helped to support the survey of more than 40 caves during the summer. 1981 - Work on the Carter Caves State Resort Park karst survey began. The first issue of Pholeos was published. 1985 - WUSS published a map of Freeland's Cave in Adams County, Ohio, the longest surveyed, non-commercial, cave in the state. 1986 - A grant from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources funded the survey of 11 caves in six counties throughout Ohio. 1988 - Six members of WUSS accompanied Ronald Reagan Jr. to northern Alabama to do a TV spot for ABC's Good Morning America which aired 16 February. The Ohio Cave Protection Act, authored by WUSSes was passed by the Ohio House and Senate. 1989 - WUSS received the NSS Conservation Award for its outstanding contributions to cave conservation at the NSS annual meeting in Sewanee, Tennessee.",373
1239,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_University_Speleological_Society,Wittenberg University Speleological Society,"The Ohio Cave Protection Act, authored by WUSSes was passed by the Ohio House and Senate. 1989 - WUSS received the NSS Conservation Award for its outstanding contributions to cave conservation at the NSS annual meeting in Sewanee, Tennessee. 1992 - A two-year study, funded by the National Park Service, into assessing the ecological resources of caves in the Russell Cave National Monument, Alabama was initiated. Also, a three-year study began, funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, to examine the biota and general ecological resources of 28 caves within the boundaries of the Hoosier National Forest in southern Indiana. 2007 - A four-year grant from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources funded WUSS to conduct an extensive study into the cave and karst regions of the state. The study increased the number of known caves in the state as well as the number of cave specific, endemic, species. == Activities ==


=== Publications ===
WUSS produces a biannual scientific journal called Pholeos (from Greek φολεος - cave) . The first issue was published in 1981, and currently is sent out to more than 500 subscribers throughout all fifty states and 28 countries. === Cave Research ===
Members have published more than 150 articles in scientific journals, and continue to make contributions in the areas of speleology, geology, biology, limnology, ecology, and microbiology. === Cave Survey ===
The organization has a long history of contributing to cave survey and mapping work, beginning in 1978 with Dry Cave, Highland County, Ohio. Since then, members have surveyed more than 32 kilometers (19.86 miles) of passage in more than 200 caves in four states. === Vertical Work ===
As part of its commitment to promoting safety in caves, WUSS conducts a variety of workshops, clinics, and trainings related to high-angle rope work, as well as providing public resources.",396
1240,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_University_Speleological_Society,Wittenberg University Speleological Society,"Since then, members have surveyed more than 32 kilometers (19.86 miles) of passage in more than 200 caves in four states. === Vertical Work ===
As part of its commitment to promoting safety in caves, WUSS conducts a variety of workshops, clinics, and trainings related to high-angle rope work, as well as providing public resources. Clinics, initially intended for grotto members, have expanded over the years to include workshops at nearby Wright State University and an annual training during the Winter Adventure Weekend at Carter Caves State Resort Park. == Accolades ==
1986 - Horton Hobbs III (WUSS #0001) received the NSS Fellow Award during the NSS Convention. 1994 - Kevin Simon (WUSS #0221) received The James G. Mitchell Award for Best Student Paper presented at the NSS Convention in Brackettville, Texas. 1995 - Kevin Simon (WUSS #0221) received the James G. Mitchell Award for Best Student Paper presented at the NSS Convention. 1996 - Annette Summers Engel (WUSS #0244) received the James G. Mitchell Award for Best Student Paper presented at the NSS Convention. 1998 - Megan Porter (WUSS #0262) received the James G. Mitchell Award for Best Student Paper presented at the NSS Convention. 2000 - Don Conover (WUSS #0356) received the NSS Fellow Award during the NSS Convention. 2003 - Annette Summers Engel (WUSS #0244) and Megan Porter (WUSS #0262) received NSS Fellow Awards during the NSS Convention. 2005 - Bill Stitzel (WUSS #0132) received the NSS Fellow Award and Lindsay Walker (McCullough) (WUSS #0469) received The James G. Mitchell Award for Best Student Paper presented at the NSS Convention.",376
1241,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_University_Speleological_Society,Wittenberg University Speleological Society,"2003 - Annette Summers Engel (WUSS #0244) and Megan Porter (WUSS #0262) received NSS Fellow Awards during the NSS Convention. 2005 - Bill Stitzel (WUSS #0132) received the NSS Fellow Award and Lindsay Walker (McCullough) (WUSS #0469) received The James G. Mitchell Award for Best Student Paper presented at the NSS Convention. 2007 - Horton Hobbs III (WUSS #0001) received the Cardinal Award, the state of Ohio's highest award for conservation. 2014 - Annette Summers Engel (WUSS #0244) received the Science Award at the NSS Convention. == See also ==
Caving
Speleology
Cave survey
Pit cave


== References ==


== External links ==
WUSS Official Website",171
1242,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_Paper_Company,Michael Scott Paper Company,"""Michael Scott Paper Company"" is the twenty-third episode of the fifth season of the television series The Office and the 95th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 9, 2009. In the episode, Michael, Pam and Ryan try to get their new paper company off the ground, but end up bickering among themselves due to the stress and cramped office space. Meanwhile, Jim tries to do a ""rundown"" for new boss Charles Miner without admitting he does not know what a rundown is, while Dwight and Andy compete for the affections of the new receptionist, Erin, played by Ellie Kemper. The episode was written by Justin Spitzer and directed by Gene Stupnitsky. It included a guest appearance by Idris Elba, who played new Dunder Mifflin vice president Charles Miner. The episode aired the same day as ""Dream Team""; the debut episode of the new NBC show Parks and Recreation was shown between the two episodes. ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" included a new title sequence with footage of the series characters in the new Michael Scott Paper Company office setting, rather than the Dunder Mifflin setting from previous episodes. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics, although many said it was not as funny as ""Dream Team"". According to Nielsen ratings, it was watched by eight million viewers and captured the most viewers in its time slot for adults between the ages of 18 and 49. ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation. == Plot ==
Michael Scott, Pam Beesly, and Ryan Howard are struggling to adjust to the work environment of the new Michael Scott Paper Company. The office space used to be a closet; water pipes run through the room, so they can hear the toilets flush from the Dunder Mifflin bathrooms above them.",396
1243,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_Paper_Company,Michael Scott Paper Company,"== Plot ==
Michael Scott, Pam Beesly, and Ryan Howard are struggling to adjust to the work environment of the new Michael Scott Paper Company. The office space used to be a closet; water pipes run through the room, so they can hear the toilets flush from the Dunder Mifflin bathrooms above them. Ryan goofs off and mocks Pam and Michael in their presence during phone conversations. Pam and Ryan bicker over who is responsible for making copies until Michael separates them into corners. Pam, who joined the company as a saleswoman, is given the corner where the photocopier sits. She is concerned that Michael will force her to be the receptionist, which is why she quit Dunder Mifflin in the first place. She asks Charles Miner for her job back, but Charles has already given the job to a new employee, Kelly Hannon, who ends up going by her middle name—Erin—to avoid confusion with Kelly Kapoor. Michael hosts a pancake luncheon to introduce the company to potential clients, but only one person and a few Dunder Mifflin employees show up. When Michael, Pam, and Ryan come close to giving up, the potential client from the luncheon calls asking for paper. Pam closes the sale and the three cheer in celebration. In the Dunder Mifflin office, Charles asks Jim Halpert for a ""rundown"" of his client information. Jim does not know what a rundown is, but is too embarrassed to ask because he has been making such a poor impression with Charles. Jim spends much of the day trying to figure out what a rundown is, chatting vaguely about it with Charles and other coworkers. When he finally finishes what he believes is a rundown, Charles does not look at it and simply asks Jim to fax it to everyone on the distribution list.",372
1244,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_Paper_Company,Michael Scott Paper Company,"Jim spends much of the day trying to figure out what a rundown is, chatting vaguely about it with Charles and other coworkers. When he finally finishes what he believes is a rundown, Charles does not look at it and simply asks Jim to fax it to everyone on the distribution list. Jim does not know what the distribution list is either, but rather than asking Charles, he simply faxes the rundown to his father. Dwight Schrute and Andy Bernard plan a hunting trip, but their new friendship is tested by their mutual romantic interest in Erin. Both make passes at her, but eventually agree their friendship is more valuable than a romantic interest. However, they end up trying simultaneously to impress Erin during a competitive duet of John Denver's ""Take Me Home, Country Roads"", with Andy on a banjo and Dwight playing guitar; both sing, and Dwight sings part of the song in German. Erin is initially impressed with both of them, but awkwardly sneaks out of the room as they play. Angela Martin is annoyed by Dwight and Andy's budding friendship. == Production ==
""Michael Scott Paper Company"" was written by Justin Spitzer and directed by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg, but for legal reasons directorial credit could only be given to one person, so Stupnitsky is credited as the director per the result of a coin flip. It originally aired April 9, 2009, the same day as the episode ""Dream Team""; the debut episode of the new NBC show Parks and Recreation was shown between the two episodes. ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" was the fourth of six episodes guest starring Idris Elba, best known as Stringer Bell from The Wire. Elba said he did not watch the episode after it aired because ""I'm hypercritical about my work, so I try not to torture myself.""",370
1245,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_Paper_Company,Michael Scott Paper Company,"""Michael Scott Paper Company"" was the fourth of six episodes guest starring Idris Elba, best known as Stringer Bell from The Wire. Elba said he did not watch the episode after it aired because ""I'm hypercritical about my work, so I try not to torture myself."" According to the Season 5 DVD episode commentary, the story idea involving Jim and the ""rundown"" was added during a rewrite late in production. The episode included a new title sequence with footage of the series characters in the new Michael Scott Paper Company office setting, rather than the Dunder Mifflin setting from the previous episodes. To emphasize the theme of a woman coming between two friends, whenever possible shots were framed with Erin appearing between Dwight and Andy. Rainn Wilson and Ed Helms practiced the guitar competition in Helms' trailer during lunch the day of the filming; Helms, a proficient bluegrass banjo player, coached Wilson, who is proficient at guitar and drums. Wilson said he proposed doing a full studio cover of the song, with Creed Bratton providing backup guitar and vocals, and selling it on iTunes for charity. Helms said he was happy to have the opportunity to play banjo on screen, but did not feel the instrument made much sense for his character; Helms said, ""It's so fun and weird, but he's a Connecticut preppy guy. How did he pick up a banjo? It's one of Andy's many mysteries, not all of which I even understand."" Prior to the episode's airing, NBC set up a web site for the new Michael Scott Paper Company at www.michaelscottpapercompany.com, which included a mission statement for the company, photos of the new office space and a downloadable copy of the coupon for ""unparalleled customer service"" featured in the episode. The official website for The Office included four cut scenes from ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" within a week of the episode's original release.",398
1246,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_Paper_Company,Michael Scott Paper Company,"Prior to the episode's airing, NBC set up a web site for the new Michael Scott Paper Company at www.michaelscottpapercompany.com, which included a mission statement for the company, photos of the new office space and a downloadable copy of the coupon for ""unparalleled customer service"" featured in the episode. The official website for The Office included four cut scenes from ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" within a week of the episode's original release. In one 85-second clip, Dwight and Andy pretend to shoot, stab and throw grenades at each other in pantomime in anticipation of their hunting trip; they pretend to kill Jim and pester him until he plays dead, after which Charles walks in and believes he is napping. A second one-minute clip includes Pam and Ryan fighting around the new office until they are interrupted by a janitor who believes the room is still a closet and leaves water jugs on the floor. In a third, 40-second clip, Jim asks Charles directly what a ""rundown"" is, but when an annoyed Charles asks if this is ""one of your pranks"", Jim says ""Yup. Boom!"" and leaves. The fourth and final clip, which is 85 seconds long, features Andy and Dwight both making passes at Erin; Andy discusses how easy it would be to learn sign language, while Dwight tells her to be careful not to get her hair or clothes caught in the nearby paper shredder. == Cultural references ==
Dwight and Andy sing and perform the John Denver song ""Take Me Home, Country Roads"" while trying to impress the new receptionist. At one point, Toby is overheard through a vent discussing and praising the FX show Damages while on the phone in a bathroom. He said it is as good as anything on HBO, a premium television channel known for such shows as The Sopranos, Six Feet Under and The Wire.",388
1247,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_Paper_Company,Michael Scott Paper Company,"At one point, Toby is overheard through a vent discussing and praising the FX show Damages while on the phone in a bathroom. He said it is as good as anything on HBO, a premium television channel known for such shows as The Sopranos, Six Feet Under and The Wire. During the workday, Ryan watches a YouTube video of a rap music commercial for Flea Market Montgomery; the low-budget rap music advertisement for the Montgomery, Alabama flea market gained Internet fame. Michael uses Evite, social-planning website for creating online invitations, to invite people to his pancake luncheon. On a whiteboard, Michael writes a quote of himself quoting Wayne Gretzky, the popular ice hockey player who said ""You miss 100% of the shots you don’t take."" The new paper company office included Apple computers and a Nerf basketball hoop. During a phone conversation, Ryan said he wants an iPod music player that also serves as a phone, but not an iPhone, which is essentially that very product; both items are Apple products. Michael listens to ""Just Dance"", a Lady Gaga song, while driving his convertible to work, which he mistakes for a Britney Spears song. Near the end of the episode, when Andy states that every song sounds better a cappella, Dwight asks about the songs ""Cherry Pie"" by Warrant, ""Enter Sandman"" by Metallica and ""Rebel Yell"" by Billy Idol. == Reception ==
In its original American broadcast on April 9, 2009, ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" was watched by 8 million overall viewers, according to Nielsen ratings. The episode earned more ratings than ""Dream Team"", the other Office episode of the night, which had 7.2 million viewers. It also performed better than the Parks and Recreation pilot, which ran between the two Office episodes and had 6.8 million viewers.",383
1248,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_Paper_Company,Michael Scott Paper Company,"The episode earned more ratings than ""Dream Team"", the other Office episode of the night, which had 7.2 million viewers. It also performed better than the Parks and Recreation pilot, which ran between the two Office episodes and had 6.8 million viewers. ""Michael Scott Paper Company"", as well as ""Dream Team"", had the most viewers in its time slot among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. The episode received mostly positive reviews. Travis Fickett of IGN said this and other recent episodes are ""proving that the show has plenty of life in it and [that] The Office has still got it."" He said the funniest element of the show was the emerging ""bro-mance"" between Dwight and Andy. Will Leitch of New York magazine said, ""The Office kind of needed this sort of shake-up, even if it’s something as simple as another room to put all our characters in."" Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club said he liked the plot aspects involve the new company, particularly the pancake breakfast and the first successful sales call: ""I know the series probably has to revert to something like the old status quo at some point, but I almost wish it could stay in that dank little corner a little longer."" Phipps, who gave the episode a B+ grade, said the ""rundown"" subplot between Jim and Charles was a bit strained by the end. Steven Mullen of The Tuscaloosa News called the episode ""stellar"" and particularly praised the comedic chemistry between Andy and Dwight. Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger said he was enjoying the new paper company storyline, but that ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" was not as funny as ""Dream Team"", which aired the same day. Sepinwall praised particular scenes such as Dwight and Andy's competitive duet  and Kelly's plan to make Charles want her.",391
1249,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_Paper_Company,Michael Scott Paper Company,"Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger said he was enjoying the new paper company storyline, but that ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" was not as funny as ""Dream Team"", which aired the same day. Sepinwall praised particular scenes such as Dwight and Andy's competitive duet  and Kelly's plan to make Charles want her. He criticized the cramped new office space jokes as being less funny than those in previous episodes. Sepinwall also said the storyline between Jim and Charles was getting repetitive and, ""It would help if the writers ever gave Idris Elba something funny to do."" Margaret Lions of Entertainment Weekly said, ""This episode wasn't one of my favorites … No bombs, no bits that failed, and by The Office's standards, nothing even particularly cringe worthy. But 'TMSPC' is more groundwork than payoff."" She said Dwight's rendition of ""Take Me Home, Country Roads"" in German was ""the absolute funniest moment of the episode"". In her list of the top ten moments from the fifth season of The Office, phillyBurbs.com writer Jen Wielgus ranked Michael's formation of the Michael Scott Paper Company in the downstairs storage closet as the number one, citing the ""Dream Team"", ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" and ""Heavy Competition"" episodes in particular. She also said she specifically enjoyed the paper-shaped pancakes from ""Michael Scott Paper Company"". ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" was voted the twelfth highest-rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season, according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally; the episode was rated 8.27 out of 10. This episode received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation.",361
1250,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_Paper_Company,Michael Scott Paper Company,"""Michael Scott Paper Company"" was voted the twelfth highest-rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season, according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally; the episode was rated 8.27 out of 10. This episode received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation. ""Michael Scott Paper Company"" accounted for one of the ten Primetime Emmy Award nominations The Office received for the show's fifth season at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards, which were held on September 20, 2009. == References ==


== External links ==

""Michael Scott Paper Company"" at NBC.com
""Michael Scott Paper Company"" at IMDb",151
1251,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascoigne_(ward),Gascoigne (ward),"Gascoigne is an electoral ward in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. == Barking and Dagenham council elections since 2022 ==
There was a revision of ward boundaries in Barking and Dagenham in 2022. === 2022 election ===
The election took place on 5 May 2022. == 2002–2022 Barking and Dagenham council elections ==
There was a revision of ward boundaries in Barking and Dagenham in 2002. === 2018 election ===
The election took place on 3 May 2018. === 2014 election ===
The election took place on 22 May 2014. === 2010 election ===
The election on 6 May 2010 took place on the same day as the United Kingdom general election. === 2006 election ===
The election took place on 4 May 2006. === 2002 election ===
The election took place on 2 May 2002. == 1978–2002 Barking and Dagenham council elections ==
There was a revision of ward boundaries in Barking in 1978. The name of the borough and council changed from Barking to Barking and Dagenham on 1 January 1980. === 1998 election ===
The election took place on 7 May 1998. === 1994 election ===
The election took place on 5 May 1994. === 1990 election ===
The election took place on 3 May 1990. === 1986 election ===
The election took place on 8 May 1986. === 1982 election ===
The election took place on 6 May 1982. === 1979 by-election ===
The by-election took place on 3 May 1979, following the death of Julia Engwell. === 1978 election ===
The election took place on 4 May 1978. == 1964–1978 Barking council elections ==


=== 1974 election ===
The election took place on 2 May 1974. === 1971 by-election ===
The by-election was held on 2 December 1971. === 1971 election ===
The election took place on 13 May 1971.",392
1252,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascoigne_(ward),Gascoigne (ward),"=== 1971 by-election ===
The by-election was held on 2 December 1971. === 1971 election ===
The election took place on 13 May 1971. === 1968 election ===
The election took place on 9 May 1968. === 1964 election ===
The election took place on 7 May 1964. == Notes ==


== References ==",68
1253,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_bore,Tidal bore,"A tidal bore, often simply given as bore in context, is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travels up a river or narrow bay, reversing the direction of the river or bay's current. It is a strong tide that pushes up the river, against the current. == Description ==
Bores occur in relatively few locations worldwide, usually in areas with a large tidal range (typically more than 6 meters (20 ft) between high and low tide) and where incoming tides are funneled into a shallow, narrowing river or lake via a broad bay. The funnel-like shape not only increases the tidal range, but it can also decrease the duration of the flood tide, down to a point where the flood appears as a sudden increase in the water level. A tidal bore takes place during the flood tide and never during the ebb tide. A tidal bore may take on various forms, ranging from a single breaking wavefront with a roller — somewhat like a hydraulic jump⁠— to undular bores, comprising a smooth wavefront followed by a train of secondary waves known as whelps. Large bores can be particularly unsafe for shipping but also present opportunities for river surfing. Two key features of a tidal bore are the intense turbulence and turbulent mixing generated during the bore propagation, as well as its rumbling noise. The visual observations of tidal bores highlight the turbulent nature of the surging waters. The tidal bore induces a strong turbulent mixing in the estuarine zone, and the effects may be felt along considerable distances. The velocity observations indicate a rapid deceleration of the flow associated with the passage of the bore as well as large velocity fluctuations.",356
1254,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_bore,Tidal bore,"The tidal bore induces a strong turbulent mixing in the estuarine zone, and the effects may be felt along considerable distances. The velocity observations indicate a rapid deceleration of the flow associated with the passage of the bore as well as large velocity fluctuations. A tidal bore creates a powerful roar that combines the sounds caused by the turbulence in the bore front and whelps, entrained air bubbles in the bore roller, sediment erosion beneath the bore front and of the banks, scouring of shoals and bars, and impacts on obstacles. The bore rumble is heard far away because its low frequencies can travel over long distances. The low-frequency sound is a characteristic feature of the advancing roller in which the air bubbles entrapped in the large-scale eddies are acoustically active and play the dominant role in the rumble-sound generation. == Etymology ==
The word bore derives through Old English from the Old Norse word bára, meaning ""wave"" or ""swell."" == Effects ==
Tidal bores can be dangerous. Certain rivers such as the Seine in France, the Petitcodiac River in Canada, and the Colorado River in Mexico to name a few, have had a sinister reputation in association with tidal bores. In China, despite warning signs erected along the banks of the Qiantang River, a number of fatalities occur each year by people who take too much risk with the bore. The tidal bores affect the shipping and navigation in the estuarine zone, for example, in Papua New Guinea (in the Fly and Bamu Rivers), Malaysia (the Benak in the Batang Lupar), and India (the Hooghly River bore). On the other hand, tidal bore-affected estuaries are rich feeding zones and breeding grounds of several forms of wildlife.",370
1255,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_bore,Tidal bore,"The tidal bores affect the shipping and navigation in the estuarine zone, for example, in Papua New Guinea (in the Fly and Bamu Rivers), Malaysia (the Benak in the Batang Lupar), and India (the Hooghly River bore). On the other hand, tidal bore-affected estuaries are rich feeding zones and breeding grounds of several forms of wildlife. The estuarine zones are the spawning and breeding grounds of several native fish species, while the aeration induced by the tidal bore contributes to the abundant growth of many species of fish and shrimp (for example in the Rokan River, Indonesia). The tidal bores also provide opportunity for recreational inland surfing, such as the Seven Ghosts bore on the Kampar River, Indonesia or the Severn Bore on the River Severn, England. === Scientific studies ===
Scientific studies have been carried out at the River Dee in Wales in the United Kingdom, the Garonne and Sélune in France, the Daly River in Australia, and the Qiantang River estuary in China. The force of the tidal bore flow often poses a challenge to scientific measurements, as evidenced by a number of field work incidents in the River Dee, Rio Mearim, Daly River, and Sélune River. In terms of physical modelling (hydrodynamics), a tidal bore often well represented by a soliton. == Rivers and bays with tidal bores ==
Rivers and bays that have been known to exhibit bores include those listed below. === Asia ===

Ganges–Brahmaputra, India and Bangladesh
Indus River, India and Pakistan
Sittaung River, Burma
Qiantang River, China, which has the world's largest bore, up to 9 m (30 ft) high, traveling at up to 40 km/h (25 mph)
Batang Lupar or Lupar River, near Sri Aman, Malaysia.",399
1256,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_bore,Tidal bore,"== Rivers and bays with tidal bores ==
Rivers and bays that have been known to exhibit bores include those listed below. === Asia ===

Ganges–Brahmaputra, India and Bangladesh
Indus River, India and Pakistan
Sittaung River, Burma
Qiantang River, China, which has the world's largest bore, up to 9 m (30 ft) high, traveling at up to 40 km/h (25 mph)
Batang Lupar or Lupar River, near Sri Aman, Malaysia. The tidal bore is locally known as benak. Batang Sadong or Sadong River, Sarawak, Malaysia. Bono, Kampar River, at Meranti Bay, Pelalawan, Indonesia. The phenomenon is feared by the locals to sink ships. It is reported to break up to 130 km (81 mi) inland, but usually up to 40 km (25 mi) with 6 m (20 ft)  height. === Oceania ===


==== Australia ====
Styx River, Queensland
Daly River, Northern Territory


==== New Zealand ====
Wairoa River, Northland Region


==== Papua New Guinea ====
Fly River
Turama River


=== Europe ===


==== Ireland ====
River Shannon, up the Shannon Estuary to Limerick, Ireland: 21 September 2013


==== United Kingdom ====

River Dee, Wales and England
River Mersey. The second highest tidal bore after the Severn bore, up to 1.7 meters (6 ft) high. The bore tends to form around the Manchester Ship Canal. The Severn bore on the River Severn, Wales and England, up to 2 meters (7 ft) high
The Trent Aegir on the River Trent, England, up to 1.5 meters (5 ft) high.",389
1257,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_bore,Tidal bore,"The bore tends to form around the Manchester Ship Canal. The Severn bore on the River Severn, Wales and England, up to 2 meters (7 ft) high
The Trent Aegir on the River Trent, England, up to 1.5 meters (5 ft) high. Also other tributaries of the Humber Estuary. River Parrett
River Welland
The Arnside Bore on the River Kent
River Great Ouse
River Ouse, Yorkshire. Like the Trent bore, this is also known as ""the Aegir"". River Eden
River Esk
River Nene. This was also known as the Eagre. River Nith
River Lune, Lancashire
River Ribble, Lancashire
River Yealm, Devon
River Leven, Cumbria


==== Belgium ====
Durme, Flanders


==== France ====
The phenomenon is generally named un mascaret in French. but some other local names are preferred. Seine had a significant bore until the 1960s, locally named la barre. Since then, it has been practically eliminated by dredging and river training. Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel including Couesnon, Sélune, and Sée
Arguenon
Frémur (baie de la Fresnaye)
Vire
Sienne
Vilaine, locally named le mascarin
Dordogne
Garonne


=== North America ===


==== United States ====

The Turnagain Arm of Cook Inlet, Alaska. Up to 2 meters (7 ft) and 20 km/h (12 mph). Historically, the Colorado River had a tidal bore up to 6 feet, that extended 47 miles up river. The Savannah River up to 10 miles (16 km) inland.",377
1258,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_bore,Tidal bore,"Historically, the Colorado River had a tidal bore up to 6 feet, that extended 47 miles up river. The Savannah River up to 10 miles (16 km) inland. Small tidal bores, only a few inches in height, have been observed advancing up tidal bayous on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The bay inlet of the Crissy Field Marsh, in San Francisco, California, can exhibit tidal bores near high tide. ==== Canada ====
With the Bay of Fundy having the highest tidal range in the world, most rivers draining into the upper bay between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have significant tidal bores. They include:

The Petitcodiac River formerly had the highest bore in North America at over 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height, but causeway construction between Moncton and Riverview in the 1960s led to subsequent extensive sedimentation which reduced the bore to little more than a ripple. After considerable political controversy, the causeway gates were opened on April 14, 2010, as part of the Petitcodiac River Restoration Project and the tidal bore began to grow again. The restoration of the bore has been sufficient that in July 2013, professional surfers rode a 1 metre (3.3 ft)-high wave 29 kilometres (18.0 mi) up the Petitcodiac River from Belliveau Village to Moncton to establish a new North American record for continuous surfing. The Shubenacadie River in Nova Scotia. When the tidal bore approaches, completely drained riverbeds are filled. It has caused the deaths of several tourists who were in the riverbeds when the bore came in. Tour boat operators offer rafting excursions in the summer.",349
1259,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_bore,Tidal bore,"It has caused the deaths of several tourists who were in the riverbeds when the bore came in. Tour boat operators offer rafting excursions in the summer. The bore is fastest and highest on some of the smaller rivers that connect to the bay including the River Hebert and Maccan River on the Cumberland Basin, the St. Croix and Kennetcook rivers in the Minas Basin, and the Salmon River in Truro. ==== Mexico ====
Historically, there was a tidal bore on the Gulf of California in Mexico at the mouth of the Colorado River. It formed in the estuary about Montague Island and propagated upstream. It was once very strong, but diversions of the river for irrigation have weakened the flow of the river to the point the tidal bore has nearly disappeared. === South America ===


==== Brazil ====
Amazon River in Brazil, up to 4 meters (13 ft) high, running at up to 13 mph (21 km/h). It is known locally as the pororoca. Mearim River in Brazil
Araguari River in Brazil. Very strong in the past, it is considered lost since 2015, due to buffaloes farming, irrigation, and dam construction along the river, leading to substantial loss of water flow. ==== Venezuela ====
Orinoco River in Venezuela


==== Chile ====
Southern Channels, ex. Canal de Castro, Chiloé Island (fjord of Castro) in Chile


== Lakes with tidal bores ==
Lakes with an ocean inlet can also exhibit tidal bores. === North America ===
Nitinat Lake on Vancouver Island has a sometimes dangerous tidal bore at Nitinat Narrows where the lake meets the Pacific Ocean. The lake is popular with windsurfers due to its consistent winds.",377
1260,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_bore,Tidal bore,"=== North America ===
Nitinat Lake on Vancouver Island has a sometimes dangerous tidal bore at Nitinat Narrows where the lake meets the Pacific Ocean. The lake is popular with windsurfers due to its consistent winds. == See also ==

1812 New Madrid earthquake, a historic earthquake in the United States that caused the Mississippi River to flow backwards temporarily
Tidal race
Tsunami
Tonlé Sap, a lake and river system in Cambodia where monsoon flooding can cause the river to flow backwards temporarily, albeit not as a tidal bore


== References ==


== External links ==

Information about The Severn bore, UK
Amateur video of the ""Wiggenhall Wave"" tidal bore
link to Proudman Inst. page
Mascaret, Aegir, Pororoca, Tidal Bore. Quid ? Où? Quand? Comment? Pourquoi ? in Journal La Houille Blanche, No. 3, pp. 103–14
Turbulent Mixing beneath an Undular Bore Front in Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 999–1007 doi:10.2112/06-0688.1
Tidal bore research (2017) The University of Queensland.",265
1261,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Best,Colin Best,"Colin Best (born 22 November 1978) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. He played primarily in the National Rugby League as a wing or centre for Australian clubs, Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, St. George Illawarra Dragons, Canberra Raiders and South Sydney Rabbitohs. Best also played in the Super League for English club, Hull FC. == Background ==
Before his rugby league career, Best had also represented Australia at a junior level in indoor soccer and has had tinea ever since. == Career ==
Best made his first grade debut for Cronulla in round 12 1998 against North Sydney, scoring a try in a 16–12 victory at Shark Park. In 1999, Best made 14 appearances and scored 12 tries as Cronulla won the minor premiership but lost in the preliminary final against rivals St. George at Stadium Australia. The following year, Best scored 13 tries from 26 games as Cronulla reached the finals but were eliminated by the Brisbane Broncos in the first week. In 2001, Best played in Cronulla's preliminary final defeat against eventual premiers Newcastle. At the end of 2002, Best signed with Hull in the Super League and spent two years in England before returning to Australia and signing with St. George. In the 2005 NRL season, Best finished as the club's top try scorer with 20 tries. Best played in the club's preliminary final loss against eventual premiers Wests Tigers at the Sydney Football Stadium. In 2006, Best scored 6 tries in 19 games as St. George reached another preliminary final, however Best missed the match through injury. In 2007, Best signed for Canberra. In 2008, while playing for Canberra he was awarded the Dally M Winger of the Year Award. During the 2008 NRL season, Best signed a two-year contract with South Sydney commencing in the 2009.",380
1262,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Best,Colin Best,"In 2008, while playing for Canberra he was awarded the Dally M Winger of the Year Award. During the 2008 NRL season, Best signed a two-year contract with South Sydney commencing in the 2009. Best scored a try on debut for South Sydney's round 1 victory over rivals the Sydney Roosters which finished 52–12. In the 2009 State of Origin series Best was named in the 40 man New South Wales preliminary squad but ultimately was not selected for any of the games. He signed for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks for two seasons starting in 2011. At the end of the two seasons, Best announced his retirement, after a 15-year career, playing his final game in a finals lost against former club Canberra. Following his retirement, he was one of seventeen Cronulla players found guilty of using illegal substances under the club's 2011 supplements program, having a twelve-month suspension (which had already expired due to backdating) recorded against his name. == Career highlights ==
Junior Club: Engadine Dragons
First Grade Debut: Round 12, Cronulla v North Sydney, Toyota Park, 30 May 1998
First Grade Record: 170 appearances scoring 87 tries


== References ==


== External links ==

Canberra Raiders profile
Colin Best NRL.com
(archived by web.archive.org) Stats → PastPlayers → B at hullfc.com
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullfc.com",303
1263,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Zahui_B.,Amanda Zahui B.,"Amanda Agnes Sofia Zahui Bazoukou (born 8 September 1993), known professionally as Amanda Zahui B., is a Swedish basketball player for BK Žabiny Brno of the Czech Women's Basketball League. After playing basketball both in Sweden and collegiately with the Minnesota Golden Gophers, Zahui was drafted by the Tulsa Shock with the second overall pick in the 2015 WNBA draft. == Early life ==
Zahui grew up in Stockholm, Sweden, where her parents met. Ann-Sofi Zahui Bazoukou grew up in Spain and France before moving to Stockholm, whereas Alex Zahui Bazoukou left his native Ivory Coast to seek work in Europe. The family lived in neighbourhoods heavily populated by African immigrants. Zahui grew up playing soccer and tennis, as well as singing in the choir and taking theater lessons. She began playing basketball at age 10. By age 13, she was added to Sweden's 16-and-under national team. She averaged 15 points and eight rebounds for the Swedish national team in the Under-18 European Championships in 2011. Zahui attended Igelstavikens Gymnasium in Södertälje. She played three seasons in the Damligan for Telge Basket between 2009 and 2012. Upon moving to the United States, she shortened Bazoukou to an initial so it would fit on her jersey and be easier to pronounce. == College career ==
Zahui joined the Minnesota Golden Gophers in 2012 but redshirted the 2012–13 season. She played two seasons for the Golden Gophers between 2013 and 2015. She was named Big Ten Player of the Year by the media for the 2014–15 season. In February 2015, she scored a career-high 39 points in a game against Iowa. She also recorded 29 rebounds in that game, the most ever by a player in the Big Ten Conference.",388
1264,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Zahui_B.,Amanda Zahui B.,"In February 2015, she scored a career-high 39 points in a game against Iowa. She also recorded 29 rebounds in that game, the most ever by a player in the Big Ten Conference. The last NBA player to record at least 39 points and 29 rebounds in a game was Moses Malone in October 1979. == Professional career ==


=== WNBA ===
Zahui was drafted second overall by the Tulsa Shock in the 2015 WNBA draft. After one season with Tulsa, she joined the New York Liberty, where she played five seasons between 2016 and 2020. Zahui joined the Los Angeles Sparks in 2021. She was placed on the full-season suspended list by the Sparks in 2022, meaning she did not get paid and her salary was not on the team's cap sheet, but her rights were retained by the Sparks. It was done due to her overseas commitments potentially keeping her away for a large portion of the season. On 21 January 2023, Zahui was traded to the Las Vegas Aces in exchange for Dearica Hamby. On 5 February 2023, she was traded again, this time to the Washington Mystics in exchange for two second-round picks. She signed with the team two days later. On 4 July 2023, Zahui was traded to the Indiana Fever in exchange for Queen Egbo. === Overseas ===
For the 2015–16 season, Zahui joined Adana ASKİ in Turkey. Zahui joined Russian team Nadezhda Orenburg for the 2016–17 season. The ""Zahui"" name was the cause of many jokes in the Russian language, which led to her changing her name to Bazoukou in March 2017. She earned the Russian League's best forward award. Zahui played for USK Praha in Czech Republic in 2017–18 and Sopron Basket in Hungary in 2018–19.",381
1265,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Zahui_B.,Amanda Zahui B.,"She earned the Russian League's best forward award. Zahui played for USK Praha in Czech Republic in 2017–18 and Sopron Basket in Hungary in 2018–19. She played the majority of the 2019–20 season in China with Shandong Six Stars before having a one-game stint in Turkey with Hatay BB. She returned to Russia for the 2020–21 season, playing for Dynamo Kursk. She returned to Turkey for a third time in 2021–22 with Fenerbahçe and then played for Beretta Famila Schio in Italy in 2022–23. Zahui was set to play for Israeli Division 1 club Maccabi Bnot Ashdod in the 2023–24 season, but she fled the country after Hamas attacked Israel on 7 October 2023. In December 2023, Zahui joined the Townsville Fire of the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) in Australia for the rest of the 2023–24 season. During the 2024–25 season, she played from October to November 2024 for Polkowice in Poland, and from January 2025 for BC Castelnuovo Scrivia in Italy. For the 2025–26 season, she joined BK Žabiny Brno of the Czech Women's Basketball League. == Career statistics ==


=== WNBA ===
Source


==== Regular season ====


==== Playoffs ====


=== College ===
Source


== Personal life ==
On June 7, 2021, WNBA.com published an op-ed written by Zahui, titled ""What Does Pride Mean to Me? "", in commemoration of Pride Month. Zahui described herself as having a ""personal journey of finding myself"", and publicly came out as a lesbian. She wrote, ""I celebrate my body, my mind and my sexuality. I am confident and open to the fact that I was made to love women.",391
1266,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Zahui_B.,Amanda Zahui B.,"She wrote, ""I celebrate my body, my mind and my sexuality. I am confident and open to the fact that I was made to love women. I was created to celebrate the beautiful women on this earth. To love the most powerful creature on this earth, the woman."" Zahui stated that she has a family who has ""always been accepting and supportive"" regarding her sexuality. As of January 2024, Zahui's partner is English footballer, Shameeka Fishley. == References ==


== External links ==

Career statistics from WNBA.com  · Basketball Reference 
Amanda Zahui B. Bio - University of Minnesota Official Athletic Site at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-09-26)
FIBA profile
Day in The Life: Amanda Zahui B. 's WNBA Draft Day",169
1267,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vankar,Vankar,"Weaving and cloth trading communities of Western India particularly of Gujarat are called Vankar/Wankar/Vaniya. The four major woven fabrics produced by these communities are cotton, silk, khadi and linen. Today majority of these community members are not engaged in their ancestral weaving occupation, still some population of these communities contribute to the traditional handloom weaving of the famous Patola of Patan, Kachchh shawl of Bhujodi in Kutch, Gharchola and Crotchet of Jamnagar, Zari of Surat, Mashroo of Patan and Mandvi in Kutch, Bandhani of Jamnagar, Anjar and Bhuj, Motif, Leheria, Dhamakda and Ajrak, Nagri sari, Tangaliya Shawl, Dhurrie, Kediyu, Heer Bharat, Abhala, Phento and the art of Gudri. Vankar is described as a caste as well as a community. == History ==
A block printed and resist-dyed fabric, whose origin is from Gujarat was found in the tombs of Fostat, Egypt. Indian textiles especially of Gujarat have been praised in several accounts by explorers and historians, from Megasthenes to Herodotus. Marco Polo a Venetian merchant on his visit to India in 13th century Gujarat observed that ""brocading art of Gujarat weavers is par excellent"". During Mughal Empire India was manufacturing 27% of world's textile and Gujarati weavers dominated along with Bengali weavers in Indian textile trade industry overseas. Even the archaeological surveys and studies have indicated that the people of Dholavira, Surkotada. Kuntasi, Lothal and Somnath of Gujarat regions in Harrapan civilization were familiar with weaving and the spinning of cotton for as long as four thousand years ago.",394
1268,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vankar,Vankar,"Even the archaeological surveys and studies have indicated that the people of Dholavira, Surkotada. Kuntasi, Lothal and Somnath of Gujarat regions in Harrapan civilization were familiar with weaving and the spinning of cotton for as long as four thousand years ago. Reference to weaving and spinning materials is found in the Vedic Literature. As weaving is an art and forms one of the most important artisan community of India. Since Vankars were involved in production and business they were known as Nana Mahajans or small merchants. They have been grouped in Vaishya category of Varna system. === Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries ===
Britain's Industrial Revolution was built on the de-industrialisation of India - the destruction of Indian textiles and their replacement by manufacturing in England, using Indian raw materials and exporting the finished products back to India and even the rest of the world. The handloom weavers of Gujarat, Maharastra and Bengal produced and exported some of the world's most desirable fabrics. Britain's response was to cut off the thumbs of weavers, break their looms and impose duties on tariffs on Indian cloth, while flooding India and the world with cheaper fabric from the new steam mills of Britain. The arrival of the East India Company, however sounded the death knell for the Indian textile industry. The weavers were forced into selling exclusively to the British at extremely low rates, pushing them into poverty. The decline was further accelerated by the industrial revolution. Advances in manufacturing technologies flooded markets in India and abroad with cheap, mass-produced fabrics that Indian handlooms could no longer compete with. Weavers became beggars, manufacturing collapsed and the last 2000 years of Indian textile industry was knocked down. So instead of a great exporter of finished products, India became an importer of British, while its share of world export fell from 27% to two percent.",385
1269,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vankar,Vankar,"Weavers became beggars, manufacturing collapsed and the last 2000 years of Indian textile industry was knocked down. So instead of a great exporter of finished products, India became an importer of British, while its share of world export fell from 27% to two percent. === Twentieth century ===
The freedom struggle brought the Indian handloom sector back to the fore, with Mahatma Gandhi spearheading the Swadeshi cause. In no other nation has something as basic as one's clothing or an act as simple as spinning cotton become so intertwined with a national movement. The humble Charkha (spinning wheel) and khadi became a dominant symbol of self-reliance, self-determination and nationalist pride. == Occupation ==
The main occupation of Vankars was the weaving of cloth. Since after expansion of British textile markets and decline of Indian textile industry Vankars suffered a lot. Hence they started farming and small-scale business in the British Raj to thrive better conditions ahead to maintain their livelihood. == References ==",211
1270,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowieria,Kowieria,"Kowieria is an extinct genus of lycopsid from the Late Devonian from Waterloo Farm, containing the single species Kowieria alveoformis. As of 2021 it is being characterised as incertae sedis. It was first described in 2017 from a black shale layer interbedded with quartzite strata of the Famennian aged Witpoort Formation (Witteberg Group, Cape Supergroup). == Etymology ==
The genus name Kowieria is derived from the Kowie River that rises along the ridge on which Waterloo Farm is situated. Alveus is a Latin word for a simple type of boat thus, alveoformis refers to the coracle-like simple sporophylls of the fossil plant. == Description ==
Only distal portions of the fossils were identified and as such, the description thereof is based on these parts. Their axes range from 48 to 105 mm in length with widths of 2.7 to 4.5 mm. Axis width appear to diminish from proximal to distal ends from 4.5 - 2.4 mm. The presence of tightly arranged elongated leaves in the specimens (found in Waterloo Farm) makes it difficult to measure the axes as the distal part of all preserved axes appears to be considerably smaller. This size decrease reflects the position (as ultimate axes) of the axes fragments of the original plant. Some fossil fragments clearly show a strobilus connected to a short axial segment. The axis measures 2.2 mm in width closer to the strobilus. The axis does not bear any vegetative leaves. The strobilus measures 13.5 mm in length and shows a dense organisation, although slightly compressed. In most cases, the strobili are found dispersed and show a dense organisation with no vegetative leaves associated with them. The longest strobilus measures 15 mm long.",388
1271,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowieria,Kowieria,"In most cases, the strobili are found dispersed and show a dense organisation with no vegetative leaves associated with them. The longest strobilus measures 15 mm long. The sporophylls are borne spirally with up to 20 mm long attached to the axis by a small 1.5 to 2 mm long straight pedicel. The pedicel is followed by a curved segment on the underside of the sporophyll lamina, about 4 to 5 mm long, corresponding to the attachment zone of the sporangium. The abaxial side of the sporophyll lamina is curved and measures up to 10 mm long with a width ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 mm. Kowieria alveoformis is also prominently ornamented megaspores, and thus, showing similarity to isoetales within the taxonomic class Lycopodiopsida. == References ==",184
1272,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"Jason Cord Buckel (born November 3, 1971) is an American politician and lawyer who has served as the minority leader in the Maryland House of Delegates since 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he has represented District 1B since 2015. Born and raised in Allegany County, Maryland, Buckel graduated from George Mason University and the University of Maryland, Baltimore. He first became involved with politics in 2006, later serving as a coordinator for state senator Alex Mooney's exploratory committee to run for the U.S. House of Representatives in Maryland's 6th congressional district. He was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 2014, defeating four-term Democratic incumbent Kevin Kelly in the general election. In April 2021, Buckel was elected as the minority leader of the Maryland House of Delegates. == Early life and career ==
Buckel was born in Allegany County, Maryland on November 3, 1971. He graduated from Bishop Walsh School in Cumberland, Maryland and attended George Mason University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science with honors, and the University of Maryland School of Law, where he earned a Juris Doctor degree with honors. He was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1996. After graduating, he started his own law firm. Buckel became involved with politics in 2006, when he became a member of the Maryland Republican Party. In 2012, Buckel led the Allegany County campaign for Alex Mooney's exploratory bid in Maryland's 6th congressional district. In February 2014, he filed to run for the Maryland House of Delegates, seeking to unseat incumbent Delegate Kevin Kelly. He defeated Kelly in the general election, receiving 58.9 percent of the vote. == In the legislature ==

Buckel was sworn into the Maryland House of Delegates on January 14, 2015. He has served as a member of the Ways and Means Committee since 2015.",395
1273,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"== In the legislature ==

Buckel was sworn into the Maryland House of Delegates on January 14, 2015. He has served as a member of the Ways and Means Committee since 2015. From 2017 to 2018, Buckel served as the chief deputy whip for the House Republican Caucus, and as the minority leader of the Maryland House of Delegates since April 2021. In 2016, Buckel filed to run for delegate for the Republican National Convention, representing Marco Rubio. He received 1.8 percent of the vote in the primary election. On April 10, 2023, less than 10 minutes before the legislature adjourned sine die, House Speaker Adrienne A. Jones sought to move onto the next bill after Buckel had explained his vote on House Bill 1071. After a series of other Republican lawmakers began making appeals to also explain their votes, which were rejected by Jones, a shouting match led by Nic Kipke started and continued until the House adjourned, preventing several bills from receiving a final vote before the midnight deadline. During this, Buckel ordered Republican delegates to leave the chamber in protest of Jones rejecting delegates' appeals to speak; about a dozen lawmakers followed him to the doorway. Buckel denied that the disruption was a tactic to keep legislation from passing and later said he blamed Democratic lawmakers for the incident, arguing that they had ""waited until the final minutes of the session to move controversial legislation with limited debate"". After the General Assembly adjourned, the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland demanded ""a [public] apology for the disrespect"" shown to Jones. In December 2025, following the election of Joseline Peña-Melnyk as speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates, Buckel and the House Republican caucus agreed to establish a ""rural caucus"" with a direct line to House leadership after Peña-Melnyk announced a revamped leadership team consisting mostly of delegates representing urban and suburban areas of the state.",392
1274,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"After the General Assembly adjourned, the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland demanded ""a [public] apology for the disrespect"" shown to Jones. In December 2025, following the election of Joseline Peña-Melnyk as speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates, Buckel and the House Republican caucus agreed to establish a ""rural caucus"" with a direct line to House leadership after Peña-Melnyk announced a revamped leadership team consisting mostly of delegates representing urban and suburban areas of the state. During the 2026 legislative session, Buckel asked Peña-Melnyk to create an investigation committee with subpoena power, citing various audit findings that found Maryland overpaid $807.4 million in unemployment benefits and that the Maryland State Highway Administration overcharged $360 million in authorized expenses on to federal fund projects. === West Virginia annexation letter ===
In October 2021, Buckel was one of five Maryland state legislators from Garrett, Allegany and Washington counties who sent a pair of letters to West Virginia officials asking about annexation of Western Maryland to West Virginia. These letters caused a local uproar, with Jake Shade, an official from Allegany County running against one of the legislatures in the primaries, calling the request a political stunt, an embarrassment and unneeded distraction. Following criticism from local officials and some constituents, Buckel and state senator George Edwards issued a letter withdrawing support for the secession proposal. In an October 2024 interview with The Baltimore Sun, Buckel said that he suggested holding a non-binding secession straw poll among residents of counties in western Maryland to local lawmakers after hearing about West Virginia Governor Jim Justice suggesting that conservative counties in western Virginia should join West Virginia following the 2019 Virginia elections, in which Democrats gained control of both chambers of the Virginia General Assembly. The letters were sent to West Virginia officials while Buckel was on a hunting trip in South Dakota and he did not learn of the letters until he returned.",388
1275,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"In an October 2024 interview with The Baltimore Sun, Buckel said that he suggested holding a non-binding secession straw poll among residents of counties in western Maryland to local lawmakers after hearing about West Virginia Governor Jim Justice suggesting that conservative counties in western Virginia should join West Virginia following the 2019 Virginia elections, in which Democrats gained control of both chambers of the Virginia General Assembly. The letters were sent to West Virginia officials while Buckel was on a hunting trip in South Dakota and he did not learn of the letters until he returned. == Legal affairs ==
In December 2021, harassment charges were filed against Buckel in relation to his pending divorce. The complaint detailed more than three dozen messages sent by Buckel through Facebook Messenger to a Maryland State Police trooper who had a relationship with his estranged wife, including more than a half-dozen messages that had Buckel threatening to take his job and pension and to ""destroy"" and ""bury"" him. These charges were dropped by Frederick County prosecutors the next day. In August 2023, WBFF reported that Buckel was under investigation for making death threats against a police officer who was dating his ex-wife. According to the police report, Buckel unexpectedly encountered his ex-wife and her boyfriend at a music festival at the Allegany County Fairgrounds, and became alert after noticing his son was not with them. He then began texting his ex-wife to ask where his son was, and approached an off-duty officer and said he would ""put a bullet"" in her boyfriend's head. The investigation was closed after Allegany County detectives interviewed Buckel about the incident, and no criminal charges were filed. In a statement to WBFF, Buckel disputed claims that he threatened her boyfriend. In June 2024, Buckel was reportedly arrested for driving under the influence and with a suspended license.",371
1276,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"In a statement to WBFF, Buckel disputed claims that he threatened her boyfriend. In June 2024, Buckel was reportedly arrested for driving under the influence and with a suspended license. In a statement to WBFF, Buckel was driving home from a sports-themed restaurant after watching a National Hockey League hockey game when an officer pulled him over and arrested him; he denied having any alcoholic drinks beforehand or driving erratically on his way home. In November 2024, he entered an Alford plea to his DUI charges and received probation before judgment. == Political positions ==


=== Criminal justice ===
Buckel introduced legislation in the 2015 legislative session that would block law clinics from fighting against Maryland state agencies in court. The bill received an unfavorable report from the House Appropriations Committee. Buckel opposed legislation introduced during the 2021 legislative session that would remove the Governor of Maryland from the parole process for people serving life sentences. The Maryland General Assembly voted to override Governor Hogan's veto on the bill during its special legislative session on December 7, 2021. Buckel also opposed legislation that would prohibit life without parole sentences for juvenile offenders, and introduced an amendment during the debate on the bill that would have banned it from applying to past offenses. The amendment was rejected in a 52–83 vote. === Energy ===
Buckel disagreed with Governor Larry Hogan's decision to support a ban on fracking in Maryland in 2018, saying that it would have brought jobs to Allegany and Garrett counties. During the 2026 legislative session, Buckel supported proposals to incentivize the construction of more power generation in Maryland to curb rising utility costs while faulting state policies encouraging renewable energy sources for rising energy prices. === Fiscal issues ===
Buckel opposes introducing any new taxes, but supports the concept of bracketed local income tax as a way for counties to provide relief without losing too much revenue.",376
1277,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"During the 2026 legislative session, Buckel supported proposals to incentivize the construction of more power generation in Maryland to curb rising utility costs while faulting state policies encouraging renewable energy sources for rising energy prices. === Fiscal issues ===
Buckel opposes introducing any new taxes, but supports the concept of bracketed local income tax as a way for counties to provide relief without losing too much revenue. During his 2014 campaign, he said that he would pursue a tax incentive program to bring cybersecurity and information technology to Allegany County. He also opposes increasing tobacco taxes, saying it would hurt local businesses by driving customers to West Virginia and Pennsylvania. In April 2021, Buckel voted against legislation that would allow counties to set local income taxes at different rates for lower-income and wealthy residents. In March 2022, Buckel voted against legislation that would extend a tax on health insurance companies, expressing concern that it results in higher premiums for people covered by group plans. During the 2025 legislative session, amid a $3.3 billion state deficit, Buckel expressed concern with proposals to raise taxes to address the deficit. He opposed a compromise budget proposal negotiated by Governor Wes Moore and legislative leaders that included over $1 billion in new tax increases but $2 billion in spending cuts, which he argued would hurt middle- and upper-class individuals and make businesses leave the state. In March 2025, during debate on the budget proposal, Buckel proposed an amendment that would substitute tax increases in the bill with $1.6 billion in cuts to Medicaid, state employee hiring initiatives and salary increases, and programs supported by the Blueprint for Maryland's Future. In January 2026, amid a $1.5 billion budget deficit, Buckel supported cuts to the Blueprint for Maryland's Future, saying that while the education reforms were well-intentioned and that some elements are worth keeping, the state could not afford to fully implement the reforms and that lawmakers had to be ""fiscally responsible to your taxpayers"".",398
1278,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"In March 2025, during debate on the budget proposal, Buckel proposed an amendment that would substitute tax increases in the bill with $1.6 billion in cuts to Medicaid, state employee hiring initiatives and salary increases, and programs supported by the Blueprint for Maryland's Future. In January 2026, amid a $1.5 billion budget deficit, Buckel supported cuts to the Blueprint for Maryland's Future, saying that while the education reforms were well-intentioned and that some elements are worth keeping, the state could not afford to fully implement the reforms and that lawmakers had to be ""fiscally responsible to your taxpayers"". He also called for halting raises for some state employees while ensuring proper staffing and funding for law enforcement and mental health services. === Gun policy ===
Buckel does not support gun control regulations, saying that the government ""does not have a right"" to regulate firearms. In March 2022, during a debate on a bill that would ban sales of privately made firearms, Buckel introduced an amendment that would strengthen convictions for people convicted of firearm theft. The amendment was rejected on a vote of 50–80. === Housing ===
During the 2024 legislative session, Buckel opposed legislation to give tenants the right of first refusal if the property owner of their residence seeks to sell the property, saying that it would disincentivize developers from building in Maryland. === Immigration ===
During the 2021 legislative session, Buckel opposed a bill that would prohibit state and local governments from providing records or data to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for the purpose of civil immigration enforcement. In January 2026, he opposed legislation to ban counties from entering into 287(g) program agreements with ICE, calling efforts to do so ""performative virtue signaling"". === Labor ===
Buckel opposes right-to-work laws, calling them ""not necessary and not feasible."" He also supports providing workers with prevailing wages on government projects.",389
1279,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"=== Labor ===
Buckel opposes right-to-work laws, calling them ""not necessary and not feasible."" He also supports providing workers with prevailing wages on government projects. In September 2024, Buckel wrote a letter to Governor Wes Moore calling on him to repeal an executive order requiring state agencies to consider a company's use of project labor agreements when awarding contracts on large-scale public works projects, arguing that it puts local construction workers at a disadvantage to out-of-state employees. === Redistricting ===
Buckel supports using an independent redistricting commission to redraw every state's congressional districts. He has called Maryland ""one of the most gerrymandered states in America"", pointing out that Republicans control only one of Maryland's eight congressional districts despite the lowest performing Republican candidates in Maryland typically receiving at least a third of the vote in statewide elections. Buckel supports using single-member districts in the Maryland House of Delegates. In August 2015, Buckel was appointed to the Maryland Redistricting Reform Commission by Governor Larry Hogan. In July 2021, Buckel was appointed to the Maryland Legislative Redistricting Advisory Commission, which consisted of the leaders of each chamber of the Maryland General Assembly. He objected to the maps adopted by the commission over country splits. He later introduced an amendment that would switch the legislative redistricting panel's maps with those proposed by the Maryland Citizens Redistricting Commission. The amendment was rejected in a 43–93 vote. Buckel also opposed the legislative maps passed by the General Assembly in January 2022, saying that the legislative panel's map was drawn for partisan gain. He also opposed congressional maps passed by the General Assembly in March 2022.",338
1280,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"Buckel also opposed the legislative maps passed by the General Assembly in January 2022, saying that the legislative panel's map was drawn for partisan gain. He also opposed congressional maps passed by the General Assembly in March 2022. In August 2025, amid Republican efforts to redraw Texas's congressional districts to gain five congressional seats in the 2026 United States House of Representatives elections, Buckel said he opposed mid-decade redistricting and efforts to redraw Maryland's congressional districts in response to Texas's mid-decade redistricting to make Maryland's 1st congressional district more favorable for Democrats. In October 2025, he supported Senate President Bill Ferguson's decision to rule out mid-decade redistricting in response to continued Republican redistricting efforts. After Governor Moore organized a commission to review mid-decade redistricting in Maryland in November 2025, Buckel said he would introduce a bill to ban mid-decade redistricting, codify part of a 2022 ruling that struck down Maryland's original congressional redistricting plan as an ""extreme partisan gerrymander"", and require Maryland's congressional districts to be drawn by an independent redistricting commission. He opposed the map proposed by the Governor's Redistricting Advisory Commission, which would improve the Democratic Party's chances of winning Maryland's 1st congressional district, saying that it was ""clearly drawn with purely partisan purposes"". === Social issues ===
Buckel opposes legalizing marijuana, calling the move a ""Pandora's box"". He has also said that decriminalizing and legalizing the drug would pose many difficult questions for law enforcement, including how to test for marijuana intoxication of drivers. Buckel did not rule out voting to allow the use of medical marijuana under tight controls. He voted against legislation creating 2022 Maryland Question 4, a ballot referendum to legalize recreational marijuana in Maryland.",363
1281,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_C._Buckel,Jason C. Buckel,"Buckel did not rule out voting to allow the use of medical marijuana under tight controls. He voted against legislation creating 2022 Maryland Question 4, a ballot referendum to legalize recreational marijuana in Maryland. During the 2022 legislative session, Buckel opposed legislation that banned regulated lobbyists from contributing from their personal funds to a candidate with the intent of influencing action from the candidate, questioning the bill's constitutionality amid the Supreme Court's Citizens United v. FEC decision. During the 2025 legislative session, Buckel supported a bill to ban transgender students from competing on girls' sports teams in schools. He also said that he supported curriculum that teaches young students to respect LGBTQ individuals, but expressed concern with lessons for young students that go beyond those concepts and said that he supported providing parents with an option to opt their children out of such lessons. In June 2025, Buckel supported the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Mahmoud v. Taylor, which overturned Montgomery County Public Schools's policy of not allowing opt-outs of instruction involving LGBTQ-inclusive storybooks, saying that it ""strikes a balance between the rights of parents to act in accordance with religious beliefs while still allowing public schools to reflect their greater community"". In November 2025, following the federal indictment of Cleveland Guardians players Emmanuel Clase and Luis Ortiz on charges of conspiracy to influence sporting contests by bribery, Buckel said he supported banning or severely limiting prop bets in Maryland. During the 2026 legislative session, Buckel supported Kanaiyah's Law, a bill to codify the Maryland Department of Human Services's policy of prohibiting foster children from being housed in hotels. The bill was named for Kanaiyah Ward, a 16-year-old who died from an intentional Benadryl overdose while in DHS's custody. === Transportation ===
Buckel supports restoring highway user funds, saying that much of the funding is now being used for mass transit projects in metropolitan areas. == Electoral history ==


== References ==


== External links ==",400
1282,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Powers,Tony Powers,"Howard Stanley Puris (born 1938), known as Tony Powers or Anthony Powers, is an American songwriter, recording artist, music video artist, and actor. He was responsible for writing or co-writing the hit songs ""Remember Then"", ""Why Do Lovers Break Each Other's Heart"", ""98.6"", ""Lazy Day"", and many others including ""We're The Banana Splits"", the Kiss songs ""Odyssey"" and ""The Oath"", and Powers' own ""Don't Nobody Move (This is a Heist)"". == Biography ==
He was born in Manhattan and grew up in Pelham Parkway in the East Bronx, New York City. In the late 1950s, he started writing and selling songs, and began working for Trio Music, a music publishing firm established in the Brill Building by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. One of his early songs, ""Remember Then"", became a hit for The Earls in 1962; some versions, and Powers himself, but not original record labels, state that it was co-written with Beverly Ross. Powers soon established a writing partnership with Ellie Greenwich, co-writing The Exciters' 1963 hit ""He's Got The Power"" and Jay and the Americans' ""This Is It"" with her; and then co-writing, with Greenwich and Phil Spector, ""Today I Met The Boy I'm Gonna Marry"" for Darlene Love, and ""Why Do Lovers Break Each Other's Heart"" for Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans (later also a UK hit for Showaddywaddy). In the mid-1960s, Powers moved to Don Kirshner's Screen Gems publishing company, an arm of Colpix Records. He continued to have success as a songwriter, with hits including Spanky & Our Gang's ""Lazy Day"", and Keith's ""98.6"" both co-written with George Fischoff.",397
1283,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Powers,Tony Powers,"In the mid-1960s, Powers moved to Don Kirshner's Screen Gems publishing company, an arm of Colpix Records. He continued to have success as a songwriter, with hits including Spanky & Our Gang's ""Lazy Day"", and Keith's ""98.6"" both co-written with George Fischoff. With Ritchie Adams, he also co-wrote ""We're the Banana Splits"", intended as the theme song for The Banana Splits TV series in 1968. Other writers with whom Powers shared songwriting credits in the 1960s include Jeff Barry, Artie Kornfeld, Jack Keller, Al Kooper, and Mark Barkan. During the late 1960s, Powers began to feel that ""writing solely for commercial purposes was far too limiting and restrictive"", and began writing songs that ""concern the 'human condition' seen from a working-class viewpoint... for the most part social and political comments, usually couched in dark humor with a bit of sarcastic anger"". He began performing his own material in clubs in New York and Los Angeles, where he later settled. He released an album on his own label, Home-Made (My Real Name is Howard Stanley Puris), in 1971. In 1981, he pioneered shooting the music video as a short movie when he began filming the comedic spoken-word to music cult classic ""Don't Nobody Move (This is a Heist)"". By 1982, he had created a 26-minute video consisting of ""Heist"", ""Odyssey"" (co-starring Lois Chiles), and Midnite Trampoline"". He called the piece a MusicFilm, as they were three of the very first Music Videos with a narrative, and shot on film. The trilogy was based around ""Don't Nobody Move (This is a Heist)"".",371
1284,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Powers,Tony Powers,"He called the piece a MusicFilm, as they were three of the very first Music Videos with a narrative, and shot on film. The trilogy was based around ""Don't Nobody Move (This is a Heist)"". All three short films were shot around New York with actor friends including Peter Riegert, Treat Williams, Stephen Collins, Marcia Strassman, the then-unknown John Goodman, and others. On its own the ""Heist"" MusicFilm won several awards, including the Silver Medal at The 26th Annual International Film and Music Festival of New York, the Gold Medal at The 1st International Music Video Festival of Saint Tropez, and was Details Magazine's ""Video of the Year"". It was subsequently widely shown on HBO and on the US TV show Night Flight. This trilogy of MusicFilms were released in 1985 on a Sony Video Album, and after turning down a recording contract with Columbia Records the music alone was also issued as an EP. ""Odyssey"" had been recorded also by rock band Kiss in 1981, and included in their album Music from ""The Elder"". Credited as Anthony Powers, he started appearing in small acting roles in movies and TV in the early 1980s. His roles have included parts in the TV series The Equalizer, NYPD Blue, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, and The King of Queens. He has also appeared in the movies Cadillac Man and Goodfellas (both in 1990), and Catch Me If You Can (2002), as well as in commercials. He released the self-produced albums Under the Cover of Darkness in 1996, and Who Could Imagine, called ""a masterpiece"" by Joel Selvin, former pop critic of the San Francisco Chronicle, in 2007. He has written two novels: Bedloe (A True Fable) (2020) and The Attendant (2022), which has been optioned for film.",385
1285,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Powers,Tony Powers,"He released the self-produced albums Under the Cover of Darkness in 1996, and Who Could Imagine, called ""a masterpiece"" by Joel Selvin, former pop critic of the San Francisco Chronicle, in 2007. He has written two novels: Bedloe (A True Fable) (2020) and The Attendant (2022), which has been optioned for film. His third novel, ""The Beginning,"" a memoir as roman à clef, is currently in search of an agent. == References ==


== External links ==
Tony Powers at IMDb",115
1286,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle_River_(Ireland),Boyle River (Ireland),"The Boyle River is a river in Ireland. Forming part of the Shannon River Basin, it flows from Lough Gara on the Sligo/Roscommon county border and thence through the town of Boyle to Lough Key. From there is continues eastwards through the village of Knockvicar to the River Shannon at Lough Drumharlow, near Carrick-on-Shannon. The length of the Boyle River (from its source in County Mayo to the Shannon) is 64.4 km (40 mi). The area of its basin is 725 km2. == Boyle River Basin ==
The Upper Shannon catchment, above Carrick-on-Shannon (area: 1,301 km2), has two distinct reaches, the River Shannon (basin area: 576 km2), which rises in County Cavan, and the Boyle River (basin area: 725 km2), with its source in County Mayo, which have their confluence at Lough Eidin/Drumharlow, approximately 4.7 km upstream of Carrick-On-Shannon. The Boyle River has its origins in the rivers Lung and Breedoge, which flow into Lough Gara. The 29 km (18 mi) Lung River is fed by Urlaur Lough and Errit Lough on the Mayo/Roscommon border. The river flow from the furthest reaches of the Boyle catchment to Limerick City has a measurement of 290 km (180ml). When added to the Shannon's 102.1 km (63.5ml) estuary, this gives a total river length of 392.1 km (243.5ml), which makes it the longest river within the Shannon River Basin (from source to mouth), 31.6 km (19.5ml) longer than the Shannon Pot source.",374
1287,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle_River_(Ireland),Boyle River (Ireland),"The river flow from the furthest reaches of the Boyle catchment to Limerick City has a measurement of 290 km (180ml). When added to the Shannon's 102.1 km (63.5ml) estuary, this gives a total river length of 392.1 km (243.5ml), which makes it the longest river within the Shannon River Basin (from source to mouth), 31.6 km (19.5ml) longer than the Shannon Pot source. == See also ==
Rivers of Ireland
List of loughs of Ireland
List of rivers of Ireland


== References ==",125
1288,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage,History of the Jews in Carthage,"Carthage (from Punic: 𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕, romanized: qart hadaš, lit. 'New City') was a city in North Africa located on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis across from the center of what is now Tunis in Tunisia. Though Josephus associated the city's foundation with Jews and some scholars have conjectured that small groups of Jews may have been present in Carthage as early as the Punic era,  the earliest evidence of Jewish presence in the area dates to the 2nd century CE. == Origins ==
Carthage was founded by Tyrians. According to the Hebrew Bible, Tyre and Sidon were part of the tribe of Asher. The fifth lot fell to the tribe of the Asherites, by their clans. Their boundary ran along Helkath, Hali, Beten, Achshaph, Allammelech, Amad, and Mishal; and it touched Carmel on the west, and Shihor-libnath. It also ran along the east side to Beth-dagon, and touched Zebulun and the Valley of Iphtah-el to the north, [as also] Beth-emek and Neiel; then it ran to Cabul on the north, Ebron, Rehob, Hammon, and Kanah, up to Great Sidon. The boundary turned to Ramah and on to the fortified city of Tyre; then the boundary turned to Hosah and it ran on westward to Mehebel, Achzib, Ummah, Aphek, and Rehob: 22 towns, with their villages. That was the portion of the tribe of the Asherites, by their clans—those towns, with their villages.",396
1289,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage,History of the Jews in Carthage,"The boundary turned to Ramah and on to the fortified city of Tyre; then the boundary turned to Hosah and it ran on westward to Mehebel, Achzib, Ummah, Aphek, and Rehob: 22 towns, with their villages. That was the portion of the tribe of the Asherites, by their clans—those towns, with their villages. == Identification with Tarshish ==
The Hebrew Bible never mentions Carthage, though the Septuagint translated the toponym  Tarshish at Isaiah 23:1 as Karkhēdōn (Koine Greek: Kαρχηδών), the Greek term Josephus used in his Against Apion to denote Carthage. The term Tarshish also figures in the Book of Jonah, where Jonah, to evade God's mission that he preach in Nineveh, boards ship in Jaffa, and sails towards a city of that name. This led some to suggest that there too Carthage was his objective. Much modern research tends to the view, however, that the Tarshish here  denotes the Iberian Tartessos. == Jewish settlement ==

A tradition conserved among the Jews of Djerba nearby states that the community was built of exiles after the Siege of Jerusalem in 597 BCE who had joined earlier Jews living there, that the el Ghriba Synagogue has an equally ancient date, and that some of this community assisted the Phoenicians in establishing Carthage. One theory has espoused the idea that, the destruction of Tyre, Sidon, and Carthage created a Phoenician diaspora not unlike that of the Jews and that the puzzling disappearance of Phoenicians may have been due to the attraction they might have felt for a similarly dispersed people, leading to conversion to Judaism.",384
1290,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage,History of the Jews in Carthage,"== Jewish settlement ==

A tradition conserved among the Jews of Djerba nearby states that the community was built of exiles after the Siege of Jerusalem in 597 BCE who had joined earlier Jews living there, that the el Ghriba Synagogue has an equally ancient date, and that some of this community assisted the Phoenicians in establishing Carthage. One theory has espoused the idea that, the destruction of Tyre, Sidon, and Carthage created a Phoenician diaspora not unlike that of the Jews and that the puzzling disappearance of Phoenicians may have been due to the attraction they might have felt for a similarly dispersed people, leading to conversion to Judaism. A late source from the 10th century, Josippon, states that Titus had settled some 50,000 Jews in North Africa, and ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), who himself came from Tunisia stated that several Berber tribes he had encountered had converted to Judaism. The Talmud conserves the names of four rabbis of Carthage, with the Jerusalem Talmud mentioning Abba/Ba 4 times, and Hinena (called Hanan in the Babylonian Talmud) twice. There is dispute over the interpretation of these references, with one hypothesis suggesting the references must refer to the flourishing Jewish community in Cartagena, Spain, a Punic settlement whose name is identical with that of Carthage. The French archaeologist Alfred Louis Delattre uncovered a large Jewish necropolis dating to the early 3rd century CE at Gammarth consisting of 105 chambers, each with roughly 15 loculi, which would have allowed burial for 1500 people. The Jewishness of the site is proven by symbols of the Temple menorah, shofar, lulav and  etrog. The epigraphic evidence is predominantly in Latin, with one name, Tibereius, indicating a possible origin in Tiberias in Syria Palaestina.",396
1291,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage,History of the Jews in Carthage,"The Jewishness of the site is proven by symbols of the Temple menorah, shofar, lulav and  etrog. The epigraphic evidence is predominantly in Latin, with one name, Tibereius, indicating a possible origin in Tiberias in Syria Palaestina. The pagan funerary sign dis manibus, elsewhere disliked by Jews, occurs in one inscription. The overall impression gained from this evidence is that Jews in and around Carthage shared with gentiles a common language, funerary formulae, and ornamentation, differing only in their recourse to synagogues, occasional use of Jewish symbols and their separation at death by interment in a separate cemetery. Tertullian, though at times venting his ire at Jews, stating that synagogues were ""fountains of persecution"" and that Jews harassed Christians (a suggestion for which there is no evidence from North Africa at that time), nonetheless in his remarks on the community at Carthage also shows that they earned his grudging respect. Some accounts state that after Gaiseric sacked Rome, he took the holy vessels that Titus had looted from the Temple in Jerusalem with him to the new Vandal capital in Carthage, where the Byzantine general  Belisarius retrieved them when he won the city back in 533 and had them transported to Constantinople. When a wise Jew pointed out the danger of harbouring these vessels, which had brought downfall to Rome and Carthage, Justinian was so unnerved he had them sent to Jerusalem, where they were stored in a church. == Quotation attributed to the Carthaginian rabbi Abba ben Isaac ==
Rabbi Abba bar Rav Yitzḥak says that Rav Ḥisda says, and some say that Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: The gentiles living from Tyre to Carthage recognize the Jewish people, their religion, and their Father in Heaven.",393
1292,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage,History of the Jews in Carthage,"When a wise Jew pointed out the danger of harbouring these vessels, which had brought downfall to Rome and Carthage, Justinian was so unnerved he had them sent to Jerusalem, where they were stored in a church. == Quotation attributed to the Carthaginian rabbi Abba ben Isaac ==
Rabbi Abba bar Rav Yitzḥak says that Rav Ḥisda says, and some say that Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: The gentiles living from Tyre to Carthage recognize the Jewish people, their religion, and their Father in Heaven. But those living to the west of Tyre and to the east of Carthage recognize neither the Jewish people nor their Father in Heaven. == See also ==
Maghrebi Jews
History of the Jews in Tunisia
History of the Jews in Morocco
History of the Jews in Algeria
History of the Jews in Libya


== References ==",190
1293,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA,Kerry GAA,"The Kerry County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), or Kerry GAA, is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland. It is responsible for Gaelic games in County Kerry, and for the Kerry county teams. The Kerry senior men's football team are the current Football All-Ireland champions. The Kerry branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1888. Football is the dominant sport in the county, with both the men's and women's teams among the strongest in the country at senior level. The county football team was the fourth from the province of Munster to win an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC), as well as to appear in the final, following Limerick, Tipperary and Cork. Kerry is the most successful in the history of the All-Ireland SFC, topping the list of counties for All-Irelands won. It has won the competition on 39 occasions, including two four-in-a-rows (1929–1932, 1978–1981) and two three-in-a-rows (1939–1941, 1984–1986). It has also lost more finals than any other county (23). The county hurling team won an All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (SHC) title in 1891, but is no longer capable of competing at this level. The team instead competes in the sport's secondary inter-county competition, the Joe McDonagh Cup. The camogie team does not compete at senior level. The team is also the holders of a number of distinctive records in football championship history. They have contested 59 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Finals, the next highest participator being Dublin with 36 appearances. Kerry's record in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship involves having played 30 of the 31 other counties, with only Kilkenny being the exception.",382
1294,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA,Kerry GAA,"They have contested 59 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Finals, the next highest participator being Dublin with 36 appearances. Kerry's record in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship involves having played 30 of the 31 other counties, with only Kilkenny being the exception. The traditional Irish game of caid, from which modern football developed, was especially popular in Kerry. The GAA was formed in 1884 and codified the modern rules of the game, which were soon adopted in Kerry clubs such as Laune Rangers. Despite this, the county team did not win an All-Ireland Football Championship in the nineteenth century. The 1903 title was the first won by Kerry, with them beating London in the final at a time when London were given a bye to that stage of the championship; Kerry's overall exceptional success in the game began in this period. The Kerry team of the 1970s and 1980s were considered to be the greatest in the history of football and its manager (Mick O'Dwyer) one of the greatest of all time. Of the 20 All-Ireland finals held during those two decades, Kerry participated in 12, with victory coming on 9 occasions. During this time most other finals were won by Dublin, and there was a major rivalry between the two counties especially during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1982, Kerry came within one minute of winning an unprecedented fifth All-Ireland title in a row, only for a late goal by Offaly's Séamus Darby (controversial as manyclaimed Darby pushed the Kerry defender, Tommy Doyle, in the back) gave the title to Offaly. This goal was voted third in a poll to find the Top 20 GAA Moments. Towards the end of the 1980s, Kerry went into decline and did not appear in an All-Ireland final for 11 years, between 1986 and 1997.",376
1295,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA,Kerry GAA,"This goal was voted third in a poll to find the Top 20 GAA Moments. Towards the end of the 1980s, Kerry went into decline and did not appear in an All-Ireland final for 11 years, between 1986 and 1997. The 1997 victory, however, would mark the beginning of a revival for Kerry which spanned roughly the first decade of the 21st century. Of the 15 All-Ireland finals between 1997 and 2011, Kerry contested ten and won six, including five titles in the 2000s. In 2006 and 2007, Kerry won consecutive All-Ireland titles (the first to do so since Cork in 1989 and 1990), while in 2009, they became only the third team to reach six consecutive All-Ireland finals, winning their 36th title by beating Cork in that final. Kerry quietly exited the 2010 and 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championships at the quarter-final stage, losing to Down and Donegal respectively, while Dublin defeated them in dramatic fashion on the last kick in the 2011 final. Dublin were also responsible for their exit at the semi-final stage in 2013 in a closely contested classic match. Kerry won their 37th All-Ireland title in 2014 against Donegal, winning by a margin of 2–09 to 0–12. This win was notable due to Kerry's fairly young squad and a belief that Kerry were becoming unable to produce the talent they once had, after pundit Joe Brolly had suggested as such. In the aftermath of the game, Kerry player Kieran Donaghy gave a famous interview in which he directly referenced Brolly's claim that the 'production line' in Kerry had stopped, with Donaghy speaking directly to the camera and asking 'Well, Joe Brolly, what do you think of that?'. The next year, Kerry again reached the All-Ireland final, only this time to be comfortably beaten by Dublin, 0–12 to 0–9.",389
1296,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA,Kerry GAA,"In the aftermath of the game, Kerry player Kieran Donaghy gave a famous interview in which he directly referenced Brolly's claim that the 'production line' in Kerry had stopped, with Donaghy speaking directly to the camera and asking 'Well, Joe Brolly, what do you think of that?'. The next year, Kerry again reached the All-Ireland final, only this time to be comfortably beaten by Dublin, 0–12 to 0–9. The next two years saw Kerry bow out at the Semi-Final stage. In 2016, they were narrowly defeated by Dublin in a thrilling encounter, while in 2017 they were beaten by Mayo in a replay – their first championship defeat to Mayo in 21 years. Kerry crashed out of the 2018 championships at the group stages of the new Super Eights format. However, in 2019 Kerry reached their first All-Ireland final for four years. The first match was drawn 1–16 to 1–16, with the final to be played on 14 September. Kerry's 2009 title was also notable since it followed the return of Tadhg Kennelly. The son of Tim Kennelly, a five-time All-Ireland winner with Kerry, and a former talented underage player with the county, he had joined the AFL's Sydney Swans and become the first Irish player to win an AFL Premiership in 2005 (the Swans' first in 72 years). Following Tim's death later that year, he elected to return to Ireland and rejoin Kerry in 2009 in pursuit of winning an All-Ireland of his own playing for the county. After he succeeded and became the first player to have won an All-Ireland and an AFL Premiership, he returned to Australia and the Swans to finish his career. == Hurling ==


=== Clubs ===
Kerry has a shortage of hurling referees at club level.",377
1297,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA,Kerry GAA,"After he succeeded and became the first player to have won an All-Ireland and an AFL Premiership, he returned to Australia and the Swans to finish his career. == Hurling ==


=== Clubs ===
Kerry has a shortage of hurling referees at club level. A 2020 report cited the example that, when the Kilmoyley, Lixnaw or Causeway clubs are playing Ballyduff in any game, only two referees can officiate (due to the need for an appearance of neutrality) and one of these has work commitments outside Kerry, which affects his availability. === County team ===

For many years the senior team played in the Junior and Intermediate Championships and had some success. They won All-Ireland titles at Junior level in 1961 and 1972, and won a Munster Championship at junior level in 1956. At Intermediate level they won Munster titles in 1970 and 1973. In 2003, team made it to the fourth round of the qualifiers only to go down to Limerick 1–14 to 0–24 in Austin Stack Park in Tralee. Along the way they beat Westmeath, Carlow and beaten Ulster finalists Derry. The wins over Westmeath and Carlow represented the first time a Kerry team strung two consecutive Championship victories together. It also marked the first occasion that the Kerry hurling team played more championship games then the Kerry football team. The advent of the Christy Ring Cup has seen Kerry become very competitive. They first made the semi-finals in 2009 where they lost out to Carlow after a replay. They went a step more in 2010 making the final but losing out to Westmeath. In 2011 they again made the final, but this time won the title with voctory over Wicklow. From 2013 to 2015 they made the final each year, losing to Down in 2013 and Kildare in 2014 before finally getting over the line thanks to victory over Derry.",392
1298,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA,Kerry GAA,"In 2011 they again made the final, but this time won the title with voctory over Wicklow. From 2013 to 2015 they made the final each year, losing to Down in 2013 and Kildare in 2014 before finally getting over the line thanks to victory over Derry. Kerry won the Division 2A final of the 2015 National Hurling League and advanced to the relegation/promotion match with favorites Antrim, a late point by substitute John Egan saw Kerry advance to Division 1B. In 2016, Kerry played in the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship round robin along with Carlow, Westmeath and Offaly. During the 2018 Munster Senior Hurling League Kerry recorded their first ever senior victory over Cork beating them 1-23 to 1-13 at Austin Stack Park. On 8 January 2022 Kerry recorded their first victory over Tipperary 0-17 to 0-14 in the Munster Hurling Cup quarter-final. At the time it was deemed Kerry's greatest hurling success in Austin Stack Park since they beat All-Ireland champions Clare by 3-7 to 1-8 in opening round of 1995-96 NHL. == Ladies' football ==
Kerry have the following achievements in ladies' football. All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship: 12
1976, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 2024
All-Ireland Under-18 Ladies' Football Championship:  3
1980, 1981, 1995
All-Ireland Under-16 Ladies' Football Championship:  5
1999, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2025
All-Ireland Under-14 Ladies' Football Championship:  7
1991, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2008, 2014, 2022


== Camogie ==
Cillard and a selected Kerry team won divisional honours at Féile na nGael in 2008, 2009 and 2010.",390
1299,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA,Kerry GAA,"== Ladies' football ==
Kerry have the following achievements in ladies' football. All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship: 12
1976, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 2024
All-Ireland Under-18 Ladies' Football Championship:  3
1980, 1981, 1995
All-Ireland Under-16 Ladies' Football Championship:  5
1999, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2025
All-Ireland Under-14 Ladies' Football Championship:  7
1991, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2008, 2014, 2022


== Camogie ==
Cillard and a selected Kerry team won divisional honours at Féile na nGael in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010–2015, ""Our Game, Our Passion"", Donegal, Kerry, Mayo and Monaghan were to get a total of 14 new clubs by 2015. Kerry won Division 3 of the National Camogie League in 2018
Kerry won Division 2A of the National Camogie League in 2023 [They defeated Meath in the Final at Croke Park in April] with Limerick man Pat Ryan leading them to a surprise success. Clanmaurice Camogie Club from North Kerry won the 2023 All-Ireland Intermediate Club Camogie Championship [They beat Na Fianna (Meath) in the Final at Croke Park on 17 December by 1-7 to 0-7]
The first camogie board was formed in the county at the end of 2006, with Wayne Doyle of Laune Rangers elected as chairman. Kerry senior camogie manager Bryan D'Arcy suddenly resigned ahead of his team's second game in the 2025 National League Division 2A, having managed his team in the first game of the league campaign six days previously, while head coach Paul Lillis left suddenly as well.",388
1300,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_GAA,Kerry GAA,"Clanmaurice Camogie Club from North Kerry won the 2023 All-Ireland Intermediate Club Camogie Championship [They beat Na Fianna (Meath) in the Final at Croke Park on 17 December by 1-7 to 0-7]
The first camogie board was formed in the county at the end of 2006, with Wayne Doyle of Laune Rangers elected as chairman. Kerry senior camogie manager Bryan D'Arcy suddenly resigned ahead of his team's second game in the 2025 National League Division 2A, having managed his team in the first game of the league campaign six days previously, while head coach Paul Lillis left suddenly as well. == Eponyms ==
Several clubs in cities worldwide use the ""Kerry"" or ""The Kingdom"" name. These include:

Kerry Boston, based in the United States
Kerry New York, based in the United States
Kingdom Kerry Gaels, based in England


== Proposed museum ==
A ""Kerry GAA Museum"" at Fitzgerald Stadium in Killarney has been proposed. An application for planning permission was made in 2017 by Kerry Gaelic Culture Museum Ltd. This application expired in 2022. == References ==


== External links ==

Official website 
Kerry at Hogan Stand",265
1301,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_eagle,Pontic eagle,"The Pontic eagle is the primary ethnic symbol of the Pontic Greeks, also called Pontian Greeks. The bird has spread wings and looks to the side. The eagle appears on proposed Pontic Greek ethnic flags, and many Pontic organizations use it as part of their logo. == History and evolution of the symbol ==

An eagle with spread wings, looking over its left shoulder, has been a symbol in the Pontus since at least 200 BCE. Pontic historian Sam Topalidis posits that the double-headed eagle emerged as a symbol in ancient Mesopotamia and came to ancient Anatolia with Assyrian merchants. It was later used as by the Hittites, Armenians, and Persians. Hittites also used the single-headed eagle in their iconography. Coins depicting eagles found in Olbia, an ancient Greek colony in what is now Ukraine, have been dated to c. 350-330 BCE. Greek burial mounds on the Taman Peninsula in modern Russia also contain depictions of eagles. These date to the 400s BCE. Coins minted in Sinope, one of the earliest Pontic Greek settlements, depict eagles as early as 330 BCE. The eagle with its head turned and wings spread appears on the coins of Sinope between 300 and 200 BCE. The eagle was also an ancient Roman symbol (aquila) and, later, a Byzantine symbol. The double-headed eagle appears in Byzantine art in the 900s or 1000s. Historian George Finlay saw a portrait of Manuel I Komnenos in the Hagia Sophia, Trabzon; Finlay said ""his robes are adorned...with two rows of single-headed eagles on circular medallions."" The portrait is now lost. Finlay also saw the St. Gregory of Nyssa Church in Trebizond, now destroyed, and took note of the art on the walls.",386
1302,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_eagle,Pontic eagle,"The portrait is now lost. Finlay also saw the St. Gregory of Nyssa Church in Trebizond, now destroyed, and took note of the art on the walls. Paintings in the church depicted an emperor and empress; the empress' robes had double-headed eagles, while the emperor's robes had single-headed eagles. The eagle was later used as an imperial symbol in the Empire of Trebizond, a medieval kingdom of the Pontos region. Single-headed eagles appeared in city architecture in Trebizond in the 1200s. Emperors and empresses of the Empire of Trebizond were depicted with single- or double-headed eagles on their clothes. For example, Theodora Kantakouzene, the empress during the reign of Alexios III, was depicted with double-headed eagles on her robes. == Modern usage ==

Today, the Pontic eagle is used as a symbol by Pontic groups and publications. For example, the Committee For Pontian Studies, which produces the Greek-language journal Archeion Pontou, has used the Pontic eagle as a symbol since the 1920s. The journal Pontiaki Estia also used the eagle as their icon in the 1950s. The Pontic eagle may also be a symbol during religious events. On the Feast of the Dormition, Pontian Greeks in northern Greece hold a procession, carrying the icon of the Virgin Mary. The icon stand is decorated with images of peacocks, crosses, and the Pontic eagle. During a 2021 ceremony to commemorate the Greek genocide, Archbishop Elpidophoros of America used a banner depicting the Pontic eagle. Multiple organizations use the Pontic eagle as part of their logo: The Pontian Federation of Australia has a gold Pontic eagle, layered on top of a drawing of Australia, as its icon. The Australian group Pontiaki Estia also has an eagle logo.",397
1303,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_eagle,Pontic eagle,"Multiple organizations use the Pontic eagle as part of their logo: The Pontian Federation of Australia has a gold Pontic eagle, layered on top of a drawing of Australia, as its icon. The Australian group Pontiaki Estia also has an eagle logo. === On flags ===

There are many proposed Pontian flags; none has been universally adopted as the official flag. A yellow flag with a black Pontic eagle is common across many organizations. Different Pontian organizations use different flags and banners. The Komninoi Pontian Society, based in Queens in New York City in the US, uses a yellow flag with a black Pontic eagle. So does the Vityazevo Greek Society in Russia. The Pontian Brotherhood of South Australia, based in Adelaide, also uses a yellow flag with a black Pontic eagle. Their banner has the same design. The Argonauti-Komninoi Pontic Greek Association, based in Athens, uses a yellow flag with black lineart depicting an eagle and the Argonaut. === In sporting clubs ===
The Apollon Pontou F.C., a men's football club based in Kalamaria, Greece, was founded by Pontian refugees in 1926. A black and yellow Pontic eagle makes up part of their logo. The club was founded with the intention to uphold Pontic history and tradition; however, the club is not exclusive to Pontians. The Pontian Eagles Soccer Club is a member of the South Australian Amateur Soccer League. It was founded in 1992 by the Pontian Brotherhood of South Australia, a community organization which aims to preserve Pontian history in the diaspora. The soccer club was intended to give Pontian youth a space to belong; like Apollon Pontus F.C., however, it accepts players of all ethnicities. The logo is a stylized eagle in yellow and black.",384
1304,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_eagle,Pontic eagle,"The soccer club was intended to give Pontian youth a space to belong; like Apollon Pontus F.C., however, it accepts players of all ethnicities. The logo is a stylized eagle in yellow and black. The head is facing forward, unlike in the typical Pontic eagle design where the head is in profile. == External links ==
Pontic eagle on an ancient coin from Sinope
Pontic eagle on the cover of Archeion Pontou, 1928 edition


== References ==",103
1305,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team,1985 Alabama Crimson Tide football team,"The 1985 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously ""Alabama"", ""UA"", ""Bama"" or ""The Tide"") represented the University of Alabama in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 93rd overall and 52nd season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Ray Perkins, in his third year, and played their home games at both Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of nine wins, two losses and one tie (9–2–1 overall, 4–1–1 in the SEC) and with a victory in the Aloha Bowl over USC. Highlights of the 1985 season included a last-second, 20–16 comeback victory on Labor Day over Georgia to open the season. The 1985 edition of the Iron Bowl against Auburn is regarded as one of Alabama's most dramatic victories in the history of the series. In the game, Alabama led 16–10 after three quarters, but saw four lead changes in the fourth quarter, including two in the final minute. It ended with Van Tiffin's 52-yard field goal as time expired to give Alabama a 25–23 victory. Tiffin's field goal is remembered simply as ""The Kick"" in Alabama lore. Due to NCAA sanctions that led to the forfeit of Alabama's 1993 17–17 tie with Tennessee, and college football's adoption of an overtime that does not allow ties, the 14–14 tie with LSU remains the last official tie in school history. == Schedule ==


== Rankings ==


== Game summaries ==


=== Texas A&M ===


=== At LSU ===


=== Vs. Auburn ===

Van Tiffin kicked his fourth field goal of the game, from 52 yards out, as time expired to give Alabama the Iron Bowl victory.",389
1306,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team,1985 Alabama Crimson Tide football team,"Due to NCAA sanctions that led to the forfeit of Alabama's 1993 17–17 tie with Tennessee, and college football's adoption of an overtime that does not allow ties, the 14–14 tie with LSU remains the last official tie in school history. == Schedule ==


== Rankings ==


== Game summaries ==


=== Texas A&M ===


=== At LSU ===


=== Vs. Auburn ===

Van Tiffin kicked his fourth field goal of the game, from 52 yards out, as time expired to give Alabama the Iron Bowl victory. === Vs. USC (Aloha Bowl) ===


== Roster ==


== References ==
General

Specific",142
1307,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sointula,Sointula,"Sointula is an isolated village on Malcolm Island in British Columbia, Canada. Lying between Vancouver Island and the British Columbia mainland, northeast of Port McNeill and not far from Alert Bay, the island is part of the historic and present territory of the ‘Namgis First Nation. At the 2011 census, the village had a population of 576, down 3.0% from the 2006 census. == History ==
The name Sointula means ""Place of Harmony"" (literally 'the place of chord') in the Finnish language. A group of Finnish settlers founded the village in 1901 after rowing north from Nanaimo. They set up a utopian socialist society known as the Kalevan Kansa, based on cooperative principles. and wrote to visionary Matti Kurikka in Finland to lead the new community. They were looking for a way out of the mines operated by the Dunsmuir family on Vancouver Island. It was a physically hard life, and a devastating fire in the Sointula community hall in 1903 killed three adults and eight children almost bringing the fledgling community to its knees. Kalervo Oberg, a Finnish-Canadian anthropologist born in 1901, came with his family to Sointula in 1902, and they were caught in the fire of 1903. Two of his sisters died in the fire. Financial difficulties continued to plague the group. They worked for free for two years on the Capilano Bridge project, and after that the Kalevan Kansa was disbanded as a utopian colony in 1905, but many of the community members remained on the island, as have their descendants. The town remained and eventually prospered well into the 1970s as an unusually vibrant resource-based settlement. Fishing and logging activities have been the mainstay for the community. The early cooperative ventures led to other businesses that are still operating, planting seeds that are also alive today.",387
1308,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sointula,Sointula,"Fishing and logging activities have been the mainstay for the community. The early cooperative ventures led to other businesses that are still operating, planting seeds that are also alive today. The Sointula Cooperative Store, the oldest co-op shop in the province, still handles dry goods, groceries and fuel for the islanders. The shellfish cooperative, Malcolm Island Shellfish Coop (MISC), was involved in research on the feasibility of raising and selling abalone, but closed for financial reasons in 2006. It relocated the abalone to an area near Port McNeill donated by Orca Sand and Gravel. In the 21st century, declining forestry and fishing industries have hit Sointula hard. Its school-age population has shrunk, although housing prices have risen, as owners from as far as California have bought homes as summer retreats. Sointula is home to the Sointula Museum, and produces an online newsletter, the Sointula Ripple. It is easy to reach by car ferry, operated by BC Ferries from Port McNeill and Alert Bay. == Wildlife ==
Wildlife on the island and in the waters around it is abundant. Orcas return to the so-called ""rubbing beaches"" on Malcolm Island's northern edge near Bere Point Regional Park every summer and fall. Seals and porpoises can be viewed from the beaches. Birds, mink, otter, beaver, and deer live all over the island. The temperate rainforest vegetation helps to sustain the mood of an uncluttered and peaceful haven. Sointula is the location of Living Oceans Society's head office, although it also has an office in Vancouver. Living Oceans Society, founded in 1998, is a non-profit research and public education organization committed to conserving marine biological diversity in order to ensure a healthy ocean and healthy coastal communities. It is Canada's largest non-governmental organization focused on marine conservation issues.",392
1309,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sointula,Sointula,"Living Oceans Society, founded in 1998, is a non-profit research and public education organization committed to conserving marine biological diversity in order to ensure a healthy ocean and healthy coastal communities. It is Canada's largest non-governmental organization focused on marine conservation issues. In addition, a seasonal Canadian Coast Guard Inshore Rescue Boat Station is located in Sointula during the summer. The station is staffed by a coxswain and two crewmembers, using a Rigid Hull Inflatable Fast Rescue Craft. == Legacy ==
Bill Gaston's novel Sointula (2004) is named for the community and has a plot that revolves in part around it. Rachel Lebowitz's book Hannus (2006) is also partly about the early days of the commune. Paula Wild's book Sointula gives a good overview of the island's ways and history. More recently, Sointula Museum, collaborating with the University of Victoria, has published Practical Dreamers, a history of the island's cooperatives complete with many historical pictures. Sointula, and its original Finnish settlers, are the subject of a Finnish musical also named ""Sointula"", by Tuomo_Aitta; a Finnish theater company visited Sointula to perform it in 2013. == See also ==
Oulu, Wisconsin
Sointula, Finland


== References ==


== External links ==

Sointula at Vancouver Island North
Sointula Info Centre - community information website",302
1310,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_National_Bank_(Ohio),Park National Bank (Ohio),"The Park National Bank is the lead bank in the $9.9 billion Park National Corporation serving Ohio, Northern Kentucky, and the Carolinas. The bank has three affiliate financial institutions, including Guardian Finance Company, Scope Aircraft Leasing, and SE Property Holdings, LLC. Park National Bank is headquartered in Newark, Ohio. == History ==
Park National Bank was founded in July 1908 under the name The Park National Bank of Newark. The organization changed its name to Park National Bank in 1971 shortly after acquiring The People's State Bank. The company then acquired The Utica Savings Bank Company in 1973, followed by The Fairfield National Bank of Lancaster. During the housing crisis of the early 2000s, Park National acquired nine other banks in a three year period. Most of these acquisitions happened within the 2008 fiscal year, which was the peak of the crisis. The company managed to acquire seven different banks in 2008. The next acquisition for the corporation was NewDominion Bank, which brought Park National into the North Carolina area. One of their affiliates has also recently announced plans to build a location in Kentucky. Carolina Alliance Bank was the latest bank to join the organization expanding the region into South Carolina. The Park National Family of Banks is now operating in 28 counties in Ohio, one in Kentucky, one in North Carolina, and two in South Carolina. There are 110 branches located in Ohio. At the beginning of 2020, Park National Bank changed the names of all affiliate banks to Park National Bank. Chairman and CEO, David Trautman, reported that unifying the various affiliates under one name allows for 'smart, steady growth, with expanded resources to better serve the customers'. Services and employees did not change, however a new, more modern, logo was chosen using colors from some of the affiliate bank's brands.",360
1311,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_National_Bank_(Ohio),Park National Bank (Ohio),"Chairman and CEO, David Trautman, reported that unifying the various affiliates under one name allows for 'smart, steady growth, with expanded resources to better serve the customers'. Services and employees did not change, however a new, more modern, logo was chosen using colors from some of the affiliate bank's brands. == Affiliates - Now consolidated under the Park National Bank name ==


=== Fairfield National Bank ===
This affiliate started with the acquisition of The Fairfield National Bank of Lancaster in 1985. Fairfield National has nine branches, the main branch is in downtown Lancaster. They have locations in Lancaster, Baltimore, Pickerington, and Canal Winchester. The president of this division is Laura Tussing. === Park National Bank: Southwest Ohio and Northern Kentucky ===
This affiliate started with the acquisition of First Clermont Bank and Anderson Bank Company in 2005. Park National Bank Southwest Ohio & Northern Kentucky has eight branches; with Eastgate being classified as the main branch. They have locations in Milford, West Chester, Owensville, New Richmond, Eastgate, Ohio pike, Rookwood, and Anderson. The president of this division is Dave Gooch who started off with the company in Newark, Ohio (Park National Bank division). Park National Bank Southwest Ohio and Northern Kentucky is currently expanding with plans of adding a new branch in Louisville Kentucky. === United Bank ===
This affiliate started with the acquisition of United Bank, National Association in 2008. United Bank has six branches, the main branch is in Bucyrus. They have locations in Bucyrus, Galion, Caledonia, and Crestline. The president of this division is Donald Stone, who doubles as a commercial lender as well. === First-Knox National Bank ===
This affiliate started with the acquisition of First-Knox National Bank in 2008. First-Knox National has 13 branches, the main branch is in Mount Vernon.",391
1312,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_National_Bank_(Ohio),Park National Bank (Ohio),"=== First-Knox National Bank ===
This affiliate started with the acquisition of First-Knox National Bank in 2008. First-Knox National has 13 branches, the main branch is in Mount Vernon. They have locations in three of which are located in Mount Vernon, Fredericktown, Loudonville (originally Farmers and Savings Bank), Millersburg, Centerburg, Mount Gilead, and Danville. The president of the First Knox division is Bob Boss. The main branch is located in Mount Vernon on Public Square and South Main street. ""Home - First Knox National Bank"". First Knox National Bank. === Richland Bank ===
This affiliate started with the acquisition of The Richland Trust Company in 2008. Richland has ten branches, the main branch is in Mansfield. They have locations in Mansfield, Ontario, Lexington, and Shelby. The president of this division is Chris Hiner who is one half of their executive team. The other member of the executive team is Frank Wagner who is the executive vice president and a commercial lender. === Second National Bank ===
This affiliate started with the acquisition of Second National Bank in 2008. Second National has six branches, the main branch is in Greenville. They have locations in Greenville, Versailles, and Ft. Recovery. The president of this division is John Swallow who started with the organization in Newark, Ohio. === Security National Bank ===
This affiliate started with the acquisition of The Security National Bank and Trust Company in 2001. Security National has eighteen branches, the main branch is in Downtown Springfield. They have locations in Champaign, Clark, and Greene Counties. The president of this division is John Brown. This affiliate has the most branches out of every division that isn't including the main company Park National Bank. === Unity National Bank ===
This affiliate started off with the bank investing in Citizens National Bank of Urbana in 2008.",387
1313,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_National_Bank_(Ohio),Park National Bank (Ohio),"This affiliate has the most branches out of every division that isn't including the main company Park National Bank. === Unity National Bank ===
This affiliate started off with the bank investing in Citizens National Bank of Urbana in 2008. Unity National has six branches, the main branch is in Piqua. They have locations in Piqua, Troy, and Tipp City. The president of this division of this division is Scott Rasor. Unity is the smallest affiliate that the Park National Family of Banks has. === Century National Bank ===
This affiliate started off with the acquisition of Century National Bank in 2008. Century National has eighteen branches, the main branch is in Zanesville. They have locations in Zanesville, Dresden, New Concord, New Lexington, and Coshocton. The president of this division is Pat Nash. Century National also has eighteen branches, however the branches are closer to each other. == References ==",188
1314,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dik_Trom_en_zijn_dorpsgenoten,Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten,"Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten (""Rascal Dik Trom gathers money for a poor and sick acquaintance"") is a 1947 Dutch film directed by Ernst Winar. The film was based on the popular children's book series Dik Trom by Cornelis Johannes Kieviet. == Plot ==
In a small grocery shop, Kee tries to buy beans, but the shopkeeper (Mrs. Boon) refuses to sell them to her because Kee owes her money. Kee mentions that her husband is sick and is not able to make a living, but the shopkeeper still refuses. At home, Dik asks his mother for food to give to Kee and her husband. His mother agrees and prepares a basket with some food. Willem, Kee's husband, is ill and lying in bed. Right after Kee gave Willem some water and bread, Dik arrives with the basket, containing eggs, coffee and meat, which Kee gratefully accepts. After that, Dik goes to a dovecote with his two friends, Jan and Pieter. After Dik performs a magic trick, one of his friends tells the others that Mrs. Smul and a few other women are planning to gather at Mr. Mulder's house that night and to expel Kee, the so-called witch, from town. Dik proposes to gather behind Mr. Mulder's house that night to scare the women off. That night, Dik and his friends put on the white sheets and, dressed up as ghosts, scare the superstitious women out of Mr. Mulder's house, while Mr. Mulder himself hides under a bed. Dik and his friends find him and force the scared and superstitious Mr. Mulder to promise to never call Kee a witch again. The following day, Dik meets a girl named Nellie. He tells her that he is trying to figure out how Kee and Willem can potentially earn a living.",398
1315,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dik_Trom_en_zijn_dorpsgenoten,Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten,"The following day, Dik meets a girl named Nellie. He tells her that he is trying to figure out how Kee and Willem can potentially earn a living. Nellie thinks it could be possible with a barrel organ, which the local blacksmith (Mr. Van Driel) in town happens to be selling. Dik goes to Mr. Van Driel, Pieter's father, and asks him for the price. The smith says he wants 25 guilders for it, and after hearing that Dik wants to give the barrel organ to Kee and Willem, offers to donate 5 guilders. Dik visits the town's mayor to get a permission to collect the money. The mayor gives him permission, and donates 5 guilders as well. After suspecting they raised enough money, Dik, Pieter and Jan find out they have an excess of 19 guilders, and deliver it to Willem and Kee together with the barrel organ. Shortly after, Kee's cousin Bastiaan visits Kee and Willem. After hearing about the barrel organ and money, he tries to extort the 19 guilders from Kee. Kee refuses, but after Bastiaan threatens to hit Willem, Kee gives him the money. Before leaving, Bastiaan damages the barrel organ after Willem told him he was an evil man. When Dik visits Willen and Kee again, he hears about Bastiaan's visit and gathers a group of friends to find Bastiaan. Dik splits up the group, and gives each subgroup a homing pigeon to inform Jan about Bastiaan's location if someone happens to find him. After going their way, Dik and Pieter suspect Bastiaan is in an old warehouse and sneak in the building. But as they enter the building, they hear footsteps of Bastiaan and his friend called Voddeman, and decide to hide.",388
1316,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dik_Trom_en_zijn_dorpsgenoten,Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten,"After going their way, Dik and Pieter suspect Bastiaan is in an old warehouse and sneak in the building. But as they enter the building, they hear footsteps of Bastiaan and his friend called Voddeman, and decide to hide. While Bastiaan and Voddeman are drinking jenever, they suddenly hear the noises of the pigeon and find Pieter in a cupboard. Dik en Pieter manage to escape, and lock themselves up in a small room. They have just enough time to send the homing pigeon to Jan before they are forced to open the door. In his dovecote, Jan receives their message and gathers his friends using his trumpet. He informs them of Bastiaan's location and they set out to the old warehouse. Meanwhile in the old warehouse, a comical fight ensues between Dirk and Pieter, and Bastiaan and Voddeman. Just when Dik and Pieter are overpowered, Jan and his friend enter the room and start attacking Bastiaan and Voddeman. After Bastiaan and his friend are overpowered, Dik forces them to give back the stolen money. After that, Willem and Kee are seen playing on their repaired barrel organ in front of Dik and his parents, before complimenting Dik's parents on their son's behaviour and courage. == Cast ==
Theo Frenkel as the mayor
Douwe Koridon as Dik Trom
Ben Kolman as Jan Vos
Elsje Niestadt
Jules Verstraete as patrolman Flipse
Alex de Meester as The Scrooge
Jo Vischer
Clara Vischer-Blaaser
Coby Ridder
N.R. Josso
Henny Schouten


== References ==


== External links ==
Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten at IMDb",390
1317,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Troll_in_Central_Park,A Troll in Central Park,"A Troll in Central Park (released in some countries as Stanley's Magic Garden) is a 1994 American independent animated musical fantasy comedy film co-directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman. The film stars the voice talents of Dom DeLuise, Cloris Leachman, Charles Nelson Reilly, Phillip Glasser, Tawny Sunshine Glover, Hayley Mills and Jonathan Pryce. It tells the story of a troll who is exiled from the Kingdom of Trolls by an evil troll queen for growing flowers and lands in Central Park where he befriends two children. This is the final Bluth film to star DeLuise. Theatrically released in the United States on October 7, 1994, by Warner Bros. under their Family Entertainment label, the film received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics who criticized its pacing, characters, visuals, and songs although its nostalgic tone, animation, and voice acting (aside from Dom DeLuise) were praised. The film was a box office bomb, grossing just $71,368 at the North American box office. == Plot ==
Stanley is a cheerful troll with the ability to grow sentient flowers with his magical green thumb. He lives in the Kingdom of Trolls, ruled by the evil Queen Gnorga, who despises flowers and has the ability to turn anything to stone with her purple thumb. As such, Stanley is forced to keep his ability secret from the rest of the trolls in the Kingdom. One day, Stanley's collection of flowers is accidentally exposed to the other trolls, who take him to Gnorga as punishment. Despite Gnorga's insistence that Stanley be turned to stone, her husband, Llort convinces her to instead banish Stanley to New York City. Feeling frightened by his surroundings in New York, Stanley sadly resigns himself to living in a cave under a bridge in Central Park.",377
1318,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Troll_in_Central_Park,A Troll in Central Park,"Despite Gnorga's insistence that Stanley be turned to stone, her husband, Llort convinces her to instead banish Stanley to New York City. Feeling frightened by his surroundings in New York, Stanley sadly resigns himself to living in a cave under a bridge in Central Park. Elsewhere, a young boy named Gus and his baby sister, Rosie, feel neglected by their busy parents and decide to sneak away to Central Park. While playing with their toy boat, Gus and Rosie meet Stanley, who shows off his magical talent. Distrustful of Stanley, Gus tries to force Rosie to come home with him, leading to a fight between Gus and Stanley that causes Rosie to cry. Meanwhile, in the Kingdom of Trolls, Gnorga watches Stanley interacting with Rosie and Gus and becomes enraged that Stanley is happy in his exile. Noticing Gus' frustration towards Stanley, Gnorga decides to take advantage of this by casting a spell on Gus that makes him cry uncontrollably and causes his tears to flood Stanley's cave. Using his green thumb, Stanley enlarges Gus and Rosie's toy boat, which the three board to escape. Having learned of Stanley's survival, Gnorga and Llort transport themselves to Central Park via a tornado, leaving the park devastated as a result of the impact. When Gus and Rosie decide to return home, they are suddenly attacked by Gnorga, who successfully kidnaps Rosie. Gus returns to Stanley's cave and asks for his help, but a frightened Stanley refuses. Angered, Gus berates Stanley for his cowardice and leaves to confront Gnorga, with Stanley's flower friends following. At an abandoned building where Rosie is being held captive, Gus and the flowers free Rosie and battle Gnorga and Llort, the former of which transforms Gus into a troll who shares Gnorga's stone powers.",384
1319,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Troll_in_Central_Park,A Troll in Central Park,"Angered, Gus berates Stanley for his cowardice and leaves to confront Gnorga, with Stanley's flower friends following. At an abandoned building where Rosie is being held captive, Gus and the flowers free Rosie and battle Gnorga and Llort, the former of which transforms Gus into a troll who shares Gnorga's stone powers. During the battle, Rosie falls off the building but is saved by Stanley, who used his powers to give Gus and Rosie's boat the ability to fly. Stanley then engages Gnorga in a thumb-wrestling match and causes her to slowly turn into a flower bush before he flees with Gus, Rosie, and the flowers; before fully succumbing to her curse, Gnorga manipulates Gus into turning Stanley to stone. After Stanley gets turned to stone, Gus and Rosie return home, with the former regaining his human form. The next morning, Gus, Rosie, and their parents visit Central Park, where Gus and Rosie place the petrified Stanley on a makeshift pedestal. Using Stanley's green thumb trick, Gus manages to revive Stanley, who uses his magic to restore Central Park and cover New York City in flowers. == Cast ==
Dom DeLuise as Stanley, a troll with a magical green thumb that can grow plants. Cloris Leachman as Gnorga, an evil Queen who rules the Kingdom of Trolls. Charles Nelson Reilly as Llort, Gnorga's husband who is the co-ruler of Kingdom of Trolls. Phillip Glasser as Gus, a 7-year-old boy. Tawny Sunshine Glover as Rosie, a 2-year-old girl. Jonathan Pryce as Alan, the father of Gus and Rosie. Hayley Mills as Hillary, the mother of Gus and Rosie. Neil Ross as Generic Pansy, a talking pansy.",387
1320,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Troll_in_Central_Park,A Troll in Central Park,"Hayley Mills as Hillary, the mother of Gus and Rosie. Neil Ross as Generic Pansy, a talking pansy. Will Ryan as:
Plant Boss, a talking plant that is in charge of the other talking plants. A troll guard. Pat Musick as Snuffy, a talking flower. Frank Welker as dog


== Production ==
Production on the film began in 1990, following the near completion of Rock-a-Doodle. Buddy Hackett and Robert Morley were originally considered for the roles of Stanley and King Llort respectively but were eventually replaced by Dom DeLuise and Charles Nelson Reilly. Even though the film was completed in 1992, it was not released in theaters until 1994. At that time, the film was originally slated for a March 1994 release, but due to production difficulties and Merlin Films and Media Assets, co-financers of the film, deciding to release Thumbelina first, and the film's release date was changed to October 7, 1994. == Soundtrack ==

The music for A Troll in Central Park was composed and conducted by Robert Folk, who previously provided the soundtrack for Rock-a-Doodle (1991), and was performed by the Irish Film Orchestra. Although a commercial soundtrack was not released alongside the film in 1994, a limited edition CD containing 15 tracks from the film was made available on February 12, 2012, by Intrada Records as part of their Intrada Special Collection. The tracks were taken from the original digital session masters, with three songs written by Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil, Norman Gimbel and Robert Folk ultimately omitted due to being permanently wedded to sound effects and dialogue from the film. == Reception ==


=== Box office ===
The film grossed $71,368 in North America. It was Don Bluth's lowest-grossing film to date, though not the film to lose him the most money overall.",393
1321,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Troll_in_Central_Park,A Troll in Central Park,"== Reception ==


=== Box office ===
The film grossed $71,368 in North America. It was Don Bluth's lowest-grossing film to date, though not the film to lose him the most money overall. Gary Goldman said the reason for this was that the film was released without any promotion and its release was limited. He also said that distributor Warner Bros. Pictures did not have any confidence in the film. === Critical reception ===
A Troll in Central Park holds an approval rating of 14% with an average of 3.48 out of 10 based on seven reviews from Rotten Tomatoes. TV Guide gave the film two out of five stars and felt that the film's appeal was very age-limited, calling it ""pastel-pretty and cloyingly sweet"" and that ""A Troll in Central Park is strictly for the youngest members of the moviegoing audience"". The A.V. Club wrote that A Troll in Central Park is ""widely considered to be Don Bluth's worst film"". Bluth has distanced himself from the film, stating in the July 2001 issue of his magazine ToonTalk that ""the development of a story is like the development of a child in a womb; it takes time and it must be done right, and building A Troll in Central Park taught us this lesson, the hard way"". == Home media ==
On January 10, 1995, Warner Home Video released A Troll in Central Park on VHS and LaserDisc in the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom, the film was released on VHS under the title Stanley's Magic Garden. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD for the first time on February 19, 2002.",349
1322,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Troll_in_Central_Park,A Troll in Central Park,"In the United Kingdom, the film was released on VHS under the title Stanley's Magic Garden. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD for the first time on February 19, 2002. == See also ==
List of Warner Bros. theatrical animated features
List of American films of 1994


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==

A Troll in Central Park at IMDb
A Troll in Central Park at Box Office Mojo
A Troll in Central Park at Rotten Tomatoes
A Troll in Central Park at the TCM Movie Database (archived version)",126
1323,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Este,_Veneto","Este, Veneto","Este (Italian: [ˈɛste]) is a town and comune of the Province of Padua, in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Euganean Hills. The town is a centre for farming, crafts and industry worthy of note. == History ==
Este lends its name to the Este culture, a proto-historic culture of the late Italian Bronze Age (10th/9th century BC, proto-venetic phase) to the Roman period (1st century BC) and which was located in the present territory of Veneto. During the Iron Age Este was a major center of the Veneti who left a number of inscriptions on funerary and votive objects. During the late 3rd century BC, Este peacefully fell under the sway of Rome and became a Roman colony under the name of Ateste. When much of Northern Italy was granted Roman citizenship in 49 BC, the citizens of Este were inscribed into the Roman tribe of Romilia. Following the Battle of Actium, Emperor Augustus settled soldiers of the Legio V Alaudae and Legio XI Claudia in the territory of Este comprising Galzignano Terme, Teolo, Lonigo, Noventa Vicentina, Trecenta, Pernumia, Monselice, and Cinto Euganeo. In Late Antiquity, Este was devastated and reduced to a rural village because of barbarian invasions, especially that of Attila. It arose again only after the 10th century, after the Obertenghi family started ruling on a vast area, including Este, and starting to name themselves House of Este, and when Azzo II d'Este built a castle there and named himself and his family after it, establishing the House of Este. The House of Este would hold the city until 1240, when it moved its capital to Ferrara.",398
1324,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Este,_Veneto","Este, Veneto","It arose again only after the 10th century, after the Obertenghi family started ruling on a vast area, including Este, and starting to name themselves House of Este, and when Azzo II d'Este built a castle there and named himself and his family after it, establishing the House of Este. The House of Este would hold the city until 1240, when it moved its capital to Ferrara. Este, meanwhile, was conquered twice by Ezzelino da Romano III, in 1238 and 1249. It was disputed during the 14th century by the Scaligeri, the Carraresi and the Visconti, until it surrendered spontaneously to Venice in 1405. Under the Republic of Venice, Este went through a period of economic growth, interrupted only by the plague of 1630. After the fall of the Republic in 1797 and the Napoleonic Wars, the town, with the whole Veneto region, became part of the Austrian Empire, until it was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy as a consequence of the Third Independence War of 1866. == Main sights ==
Duomo of Este (Church of Santa Tecla)
Church of San Martino
Church of the Salute
Church of Santa Maria della Grazie
Museo Nazionale Atestino
Villa Contarini
Castello Carrarese


== Twin towns - sister cities ==
Este is twinned with:


== See also ==
Ateste, ancient town
Villa Contarini


== References ==


== External links ==

Comuni italiani: Este (in Italian)
Official website (in Italian and English)
Guide Comune di Este (in Italian)",372
1325,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Edwards_(footballer),Jacob Edwards (footballer),"Jacob Edwards (born 22 November 2002) is a former Australian rules footballer who was listed with the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A tall and mobile ruck/forward, Edwards was selected with the first pick in the 2021 AFL Mid-Season Rookie Draft but did not make a senior appearance before being delisted in 2023. == Early life and junior football ==
Edwards grew up in Victoria and attended Mentone Grammar. He played junior football with the Sandringham Dragons in the NAB League, where he began to attract AFL interest due to his height, athleticism and versatility. In 2021, he was considered one of the top prospects available in the mid-season draft. == AFL career ==


=== North Melbourne (2021–2023) ===
Edwards was drafted by North Melbourne with the first overall selection in the 2021 AFL Mid-Season Rookie Draft while completing Year 12. He joined the club as a development player and trained part-time during his final months of school before gradually entering the club’s VFL program. Over the next two seasons, Edwards played primarily in the VFL. In 2022, he appeared in 15 matches, averaging 7.1 disposals and 9.7 hit-outs per game. Although he showed glimpses of potential, he did not break into North Melbourne's senior side. In October 2023, North Melbourne confirmed that Edwards had been delisted after three seasons on the rookie list. == Post-AFL career ==
After leaving the AFL system, Edwards joined Cheltenham Football Club in the Southern Football Netball League (SFNL). Ahead of the 2024 season, he was listed among the league’s top 30 players by local media. == References ==


== External links ==
Jacob Edwards AFL profile at AFL.com.au
Jacob Edwards profile at NMFC.com.au",384
1326,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"The Ord River is a 651-kilometre-long (405 mi) river in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The river's catchment covers 55,100 square kilometres (21,274 sq mi). The lower Ord River and the confluence with Cambridge Gulf create the most northern estuarine environment in Western Australia. The Ord River Irrigation Scheme was built in stages during the 20th century. Australia's largest artificial lake by volume, Lake Argyle, was completed in 1972. The lower reaches of the river support an important wetland area known as the Ord River Floodplain, a protected area that contains numerous mangrove forests, lagoons, creeks, flats, and extensive floodplains. The traditional owners are the Miriwoong and Gajerrong peoples who have inhabited the area for thousands of years and know the Ord River as Goonoonoorrang. In a letter to the Surveyor General, dated 12 October 1959, Louise Gardiner, Secretary of the Nomenclature Advisory Committee wrote: ""'Cununurra'...means 'Black Soil'. It is the native name for Ord River. Perhaps it may be the native name for any big river, but according to Mary Durack it is definitely the name for the 'Ord'."" == English naming ==

It was given its English name in honour of Harry Ord, Governor of Western Australia from 1877 to 1880, by Alexander Forrest on 2 August 1879. The headwaters of the Ord River are located below the 983-metre (3,225 ft) Mount Wells and initially flow east and around the edge of Purnululu National Park before heading north through Lake Argyle then passing west of Kununurra and discharging into the Cambridge Gulf, which is at the southern extremity of the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Timor Sea.",386
1327,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"== English naming ==

It was given its English name in honour of Harry Ord, Governor of Western Australia from 1877 to 1880, by Alexander Forrest on 2 August 1879. The headwaters of the Ord River are located below the 983-metre (3,225 ft) Mount Wells and initially flow east and around the edge of Purnululu National Park before heading north through Lake Argyle then passing west of Kununurra and discharging into the Cambridge Gulf, which is at the southern extremity of the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Timor Sea. The river has 35 tributaries of which the five longest are Bow River, Nicholson River, Dunham River, Panton River and Negri rivers. == Ord River Irrigation Scheme ==

The idea of damming the Ord was first mentioned over 100 years ago, when the Western Australia Commissioner of Tropical Agriculture, Adrian Despeissis, suggested,

Substantial wooden dams constructed on a double row of jarrah piles driven into the bed of the river, with a core wall of puddle clay between, would appear to form suitable weirs. Between 1935 and 1942 drought affected the Kimberley Pastoral Industry, providing the key motivation for the Ord Scheme. The focus in 1937 was that a dam on the Ord could supplement the pastoral industry. === Ord River experimental station ===
Minister for Lands and Agriculture, Frank Wise, in 1937 wrote

...we set a plan in motion during the past twelve months in connection with the establishment of experimental areas on Ivanhoe Station somewhere near Carlton Reach. Carlton Reach was the largest waterhole in the Kimberley, being naturally dammed and held back by the Bandicoot Bar, a quartzite rock bar that held back the waterhole for many miles forming a natural permanent lake. In 1939, Michael Durack and Isaac Steinberg traveled to the region to investigate its suitability for resettling Jewish refugees.",394
1328,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"Carlton Reach was the largest waterhole in the Kimberley, being naturally dammed and held back by the Bandicoot Bar, a quartzite rock bar that held back the waterhole for many miles forming a natural permanent lake. In 1939, Michael Durack and Isaac Steinberg traveled to the region to investigate its suitability for resettling Jewish refugees. Any resettlement scheme would have involved irrigation works on the Ord. By 1941 the Carlton Reach Research Station, also known as the Ord River Experimental Station, was set up by Kimberley Michael Durack for the Western Australia Department of Agriculture with funds, supposedly siphoned off from the Kalgoorlie pipeline and assistance from the Public Works Department. === Ord River dam surveys ===
Several possible dam sites were selected in August 1941 by the newly appointed Director of Works, R. J. Dumas, who spent three weeks in the East Kimberley with a party traveling on horseback along the Ord River and through the Ord River gorges in the Carr Boyd Range. Work continued at the Carlton Reach experimental station for Kim Durack with assistance from his brother William A. Durack, on various agricultural experiments, centred on supplementing the pastoral industry. === Involving the Commonwealth ===

Early in 1944 Dumas wrote to the Federal Government, advising of the soil, botanical, erosion and engineering surveys about to take place in the East Kimberley, explaining that the project must become largely a national one and any assistance from the Commonwealth would be welcome. By May 1944 there was a large body of agriculturalists, botanists and surveyors carrying out investigations in the vicinity of Carlton Reach. The Aboriginal people who lived in the Ord River basin were decimated through killing and the spread of introduced diseases. === Establishment of the Kimberley Research Station ===
It would be another two years before the Commonwealth Government became involved, with the establishment of a joint CSIRO and Western Australia Department of Agriculture facility.",394
1329,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"The Aboriginal people who lived in the Ord River basin were decimated through killing and the spread of introduced diseases. === Establishment of the Kimberley Research Station ===
It would be another two years before the Commonwealth Government became involved, with the establishment of a joint CSIRO and Western Australia Department of Agriculture facility. As the Carlton Reach, Ord River experimental station site was river alluvium (red soil) and most of the surveyed agricultural land was ""Cununurra Clay"" (blacksoil – Volcanic soil eroded from the Antrim Plateau Volcanics), it was moved to a new site further down river and the new Kimberley Research Station (KRS) was established in 1946. === Justifying dam construction ===
In 1951, the KRS Supervisory Committee (KRSSC) indicated that sugar and rice were two cash crops that could justify dam construction. By 1953, 150 varieties of rice were being tested. Over the 13 years between 1946 and 1959 various agricultural experiments were undertaken at KRS and in April 1959 the KRSSC recommended the establishment of a pilot farm. In August 1959, the Commonwealth Government made a grant of £5m to the Government of Western Australia, most to be used for the Ord River Scheme. === Origin of the Ord River Irrigation Area ===

The Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA), which was originally known as the Ord River Irrigation Scheme (ORIS) or Ord River Project, when it was approved by the Commonwealth Government, late in 1959 and began in 1960 with the establishment of the town of Kununurra, which was gazetted a town on 10 February 1961. === The first dam – Ord River Diversion Dam ===
The construction of the Ord River Diversion Dam started in late 1960 and was officially opened in July 1963 by Prime Minister Robert Menzies.",380
1330,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"=== Origin of the Ord River Irrigation Area ===

The Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA), which was originally known as the Ord River Irrigation Scheme (ORIS) or Ord River Project, when it was approved by the Commonwealth Government, late in 1959 and began in 1960 with the establishment of the town of Kununurra, which was gazetted a town on 10 February 1961. === The first dam – Ord River Diversion Dam ===
The construction of the Ord River Diversion Dam started in late 1960 and was officially opened in July 1963 by Prime Minister Robert Menzies. The Ord River Diversion Dam holds back Lake Kununurra, which gravity feeds the Ord River Irrigation Area with water via the Main Channel. The main channel is visible in the photograph with Lake Kununurra, Ord River (formerly the Carlton Reach waterhole, Ord River) in the background. === The Ord River pilot farm ===
To test the commercial viability of the ORIA, the WA Government, passed an act of parliament, known as the Northern Development (Ord River) Act, and in October 1960, ratified an agreement with the company Northern Developments, Ord River Pty Ltd to set up and run the first ""pilot farm."" This was backed by the WA Government but was to run as a commercial farming venture. By November 1960 the first 81 hectares (200 acres) had been chain-dozed and cleared, a channel and pumps were in place, to irrigate the first commercial rice crop that had been planted on the new pilot farm. This was almost three years before the completion of the Ord River Diversion Dam and main channel, so the pilot farm irrigated by pumping water from the Carlton Reach waterhole.",362
1331,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"By November 1960 the first 81 hectares (200 acres) had been chain-dozed and cleared, a channel and pumps were in place, to irrigate the first commercial rice crop that had been planted on the new pilot farm. This was almost three years before the completion of the Ord River Diversion Dam and main channel, so the pilot farm irrigated by pumping water from the Carlton Reach waterhole. === Commercial irrigation farming ===
Allocation of commercial farm land during Stage 1 of the project was allocated in stages, with the first group of farmers arriving in 1962 and final allocations completed in 1966. 30 farms produced mostly cotton, however pest problems soon became apparent. The early 1970s saw the application of large amounts of pesticides on crops. The primary pest was the caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera which developed resistance to the pesticides. The resulting low crop yields combined with a drop in world cotton prices led to suspension of the commercial cotton industry in the region. === The second dam – Ord River (main) Dam ===
Work started on the main Ord River Dam in 1969 and was completed before the official opening on 30 June 1972 by Prime Minister William McMahon, when he said:

This marks the beginning of Ord stage two. The main Ord River Dam, known locally as ""Top Dam"" holds back the waters of the Ord River in Lake Argyle. The Ord scheme created Lake Argyle, which is Australia's largest dam reservoir, covering an area of 741 square kilometres (286 sq mi). === Disputed views about economic value of the irrigation scheme ===
Until the mid-2010s most reports of the scheme derided its lack of economic return. In 2013, the Wilderness Society estimated that $1.45 billion had been spent on the Ord Irrigation Scheme for a return of 17 cents for every dollar spent.",372
1332,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"=== Disputed views about economic value of the irrigation scheme ===
Until the mid-2010s most reports of the scheme derided its lack of economic return. In 2013, the Wilderness Society estimated that $1.45 billion had been spent on the Ord Irrigation Scheme for a return of 17 cents for every dollar spent. In 2016 the Auditor General for Western Australia reported that ""The sustained social and economic benefits underpinning the decision to proceed with this $529 million investment have not been realized. Nor is there a plan to track and assess them."" The Australia Institute reported that ""Attempts to develop northern Australia by subsidizing capital-intensive industries like irrigated agriculture have a long and unimpressive history. An example is the Ord River Scheme which currently supports just 260 jobs despite $2 billion spent and decades of effort."". A turnaround in fortunes may be on the horizon, with the second half of the 2010s seeing new crops being planted and fresh fruit markets in both South-East Australia and Asia being exploited with greater economic success. In the late 2010s the opening of export markets in China gave the Ord Scheme a potential basis for financial sustainability. == The Ord River irrigation area today ==
The Ord River dams provide water for irrigation to over 117 square kilometres (45 sq mi) of farmland and extensions to the scheme are underway to allow irrigation of a further 440 square kilometres (170 sq mi). The main Ord River dam also generates power for the local community of Kununurra. By 2009 more than 60 different crops were grown in the Ord catchment area. One third of the area was used for sugar cane cultivation until the closure of the Ord Sugar Mill in 2007.",337
1333,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"By 2009 more than 60 different crops were grown in the Ord catchment area. One third of the area was used for sugar cane cultivation until the closure of the Ord Sugar Mill in 2007. In 2012 the release was approved of an additional 74 square kilometres (29 sq mi) of Stage 2 Goomig lands for irrigated agriculture, while the same year the West Australian Department of Agriculture conducted soil and water investigations of the Cockatoo Sands (red loamy sands) near the Ord River Irrigation Area, Kununurra. These investigations identified about 65 square kilometres (25 sq mi) of Cockatoo Sands and about 24 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi) of Pago Sands on Carlton Hill Station suitable for fodder or perennial crops. The Cockatoo Sands have great potential because they are well-drained and have capacity to support agriculture throughout the wet season. As part of the Water for Food government program, the Department of Agriculture also investigated an additional 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi) of Cockatoo soils north of Kununurra for possible expansion. In 2009, the Rudd Government and Colin Barnett announced a development plan for the area. The plan emphasised community and infrastructure development including upgrades of Kununurra Airport and the port at Wyndham. === Power generation ===
The Ord River Dam Hydro Scheme is a privately funded, owned and operated power system in the East Kimberley region of Western Australia. It consists of a new 36 MW hydro electric power station at Lake Argyle interconnected, by lengthy 132 kV transmission lines, with existing diesel fuelled power systems at the Argyle diamond mine and the Kununurra township. The scheme can currently only produce 1% of the power the Snowy Mountains Scheme produces. The power station was constructed from 1995 to 1996.",366
1334,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"The scheme can currently only produce 1% of the power the Snowy Mountains Scheme produces. The power station was constructed from 1995 to 1996. === Environmental effects ===
CSIRO research conducted in 2008 found that the water quality in the lower reaches of the river was good and that planned activities were not an ecological threat. However, salinity and erosion are becoming an issue in the area, due to the rising of the water table in the area. The use of groundwater drains has been suggested by hydrologist Tony Smith, as a possible remedy to salinity problems. Some concerns have been raised that the large body of water created by the dam could attract Asian insects and birds which may transmit dangerous viruses such as avian influenza. Like so many other experiments in tropical agriculture, the scheme initially failed because of difficulties growing crops and attack from pests. Today the irrigated areas successfully produce a variety of fruits and vegetables, with the most recent crop being sandalwood. Associated wetland areas have been preserved within the Lakes Argyle and Kununurra Ramsar Site. Ord water quality and flow contributed to the disappearance of the Common Banana Prawn. The site forms part of the Ord Irrigation Area Important Bird Area (IBA), so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance for wild birds, especially estrildid finches. === Logistics ===
Much of the produce is exported to South East Asia. Sugar, which was produced from the late 1990s until the end of 2007 in the ORIA was trucked to Wyndham where it was exported to a Korean-owned food manufacturing plant in Surabaya, Indonesia. Fruit and vegetables are sold to domestic markets and are trucked to all capital cities. The ORIA is also home to the largest commercial Indian Sandalwood plantations in the world.",367
1335,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_River,Ord River,"Fruit and vegetables are sold to domestic markets and are trucked to all capital cities. The ORIA is also home to the largest commercial Indian Sandalwood plantations in the world. == See also ==

Irrigation in Australia
List of rivers of Australia
List of watercourses in Western Australia


== References ==


== General references ==


== External links ==

NT Country Hour – 29/8/2002: Katherine – a future rail transport hub? – ABC. Tropical Forestry Services which harvests Indian Sandalwood in the ORIS. Kununurra Historical Society Archive, Library, Museum & Research for history and images of the Ord River.",141
1336,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicobar_hooded_pitta,Nicobar hooded pitta,"The Nicobar hooded pitta (Pitta abbotti) is a species of passerine bird in the family Pittidae that is endemic to the Nicobar Islands in the eastern Indian Ocean. It is a green bird with a black head and chestnut crown. It forages on the ground for insects and their larvae, and also eats berries. It breeds between February and August, the pair being strongly territorial and building their nest on the ground. Incubation and care of the fledglings is done by both parents. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the hooded pitta, now renamed to the western hooded pitta. == Taxonomy ==
The Nicobar hooded pitta was formally described in 1902 by the American ornithologist Charles Wallace Richmond from a specimen collected by the naturalist William Louis Abbott on Great Nicobar Island in the eastern Indian Ocean. Richmond coined the binomial name Pitta abbotti where the specific epithet was chosen to honour the collector. The Nicobar hooded pitta was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the hooded pitta (Pitta sordida; now the western hooded pitta). It is considered as a separate species based on the significant genetic and morphological differences. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. == References ==",273
1337,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaillardia_pinnatifida,Gaillardia pinnatifida,"Gaillardia pinnatifida, the Hopi blanketflower or red dome blanketflower, is a perennial plant in the family Asteraceae found in northern Mexico  (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora) and in the south-central and southwestern United States (from southwestern Kansas south to central Texas and west as far as southern Nevada). == Description ==
Gaillardia pinnatifida is a perennial growing to 22 inches (56 cm) with hairy, wavy to lobed leaves up to 3 inches (7.6 cm) long, growing to halfway up the stem, with a solitary flower head on top having 7-12 yellow ray flowers and numerous densely packed orange-brown to purple disk flowers. The ray flowers are three-lobed, often deeply. Gaillardia pinnatifida displays considerable variation across its range, so much so that some authors have divided G. pinnatifida into varieties or distinct species. These taxa intergrade with each other, so Flora of North America and the Kew Garden Plant List does not recognise any of these as separate taxa. Many populations in Arizona have unlobed leaves, unlike the deeply divided leaves farther to the north, and populations in Utah have yellow rather than brown or purple disc flowers, as well as gland-dots in the leaves. == Habitat ==
Gaillardia pinnatifida can be found in blackbush scrub, mixed shrub-grasslands, and pinyon–juniper woodland communities. == References ==


== External links ==
Southwest Colorado Wildflowers
Plants for a Future
U.S. National Park Service, Arches National Park:  Hopi Blanketflower—Red dome Blanketflower",366
1338,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Toledo,_Ohio)","Central Catholic High School (Toledo, Ohio)","Central Catholic High School is a Catholic, co-educational, college prep secondary school in Toledo, Ohio. It is operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo and is the largest Catholic high school in the area. CCHS was founded as Cathedral High School in 1919, with its name change in 1920. The school, which is located one mile northwest of Downtown Toledo, offers two possible degrees: honors or college prep. It has received two School of Excellence Awards and the Drug Prevention Award. == School Body ==
Central Catholic currently has an enrollment of 600 students. 72.11% of the students at CCHS are White, 24.14% are Black, 3.41% are Hispanic, 0.24% are Asian/Pacific Islander, and .08% are American Indian/Alaskan. There are 85 classroom teachers with a student-teacher ratio of 14.45. == School trademarks ==


=== School colors ===
The school colors are scarlet and gray, along with featuring a green shamrock representing the school's nickname of Fighting Irish. == Kress Family Library ==
Open from 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. daily, the library features over 8,000 reference, fiction, and non-fiction circulating books, an automated library catalog, daily newspapers, a periodical collection and archives, video/DVD and CD collections, database access, A/V equipment and support, professional education print resources, 17 student computer workstations, and 30 laptop workstations. === Moon Room ===
Adjacent to the Kress Family Library is the ""Moon Room"", which contains a piece of lunar rock from the Apollo 11 mission, whose flight director was Gene Kranz, an alumnus of the school.",364
1339,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Toledo,_Ohio)","Central Catholic High School (Toledo, Ohio)","== Kress Family Library ==
Open from 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. daily, the library features over 8,000 reference, fiction, and non-fiction circulating books, an automated library catalog, daily newspapers, a periodical collection and archives, video/DVD and CD collections, database access, A/V equipment and support, professional education print resources, 17 student computer workstations, and 30 laptop workstations. === Moon Room ===
Adjacent to the Kress Family Library is the ""Moon Room"", which contains a piece of lunar rock from the Apollo 11 mission, whose flight director was Gene Kranz, an alumnus of the school. The exhibit was dedicated on December 6, 2007, and includes the Moon rock, a wide array of wall-sized photographs, scaled-down model rockets, and many books regarding space and history — all of which were donated by Gene Kranz himself. == Performing Arts ==
Central Catholic's musical opportunities include Glee Club, Freshmen Mixed Chorus, Irish Marching Band, Concert Band, String Orchestra, Pit Orchestra, as well as piano classes. CCHS has performed 92 consecutive years of musicals and operettas dating back to 1930. The annual spring musical is held in the 901-seat Valentine Theatre in the downtown district of Toledo. In 2021, the program performed ""Into the Woods"". The annual Sounds of Christmas also takes place inside the Valentine Theatre, where all programs of the musical department perform a holiday concert. A fall play and winter concert are performed annually inside the school's Front Gym. == Athletics ==
In Athletics, Central Catholic's nickname is the Fighting Irish. Their colors are scarlet and gray. They were a member of the Toledo City League from 1928 to 2011 and then joined the new Three Rivers Athletic Conference (TRAC) in the fall of 2011.",389
1340,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Toledo,_Ohio)","Central Catholic High School (Toledo, Ohio)","Their colors are scarlet and gray. They were a member of the Toledo City League from 1928 to 2011 and then joined the new Three Rivers Athletic Conference (TRAC) in the fall of 2011. In 2021, along with the other parochial members of the TRAC, the school announced they would be joining the Michigan-based Catholic High School League at the start of fall 2023. The biggest rivals for the Irish include fellow parochial schools St. John's Jesuit and St. Francis de Sales in boys' sports, and St. Ursula Academy and Notre Dame Academy in girls' sports. Other rivalries include the Whitmer Panthers. === Gallagher Athletic Complex ===

This facility was blessed and dedicated at a ceremony on October 9, 1998. Charles and Diane (Bertling) Gallagher, 1956 and 1958 CCHS graduates, were presented a wooden replica of the bronze dedication plaque that is permanently placed in the Athletic Complex. The complex consists of a track, football and soccer field, and permanent seats for spectators. The Fighting Irish varsity football team played its first home game at the complex on September 25, 2004, coming away with a homecoming victory. ==== Renovations ====
The stadium received a complete overhaul renovation in 2007. The new stadium includes permanent seating for 6,500 spectators and FieldTurf for its playing surface. Also included in the renovation was a state-of-the-art weight room, a home locker room equipped with 3 flat-screen TVs, coach's offices, and a team meeting room all located under the home side bleachers. It was constructed on the site of the existing complex and includes a full press box with hospitality suites that accommodates 120 people. A 450-seat stadium club section with chair-back seats is located at midfield on the home side. Construction began in the spring of 2007 and was complete in time for the 2007 homecoming game.",387
1341,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Toledo,_Ohio)","Central Catholic High School (Toledo, Ohio)","A 450-seat stadium club section with chair-back seats is located at midfield on the home side. Construction began in the spring of 2007 and was complete in time for the 2007 homecoming game. In 2018, more renovations took place, including the replacement of the field turf and the resurfacing of the track. === Sullivan Center ===
The ground breaking for the Sullivan Center was in the spring of 1996. In the fall of 1997, the center was officially opened with a Mass led by Bishop Hoffman. The center holds 3,000 people, making it the largest high school field house in Northwest Ohio. The Sullivan Center includes a 3,000 seat capacity for convocation events, a 2,800 seat capacity for athletic events, one main court and two recreational cross courts, a 600-foot interior jogging track, four concession areas, six locker rooms, and a meeting room with a seating capacity for over 100 people. ==== Renovations ====
2009, the Sullivan Center installed a new gym floor. 2017, a brand new four-sided, hanging scoreboard was installed. 2021, the gym floor was replaced and upgraded for a third different court since its inception. 2022, the Sullivan Center underwent a complete remodel as new state-of-the-art bleachers were installed, along with another new court. === Mercy Field ===
Mercy Field is home to the Central Catholic High School baseball team, and it opened in the spring of 2012. 1982 Central Catholic alumnus, Cleves Delp, donated $2.5 million to build Mercy Field. The stadium features an all-turf field with a clay mound and 12-foot outfield fence, and the field is lighted for night games. It has bleacher seating for 440, dugouts, a two-mound bullpen on each side, a 10-inning scoreboard, a press box with radio and TV booth, and an owner's viewing suite.",390
1342,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Toledo,_Ohio)","Central Catholic High School (Toledo, Ohio)","The stadium features an all-turf field with a clay mound and 12-foot outfield fence, and the field is lighted for night games. It has bleacher seating for 440, dugouts, a two-mound bullpen on each side, a 10-inning scoreboard, a press box with radio and TV booth, and an owner's viewing suite. The structure also includes a concession stand, locker room, player's study room, coach's office, and indoor hitting room. Mercy Field was named the Midwest Field of the Year by the National High School Baseball Association in 2012. Lourdes University, a NAIA Division II program, also takes advantage of Central Catholic's facility, using it for their home games. === Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships ===

Central Catholic has won 9 team state championships. Football: 2023, 2022, 2014, 2012, 2005, 1962
Boys Golf: 1930
Boys Track & Field : 1997
Girls Volleyball: 2007


=== The Irish Knight ===
The Irish Knight is awarded to the winner of the Central Catholic High School and St. Francis de Sales High School football game. The winning school receives and hosts the Irish Knight trophy in their school, along with bragging rights. CCHS has won the last 20 contests, including a 62-0 victory in 2023. The Irish Knight series is led by the Fighting Irish 35-28-1. There has only been one overtime game, which occurred in 2003.",302
1343,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Toledo,_Ohio)","Central Catholic High School (Toledo, Ohio)","The Irish Knight series is led by the Fighting Irish 35-28-1. There has only been one overtime game, which occurred in 2003. == Notable alumni ==

Deborah Agosti (1969), Justice of the Supreme Court in Nevada
Joe Amstutz (1953), former NFL offensive lineman
JoJuan Armour (1995), retired National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL) player
Tom Beutler (1964), former NFL linebacker
Casey Biggs (1973), actor
Brad Cousino (1971), retired NFL player; Was a first-team All-American college football player at Miami University, also a two-time Mid-American Conference Defensive Player of the Year.",149
1344,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Toledo,_Ohio)","Central Catholic High School (Toledo, Ohio)","There has only been one overtime game, which occurred in 2003. == Notable alumni ==

Deborah Agosti (1969), Justice of the Supreme Court in Nevada
Joe Amstutz (1953), former NFL offensive lineman
JoJuan Armour (1995), retired National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL) player
Tom Beutler (1964), former NFL linebacker
Casey Biggs (1973), actor
Brad Cousino (1971), retired NFL player; Was a first-team All-American college football player at Miami University, also a two-time Mid-American Conference Defensive Player of the Year. Don Donoher (1950), former NCAA Division I college basketball head coach for the Dayton Flyers from 1964 until 1989
Ashley Frazier (2008), professional volleyball player for Bangkok Glass VC
Larry Fuller (pianist) (1983), jazz pianist
Frank Gilhooley (c. 1910), professional baseball player and father of Frankie Gilhooley
Frankie Gilhooley (1942), professional basketball player, long-time Toledo Mud Hens announcer, and son of Frank Gilhooley
Eric Herman (2008), former NFL offensive lineman for the New York Giants and Baltimore Ravens
James Hudson (2017), NFL offensive lineman for the Cleveland Browns
Jim Joyce (1973), retired Major League Baseball umpire known for missing an 'out' call at first base, costing Armando Galarraga's near-perfect game of the Detroit Tigers on June 2, 2010
Dick Kinzel (1958), former CEO and President of Cedar Fair Entertainment Company
DeShone Kizer (2014), NFL quarterback
Gene Kranz (1951), NASA assistant flight director for Project Mercury and flight director for the Gemini, Apollo and Space Shuttle programs
Joe Kruzel (1984), professional baseball coach
Ryne Robinson (2003), former NFL wide receiver and kick returner for the Carolina Panthers
Dane Sanzenbacher (2007), former NFL wide receiver for the Chicago Bears and Cincinnati Bengals
Ned Skeldon (1942), former Toledo politician; he was the driving force behind bringing a baseball team to Toledo, Ohio in 1965, the Toledo Mud Hens.",458
1345,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catholic_High_School_(Toledo,_Ohio)","Central Catholic High School (Toledo, Ohio)","== Notable alumni ==

Deborah Agosti (1969), Justice of the Supreme Court in Nevada
Joe Amstutz (1953), former NFL offensive lineman
JoJuan Armour (1995), retired National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL) player
Tom Beutler (1964), former NFL linebacker
Casey Biggs (1973), actor
Brad Cousino (1971), retired NFL player; Was a first-team All-American college football player at Miami University, also a two-time Mid-American Conference Defensive Player of the Year. Don Donoher (1950), former NCAA Division I college basketball head coach for the Dayton Flyers from 1964 until 1989
Ashley Frazier (2008), professional volleyball player for Bangkok Glass VC
Larry Fuller (pianist) (1983), jazz pianist
Frank Gilhooley (c. 1910), professional baseball player and father of Frankie Gilhooley
Frankie Gilhooley (1942), professional basketball player, long-time Toledo Mud Hens announcer, and son of Frank Gilhooley
Eric Herman (2008), former NFL offensive lineman for the New York Giants and Baltimore Ravens
James Hudson (2017), NFL offensive lineman for the Cleveland Browns
Jim Joyce (1973), retired Major League Baseball umpire known for missing an 'out' call at first base, costing Armando Galarraga's near-perfect game of the Detroit Tigers on June 2, 2010
Dick Kinzel (1958), former CEO and President of Cedar Fair Entertainment Company
DeShone Kizer (2014), NFL quarterback
Gene Kranz (1951), NASA assistant flight director for Project Mercury and flight director for the Gemini, Apollo and Space Shuttle programs
Joe Kruzel (1984), professional baseball coach
Ryne Robinson (2003), former NFL wide receiver and kick returner for the Carolina Panthers
Dane Sanzenbacher (2007), former NFL wide receiver for the Chicago Bears and Cincinnati Bengals
Ned Skeldon (1942), former Toledo politician; he was the driving force behind bringing a baseball team to Toledo, Ohio in 1965, the Toledo Mud Hens. Keith Towbridge (2013), tight end in the NFL
Michael Warren II (2017), NFL running back for the Detroit Lions
Mary Zilba (1981), Miss Ohio 1987; national Canadian recording artist, garnering six top 20 hits; main cast member in the show The Real Housewives of Vancouver


== References ==


== External links ==
Central Catholic High School",522
1346,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Acar_(writer),Jacques Acar (writer),"Jacques Acar (14 March 1937 – 21 January 1976), was a Belgian comic book writer and journalist. He is best known as being a pillar of Tintin and Strapontin from 1962 to 1975 working alongside René Goscinny, and was an author ""Représentatif de la bande dessinée Franco-Belge classique"". == Biography ==
At the age of 25, Jacques Acar began his career in professional comics as a writer, writing short stories for Tintin. From 1963, he became a supporting scriptwriter for the house authors: collaborating with fr:Édouard Aidans (Marc Franval, Tounga and other stories), fr:William Vance in 1966 (Ringo), and fr:Paul Cuvelier   (Wapi, Corentin) . In the early 1960s, with Hugo Fonske, Acar created many comics for fr:Kuifje (the Flemish version of Tintin), Ons Volkske, Pat and fr:Het Nieuwsblad. In the late 1960s, Acar also worked for Line, Record (mainly with Jim Steward on Stanley, Catriona MacKilligan with Claude Auclair, etc.) and Pilote, providing stories for Joseph Loeckx (also known under the pseudonym of Jo-El Azara), Jipo-Max and Géri. In the early 1970s, he adapted Tounga, Bernard Prince, Bruno Brazil and Les Panthères for Tintin Sélection into novels. Acar has also published science fiction novels, including two at Fleuve Noir, in the ""Anticipation"" collection, under the pseudonym of Vincent Gallaix.",364
1347,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Acar_(writer),Jacques Acar (writer),"In the early 1970s, he adapted Tounga, Bernard Prince, Bruno Brazil and Les Panthères for Tintin Sélection into novels. Acar has also published science fiction novels, including two at Fleuve Noir, in the ""Anticipation"" collection, under the pseudonym of Vincent Gallaix. == Published works ==


=== Print and press ===
Rataplan, Yves Duval et Jacques Acar (scénario), Berck (dessinateur), 1961–1967
Nouvelles et divers scénarios de récits courts,  1962–1970
Joly et Mathurin le pirate, avec Hugo, 1963
Bob Binn, avec Édouard Aidans, 1963–1965
Marc Franval : Marc Franval chasse le condor, avec Édouard Aidans, 1963
Céleste Pion, avec Hugo, 1964–1965
Bôjolet, avec Mazel, 1964
Cinq histoires à suivre de Strapontin, avec Berck, 1965–1968
Deux histoires à suivre de Ringo, avec William Vance, 1966
Corentin : Le signe du cobra, avec Paul Cuvelier, 1967
Gomez et Gonzalez : Les Plumes des conquistadors, avec Ramboux, 1975


==== Other print and press ====
Divers scénarios de récits courts dans Pilote, Dargaud, 1965–1966
M. Chapomou, avec Jo-El Azara, dans Pilote, 1965–1966
Poncyffe, avec Van Overloop, dans Pilote, 1965–1966
Picratte, avec Géri, dans Pilote, 1966
Jim Steward, avec Sidney, dans Record, 1970


=== Albums ===
Strapontin (scénario), avec Berck (dessin), Le Lombard, coll.",434
1348,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Acar_(writer),Jacques Acar (writer),"Acar has also published science fiction novels, including two at Fleuve Noir, in the ""Anticipation"" collection, under the pseudonym of Vincent Gallaix. == Published works ==


=== Print and press ===
Rataplan, Yves Duval et Jacques Acar (scénario), Berck (dessinateur), 1961–1967
Nouvelles et divers scénarios de récits courts,  1962–1970
Joly et Mathurin le pirate, avec Hugo, 1963
Bob Binn, avec Édouard Aidans, 1963–1965
Marc Franval : Marc Franval chasse le condor, avec Édouard Aidans, 1963
Céleste Pion, avec Hugo, 1964–1965
Bôjolet, avec Mazel, 1964
Cinq histoires à suivre de Strapontin, avec Berck, 1965–1968
Deux histoires à suivre de Ringo, avec William Vance, 1966
Corentin : Le signe du cobra, avec Paul Cuvelier, 1967
Gomez et Gonzalez : Les Plumes des conquistadors, avec Ramboux, 1975


==== Other print and press ====
Divers scénarios de récits courts dans Pilote, Dargaud, 1965–1966
M. Chapomou, avec Jo-El Azara, dans Pilote, 1965–1966
Poncyffe, avec Van Overloop, dans Pilote, 1965–1966
Picratte, avec Géri, dans Pilote, 1966
Jim Steward, avec Sidney, dans Record, 1970


=== Albums ===
Strapontin (scénario), avec Berck (dessin), Le Lombard, coll. « Jeune Europe » :
5.",410
1349,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Acar_(writer),Jacques Acar (writer),"== Published works ==


=== Print and press ===
Rataplan, Yves Duval et Jacques Acar (scénario), Berck (dessinateur), 1961–1967
Nouvelles et divers scénarios de récits courts,  1962–1970
Joly et Mathurin le pirate, avec Hugo, 1963
Bob Binn, avec Édouard Aidans, 1963–1965
Marc Franval : Marc Franval chasse le condor, avec Édouard Aidans, 1963
Céleste Pion, avec Hugo, 1964–1965
Bôjolet, avec Mazel, 1964
Cinq histoires à suivre de Strapontin, avec Berck, 1965–1968
Deux histoires à suivre de Ringo, avec William Vance, 1966
Corentin : Le signe du cobra, avec Paul Cuvelier, 1967
Gomez et Gonzalez : Les Plumes des conquistadors, avec Ramboux, 1975


==== Other print and press ====
Divers scénarios de récits courts dans Pilote, Dargaud, 1965–1966
M. Chapomou, avec Jo-El Azara, dans Pilote, 1965–1966
Poncyffe, avec Van Overloop, dans Pilote, 1965–1966
Picratte, avec Géri, dans Pilote, 1966
Jim Steward, avec Sidney, dans Record, 1970


=== Albums ===
Strapontin (scénario), avec Berck (dessin), Le Lombard, coll. « Jeune Europe » :
5. Révolte au bois dormant, avec René Goscinny (coscénario), 1966
6.",402
1350,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Acar_(writer),Jacques Acar (writer),"« Jeune Europe » :
5. Révolte au bois dormant, avec René Goscinny (coscénario), 1966
6. Strapontin et le BCZ 2, 1967
7. Strapontin plus un zeste de violence, 1972
8. Strapontin et le rayon alimentaire, 1973
Ringo, avec William Vance, Dargaud / Le Lombard, coll. « Jeune Europe » :
Piste pour Santa Fe, 1967
Le Serment de Gettysburg, 1968
Ces deux volumes ont été repris dans Tout Vance t. 9 : L'intégrale Ringo (deuxième partie), Le Lombard, 2004
Tounga t. 3 : Tounga et le Dieu du feu, avec Édouard Aidans, Le Lombard, coll. « Une Histoire du Journal Tintin », 1968. Rééd. comme tome 7 de l'édition cartonnée, 1978. Corentin t. 5 : Le Signe du cobra, avec Paul Cuvelier, Le Lombard, 1969
Marc Franval t. 8 : Marc Franval chasse le condor, avec Édouard Aidans, Le Lombard, coll. « Vedette », 1973
Tommy Banco t. 3 : Tir sans sommation, avec Jean Roze (coscénario) et Eddy Paape (dessin), Bédéscope, 1979
Jim Steward, avec Sidney, Hibou, coll. « Traits pour traits », 2006


=== Science fiction novels (under the pseudonym Vincent Gallaix) ===
Orbite d'attente, Fleuve noir, coll.",393
1351,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Acar_(writer),Jacques Acar (writer),"« Vedette », 1973
Tommy Banco t. 3 : Tir sans sommation, avec Jean Roze (coscénario) et Eddy Paape (dessin), Bédéscope, 1979
Jim Steward, avec Sidney, Hibou, coll. « Traits pour traits », 2006


=== Science fiction novels (under the pseudonym Vincent Gallaix) ===
Orbite d'attente, Fleuve noir, coll. « Anticipation » no 708, 1975
Zoomby, Fleuve noir, coll. « Anticipation » no 719, 1976


== References ==


=== Documentation ===
Michel Béra, Michel Denni et  Philippe Mellot, BDM 2005–2006, Éditions de l'amateur, 2004. Patrick Gaumer, « Jacques Acar », dans le Larousse de la BD, Larousse, 2004, pp. 2–3",207
1352,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art-Union,American Art-Union,"The American Art-Union (1839–1851) was a subscription-based organization whose goal was to enlighten and educate an American public to the nation's art, while providing a support system for the viewing and sales of art “executed by artists in the United States or by American artists abroad."" Art unions had been popular since the early 19th century in Europe; they first appeared in Switzerland, gaining great popularity in both Germany and the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The British version, Art Union of London (AUL), was a model for the American Art-Union (AAU). == Description ==
For five dollars a year, the members of the AAU would receive a copy of the minutes from the annual meeting, free admission to the Gallery, at least one original engraving published by the Union from an original piece of art by a contemporary American artist, and in New York City, the members also received a ticket in a lottery to win an original piece of art from within the collection. === Impact ===
In its 13 years, the AAU became the largest art union in the United States. It made a significant impact on the art literacy of Americans, developed a taste for an American kind of art, which was largely nationalistic, and supported the custom of artists and museums. From 1839 until 1851, New York City's population did not reach the 400,000 point, but it is estimated that over three million guests attended the Gallery. The organization grew from 814 subscriptions, in 1840, with art valued at $4,145 to 18,960 subscriptions, valued in excess of $100,000. === Possible social causes ===
The American public, providers, and politics combined to produce a rapid rise in AAU's popularity. A growing, literate middle class was keen to pursue scientific, artistic and leisure activities which they had been unable to pursue or afford in the past.",390
1353,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art-Union,American Art-Union,"=== Possible social causes ===
The American public, providers, and politics combined to produce a rapid rise in AAU's popularity. A growing, literate middle class was keen to pursue scientific, artistic and leisure activities which they had been unable to pursue or afford in the past. A new generation of businessmen wanted to surround themselves with all the appearances and habits of their more wealthy counterparts. The number of newspapers and periodicals was growing dramatically and the desire for publications with images was preferred. The global popularity of science and art and an interest in “exotic people and places” could be accessed through lectures, subscriptions to special interest groups, or diverse venues such as P. T. Barnum's, Brady's Daguerrean Miniature Gallery and Peale's Gallery of Fine Arts. The business of advertising was in its infancy and the companies could provide consumers with commodities at their own postal box within shrinking delivery schedules due in large to a growing rail system. The U.S. Congress was promoting westward advancement, communication and Indian resettlement. Further, emigrants from the plains were pushing the agenda of Manifest destiny. They became some of the first to help settle what was perceived as America's Manifest destiny. ==== Apollo Gallery ====
In 1838, businessman James V. Herring opened the Apollo Gallery in New York City in 1838, to provide a place for American artists to exhibit and sell their art. The Apollo Gallery was the first gallery open at night; from nine a.m. and “every fair evening until nine o’clock” with the use of gas lamps. Around this time, he also received an analysis of the second year experiment from “The Edinburgh Association for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Scotland”. Inspired by it, he encouraged a group of other prominent New York City businessmen to develop the concept using the Apollo Gallery as their venue for America's first art union.",390
1354,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art-Union,American Art-Union,"Around this time, he also received an analysis of the second year experiment from “The Edinburgh Association for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Scotland”. Inspired by it, he encouraged a group of other prominent New York City businessmen to develop the concept using the Apollo Gallery as their venue for America's first art union. Although the concept was very popular, it was not sufficient to remunerate Herring. However, he would stay active with the group, becoming the first Corresponding Secretary on the Committee of Management and the only artist. == Creation ==
A new venue and a new name—the American Art-Union—set itself a double task within its Charter, dated May 7, 1840. The first was a moral task of developing the taste of the middling classes towards what was in the AAU's estimation the best kind of American art and its themes. The second, was to provide a venue for the exhibition and sale of art from contemporary and emerging American artists within its “Perpetual Free Gallery” (free to members, nominal charge to non-members). The AAU's management were among the wealthiest, (six of the ten most wealthy in the city), most conservative and well connected men in New York City. They were mostly first or at most second generation wealth and had close ties in business, politics and social endeavors. There were only five presidents in the thirteen years and of the 211 possible choices of individuals for office, the duties were performed by eighty-two. The Committee of Management in 1839 was:
John W. Francis, M.D., President,
Philip Hone, (banker, politician, etc. ),
J. Watson Webb (newspaper editor),
John P. Ridner (mahogany merchant),
John L. Morton (merchant?",371
1355,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art-Union,American Art-Union,"The Committee of Management in 1839 was:
John W. Francis, M.D., President,
Philip Hone, (banker, politician, etc. ),
J. Watson Webb (newspaper editor),
John P. Ridner (mahogany merchant),
John L. Morton (merchant? ),
Augustus Greele (paper merchant),
James W. Gerard (lawyer, philanthropist),
William L. Morris (lawyer),
William Kemble (merchant),
T. N. Campbell (broker),
Aaron R. Thompson (merchant),
George Bruce (typefounder),
Duncan C. Pell (auctioneer),
Eleazar Parmly (dentist),
F. W. Edmonds (Cashier of the L. M. Bank), Treasurer, Benjamin Nathan (broker), Recording Secretary, James Herring (gallery proprietor), Corresponding Secretary. From a patriarchal position, the Committee deemed itself best able to choose the artists, select the art work that would be chosen as part of the AAU's permanent collection and choose the pieces or pieces to be engraved and published. Further, as “merchant amateurs” they would be the best suited to manage the Art-Union, “just like a good merchant”. Their goal was “to establish a National School of Art,” one which was originally American—illustrative of American scenery and American manners”. Artists (in part):
George Caleb Bingham,
Thomas Cole,
Jasper Francis Cropsey,
Ferdinand Raab,
Francis D’Avignon,
Thomas Doney,
Asher Brown Durand,
Daniel Huntington,
John Frederick Kensett,
Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze,
William Sidney Mount,
James Smillie,
Richard Caton Woodville.",397
1356,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art-Union,American Art-Union,"Their goal was “to establish a National School of Art,” one which was originally American—illustrative of American scenery and American manners”. Artists (in part):
George Caleb Bingham,
Thomas Cole,
Jasper Francis Cropsey,
Ferdinand Raab,
Francis D’Avignon,
Thomas Doney,
Asher Brown Durand,
Daniel Huntington,
John Frederick Kensett,
Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze,
William Sidney Mount,
James Smillie,
Richard Caton Woodville. Although there werw other art unions in the U.S., “none would achieve the popularity or influence of the American Art-Union."" (Myers:41) The art union concept, however, ultimately fell out of favor. A number of reasons have been given for the AAU's demise, including the lottery and other managerial weaknesses and competition. AAU was reflective of ""high brow"" art and artists of the day. But it was their choices that informed a keen new audience of art aficionados. As the country endeavored to define its values and mission in the mid-19th century, AAU codified and defined what the Art of America was to be. It was proud, defiant, confident, and quintessentially American. These character qualities were required in the landscapes, the genre painting and the historical imagery if they were to be chosen by the AAU. Examples included Emanuel Leutze, who painted Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way to emphasize the vastness of possibilities in the American future. Washington Crossing the Delaware, a portrait of George Washington's covert crossing of the Delaware River during the American Revokutionary War, inspired reformers in Europe.",365
1357,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art-Union,American Art-Union,"Examples included Emanuel Leutze, who painted Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way to emphasize the vastness of possibilities in the American future. Washington Crossing the Delaware, a portrait of George Washington's covert crossing of the Delaware River during the American Revokutionary War, inspired reformers in Europe. George Caleb Bingham reflect the tension of the unknown and the excitement of the West in The Concealed Enemy (1845), and he captured the independent and optimistic spirit in his The Jolly Flatboatmen (1846). Thomas Cole's Arcadia and Youth lent a comforting and moralizing tone to landscapes that inspired two generations of artists, including his student Frederic Edwin Church, who had a lasting affiliation with the AAU. == Downfall ==

Many members would not buy their subscriptions until the collection had art ""worth winning"", but the AAU could not pay for the art, some of which was purchased on credit, without the funds from the subscriptions. The 1851 distribution, scheduled for December 31, was indefinitely postponed one day before, for this reason. One artist, Thomas Whitley, whose work was not accepted by the AAU, expressed his complaints to the New York Herald. The editor, James Gordon Bennett, himself a subscriber, accused the management of misuse of funds. (Baker:144) In June 1852, a New York court ruled the lottery to be illegal under New York law, and in October, the state's highest court agreed. The management responded in a letter to the editor of The New York Times. A petition was made to the New York State Assembly to investigate the conduct of the AAU's affairs; a committee was appointed and took testimony for several days in the summer of 1853. Its report said, ""accounts were kept and managed in a loose and unsatisfactory manner"". In addition, a five per cent building fund was considered to have impaired the liquidity of the Union.",390
1358,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art-Union,American Art-Union,"Its report said, ""accounts were kept and managed in a loose and unsatisfactory manner"". In addition, a five per cent building fund was considered to have impaired the liquidity of the Union. In an open letter to New York Assembly, published in The New York Times, AAU's president reported that the management ""felt deeply injured...the extensive circulation of engraved copies... of American genius [afforded] the surest means for educating the public taste...thus keeping alive and extending a knowledge of the progress and condition of the arts"". All of the art in their collection was sold at auction on December 15–17, 1852. History supported the AAU's choices. Many of the paintings are hanging in the halls of the United States Congress, the White House, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. (Sperling.) == References ==


== Sources ==
Baker, Charles E. ""The American Art-Union"" in Cowdrey, Mary Bartlett (ed.) (1953). American Academy of Fine Arts and American Art-Union, 1816-1852, Vol. 1. New York:  New-York Historical Society. Cowdrey, Mary Bartlett (ed.) (1953). American Academy of Fine Arts and American Art-Union, Vol. 1: Introduction, 1816-1852. New York: New-York Historical Society. Goetzmann, William N. and Goetzmann, William H. (1986). The West of the Imagination. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Mann, Maybelle (1977). The American Art-Union. Washington, D.C.: Collage. Myers, Kenneth John (2000) “The Public Display of Art in New York City, 1664-1914” in Dearinger, David B. (ed.).",385
1359,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art-Union,American Art-Union,"Myers, Kenneth John (2000) “The Public Display of Art in New York City, 1664-1914” in Dearinger, David B. (ed.). Rave Reviews: American Art and Its Critics, 1826-1925 New York: National Academy of Design. Sperling, Joy  (Spring, 2002). “Art, Cheap and Good: The Art Union in England and the United States, 1840-60” in Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide: A Journal of Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture. Spring 2002 (vol 1, issue 1). Retrieved May 9, 2014. Trachtenberg, Alan (1989). The Ideology of American Success. Reading American Photographs: Images as History Mathew Brady to Walker Evans. New York:  Hill and Wang. == External links ==
 Media related to American Art-Union at Wikimedia Commons

The Records of the American Art-Union at the New York Historical Society",199
1360,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Martin_National_Wildlife_Refuge,Glenn Martin National Wildlife Refuge,"Glenn Martin National Wildlife Refuge includes the northern half of Smith Island (in Somerset County, Maryland), which lies 11 miles (18 km) west of Crisfield, Maryland, and Watts Island (in Accomack County, Virginia), which is located between the eastern shore of Virginia and Tangier Island. Both islands are situated in the lower Chesapeake Bay. The refuge was established in 1954 when the late Glenn L. Martin donated 2,569 acres (10.40 km2) to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Since then, donation and purchase has increased the size of the refuge to 4,548 acres (18.41 km2). The tidal marsh, coves and creeks, and vegetated ridges of the refuge form an important stopover and wintering area for thousands of migratory waterfowl and nesting habitat for various wildlife species. Martin National Wildlife Refuge is the largest unit of the Chesapeake Islands Refuges, which also includes Spring Island, Barren Island, and Bishops Head in Dorchester County, Maryland. The management of the Chesapeake Islands Refuges falls under the umbrella of the Chesapeake Marshlands National Wildlife Refuge Complex. Located in Cambridge, Maryland, the complex also manages Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge and Susquehanna River National Wildlife Refuge. == Wildlife ==
The tidal marsh, coves, creeks and ridges of the refuge provide an important rest area and winter home for thousands of migratory waterfowl and nesting habitat for a variety of wildlife that change with the seasons. Winter residents on the refuge include black ducks, pintail, mergansers, long-tailed ducks, scoters, bufflehead, Canada geese, and tundra swans. During spring and summer, the salt marsh grasses, abundant insects, and underwater vegetation attract black ducks, mallards, gadwall, and green-winged teal to nest on the refuge.",395
1361,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Martin_National_Wildlife_Refuge,Glenn Martin National Wildlife Refuge,"Winter residents on the refuge include black ducks, pintail, mergansers, long-tailed ducks, scoters, bufflehead, Canada geese, and tundra swans. During spring and summer, the salt marsh grasses, abundant insects, and underwater vegetation attract black ducks, mallards, gadwall, and green-winged teal to nest on the refuge. Gulls, terns, black skimmers, oystercatchers, and willets nest and feed along the marsh grasses, mudflats, and sand bars. The wooded ridges provide nest sites for several water birds. Ten different species, including herons, egrets, and glossy ibis have been seen in rookeries on the refuge. Rookeries are groups or colonies of birds that nest together. Martin NWR supports the largest colony of brown pelicans in the Maryland portion of the Chesapeake Bay. A small population of red fox, muskrat, mink, otter, voles, northern diamondback terrapin, and various nonvenomous water snakes also live in the marsh areas. Clapper rails, seaside sparrows, and marsh wrens also depend on the protected refuge habitat. Peregrine falcons have been nesting on the refuge every year since the first peregrine nesting tower was installed in 1984. The marsh and estuary are important in the production of marine species such as crabs and oysters that help form the food chain. == References ==

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. == External links ==

Glenn Martin National Wildlife Refuge Archived 2016-05-19 at the Wayback Machine",351
1362,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Olaz%C3%A1bal,Jos%C3%A9 Mar%C3%ADa Olaz%C3%A1bal,"José María Olazábal Manterola (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse maˈɾia olaˈθaβal manteˈɾola], Basque: [olas̻abal]; born 5 February 1966) is a Spanish professional golfer from the Basque Country, Spain who has enjoyed success on both the European Tour and the PGA Tour. He has won 30 professional tournaments, including two major championships, both the 1994 and 1999 Masters Tournaments. Olazábal played for Europe in seven Ryder Cups from 1987 to 2006. He also served as captain at the 2012 Ryder Cup, where the European team overcame a 10–6 deficit to win 14½–13½. == Early life ==
Olazábal was born in Hondarribia, a town in the Basque Country of Spain, the day after the golf course Real Golf Club de San Sebastian opened next to his family's home. His father Gaspar succeeded his grandfather as greenskeeper at the golf club, where his mother also worked. Olazábal began to hit golf balls at age 2 with a shortened club, and at age 6 he could practice on the course in late afternoons. == Amateur career ==
As an amateur, he represented Spain on all levels. He represented Spain in competing in the Eisenhower Trophy at 16 years of age in 1982, and again two years later, in 1984. In 1983, he won the Boys Amateur Championship at Glenbervie Golf Club, Scotland, and in 1984, he won The Amateur Championship at Formby Golf Club, Liverpool, England, at age 18, beating Colin Montgomerie 5 and 4 in the final. The year after, when he won the British Youths Open Amateur Championship, at Ganton Golf Club, England, he became the first player to have won the British Boy's, Youth's and Amateur titles in a career.",392
1363,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Olaz%C3%A1bal,Jos%C3%A9 Mar%C3%ADa Olaz%C3%A1bal,"In 1983, he won the Boys Amateur Championship at Glenbervie Golf Club, Scotland, and in 1984, he won The Amateur Championship at Formby Golf Club, Liverpool, England, at age 18, beating Colin Montgomerie 5 and 4 in the final. The year after, when he won the British Youths Open Amateur Championship, at Ganton Golf Club, England, he became the first player to have won the British Boy's, Youth's and Amateur titles in a career. At the 1985 European Amateur Team Championship in Halmstad, Sweden, Olazabal made a hole-in-one at the 13th hole on his way to winning 3 and 2 against Colin Montgomerie in the semi-final between Spain and Scotland. However, Scotland went on to win the team tournament. The month before his British Youths title, Olazábal, finished tied 25th and low amateur at the 1985 Open Championship in tough conditions at Royal St George's Golf Club in Sandwich, England. == Professional career ==
In his rookie professional season of 1986, he finished second on the European Tour Order of Merit aged 20. In his first nine seasons, he finished in the top 10 every year except two, including another second place in 1989. He was unable to play in 1996 due to a foot injury but he recovered and recorded further top 10 placings in the Order of Merit in 1997, 1999 and 2000. He has won 23 career titles on the European Tour, which is ninth best all-time. He was in the world top 10 for over 300 weeks between 1989 and 1995. Had Olazábal beaten Ian Woosnam at the 1991 Masters Tournament (he finished second) he would have become the World No. 1. In 1990, Olazábal made a, at the time, rare visit to the PGA Tour, invited in a limited field to the NEC World Series of Golf at Firestone Country Club in Akron, Ohio.",400
1364,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Olaz%C3%A1bal,Jos%C3%A9 Mar%C3%ADa Olaz%C3%A1bal,"1. In 1990, Olazábal made a, at the time, rare visit to the PGA Tour, invited in a limited field to the NEC World Series of Golf at Firestone Country Club in Akron, Ohio. He opened with a course record 61, continued with aggregate course and tournament records after every round and finished with an 18-under 262 total, 12 strokes ahead of second placed Lanny Wadkins. After congratulating Olazábal, Wadkins joked that he wished Olazábal back to Europe immediately. Both of Olazábal's majors have come in the United States, namely The Masters in 1994 and 1999. These wins make him one of only two winners of the Amateur Championship since World War II to have gone on to win a professional major. He has been highly placed in The Masters on a number of other occasions. Olazábal shares the record for the lowest round in the PGA Championship (63), which he accomplished in the third round at Valhalla Golf Club in 2000. In 2001, Olazábal began to play on the PGA Tour, while also retaining his membership of the European Tour. He had a solid year on the PGA Tour in 2002, when he won nearly $2 million and came 24th on the money list, but has not duplicated the success he enjoyed in Europe in the 1980s and 1990s. He has six career PGA Tour titles, five of them won before he became a full member of the Tour. In 2006, he made a return to the top 15 of the world rankings. Olazábal was a member of Europe's Ryder Cup team seven times from 1987 to 2006. He formed a famous partnership with fellow Spaniard Seve Ballesteros that spanned many years, and formed a similarly successful partnership with Sergio García in 2006.",372
1365,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Olaz%C3%A1bal,Jos%C3%A9 Mar%C3%ADa Olaz%C3%A1bal,"Olazábal was a member of Europe's Ryder Cup team seven times from 1987 to 2006. He formed a famous partnership with fellow Spaniard Seve Ballesteros that spanned many years, and formed a similarly successful partnership with Sergio García in 2006. Olazábal captained the European team at the 2012 Ryder Cup for the defence of the trophy at Medinah Country Club in Illinois. After his team went down 10–4 during the second day and 10–6 going into the last day, he helped engineer the greatest ever Ryder Cup comeback with the European team eventually winning by 14½ points to 13½. Olazábal was very emotional with the win, saying in an interview that that was his number one happiest golf moment and happiest moment of his life. The win was inspired by his late friend Seve Ballesteros, to whom he dedicated the win. He confirmed afterwards that he would not consider himself for captaincy in the next Ryder Cup. Olazábal holds the world record distance for a completed putt. During the 1999 European Ryder Cup team's Concorde flight to the United States, he holed a putt which travelled the full length of the cabin. The ball was in motion for 26.17s, during which time the Concorde, at 1,270 mph, traveled 9.232 miles, beating U.S. golfer Brad Faxon's previous record of 8.5 miles, set in 1997. == Awards and honors ==
In 2009, Olazábal was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2009 with 56% of the vote on the international ballot. On 19 June 2013, Olazábal was presented with Spain's most prestigious sporting honor, the Prince of Asturias Award in recognition of his accomplishments as a player and leader of the 2012 Ryder Cup team.",375
1366,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Olaz%C3%A1bal,Jos%C3%A9 Mar%C3%ADa Olaz%C3%A1bal,"== Awards and honors ==
In 2009, Olazábal was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2009 with 56% of the vote on the international ballot. On 19 June 2013, Olazábal was presented with Spain's most prestigious sporting honor, the Prince of Asturias Award in recognition of his accomplishments as a player and leader of the 2012 Ryder Cup team. He is only the second golfer to be honored since the awards were launched in 1987; Seve Ballesteros was honored in 1989. == Amateur wins ==
1982 Spanish Amateur Closed Championship
1983 Italian Open Amateur Championship, Biarritz Cup, Spanish International Amateur Championship, Boys Amateur Championship, Spanish Amateur Closed Championship
1984 The Amateur Championship, Belgian International Youths Championship, Spanish International Amateur Championship
1985 British Youths Open Amateur Championship


== Professional wins (30) ==


=== PGA Tour wins (6) ===

PGA Tour playoff record (0–2)


=== European Tour wins (23) ===

1Co-sanctioned by the Asian PGA Tour
European Tour playoff record (2–2)


=== PGA of Japan Tour wins (2) ===


=== Other wins (1) ===


== Major championships ==


=== Wins (2) ===


=== Results timeline ===
Results not in chronological order in 2020.",282
1367,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Olaz%C3%A1bal,Jos%C3%A9 Mar%C3%ADa Olaz%C3%A1bal,"He is only the second golfer to be honored since the awards were launched in 1987; Seve Ballesteros was honored in 1989. == Amateur wins ==
1982 Spanish Amateur Closed Championship
1983 Italian Open Amateur Championship, Biarritz Cup, Spanish International Amateur Championship, Boys Amateur Championship, Spanish Amateur Closed Championship
1984 The Amateur Championship, Belgian International Youths Championship, Spanish International Amateur Championship
1985 British Youths Open Amateur Championship


== Professional wins (30) ==


=== PGA Tour wins (6) ===

PGA Tour playoff record (0–2)


=== European Tour wins (23) ===

1Co-sanctioned by the Asian PGA Tour
European Tour playoff record (2–2)


=== PGA of Japan Tour wins (2) ===


=== Other wins (1) ===


== Major championships ==


=== Wins (2) ===


=== Results timeline ===
Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur
WD = Withdrew
CUT = missed the half-way cut
""T"" indicates a tie for a place
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic


=== Summary ===

Most consecutive cuts made – 9 (1994 Open Championship – 1997 Open Championship)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (twice)


== Results in The Players Championship ==

CUT = missed the halfway cut
""T"" indicates a tie for a place


== Results in World Golf Championships ==

1Cancelled due to 9/11

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
""T"" = Tied
NT = No tournament


== Results in senior major championships ==
Results not in chronological order.",382
1368,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Olaz%C3%A1bal,Jos%C3%A9 Mar%C3%ADa Olaz%C3%A1bal,"== Amateur wins ==
1982 Spanish Amateur Closed Championship
1983 Italian Open Amateur Championship, Biarritz Cup, Spanish International Amateur Championship, Boys Amateur Championship, Spanish Amateur Closed Championship
1984 The Amateur Championship, Belgian International Youths Championship, Spanish International Amateur Championship
1985 British Youths Open Amateur Championship


== Professional wins (30) ==


=== PGA Tour wins (6) ===

PGA Tour playoff record (0–2)


=== European Tour wins (23) ===

1Co-sanctioned by the Asian PGA Tour
European Tour playoff record (2–2)


=== PGA of Japan Tour wins (2) ===


=== Other wins (1) ===


== Major championships ==


=== Wins (2) ===


=== Results timeline ===
Results not in chronological order in 2020. LA = Low amateur
WD = Withdrew
CUT = missed the half-way cut
""T"" indicates a tie for a place
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic


=== Summary ===

Most consecutive cuts made – 9 (1994 Open Championship – 1997 Open Championship)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (twice)


== Results in The Players Championship ==

CUT = missed the halfway cut
""T"" indicates a tie for a place


== Results in World Golf Championships ==

1Cancelled due to 9/11

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
""T"" = Tied
NT = No tournament


== Results in senior major championships ==
Results not in chronological order. CUT = missed the halfway cut
""T"" indicates a tie for a place
NT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic


== Team appearances ==
Amateur

Eisenhower Trophy (representing Spain): 1982, 1984
Jacques Léglise Trophy (representing the Continent of Europe): 1981, 1982, 1983
European Amateur Team Championship (representing Spain): 1983, 1985
European Youths' Team Championship (representing Spain): 1982, 1984
St Andrews Trophy (representing the Continent of Europe): 1984
Professional

Alfred Dunhill Cup (representing Spain): 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1998, 1999 (winners), 2000 (winners)
Four Tours World Championship (representing Europe): 1987, 1989
Ryder Cup (representing Europe): 1987 (winners), 1989 (tied; retained trophy), 1991, 1993, 1997 (winners), 1999, 2006 (winners), 2012 (winners, non-playing captain)
World Cup (representing Spain): 1989, 2000
Seve Trophy (representing Continental Europe): 2000 (winners), 2002, 2003, 2005 (playing captain), 2013 (winners, non-playing captain)
Royal Trophy (representing Europe): 2009 (non-playing captain), 2012 (playing captain), 2013 (non-playing captain)


== See also ==
List of golfers with most European Tour wins


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==
José María Olazábal at the European Tour official site
José María Olazábal at the PGA Tour official site
José María Olazábal at the Japan Golf Tour official site
José María Olazábal at the Official World Golf Ranking official site
Golden Heart Award granted by  Spanish Heart Foundation",751
1369,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_People%27s_Party_(Namibia),All People%27s Party (Namibia),"The All People's Party (APP) is a political party in Namibia. Registered with the Electoral Commission of Namibia in January 2008, the party was initially made up primarily of former members of the Congress of Democrats and SWAPO political parties. Among the initial leaders were Chairperson Ignatius Shixwameni and Deputy Chairperson Stephanus Swartbooi. Ignatius Shixwameni, who had led the party since 2009, died on 10 November 2021. A new party leadership was elected in August 2024. Ambrosius Kumbwa became president, Linus Muchila his vice president and Faustinus Wakudumo was elected as the national chairperson. == Policies ==
Prior to the 2009 general election, the party sought to eliminate poverty in Namibia within five years and informal settlements in ten years. In a political forum prior to the 2009 election, party representative Lena Nakatana stated that the human rights of LGBT Namibians should be respected because of their equal citizenship. == Electoral history ==


=== Presidential elections ===


=== National Assembly elections ===


=== 2015 local and regional elections ===
In the 2015 Namibian local and regional elections the APP won 4 council seats. === 2014 general election ===
In the 2014 Namibian general election the APP gained 2 seats in parliament. === 2009 general election ===
In the 2009 Namibian general election campaign, the party leadership consisted of President Shixwameni, Vice President Reinhold Madala Nauyoma, Secretary General Mukuve Marcellus Mudumbi and National chairman Herbert Shixwameni. All four of which were activists in the Namibia National Students Organisation. In October 2009, the party and the Rehoboth Ratepayers' Association, a local political party in Rehoboth in the Hardap Region, agreed to a collective agreement to cooperate in the 2009 general elections.",386
1370,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_People%27s_Party_(Namibia),All People%27s Party (Namibia),"All four of which were activists in the Namibia National Students Organisation. In October 2009, the party and the Rehoboth Ratepayers' Association, a local political party in Rehoboth in the Hardap Region, agreed to a collective agreement to cooperate in the 2009 general elections. The leader of the association, Lukas de Klerk, said it was a way for Rehoboth to have representation in the Namibian National Assembly. De Klerk was listed at the sixth position for the party on the list for National Assembly. Party President Ignatius Shixwameni was elected to the National Assembly with the party. The party garnered 10,795 (1.3 percent) of votes for the National Assembly. The party joined with other opposition parties to contest the conduct and outcome of the 2009 National Assembly election, bringing forth a legal challenge aiming to declare the election null and void. === 2004 local and regional elections ===
Although the party was founded after the 2004 Namibian local and regional elections it participated in the regional by-election in the Tobias Hainyeko constituency in October 2008. However, it received only 164 votes, compared to 5,526 for SWAPO. The other political parties contesting the election withdrew two days prior to the election. == See also ==

List of political parties in Namibia
Manifesto of the APP


== References ==",289
1371,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_(band),Wildlife (band),"Wildlife are a Canadian indie rock band formed in 2005. The band is currently based in Toronto. The band's debut LP Strike Hard, Young Diamond was favourably received by both Exclaim! and Chart. == History ==


=== Formation ===
Band members Dean Povinsky, Graham Plant, and Dwayne Christie are originally from Oshawa, Ontario. Wildlife began as an entity in 2005, when singer/guitarist Povinsky and guitarist Darryl Smith left Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, and moved to Glasgow to form and play in a band. The group, also comprising Scottish drummer Peter Kelly and Canadian Billy Holmes, spent time travelling, writing songs, recording and playing small venues around Glasgow. The dark days, rain, and a general homesickness led the members to abandon the project and return to Canada. Povinsky moved to Toronto with the intention of continuing Wildlife with childhood friend Graham Plant on guitar, drummer Dwayne Christie and Julia Mensink playing synthesizer. The group was rounded out when bassist Derek Bosomworth was procured via a Craigslist advertisement. The band is currently based in Toronto. === EP ===
The group independently released a self-titled EP in November 2008. Copies were sold at shows and on tours of Ontario and eastern Canada. The recording is currently out of print. === Strike Hard, Young Diamond ===
Wildlife released Strike Hard, Young Diamond on 16 November 2010 on the Toronto-based independent label Easy Tiger Music. Recorded and mixed in Hamilton, Ontario, their full-length debut was reviewed positively on the Baeble Music website. Critic Jessica Lewis of Exclaim! wrote, ""The five songs are bold, full of angst and to the point, but they're also filled with youthful exuberance and affirming righteousness that will be good for a simple pick-me-up.""",378
1372,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_(band),Wildlife (band),"Critic Jessica Lewis of Exclaim! wrote, ""The five songs are bold, full of angst and to the point, but they're also filled with youthful exuberance and affirming righteousness that will be good for a simple pick-me-up."" In a favourable review, critic Scott Bryson of Chart suggested that the band's style was like a mix of fellow Canadians Wolf Parade and Born Ruffians. Wildlife's song ""Sea Dreamer"" debuted on CBC Radio 3's top 30 charts at No. 28 and rose to No. 4. Wildlife played the Canadian Music Week festival in 2011. In an early leak of the Arcade Fire album The Suburbs, some tracks by Wildlife were released along with the leak, replacing ""Rococo"" by Arcade fire with ""Sea Dreamer"", among other replacements. Band members cite their musical influences as including Bruce Springsteen, David Bowie, and The Clash. === On the Heart ===
Wildlife released On the Heart in March 2013 through Wax Records. This album gave the band their first top 10 radio hit with the single ""Lightning Tent"". === Age of Everything ===
Wildlife released a single called ""Dead Century"" in May 2016. The song was premiered live at Lee's Palace during Canadian Music Week 2016. The album also saw a member change with the addition of Chris Dawe replacing Tim Daugulis, and Nick Greaves (The Most Serene Republic) replacing Graham Plant on Lead Guitar. === Take the Light with You ===
The band was most recently in the studio working with producer Dave Schiffman (PUP, The Mars Volta, System of a Down). The album was released in October 2019. The band has also signed with Toronto-based record label Culvert Music.",355
1373,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_(band),Wildlife (band),"The album was released in October 2019. The band has also signed with Toronto-based record label Culvert Music. == Band members ==
Dean Povinsky – lead vocals, guitar (2005–present)
Derek Bosomworth – bass guitar, vocals (2006–present)
Dwayne Christie – drums (2006–present)
Chris Dawe – keyboard, synth, keyboard, guitar, bass guitar (2012–present)
Nick Greaves – Lead guitar (2014–present)
Former Members
Julia Mensink – keyboards, (2006–2009)
Graham Plant – guitar, (2006–2014)
Tim Daugulis – keyboards, (2009–2013)


== Discography ==


=== EPs ===
2008: Wildlife


=== Albums ===
2010: Strike Hard, Young Diamond, CAN No. 55
2013: On the Heart
2016: Age of Everything
2019: Take the Light with You


== See also ==
List of bands from Canada


== References ==


== External links ==
Wildlife at Wax Records Archived 15 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
Wildlife on CBC R3 Archived 13 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine",253
1374,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Diggers,Marion Diggers,"The Marion Diggers were a minor league baseball team based in Marion, Ohio and Marion County, Ohio. From 1908 to 1912, the Diggers played as members of the Class D level Ohio State League, hosting home minor league games at Webb Park. Despite not winning a league championship, the Diggers finished in the top three in the final standings in each full season of play. Future president Warren Harding was a part owner of the Marion Diggers. == History ==
Marion, Ohio first hosted minor league baseball in 1900, when the Marion ""Glass Blowers"" played a partial season as members of Class B level Interstate League. The Diggers were preceded in minor league play by the 1906 ""Marion"" team that played a partial season in the Class B level Interstate Association and the 1906 and 1907 Marion Moguls of the Class C level Ohio-Pennsylvania League. After Marion did not host a minor league team in 1907, the 1908 Marion ""Diggers"" were charter members of the reformed, six-team, Class D level Ohio State League. The Lancaster Lanks, Lima Cigarmakers, Mansfield Pioneers, Newark Newks and Springfield Reapers teams joined Marion in beginning Ohio State League play on April 23, 1908. In their first season of play, the Diggers finished third in the six–team Ohio State League. The Diggers ended their initial Ohio State League season with a record of 78–71, playing the season under manager Charley O'Day. The Diggers finished 14.0 games behind the place first place Lancaster Lanks in the final regular season standings, as the league held no playoffs. Marion's Hughie Tate won the league batting title, hitting .320 and also led the Ohio State League with 169 total hits. The Marion Diggers continued play in the 1909 Ohio State League. The Diggers placed second in the standings with a 71–59 record, playing the season under managers Charley O'Day and Joe Lewis.",397
1375,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Diggers,Marion Diggers,"The Marion Diggers continued play in the 1909 Ohio State League. The Diggers placed second in the standings with a 71–59 record, playing the season under managers Charley O'Day and Joe Lewis. Marion finished 8.5 games behind the first place Lima Cigarmakers in the final standings. The Diggers had three league leaders in 1909, as Red Farrell won the league batting title, hitting .321 and Joe Stanley led the league with 142 total hits. Diggers' pitcher Ed Zmich won 21 games to lead the league. The Diggers placed third in 1910, as the franchise continued play in the six-team Ohio state League. The Diggers finished third in the standings, with a record of 80-58. Marion finished the season 6.0 games behind the first place Portsmouth Cobblers in the six-team league final standings. Joe Lewis returned as the Marion manager. Pitcher Ted Goulait of Marion led the league with 21 wins. === Warren G. Harding ownership ===
Future President of the United States, a local politician and business owner at the time, Warren G. Harding became a part owner of the Marion Diggers before the 1911 season. A Marion native, Harding owned the Marion Star Newspaper at the time and became a team owner of the local team in his hometown. Harding admired Wilbur Cooper, who played for Marion in 1911. Cooper and Harding remained friends as Cooper became a major league player and Harding was elected as President. In 1911, an expanded Ohio State League added two teams and Diggers placed second in the eight-team league. Marion ended the season with an 80-59 record, playing a third season under returning manager Joe Lewis. The Diggers finished 4.0 games behind the first place Springfield Reapers in the final standings. In their final season of play, the 1912 Marion Diggers relocated during the season, as the Ohio State League returned to a six–team league.",391
1376,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Diggers,Marion Diggers,"The Diggers finished 4.0 games behind the first place Springfield Reapers in the final standings. In their final season of play, the 1912 Marion Diggers relocated during the season, as the Ohio State League returned to a six–team league. On July 11, 1912, the league took over the Marion franchise and moved it to Ironton, Ohio on July 15, with a 32-44 record. Playing as the Ironton Orphans, the team ended the season with an overall record of 65–72, finishing 24.5 games behind the first place Portsmouth Cobblers. Fred Johnston, Fred Odwell and Bill Johnstone managed the team. Waldo Jackley of Marion/Ironton won the batting title, leading the league with a .357 batting average and also hit 11 home runs, tops in the Ohio State League. Sandy Burk the league with a 21-10 record. Marion, Ohio next hosted a minor league team in 1915, when the Marion Senators played the season as members of the Class D level Buckeye League. In 1937, the Marion Presidents rejoined the Ohio State League and the Marion franchise played thorough the 1951 season. == The ballpark ==
The Marion Diggers hosted minor league home games at Webb Park. The ballpark had a capacity of 800. == Timeline ==


== Year-by-year records ==


== Notable alumni ==

Marion Diggers players


== References ==


== External links ==
Stats Crew
Baseball Reference",305
1377,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Tomb_(United_States_Capitol),Washington%27s Tomb (United States Capitol),"Washington's Tomb is an empty burial chamber two stories directly below the Rotunda of the United States Capitol building in Washington, DC. It was included in the original design of the building by William Thornton and intended to entomb the body of George Washington, the first president of the United States. The original design of the rotunda, and the Crypt beneath it, included a central glass floor allowing the public to view Washington's Tomb two floors below, but this was never implemented. When Washington died on December 14, 1799, the Capitol was still under construction and nearing completion of its north wing for the Senate chamber only in its first phase. The federal government was still then located further north in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and wouldn't be moving until about November 1800 and following March 1801, for the opening of the new congressional term and presidential inauguration. Both houses of Congress later passed a resolution calling for the revered Washington to be entombed as originally planned by the architects in the Capitol upon its eventual construction completion and dedication. His wife, Martha Washington (1731-1802), agreed to the plan despite the presence in her husband's last will and testament, of a provision he wrote that he was to be buried at Mount Vernon. However, the original congressional resolution was never carried out due to disputes over the specific design and cost of the underground tomb and the body was placed in a temporary tomb at his longtime beloved home at Mount Vernon, near the estate house, overlooking the Potomac River in Virginia (southeast of Washington, D.C.). Congress again attempted to resolve these issues later in 1800, (when the Congress and President first moved from Philadelphia to the new Washington city), then subsequently in 1816, 1824, and 1829, when the then Architect of the Capitol finally prepared plans for the tomb in anticipation of the approaching centennial observances of Washington's birth in 1832.",381
1378,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Tomb_(United_States_Capitol),Washington%27s Tomb (United States Capitol),"However, the original congressional resolution was never carried out due to disputes over the specific design and cost of the underground tomb and the body was placed in a temporary tomb at his longtime beloved home at Mount Vernon, near the estate house, overlooking the Potomac River in Virginia (southeast of Washington, D.C.). Congress again attempted to resolve these issues later in 1800, (when the Congress and President first moved from Philadelphia to the new Washington city), then subsequently in 1816, 1824, and 1829, when the then Architect of the Capitol finally prepared plans for the tomb in anticipation of the approaching centennial observances of Washington's birth in 1832. Congress renewed its call to transfer the body to the Capitol in 1830, after an attempt to steal Washington's head in which the original temporary Mount Vernon tomb was vandalized and several of Washington's relatives' corpses desecrated in 1830. The then current owner of the property, his descendant John Washington, decided to build a new, more secure tomb on the site instead. The Lincoln catafalque, first used in April 1865 to support the casket of President Abraham Lincoln and then used for other ceremonial state funerals at the Capitol and White House in the years since, was previously stored and exhibited in the proposed Washington's Tomb below the central Rotunda. It was later moved and is kept, at present, in a specially constructed display area in the Exhibition Hall of the underground Capitol Visitor Center since it opened in December 2008, beneath the East Front grounds of the Capitol. == See also ==
United States Capitol crypt
List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States


== References ==",338
1379,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violette_Tr%C3%A9panier,Violette Tr%C3%A9panier,"Violette Trépanier (born March 14, 1945) is a Canadian politician in the  province of Quebec. She was a Liberal member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1985 to 1994 and was a minister in the governments of Robert Bourassa and Daniel Johnson. == Early life and career ==
Trépanier was born in Montreal. She studied at the normal school of Saint-Lambert and has a bachelor's degree in education from the Université de Montréal (1966). She was a French teacher from 1966 to 1976. Trépanier became a political attaché to legislator Jean-Pierre Saintonge in 1981. She was chosen as vice-president of the Quebec Liberal Party the following year and served in this capacity until 1985. == Legislator and cabinet minister ==
Bourassa government
Trépanier was elected to the Quebec legislature in the 1985 provincial election, defeating Parti Québécois (PQ) incumbent Huguette Lachapelle in the Montreal division of Dorion. The Liberal Party won a majority government in this election, and Trépanier entered the legislature as a backbench supporter of Robert Bourassa's administration. From December 13, 1985, to March 3, 1989, she was the parliamentary assistant to the minister of municipal affairs. She was promoted to the provincial ministry on March 3, 1989, serving as the junior minister responsible for cultural communities and immigration. She assisted Monique Gagnon-Tremblay, who held the full cabinet portfolio for these files. Trépanier was re-elected over PQ candidate Joseph Facal in the 1989 provincial election and was reassigned as the minister responsible for the status of women and minister responsible for the family on October 11, 1989.",363
1380,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violette_Tr%C3%A9panier,Violette Tr%C3%A9panier,"She assisted Monique Gagnon-Tremblay, who held the full cabinet portfolio for these files. Trépanier was re-elected over PQ candidate Joseph Facal in the 1989 provincial election and was reassigned as the minister responsible for the status of women and minister responsible for the family on October 11, 1989. During ceremonies marking the fiftieth anniversary of women's suffrage in Quebec in April 1990, Trépanier said that the greatest challenge of modern Quebec women was to create a society where family and work were compatible. ""What women need is day care, flexible work schedules, maternity leave, pay equity and a lot of vigilance because the gains we have made are very fragile,"" she said. Later in the same year, she introduced a bill allowing parents to take thirty-four weeks of unpaid parental leave after the birth or adoption of a child; she described the bill as the first step toward paid parental leave. She also ensured passage of a bill requiring that all divorcing couples in Quebec equally split the value of most shared assets developed during their relationship. Trépanier criticized the federal government of Brian Mulroney for cutting universal child care benefits and cancelling funding targeted to day care. She introduced legislation in April 1992 to guarantee mandatory child support payments in the event of a separation or divorce, create 7,500 new day care spaces in three years, and set aside $1.8 million for pilot projects to enhance family life. She also re-affirmed her support for Quebec's universal family allowance policy, intended to encourage couples to have more children, which was introduced shortly before she was appointed to cabinet. In late 1993, she introduced a new government policy document on women that proposed an employment equity law for all public sector and some private sector organizations with over one hundred employees. Some provincial groups representing women criticized the document as being for the most part vague and unspecific.",384
1381,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violette_Tr%C3%A9panier,Violette Tr%C3%A9panier,"In late 1993, she introduced a new government policy document on women that proposed an employment equity law for all public sector and some private sector organizations with over one hundred employees. Some provincial groups representing women criticized the document as being for the most part vague and unspecific. Trépanier was the minister responsible for the status women at the time of the École Polytechnique massacre, in which lone gunman Marc Lepine shot and murdered fourteen women at the École Polytechnique de Montréal. In common with other female members of Bourassa's cabinet, Trépanier cautioned against interpreting the massacre as anything other than the act of a single psychopathic individual. Johnson government
Trépanier supported Daniel Johnson's successful bid to succeed Robert Bourassa as leader of the Quebec Liberal Party and premier of Quebec in January 1994. When Johnson became premier on January 11, 1994, he appointed Trépanier to a full cabinet position as minister of revenue security. She also retained ministerial responsibility for the status of women and the family. In March 1994, Trépanier and employment minister Serge Marcil announced a $17.2 million program to assist persons on social assistance in starting up small businesses. Critics charged that it would be ineffective as it required recipients to provide two thousand dollars in cash or goods toward their project; some argued this was an unrealistic sum. Trépanier later announced the expansion of a program that encouraged social assistance recipients to accept temporary jobs for non-profit organizations. Trépanier also announced in March 1994 that Quebec would increase its monthly breastfeeding subsidy from $15 to $37.50, while simultaneously reducing funds for milk formula, in an effort to encourage more low-income women to nurse their infants. This decision received international attention. She was not a candidate in the 1994 provincial election and formally resigned from cabinet on September 26, 1994.",381
1382,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violette_Tr%C3%A9panier,Violette Tr%C3%A9panier,"This decision received international attention. She was not a candidate in the 1994 provincial election and formally resigned from cabinet on September 26, 1994. She became director of recruiting and financing for the Quebec Liberal Party in 2001 and still held this position as of 2010. == Federal politics ==
Trépanier supported Liberal Party of Canada parliamentarian Marcel Prud'homme in his successful bid for re-election in the 1988 federal election. == Electoral record ==


== References ==


== External links ==
""Biography"". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.",132
1383,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_C%2B%2B_Libraries,POCO C%2B%2B Libraries,"The Portable Components (POCO) C++ Libraries are computer software, a set of class libraries for developing computer network-centric, portable applications in the programming language C++, and can supplement the C++ Standard Library. The libraries cover functions such as threads, thread synchronizing, file system access, streams, shared libraries and class loading, Internet sockets, and network communications protocols (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc. ), and include an HTTP server, and an XML parser with SAX2 and DOM interfaces and SQL database access. The modular and efficient design and implementation makes the libraries well suited for embedded system development. The libraries are free and open-source software distributed under the Boost Software License 1.0. == Overview ==
POCO is a set of C++ libraries providing users with library support similar to that found in other development environments, like the Java Class Library, .NET Framework, or Apple's Cocoa. POCO is centered on network-centric application domains and developed with modern ANSI/ISO Standard C++ and C++ Standard Library facilities and techniques with emphasis on powerful functionality, ease of use, and consistency. Governed primarily by code quality, consistent style and unit testing, POCO is highly portable, and already ported to a variety of different platforms. It describes itself as not a replacement to Boost, but rather can be used complementarily with Boost and the C++ standard library, stating ""In regards to Boost, in spite of some functional overlapping, POCO is best thought of as a Boost complement (rather than replacement). Side-by-side use of Boost and POCO is a very common occurrence."" == Library ==
One design goal of many targeted decisions are based around POCO C++ providing an easy to use component library that works out of the box. As of 2017, the libraries are available in two package formats: the basic and the complete editions.",389
1384,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_C%2B%2B_Libraries,POCO C%2B%2B Libraries,"== Library ==
One design goal of many targeted decisions are based around POCO C++ providing an easy to use component library that works out of the box. As of 2017, the libraries are available in two package formats: the basic and the complete editions. The complete edition covers NetSSL, Crypto, Zip, and Data abilities, among others. The basic edition does not, and thus eliminates dependence on external facilities such as OpenSSL, ODBC, and MySQL dependencies. Its namespace and module are both named Poco. Being open source enables and encourages development of further library functions. Design and development of existing and upcoming library support is driven by the pragmatic needs of the user base. Library additions occur in a sandbox development environment and are reviewed and integrated into the main library releases as approved by the core development team with input from contributors. POCO also provides a proprietary ""POCOPRO C++ Frameworks"" library offering web services frameworks, open service platform with web application servers, authentication with OAuth and one-time passwords, and Internet-of-Things edge computing with datapoint APIs and JavaScript engines, and remote access (HTTP, Secure Shell (SSH), Secure Copy Protocol (SCP), SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)) and remote desktop through macchina.io. It is available for free usage, but requires a licence file (poco.license) placed in the home directory, which can be obtained from the POCO Project website (once a source code licence is purchased, the licence file is no longer necessary). === Library hierarchy ===
As of 2025, POCO C++ Libraries are split into five core libraries with optional add-on libraries available with each release. It is designed to resemble the Java standard library or .NET standard library. Its design and hierarchy has received praise from some, who consider it well-designed.",378
1385,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_C%2B%2B_Libraries,POCO C%2B%2B Libraries,"It is designed to resemble the Java standard library or .NET standard library. Its design and hierarchy has received praise from some, who consider it well-designed. The component libraries cover the following areas that can be found in the complete edition:


==== Foundation (Poco) ====
Platform abstraction – Eases porting issues of fundamental types, etc. Memory management – Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII), smart pointers, reference counting garbage collection, etc.",95
1386,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_C%2B%2B_Libraries,POCO C%2B%2B Libraries,"The component libraries cover the following areas that can be found in the complete edition:


==== Foundation (Poco) ====
Platform abstraction – Eases porting issues of fundamental types, etc. Memory management – Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII), smart pointers, reference counting garbage collection, etc. String utilities
Error handling – Extended exception classes
Streams – Encoding and decoding and filtering support
Threads – Concurrent processing support
Date and time – Date and time support including formatting and high precision timers
File system – Abstracted file system support
Logging – Application and system logging, filtering and logging strategies
Processes – Interprocess communication and memory sharing
Shared libraries – Dynamic library support
Notifications – Abstracted notification support
Events – Abstracted event support and strategies
Text – Unicode encoding support
Regular expressions – Based on Perl compatible regular expression
URI – Universal Resource Identifier support
UUID – Universally Unique Identifiers support and generators
Cache support – Abstracted strategy support


==== Active Record (Poco::ActiveRecord) ====
Classes and framework for implementing the active record pattern


==== C++ Parser (Poco::CppParser) ====
Utilities for parsing the C++ language


==== Cryptography (Poco::Crypto) ====
Cryptography – Random number generation, Digests and encoding/decoding engines
Ciphers
Elliptic curve cryptography support
RSA cryptosystem support
X.509 public key certificate support
OpenSSL APIs


==== DNS Service Discovery (Poco::DNSSD) ====
DNS Service Discovery support
Avahi and Bonjour support


==== Data (Poco::Data) ====
APIs for interacting with SQL (generally similar to the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API)
Classes for SQL statements, connections, columns, etc.",396
1387,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_C%2B%2B_Libraries,POCO C%2B%2B Libraries,"Memory management – Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII), smart pointers, reference counting garbage collection, etc. String utilities
Error handling – Extended exception classes
Streams – Encoding and decoding and filtering support
Threads – Concurrent processing support
Date and time – Date and time support including formatting and high precision timers
File system – Abstracted file system support
Logging – Application and system logging, filtering and logging strategies
Processes – Interprocess communication and memory sharing
Shared libraries – Dynamic library support
Notifications – Abstracted notification support
Events – Abstracted event support and strategies
Text – Unicode encoding support
Regular expressions – Based on Perl compatible regular expression
URI – Universal Resource Identifier support
UUID – Universally Unique Identifiers support and generators
Cache support – Abstracted strategy support


==== Active Record (Poco::ActiveRecord) ====
Classes and framework for implementing the active record pattern


==== C++ Parser (Poco::CppParser) ====
Utilities for parsing the C++ language


==== Cryptography (Poco::Crypto) ====
Cryptography – Random number generation, Digests and encoding/decoding engines
Ciphers
Elliptic curve cryptography support
RSA cryptosystem support
X.509 public key certificate support
OpenSSL APIs


==== DNS Service Discovery (Poco::DNSSD) ====
DNS Service Discovery support
Avahi and Bonjour support


==== Data (Poco::Data) ====
APIs for interacting with SQL (generally similar to the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API)
Classes for SQL statements, connections, columns, etc. 2004 – Günter Obiltschnig began POCO by developing the class libraries because of being dissatisfied by what was available in C++ class libraries for network centric programming.",393
1388,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_C%2B%2B_Libraries,POCO C%2B%2B Libraries,"String utilities
Error handling – Extended exception classes
Streams – Encoding and decoding and filtering support
Threads – Concurrent processing support
Date and time – Date and time support including formatting and high precision timers
File system – Abstracted file system support
Logging – Application and system logging, filtering and logging strategies
Processes – Interprocess communication and memory sharing
Shared libraries – Dynamic library support
Notifications – Abstracted notification support
Events – Abstracted event support and strategies
Text – Unicode encoding support
Regular expressions – Based on Perl compatible regular expression
URI – Universal Resource Identifier support
UUID – Universally Unique Identifiers support and generators
Cache support – Abstracted strategy support


==== Active Record (Poco::ActiveRecord) ====
Classes and framework for implementing the active record pattern


==== C++ Parser (Poco::CppParser) ====
Utilities for parsing the C++ language


==== Cryptography (Poco::Crypto) ====
Cryptography – Random number generation, Digests and encoding/decoding engines
Ciphers
Elliptic curve cryptography support
RSA cryptosystem support
X.509 public key certificate support
OpenSSL APIs


==== DNS Service Discovery (Poco::DNSSD) ====
DNS Service Discovery support
Avahi and Bonjour support


==== Data (Poco::Data) ====
APIs for interacting with SQL (generally similar to the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API)
Classes for SQL statements, connections, columns, etc. 2004 – Günter Obiltschnig began POCO by developing the class libraries because of being dissatisfied by what was available in C++ class libraries for network centric programming. February 21, 2005 – The first public release on SourceForge, under the Sleepycat License, contained the Foundation and XML support libraries.",399
1389,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_C%2B%2B_Libraries,POCO C%2B%2B Libraries,"2004 – Günter Obiltschnig began POCO by developing the class libraries because of being dissatisfied by what was available in C++ class libraries for network centric programming. February 21, 2005 – The first public release on SourceForge, under the Sleepycat License, contained the Foundation and XML support libraries. May 2005 – Aleksandar Fabijanic made the first contribution. January 19, 2006 – POCO 1.0 was released, including the Net library. July 2006 – POCO was relicensed under the Boost license. August 2006 – POCO 1.2 was released, splitting the library namespaces. May 2007 – POCO 1.3 was released, including the Data library, HashMap and HashSet support,
December 2010 – POCO 1.4 was released, including many improvements. October 2012 – POCO 1.5 was released, adding a JSON library and CMake support. December 2014 – POCO 1.6 was released, including the JSON and MongoDB libraries and many other improvements. March 2016 – POCO 1.7 was released, including many improvements. November 2017 – POCO 1.8 was released, introducing Unix domain sockets and XML stream parsers, and Zip64 support. The Redis library was added. March 2018 – POCO 1.9 was released, including support for internationalized Domain Names and additions to supported text encodings. January 2020 – POCO 1.10 was released, moving the minimum version to C++14, adding a JSON Web Token library and migrating from raw pointers to smart pointers. June 2021 – POCO 1.11 was released, introducing the active record pattern framework. July 2022 – POCO 1.12 was released, introducing the Prometheus library. December 2023 – POCO 1.13 was released, moving the minimum version to C++17 and introducing support for a SQL parser.",397
1390,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_C%2B%2B_Libraries,POCO C%2B%2B Libraries,"July 2022 – POCO 1.12 was released, introducing the Prometheus library. December 2023 – POCO 1.13 was released, moving the minimum version to C++17 and introducing support for a SQL parser. December 2024 – POCO 1.14 was released, deprecating several old features and including Version 6 and 7 UUID support. The upcoming release, POCO 1.15, will introduce asynchronous notifying, C++ modules, ULID (universally unique lexicographically sortable identifier) support, and moving the minimum version to C++20. == Users ==
Users include:

Adobe Inc.
Ansys
Appcelerator Titanium
Autodesk
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev CS Department
Cisco
Honeywell
Husky Energy
Gen Digital (Symantec)
Gladinet
Malwarebytes
MathWorks
OpenFrameworks
OpenText
Oracle Corporation
Panasonic
Schneider Electric Buildings (formerly TAC)
Siemens
Sony
Thales Group
US Army Communications Realism Appliance (CRA)
VMware


== See also ==
C++ Standard Library
Adaptive Communication Environment (ACE)
Boost (C++ libraries), a large set of C++ libraries
Loki (C++)
List of C++ template libraries
List of C++ multi-threading libraries
Jakarta EE (formerly Java Platform, Enterprise Edition)


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website
POCO C++ Libraries on SourceForge
POCO Changelog covering time lines",340
1391,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Eun-sang_(poet),Lee Eun-sang (poet),"Lee Eun-sang (Korean: 이은상; October 22, 1903 – September 18, 1982) was a Korean poet and historian. He was dedicated to the revival and modernization of sijo, a form of Korean poetry. == Early life ==
Lee Eun-sang was born on October 22, 1903, at Sangnam-dong, Masan, Korean Empire. In 1918, he graduated from the Changshin High School (창신고등학교) which his father had established, and in 1923, he entered the department of liberal arts at Yonhee College, the predecessor of Yonsei University. He withdrew in 1923. He worked for Changshin School as a teacher for a time until he enrolled at Waseda University in Japan, majoring in history in 1925. He worked at Ewha Womans University as a professor from 1931 to 1932. After that, he worked for The Dong-a Ilbo and The Chosun Ilbo newspapers. In 1942, he was arrested on the suspicion of being implicated in the Korean Language Society Incident, and was released the next year when his indictment was suspended. In 1945, he was detained in custody as a political offender at the Gwang-yang police station and was released at the time of independence from Japan. After Korea's liberation from Japan, Lee taught at Cheong-gu University, Seoul National University, and Young-nam University. In 1954, he was invited to join the Korean Academy of the Arts, and by 1978 he had achieved a life-time membership in the Korean Academy of the Arts.",344
1392,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Eun-sang_(poet),Lee Eun-sang (poet),"After Korea's liberation from Japan, Lee taught at Cheong-gu University, Seoul National University, and Young-nam University. In 1954, he was invited to join the Korean Academy of the Arts, and by 1978 he had achieved a life-time membership in the Korean Academy of the Arts. Lee served as the chairman of the Admiral Lee Sun-sin Memorial Committee, a member of the Korea Alpinist's Association, the Korea Culture Preservation Association, and the People's Culture Association, as well as being Editor-in-Chief for the History of Korea Independence Movements. In 1969, he was awarded the Presidential Prize, and in 1970, the National Medal of Honor, Republic of Korea, Mu-gung-hwa-jang The Medal of Rose of Sharon. Lee won the Rose of Sharon National Medal of Honor in 1970, and died in 1982. == Works ==
In his childhood, Lee and his friends enjoyed playing near a stream close to his house on the hills of Mount No-bi-san. Whenever he visited Masan, his hometown, later in life, he went to the stream as it reminded him of his childhood. The poems Climbing Up the Old Hill and Symphony of Spring both depict the days when he played on the hill of Mount Nobisan. One of his motivations for writing poetry in the sijo form is that his father would recited it to him when he was a child. In 1921, the poem Hyul-jo was published for the first time, in Ah-sung, volume 4, under the pen name Du-wu-seong.The Awards


== References ==

Kim Sang-sun. ""On the Shijo (Koren Liric) of Lee un-sang."" Korean Literature, May 1985. vol.93 n.1 p. 209-229. Park Sang-gon. ""A Study on Lee Eun-sang's shijo.""",396
1393,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Eun-sang_(poet),Lee Eun-sang (poet),"Park Sang-gon. ""A Study on Lee Eun-sang's shijo."" KNUE, 1992. Lee Sung-won. ""The Status of Lee Eun-sang's shijo."" A Collection of Treatises about Human Knowledge, vol.10. Aug. 2003. p. 5-20. Oh Seung-hui. ""A Study of Space on Lee Eun-sang's shijo."" KNUE, The Korean Language Research Institute. Jan.1996. vol.5 p. 93-116. Oh Se-yeong. ""A theory of Modern Korean Traditional Verse Writer."" Taihaksa, 2001. p. 51-65. Nosan Literature Compilation Committee. ""Nosan's Literature and Human."" Hwatbulsa, 1983. The Korean Literature Compilation Committee. ""Korean Literature Data Dictionary"", Hanguksajeonyeongusa, 1995.
https://web.archive.org/web/20081206154918/http://english.masan.go.kr/
""The Korean Literature Compilation Committee"", Garamgihoek, (1995). ""The Korean Modern Literature Dictionary"", Hanguksajeonyeongusa, (2000).",261
1394,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Berggren,Linn Berggren,"Malin Sofia Katarina Berggren (born 31 October 1970) is a Swedish singer-songwriter, best known as a former member of the pop music band Ace of Base. Having been interested and involved in music since her childhood, she formed the band in 1987, along with her sister Jenny, her brother Jonas and their friend Ulf Ekberg. Before forming Ace of Base, Malin sang in her church's choir. She was born in Gothenburg, Sweden. When Ace of Base was signed to Danish label Mega Records in 1990, Malin, or Linn as she became known, chose to put her teaching career on hold. In 1997, Linn said: ""I wanted to sing; I never wanted to be a singer"". That year, she began to fade out of the spotlight, leading to her last public appearance in 2002. According to her brother Jonas, Linn has been living a peaceful life since then. Her vocal range during her time with the group was contralto. == Ace of Base ==


=== Frontwoman (1992–1996) ===
During the promotion for Ace of Base's first album, Linn was the principal lead vocalist for the majority of the singles and was generally the focus in the videos, although on some singles (""The Sign"", ""Waiting for Magic"") and album tracks Jenny and Linn shared leads. Linn had a somewhat minor role in the composition of Happy Nation and The Sign, only having co-writing credits on one track on a re-release of the former. She was influential in the development of ""All That She Wants"", demanding that the track be changed from major key to minor. In 1994, a German girl invaded the Berggren family home, targeting Linn. Linn was not present, but the girl attacked Jenny and her mother with a knife. This incident had a large impact on Linn.",388
1395,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Berggren,Linn Berggren,"Linn was not present, but the girl attacked Jenny and her mother with a knife. This incident had a large impact on Linn. During the release of the group's second album, The Bridge, the focus in both vocals and media became more equal with her younger sister, Jenny. Linn had a larger role in the composition of The Bridge and wrote and produced several songs for the album. Following the completion of the album, it was reported that Linn developed unspecified recurrent vocal problems. Beginning in late 1995, Linn began to express discomfort in how successful the band had become, explaining in an interview ""this business, I don't want to be in it for too long."" She later remarked in a 1996 interview: ""All this wasn't my plan. For me, this is too big, especially with the success in America. It doesn't look like it, but it costs a lot of energy to push yourself to success on this level. We have to push forward, but I just can't, I want to push backwards."" She also explained her fear of flying, remarking ""when the plane goes down, my heart skips a beat and I can't breathe, talk, speak or move."" The band went on 179 flights for music promotion in 1995, which made Linn disenchanted with touring. In the same interview, she alluded to her plans for the future: ""I've been thinking about travelling by train or car and doing very little promotion."" In the midst of promotion in Asia for The Bridge in the spring of 1996, Linn left prematurely, leaving the rest of the band members to continue in her absence. Her final performance with the band as a frontwoman was of ""Beautiful Life"" at the World Music Awards in May 1996.",358
1396,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Berggren,Linn Berggren,"In the midst of promotion in Asia for The Bridge in the spring of 1996, Linn left prematurely, leaving the rest of the band members to continue in her absence. Her final performance with the band as a frontwoman was of ""Beautiful Life"" at the World Music Awards in May 1996. === Background role (1997–2003) ===
In 1997, it was reported that Linn would venture into a solo project, releasing the song ""Lapponia"", which was previously submitted for inclusion on The Bridge and later for Flowers. The song was to be accompanied by a documentary about Sápmi culture. Despite this, the song never received an official release. Beginning in 1997, Linn appeared at her band's concerts only to perform in the background behind keyboards. In Linn's last personal television interview, from 1997, she stated her wish to ""try what Jenny has done"" by no longer being the focus of the band. In April 1997, the band performed ""Ravine"" at the World Music Awards with Linn miming keyboard playing in the far background of the stage. Claes Cornelius at Mega Records said it was because she did not wish to wear the heavy make-up the performance would have required. In July 1997, the group performed a concert for Princess Victoria's 20th birthday. Linn generally performed keyboards in the background for most of the concert, but performed a live a cappella song in the foreground prior to the main show. That same year, both Jenny and Linn appeared at the Swedish Grammis as presenters for the ""best song"" award. The first official press photos released for the Flowers / Cruel Summer albums, released on 21 March 1998, show Linn in equal or greater focus than that of her bandmates. However, many future promotional materials for the albums, as well as those used in the album booklets, contain blurred, unsmiling, distinctly unhappy photographs of her.",394
1397,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Berggren,Linn Berggren,"The first official press photos released for the Flowers / Cruel Summer albums, released on 21 March 1998, show Linn in equal or greater focus than that of her bandmates. However, many future promotional materials for the albums, as well as those used in the album booklets, contain blurred, unsmiling, distinctly unhappy photographs of her. The Flowers album in particular uses a photograph where Linn's unhappy image is bizarrely hidden behind the booklet's blue line design. According to Jonas, Clive Davis's insistence that Linn record ""Everytime It Rains"" for the Cruel Summer album in 1998 was ""the tipping point"" for Linn's withdrawal from the band and that it ""was the worst thing for her"". Jenny had recorded a version of the song, but Arista Records was unhappy with this version and pressed the band for Linn to record a version featuring only her vocals. Upon the release of the albums, Linn's vocal contributions were reduced in comparison to the group's previous releases. Beginning with ""Life is a Flower"", Linn's appearance in the band's music videos became much less than it had been in previous videos. She no longer mimed her vocal parts in the videos and her screen time was drastically shortened. Her image in the videos became at times blurred (""Cruel Summer"") or almost nonexistent (""Travel to Romantis""). Linn walked off the set of the ""Cruel Summer"" music video in Rome whilst filming; her manager said it was because she did not wish to appear in the foreground of the video. Director Nigel Dick later revealed she would not have appeared at all, were it not for his insistence. Linn infrequently took part in group interviews with her other band members throughout 1998 for the promotion of the Flowers album, however, her participation was often minimal, and in many cases the band performed as a trio. In one such interview, however, Linn expressed her desire to further her music production skills.",395
1398,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Berggren,Linn Berggren,"Linn infrequently took part in group interviews with her other band members throughout 1998 for the promotion of the Flowers album, however, her participation was often minimal, and in many cases the band performed as a trio. In one such interview, however, Linn expressed her desire to further her music production skills. That year, Bravo magazine claimed that Linn was seriously ill, based on Linn's odd appearance on Germany's television spot The Dome, and photos appearing in Bravo. Linn granted one final radio interview on Mix FM in Lebanon in late 1998, where she talked about new album plans and sang ""All That She Wants"" a capella. The band's management and record companies have explained Linn's odd behaviour with a number of reasons. In 1998, the band announced via their website that they would be placing media focus on Jenny due to Linn having recurring vocal problems. Linn's long-time fear of flying was also cited as the reason for her absence at the band's concerts. However, Linn also did not appear at events in Gothenburg and Copenhagen, where she would not have had to fly. The other band members have been somewhat reluctant to explain what has happened to Ace of Base's former lead singer. They have stated that she has always been a shy and retiring person and was happy to let Jenny lead the band, while Ulf Ekberg once claimed Linn had a ""camera phobia"". The knife attack on Jenny and her mother in 1994 may have also increased her reluctance to appear in public. In 2007, Ulf commented that Linn withdrew from the band's activities ""for the simple reason that she did not want to [participate]."" In the ""C'est la Vie (Always 21)"" music video, filmed in 1999, Linn's image was no longer blurred or out of focus, and she appeared to be happy and an active participant.",384
1399,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Berggren,Linn Berggren,"In 2007, Ulf commented that Linn withdrew from the band's activities ""for the simple reason that she did not want to [participate]."" In the ""C'est la Vie (Always 21)"" music video, filmed in 1999, Linn's image was no longer blurred or out of focus, and she appeared to be happy and an active participant. However, she still did not mime during her parts in the song and her screen time was significantly less than her bandmates. A photoshoot taken at the same time similarly shows her more in the spotlight. During this time, the group began promoting mainly as a duo with Jenny and Ulf, a strategy that Jonas remarked led to ""less questions"" about Linn's lack of participation, however, Linn did attend some performances of the single, albeit still relegated to a background role. In 2002, Linn co-wrote three tracks with her bandmates on the group's release Da Capo. However, her vocals appeared on fewer than half of the album's tracks. Her last public appearance was during the promotion of Da Capo in September 2002, where she showed up to a German television performance and mimed playing the keyboards in the background. A fan snapped a picture of a calm, smiling Linn outside the studio. Her final appearance with Ace of Base was in the Unspeakable music video which was filmed in December 2002. This video featured Linn in her first and only close-up shots in a music video since 1996. Linn has not been pictured since that year. On 24 September 2003, Linn's profile on the band's official website was updated, and it was noted that her favourite song from the Da Capo album was ""Ordinary Day"". === Hiatus (2004–2007) ===
In the spring of 2005, interviews with Linn's sister Jenny seemed to indicate Linn's desire to return to the spotlight again, but Linn still remained hidden from the public.",400
1400,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Berggren,Linn Berggren,"On 24 September 2003, Linn's profile on the band's official website was updated, and it was noted that her favourite song from the Da Capo album was ""Ordinary Day"". === Hiatus (2004–2007) ===
In the spring of 2005, interviews with Linn's sister Jenny seemed to indicate Linn's desire to return to the spotlight again, but Linn still remained hidden from the public. In October and November 2005, the band made appearances at a series of 15 concerts at the Night of the Proms in Belgium; as usual, Linn was ""unable to attend"", and only Jonas, Ulf, and Jenny made appearances at these concerts. During this time, Linn also recorded backing vocals for the track ""High Life"" in Jenny's secondary band, Arose; the song was released on their debut album in February 2006. In 2006, it was mentioned that Ace of Base had recorded six new songs featuring vocals by both Malin and Jenny. Some of these tracks later surfaced on the 2015 release Hidden Gems. === Departure (2007) ===
According to an interview given by Ulf Ekberg on 20 June 2006, Malin returned to University to study Judaism and would record vocals on the band's new album. However, on 30 November 2007, Ulf stated in an interview that Malin Berggren had left the band and she would not appear on the band's new album. The group had already been performing mostly without Linn as a trio for a solid decade before her departure. Bandmate and sister Jenny confirmed Linn's departure in the Danish press: ""She hasn't been part of Ace of Base for several years,"" she stated in Se & Hør magazine. Ulf remarked: ""She has no craving to be famous, she loved her fans, but the fame factor was not for her."" The remaining band members promised Linn that they would never ask her to rejoin the band ever again.",399
1401,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Berggren,Linn Berggren,"Ulf remarked: ""She has no craving to be famous, she loved her fans, but the fame factor was not for her."" The remaining band members promised Linn that they would never ask her to rejoin the band ever again. Linn's image was removed from most material on the band's official website but was reintroduced upon the release of Hidden Gems. == Personal life ==
Linn is multi-lingual: her primary language is Swedish, but she speaks fluent English and German; she also speaks Spanish, Russian and French. Other details of Linn's life, such as those of her life outside the band, are unknown to the public—whereas the other band members have been open about their relationships (Jonas and Jenny both have spouses, each with children, and Ulf has three children with his long-time girlfriend). As of 2015, Jonas confirmed he still sees Linn regularly and that she is enjoying a peaceful life with no interest in fame or returning to music. == References ==


== External links ==
Ace of Base official website
Linn Berggren at IMDb",227
1402,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Christian_Sicilian_Union,Social Christian Sicilian Union,"The Social Christian Sicilian Union (Unione Siciliana Cristiano Sociale, USCS) was a Christian-leftist Italian political party active in Sicily. == History ==
On 23 October 1958 Silvio Milazzo, regional deputy in Sicily for Christian Democracy and regional secretary of the party, was elected President of the Region by the Sicilian Regional Assembly with the votes of a part of DC, PCI, PSI, PNM and MSI, as opposed to Barbaro Lo Giudice, official Christian Democrat candidate. On 31 October Milazzo set up a regional government formed by the political forces that had elected him, including PCI and MSI. The vice president was Paolo D'Antoni, deputy for the Communist group, while Dino Grammatico and Ettore Mangano (MSI) were appointed Assessors for strategic Agriculture and for Industry and Commerce respectively. The agreement was supported by the then communist regional secretary Emanuele Macaluso and the MSI group leader Nino Buttafuoco. Called to Rome by the party's council of arbitrators to clear himself, Milazzo refused to resign and was expelled from the DC; after a few days, on 8 November 1958, with other dissident deputies, he founded the USCS; it was the first example of breaking the unity of Catholics in politics. The event took the name of Milazzismo. In the regional elections of 7 June 1959, the USCS scored 10.6% of the vote and 10 seats (out of 90), but the Christian Democracy, despite the split, kept its percentage of votes unchanged (38.6%). Milazzo formed two other short governments, which, however, the MSI no longer joined.",350
1403,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Christian_Sicilian_Union,Social Christian Sicilian Union,"In the regional elections of 7 June 1959, the USCS scored 10.6% of the vote and 10 seats (out of 90), but the Christian Democracy, despite the split, kept its percentage of votes unchanged (38.6%). Milazzo formed two other short governments, which, however, the MSI no longer joined. The Milazzo experiment went into crisis at the beginning of 1960, when one of its exponents, Benedetto Majorana della Nicchiara, was persuaded by the Christian Democracy to accept the position of President of the Region (where he was elected on 23 February), instead of Milazzo, who then in December 1962 also resigned from the position of regional deputy. At the general election of April 1963, the party presented lists to the Senate in some colleges in Sicily, and scored 43,355 votes and one seat (the Senator elected for the party was Sergio Marullo Di Condojanni). In the subsequent regional election of 9 June 1963, the USCS suffered a severe defeat (0.8% of the votes and no seats), so after a short time it disbanded. == References ==",230
1404,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"French Argentines (French: Franco-Argentins; Spanish: franco-argentinos) refers to Argentine citizens of full or partial French or French Basque ancestry or persons born in France who reside in Argentina. French Argentines form one of the largest ancestry groups after Italian Argentines and Spanish Argentines. Between 1857 and 1960, 400,000 French people immigrated to Argentina. Besides immigration from continental France, Argentina also received, as early as the 1840s, immigrants with French background from neighboring countries, notably Uruguay, which expanded the French Argentine community. It is estimated that around 8 million Argentines had some degree of French ancestry, up to 17% of the total population. Argentines of French descent make up a substantial proportion of the Argentine population, but they are less visible than other similarly-sized ethnic group because of the high degree of assimilation and the lack of substantial French colonies throughout the country. == French immigration to Argentina ==

During the first half of the 19th century, most of French immigrants to the New World settled in the United States and in Uruguay. While the United States received 195,971 French immigrants between 1820 and 1855, only 13,922 Frenchmen, most of them from the Basque Country and Béarn, left for Uruguay between 1833 and 1842. During this period of time, Uruguay received most of French immigrants to South America as the conflictual relationship between Rosas and the French government had created a xenophobic climate against French immigrants in the Buenos Aires province. After the fall of Rosas in 1852, Argentina overtook Uruguay and became the main pole of attraction for French immigrants in Latin America. From the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, Argentina received the second largest group of French immigrants worldwide, second only to the United States.",377
1405,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"After the fall of Rosas in 1852, Argentina overtook Uruguay and became the main pole of attraction for French immigrants in Latin America. From the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, Argentina received the second largest group of French immigrants worldwide, second only to the United States. Between 1857 and 1946 Argentina received 239,503 French immigrants - out of which 105,537 permanently settled in the country. By 1976, 116,032 had settled in Argentina. French immigration to Argentina can be divided in three main periods, as follows: France was the third source of immigration to Argentina before 1890, constituting over 10% of immigrants, only surpassed by Italians and Spaniards; from 1890 to 1914, immigration from France, although reduced, was still significant; lastly, after WWI, the flow of French immigrants was minimal and only grew again after WWII to finally stop in the 1950s. In 1810, Buenos Aires had a population of 28,528 inhabitants, including 13 French citizens. At the beginning of the 19th century, French immigration to Argentina was not substantial. Mainly constituted of political exiles and former officers from the imperial army, it became more considerable from the year 1825, reaching up to 1,500-2,000 French immigrants some years. In 1839, it was estimated that 4,000 Frenchmen were living in the province of Buenos Aires, this figure increased to 12,000 in 1842. From the next decade, French people started to migrate to Argentina in large numbers. During the first period (1852–1890), French immigration was similar, in numbers and in features, to that of Italians and Spaniards. It belonged to a larger movement of emigration of Basque people, from both sides of the Pyrenees. French formed the largest group of immigrants to Argentina until 1854.",380
1406,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"It belonged to a larger movement of emigration of Basque people, from both sides of the Pyrenees. French formed the largest group of immigrants to Argentina until 1854. The country received 1,484 French immigrants in 1856, Frenchmen still were the second most important immigrant group after Italians. The number of French immigrants present in the Buenos Aires Province reached 25,000 in 1859. In 1861, 29,196 Frenchmen were registered in Argentina, including 14,180 living in the city of Buenos Aires where they represented the third largest foreign community and made up 7.5% of the population. In 1869, at the time of the first national census, 32,383 Frenchmen lived in the country, or about 1.7% of the total population. Immigration from France increased dramatically in the first half of the 1870s (with a peak in 1873) and in the second half of the 1890s (61,382 immigrants in a three-year period). The last rise in figures is due to a policy conducted by the Argentine government in order to reduce the increasing importance of Italian immigration, for that purpose 132,000 free travel tickets were distributed in Europe between 1888 and 1890, 45,000 out of them were given in France. In 1887, there were 20,031 Frenchmen living in Buenos Aires, 4.6% of the 433,421 inhabitants. During the second stage (from 1890 to 1914), French immigration was more similar to those of Germans and Britons, and was characterized by a reduced net migration rate, with the exception of the year 1912 when immigration raised as a result of propaganda led by the Argentine government in Southern France to fill in the gap caused by the prohibition of emigration from Italy to Argentina in 1911. In 1895, after the largest wave of French immigrants had settled in Argentina, they were 94,098, i.e.",381
1407,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"During the second stage (from 1890 to 1914), French immigration was more similar to those of Germans and Britons, and was characterized by a reduced net migration rate, with the exception of the year 1912 when immigration raised as a result of propaganda led by the Argentine government in Southern France to fill in the gap caused by the prohibition of emigration from Italy to Argentina in 1911. In 1895, after the largest wave of French immigrants had settled in Argentina, they were 94,098, i.e. 2.3% of the total population (33,185 of them were living in the city of Buenos Aires where they represented the third largest foreign community and made up 4.9% of the population). Only the United States had a higher number of French expatriates, with over 100,000 Frenchmen having immigrated there. At the turn of the 20th century figures started to decrease as immigration from France declined and previously established immigrants merged within the population. It was estimated that 100,000 Frenchmen were living in Argentina in 1912, 67% of the 149,400 Frenchmen living in Latin America and the second largest community worldwide after the United States (125,000). In 1914, 79,491 Frenchmen were registered, accounting for 1% of the Argentine population. Between 1895 and 1914, French immigrants are the only foreign group in Argentina whose numbers (both absolute and relative) shrank in the total population. The flow decreased dramatically during WWI. After 1918, French immigrants to Argentina numbered 1,500 per year and had a slightly positive net migration rate. The flow of French immigrants then gradually dried up. In the 1960s, around 4,000 Pieds-Noirs immigrated to Argentina from the newly independent Algeria, they constituted the last large migration from France to Argentina.",362
1408,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"The flow of French immigrants then gradually dried up. In the 1960s, around 4,000 Pieds-Noirs immigrated to Argentina from the newly independent Algeria, they constituted the last large migration from France to Argentina. French immigration represented 5% of the flow of immigrants to Argentina until the 1870s, reached its maximum (around 12% of immigrants) in the 1870s-1880s, decreased to 4% at the end of the 20th century, and only represented 1% of immigrants in the 1920s. The year 1890, when it culminated (22% of immigrants), shows the decline of French immigration to Argentina, at the moment when the phenomenon of mass immigration to Argentina started. This is probably due to the financial crisis in 1890 and to an early demographic shift in France: population growth was slow between 1890 and 1913, limiting the need for emigration, contrary to neighboring European countries. Immigration to Argentina also showed a shift in the 1890s: while from 1860 to 1890, most of immigrants from the European countryside settled in the countryside, from 1890 to 1930 they started to settle in the cities. This could explain why French immigrants, most of them from a rural background, were more drawn to settle in North America from 1890 onwards, where access to land property was easier. Half of French immigrants until the second half of the 20th century came from Southwestern France, especially from the Basque Country, Béarn (Basses-Pyrénées accounted for more than 20% of immigrants), Bigorre and Rouergue. Other important groups came from Savoy and the Paris region. It was estimated that at least 70% of French immigrants in Tandil were coming from the Southwestern part of the country and that half of them were of Basque stock. Until the 1880s, the great majority of French immigrants to Argentina were from the Pyrenees.",383
1409,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"It was estimated that at least 70% of French immigrants in Tandil were coming from the Southwestern part of the country and that half of them were of Basque stock. Until the 1880s, the great majority of French immigrants to Argentina were from the Pyrenees. Basques started settling in Argentina in the 1830s, then they began heading towards Chile and the United States in the 1870s. Today it is estimated that up to 17% of Argentines have partial French ancestry. French Argentines formed a large portion of the elite of the country. In 1959 it was estimated that 7% of the upper-class of Buenos Aires was of French background, their ancestors having settled in the country between 1840 and 1880. While found throughout the country, they are most numerous in Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Córdoba, Mendoza and Tucumán provinces. According to the national census of 1895, 37.3% of Frenchmen settled in Argentina lived in the province of Buenos Aires, 35.2% in the city of Buenos Aires, 10.9% in Santa Fe and 5.1% in Entre Ríos. In the Buenos Aires province, they mostly settled south of a line uniting the partidos of Tandil and Azul, their presence being particularly noticeable in the town of Pigüé. As of 2010, almost 15,000 French citizens are living in Argentina, the community may be higher though. == French colonies in Argentina ==

In 1857, an immigrant from Béarn, Alejo Peyret, founded the first farming colony in Entre Ríos, San José. In 1864, out of 380 families living in San José, 125 were from Savoy. The town of Pigüé, founded by 165 Occitan-speaking French immigrants from Rouergue in 1884, is considered a focal center of French culture in Argentina.",395
1410,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"In 1864, out of 380 families living in San José, 125 were from Savoy. The town of Pigüé, founded by 165 Occitan-speaking French immigrants from Rouergue in 1884, is considered a focal center of French culture in Argentina. It is estimated that 30% to 40% of Pigüé's modern inhabitants can trace their roots to Aveyron and they still speak Occitan. According to the 1869 census, a quarter of immigrants to the province of Mendoza were from France. In 1895, they made up 15% of immigrants of the province, right after Italians and Spaniards (26.1% and 17.3% respectively). Frenchmen were particularly numerous in the wine-producing departments of Maipú, Luján and in the French colony of San Rafael, founded by engineer Julio Gerónimo Balloffet. In 1904, the governor of Tucumán founded a town carrying his name, Villa Nougués, as a replica of Boutx in Haute-Garonne, a French village where his family traced their roots back to. In most cases, however, the French immigrants were not numerous enough to remain distinct from other Argentines. There was no religious barrier for the most part, with the vast majority being Catholics. The language barrier to learning Castilian was also low, especially for the native French and Occitan speakers, and they picked up Castilian quickly. == Legacy ==
French immigration has left a significant mark on Argentina, with a notable influence on the arts, culture, science and society of the country. In particular, many emblematic buildings in cities like Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba were built following French Beaux-Arts and neoclassical styles, such as the Argentine National Congress, the Metropolitan Cathedral, or the Central Bank building.",376
1411,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"== Legacy ==
French immigration has left a significant mark on Argentina, with a notable influence on the arts, culture, science and society of the country. In particular, many emblematic buildings in cities like Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Córdoba were built following French Beaux-Arts and neoclassical styles, such as the Argentine National Congress, the Metropolitan Cathedral, or the Central Bank building. In particular, landscape architect Carlos Thays, in his position as 1891 Director of Parks and Walkways, is largely responsible for planting thousands of trees, creating the Buenos Aires Botanical Garden and giving the city much of its parks and plazas that are sometimes compared to similar designs in Paris. Important contributions to the arts include the works of Eugène Py, considered the founding pioneer of Argentine cinema, as well as the development of new literary genres by writers like Paul Groussac or Julio Cortázar. In the field of science, two Argentine Nobel Prize laurates were of French descent, Bernardo Houssay, 1947 laurate in Medicine, and Luis Federico Leloir, 1970 laurate in Chemistry. Four former heads of state were born to French fathers: Supreme Directors Juan Martín de Pueyrredón and José Rondeau, as well as Presidents Carlos Pellegrini and Hipólito Yrigoyen, while several others had French ancestry, including Juan Perón, and de facto military Presidents Alejandro Lanusse, Carlos Lacoste, and Alfredo Saint-Jean. Former First Lady Eva Perón also had French background. In 1851, Captain Louis Tardy de Montravel wrote that the city of Buenos Aires was stamped by French influence, French literature and language being there more widespread than anywhere else.",364
1412,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"Former First Lady Eva Perón also had French background. In 1851, Captain Louis Tardy de Montravel wrote that the city of Buenos Aires was stamped by French influence, French literature and language being there more widespread than anywhere else. According to him, this preference for France was not due to a capricious and brief craze, rather the result of a natural liking and a perfect similarity between French and Argentine characters, underlining the same lightness of being, the same quick-wittedness and liveliness, as well as the same kindness to foreigners and the similar ability for international influence. === Lunfardo ===
Lunfardo is an argot of the Castilian language as spoken in Argentina which appeared in Buenos Aires at the end of the 19th century. It encompasses a lot of words and expressions from languages spoken by immigrants, notably Italians, Spaniards and French. Lunfardo is heavily used in tango lyrics. After 1912, as tango became popular in Paris, French expressions were incorporated into tango lyrics and made their way into Lunfardo. It has now become an integral part of the Castilian spoken in Argentina and some of these words are still used on a daily basis.",246
1413,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"After 1912, as tango became popular in Paris, French expressions were incorporated into tango lyrics and made their way into Lunfardo. It has now become an integral part of the Castilian spoken in Argentina and some of these words are still used on a daily basis. ==== Examples ====
Beguén - Crush (from the French béguin -crush-)
Bulín - Digs (from the French boulin -hole in the wall of a dovecote where the pigeons nest-)
Buyón - Food (from the French bouillon -broth-)
Calotear - To steal (from the French calotter -to steal-)
Dragonear - To flirt (from the French draguer -to flirt-)
Fané - Worn out (from the French fané -withered-)
Franelear - To caress, to heavy pet (from the French faire flanelle -to go to a whorehouse without making use of any woman-)
Macro - Pimp (from the French maquereau -pimp-)
Marote - Head (from the French marotte -hatstand-)
Ragú - Hunger (from the French ragoût -stew-)
Toilette - Bathroom (from the French toilettes -bathroom-)


== Argentine localities with names originating from France ==


=== Buenos Aires Province ===
Ángel Etcheverry, named after a provincial Minister of Public Works of French-Basque ancestry. Bellocq, named after the Bellocq family who donated lands to build the village. Berdier, named after the Berdier family, former owner of the land. Bordenave
Boulogne Sur Mer, named after the French city where San Martín died. Cadret, named after the Cadret family.",387
1414,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"Bordenave
Boulogne Sur Mer, named after the French city where San Martín died. Cadret, named after the Cadret family. Carlos Beguerie
Daireaux, named after Emilio Daireaux, former owner of the land. D'Orbigny, named after French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny. Dudignac, named after Ezequiel Dudignac, former owner of the land. Dufaur
Gardey, named after Juan Gardey of Bearnese ancestry. Grand Bourg, named after the French village of Grand-Bourg, where the leader of the Argentine War of Independence, General José de San Martín, lived in exile - now a neighborhood of Évry. Gregorio de Laferrère
Ingeniero Adolfo Sourdeaux, named after the founder of the city, Adolfo Sourdeaux. Juan Cousté
Lanús, named after Anacarsis Lanús, former owner of the land. Laplacette, named after one of the founders of the village, Enrique Laplacette. Lartigau
Longchamps, named after the Longchamp Racecourse in Paris. Manuel B. Gonnet, named after Manuel Bernardo Gonnet, first Minister of Public Works of the Province of Buenos Aires. Pasteur
Pontaut
Pueblo Gouin
Ringuelet
San Francisco de Bellocq
Sevigné
Solanet
Sourigues
Udaquiola
Villa Alfredo Fortabat
Villa Bordeu
Villa Durcudoy (Diecisiete de Agosto)
Villa Fournier
Villa Francia
Villa Saboya, colony founded by Manuel Cadret, an immigrant from Savoy.",387
1415,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"Manuel B. Gonnet, named after Manuel Bernardo Gonnet, first Minister of Public Works of the Province of Buenos Aires. Pasteur
Pontaut
Pueblo Gouin
Ringuelet
San Francisco de Bellocq
Sevigné
Solanet
Sourigues
Udaquiola
Villa Alfredo Fortabat
Villa Bordeu
Villa Durcudoy (Diecisiete de Agosto)
Villa Fournier
Villa Francia
Villa Saboya, colony founded by Manuel Cadret, an immigrant from Savoy. Villa Sauze
Bigand, Santa Fé.",140
1416,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Argentines,French Argentines,"Pasteur
Pontaut
Pueblo Gouin
Ringuelet
San Francisco de Bellocq
Sevigné
Solanet
Sourigues
Udaquiola
Villa Alfredo Fortabat
Villa Bordeu
Villa Durcudoy (Diecisiete de Agosto)
Villa Fournier
Villa Francia
Villa Saboya, colony founded by Manuel Cadret, an immigrant from Savoy. Villa Sauze
Bigand, Santa Fé. === Córdoba Province ===
Buchardo
Charbonier
Colonia Maunier
Colonia Vignaud
Dumesnil
Laborde
Laboulaye
La Francia
Noetinger


=== Corrientes Province ===
Bonpland


=== Entre Ríos Province ===
Larroque
Pueblo Bellocq
Pueblo Cazes


=== La Pampa Province ===
Bernardo Larroudé
Eduardo Castex
Gobernador Duval
Maisonnave


=== Misiones Province ===
Bonpland
Hipólito Yrigoyen
Santiago de Liniers


=== Santa Cruz Province ===
Julia Dufour
Tellier


=== Santa Fe Province ===
Bigand
Bouquet
Chapuy
Chovet
Labordeboy


=== Tucumán Province ===
French immigration in Tucuman - family surnames

Nougues
Rougues
Hileret
Guerineau
Fagalde
Marteau
Dupuy
Dubois
Etchecopar
Durrels
Delgare Etcheverry
Chamboud
Delacroix
Apestey
Merchot
Deviller
Haurigot
Dubourg
Ardois
Moulins
Revol
Bascary
Berho
Bertrés
Bugeau
Cartier
Jambeau
Clesi
Duport
Heguy
Delaport
Lorentz


== Figures ==


== See also ==

Argentina–France relations
French diaspora
Immigration to Argentina
List of French Argentines
Argentines in France


== References ==",500
1417,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi,Bashir al-Najafi,"Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Basheer Hussain Najafi (Arabic: آية الله العظمى بشير النجفي) (born 1942) is a Pakistani Twelver Shia Marja' and one of the Four Grand Ayatollahs of Najaf, Iraq. He was born in Jalandhar, a city in then-British India. He resides in Najaf, Iraq now. == Migration to Pakistan ==
After the partition of British India into the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan in 1947, his family moved to Pakistan and settled in the city of Gujranwala, Punjab. In Gujranwala he had his initial education in religion. He was then able to move to Iraq for studies in the early 1960s. He is one of many individuals from South Asia and one of the few Pakistanis to have ever been elevated to the highest rank of Grand Ayatollah in Shia Islam. He was one year senior to Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani. Al Najafi was attacked on 6 January 1999 by a group of armed men, reportedly members of Fedayeen Saddam, while he and members of his seminary were performing religious duties. The attack, which included use of a hand grenade, resulted in the death of three persons and injury to a number of members of the seminary, including the Grand Ayatollah. == History ==
He is from a family of religious background, born in Jalandhar a city in British India. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, his family migrated to the city of Lahore in Pakistan. He undertook his basic religious studies at a religious school in Lahore known as Jamia tul Muntazar.",359
1418,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi,Bashir al-Najafi,"After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, his family migrated to the city of Lahore in Pakistan. He undertook his basic religious studies at a religious school in Lahore known as Jamia tul Muntazar. After completing his basic studies there in 1965, in order to further his religious knowledge and to continue his studies in higher Islamic education, he arrived in Najaf-e-Ashraf (the city of Ameer ul Momineen) in Iraq. In Najaf, he remained with his Dars and Tadrees (studying and teaching), eventually becoming widely considered a Marjah of the Shia world, and since then the routine of Dars-e-Kharij is continuing. He is one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy. He has 3 brothers and one sister. Ayatollah's oldest brother Sheik Maulana Manzoor Hussain Abidi was also a scholar in Lahore who died on 29 June 2014. He was running his main office in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. In 2016 he was pictured alongside Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis receiving a briefing on on-going operations in the Third Battle of Fallujah. He is reported as having praised the ongoing successes of Iraqi forces against the Islamic State and proclaimed, ""all of Iraq must be cleansed from Daesh terrorists."" He also stressed the necessity of protecting public and private property during the Fallujah operation and said, ""Members of the security forces and popular mobilization are the pride of the clergy. """"Iraqi holy warriors and fighters must have serious will to liberate the remaining areas under the occupation of terrorism and not to give an opportunity for the invasion of this country’s soil."" The head of his office and his son, Sheikh Ali Najafi, also called for the protection of civilians in Fallujah ""so they are free the clutches of terrorism with the least harm.""",387
1419,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi,Bashir al-Najafi,"""""Iraqi holy warriors and fighters must have serious will to liberate the remaining areas under the occupation of terrorism and not to give an opportunity for the invasion of this country’s soil."" The head of his office and his son, Sheikh Ali Najafi, also called for the protection of civilians in Fallujah ""so they are free the clutches of terrorism with the least harm."" He likewise praised ""members of popular mobilization who with faith and courage have once again demonstrated to the world and proved that they stand against the enemies with strength and treat innocent humans with kindness and gentleness."" == Hawzah Najaf al Ilmiya Projects ==
The Grand leader of the Shia community, Ayatollah Al-Uzma Sheikh hafiz Basher Hussain al Najafi has initiated different projects to serve the community and religion. Some of these projects are completed while others are not. === Completed Projects ===


==== Reconstruction of Hawza Ilmiya Najaf e Ashraf ====
Hawza Ilmiya Najaf e Ashraf, which is the centre of all the madaris, was demolished by Sadaam. Enemies wanted to close down the doors of Ilm e Rasool, and to remove Najaf as the central point of the world of knowledge. For the same reason he demolished the madaris, the historical places, mosques and Imambarghs. To add up all, printing press, bookshops and libraries were burnt down. Only those valuable things were protected which were hidden and buried underground and were covered. He availed the chance, hence he reconstructed the above-mentioned madaris to save the epicenter of Ilm and that the doors of Ilm e Rasool to be opened so that the world and people be benefited from it. Jamia tul Najaf known as madrassa Jamia Qalantar. Madrassa Abdul Aziz Al Baghdadi.",388
1420,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi,Bashir al-Najafi,"Jamia tul Najaf known as madrassa Jamia Qalantar. Madrassa Abdul Aziz Al Baghdadi. Madrassa Al Mahdi
Madrassa Yazdi. Madrassa Lebnaniya (Khanal Mukhazar). Madrassa Shubariya Bazurg. Madrassa Imam Ali. Madrassa Afghaniya (Established by Mudaris Afghani). Madrassa Kazmiya known as Sadrul Azam. Madrassa Brujardy (Established by Ayatollah Al Uzma Brujardy). Madrassa Akhund Al Kubra. Madrassa Akhund Al Sughra. Madrassa Al Imam Al Sadiq known as Madrassa Shubariya. Madrassa Hindiya
Madrassa Mahdiya Kashif ul Ghita. Madrassa Al Kashif ul Ghita. Madrassa Al Qizwini. Madrassa Dar Ul Abrar. Madrassa Dar Ul Mutaqeen. Madrassa Al Hussainiya Al Shiraziya. === Projects in process ===
He is continuously trying that in South Asia there should be continuity of Marjiat. The following projects are under completion:

Madrassa for male students. Madrassa for female students. Hussainian Hall (imambargah): a place for classes and to perform majalis so that students and zawaar from South Asia can pay their respects to Ahle Bayt according to their culture and language. Imam Ali hospital: where free medical treatment shall be provided to students and zawaar (pilgrims) and for this, place has been purchased near baab ul qibla of Imam Ali shrine and it is awaiting construction.",386
1421,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi,Bashir al-Najafi,"Hussainian Hall (imambargah): a place for classes and to perform majalis so that students and zawaar from South Asia can pay their respects to Ahle Bayt according to their culture and language. Imam Ali hospital: where free medical treatment shall be provided to students and zawaar (pilgrims) and for this, place has been purchased near baab ul qibla of Imam Ali shrine and it is awaiting construction. Najaf colony Madina tul Ilm: along with the difficulties faced by students, regarding courses, teachers, residence permit from government (iqama), they are also facing accommodation problems. They live in small rented quarters where sometimes rent is raised and sometimes they have to move to another place, and due to this problem many leave the Hawsa without completing the studies. He has obtained permission for the construction of 1000 quarters from the government and the area has been purchased at baab ul qibla of Imam Ali shrine, but is waiting for respectable momineen to sponsor the construction. This project has been included in the map of the colony madrassa for male and female and hussainia is also included. Beside these in all the parts of South Asia:

Madrassa to be established as in Najaf e Ashraf. Syllabus of Hawza Ilmiya Najaf e Ashraf to be taught all around. Construction of mosques and imambargahs in areas of momineen. To support ulema when momineen can't afford there expenses and accommodation. == Works ==
Below are some of Ayatullah Al-Najafi's works:

Al-Deen Al-Qayim: Rules and Verdicts for worships and interactions - a total of three volumes, it has been translated to English, Urdu and the Gujarati language.",382
1422,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi,Bashir al-Najafi,"To support ulema when momineen can't afford there expenses and accommodation. == Works ==
Below are some of Ayatullah Al-Najafi's works:

Al-Deen Al-Qayim: Rules and Verdicts for worships and interactions - a total of three volumes, it has been translated to English, Urdu and the Gujarati language. Following Late Clerics -(multiple issues were published)
Improving your level in Usool (Murqat al-Usool)  - (multiple issues were published
Laws of Hajj - (published)
-Rules of Modesty (a number of issues were printed)

100 Questions Regarding Khums - (published)
Guidance for the Youth -(published)
The Laws and Rituals of the Holy Month of Ramadan (multiple issues were published)
Najaf: the Pioneer for Hawzas around the World - (multiple issues were published).",203
1423,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi,Bashir al-Najafi,"== Works ==
Below are some of Ayatullah Al-Najafi's works:

Al-Deen Al-Qayim: Rules and Verdicts for worships and interactions - a total of three volumes, it has been translated to English, Urdu and the Gujarati language. Following Late Clerics -(multiple issues were published)
Improving your level in Usool (Murqat al-Usool)  - (multiple issues were published
Laws of Hajj - (published)
-Rules of Modesty (a number of issues were printed)

100 Questions Regarding Khums - (published)
Guidance for the Youth -(published)
The Laws and Rituals of the Holy Month of Ramadan (multiple issues were published)
Najaf: the Pioneer for Hawzas around the World - (multiple issues were published). The Laws of Taqleed - (multiple issues were published)
Mustafi Al-Deen al-Qaim -(multiple issues were published)
A Friendly Guide to the Holy Kaa'ba - (published)
A Fresh Guide for Muslims in the West - (published)
Research in Modern Jurisprudence - (published)
Explaining the features of Usool - (Handwritten)
The Rules Surrounding Qiblah -(Handwritten)
Rules and Laws of I'tikaf -  (Handwritten)

Justice - (Handwritten)
Laws of Backbiting -  (Handwritten)
Rules of Correct & Incorrect Guarantees
Explaining Kifayat Al-Usool - (Handwritten)
Classifying Narrators - (unfinished)
An Intensive Paper Regarding the Science of Intellect - (Handwritten)
Explaining Manthoomat Al-Sibzawari - (Handwritten)
Reviewing the theme of ""Qawaneen (laws) of Usool"" - (handwritten)
The Indian Circle used for Defining Qiblah -  (Handwritten)
Commentary on Sharh Al-Tajreed  -  (Handwritten)
Explaining Inheritance in ""Luma'ah"" - (Handwritten)
Rules of Radio, Television, and Acting (Handwritten)
Khums - (Handwritten)
The Rules of Friday Prayers
Upholding Traditions for Imam Hussain and the Mourning Ceremony
Those Who Repent are the Beloved of Allah - multiple issues were published
Nasabi - a reply to misconceptions brought up by one of the Nasabis (handwritten)
The Birth of Imam Mehdi -  multiple issues were published, translated to Urdu
A Summarized Edition of Rules & Verdicts - translated into Urdu.",585
1424,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi,Bashir al-Najafi,"Following Late Clerics -(multiple issues were published)
Improving your level in Usool (Murqat al-Usool)  - (multiple issues were published
Laws of Hajj - (published)
-Rules of Modesty (a number of issues were printed)

100 Questions Regarding Khums - (published)
Guidance for the Youth -(published)
The Laws and Rituals of the Holy Month of Ramadan (multiple issues were published)
Najaf: the Pioneer for Hawzas around the World - (multiple issues were published). The Laws of Taqleed - (multiple issues were published)
Mustafi Al-Deen al-Qaim -(multiple issues were published)
A Friendly Guide to the Holy Kaa'ba - (published)
A Fresh Guide for Muslims in the West - (published)
Research in Modern Jurisprudence - (published)
Explaining the features of Usool - (Handwritten)
The Rules Surrounding Qiblah -(Handwritten)
Rules and Laws of I'tikaf -  (Handwritten)

Justice - (Handwritten)
Laws of Backbiting -  (Handwritten)
Rules of Correct & Incorrect Guarantees
Explaining Kifayat Al-Usool - (Handwritten)
Classifying Narrators - (unfinished)
An Intensive Paper Regarding the Science of Intellect - (Handwritten)
Explaining Manthoomat Al-Sibzawari - (Handwritten)
Reviewing the theme of ""Qawaneen (laws) of Usool"" - (handwritten)
The Indian Circle used for Defining Qiblah -  (Handwritten)
Commentary on Sharh Al-Tajreed  -  (Handwritten)
Explaining Inheritance in ""Luma'ah"" - (Handwritten)
Rules of Radio, Television, and Acting (Handwritten)
Khums - (Handwritten)
The Rules of Friday Prayers
Upholding Traditions for Imam Hussain and the Mourning Ceremony
Those Who Repent are the Beloved of Allah - multiple issues were published
Nasabi - a reply to misconceptions brought up by one of the Nasabis (handwritten)
The Birth of Imam Mehdi -  multiple issues were published, translated to Urdu
A Summarized Edition of Rules & Verdicts - translated into Urdu. (Published)
For the Youth - (advice and instructions from Ayatollah Al-Najafi to the youth - (multiple issues were published)


== See also ==
Ali al-Sistani
Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei
Muhammad Hossein Naini
Muhammad Kazim Khurasani
Mirza Husayn Tehrani
Abdallah Mazandarani
Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi
Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani


== References ==


== External links ==
Official Website (Arabic)
Official Website (English)
Imamia Mission (followers of Ayatollah Bashir)
Official Twitter Account",682
1425,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gordy,John Gordy,"John Thomas Gordy, Jr. (July 17, 1935 – January 30, 2009) was an American professional football player for 11 years from 1957 to 1967. He was an offensive guard for the Detroit Lions. == Early life ==
Gordy was born on July 17, 1935 in Nashville, Tennessee. He was the son of John Thomas Gordy and Margaret Ruth Poe. Gordy played his final season of high school football as a lineman for the former Isaac Litton High School (now closed) in the Inglewood neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee, winning the 1952 Clinic Bowl and the Nashville Interscholastic League AA Division. He was named second-team All-Nashville Interscholastic League and honorable mention All-State. The Tennessean included Gordy on a list of the 50 best high school football players in Nashville's history. He is a member of the Metro Nashville Public Schools Sports Hall of Fame. He did not play in his senior year, but still received a scholarship to the University of Tennessee. == College ==
Gordy subsequently played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers, under coach Bowden Wyatt. He started at right tackle for two years and was team captain in his senior season,1956, when he was named All-Southeastern Conference. The Volunteers won the Southeastern Conference that year with a 10–0 record, but lost in the Sugar Bowl to Baylor. The Volunteers ended the season ranked number 2 in the nation. Their star player was Johnny Majors, who served as Gordy's alternate captain (and went on to become a legendary coach at the University of Pittsburgh and at Tennessee). Majors and Gordy remained close even after college. While at the University of Tennessee, he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. In 2018, he was voted one of the 10 greatest players from the Nashville area ever to have played UT football by a panel of sportswriters.",395
1426,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gordy,John Gordy,"While at the University of Tennessee, he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. In 2018, he was voted one of the 10 greatest players from the Nashville area ever to have played UT football by a panel of sportswriters. == Career ==


=== National Football League ===
Gordy was drafted in the second round of the 1957 NFL draft by the Lions (24th overall). The 1957 Lions, quarterbacked primarily by Tobin Rote and with Gordy playing a key role in the blocking schemes at right tackle, won the NFL championship, the last Lions team to do so (as of 2024). He left the team in 1958 to be an assistant coach at the University of Nebraska, but returned to the Lions in 1959, and played every year through 1967. He played in three Pro Bowls during his professional career (1963–1965). United Press International (UPI) selected him first-team All-Pro in 1964 through 1966, and second-team in 1967. The Associated Press selected him second-team All-Pro in 1964, 1966 and 1967. Gordy was selected to the Columbus Touchdown Club's first All-Pro team in 1964. He started in 128 or 134 games he played for the Lions. In 2008, he was selected to the Lion's 75th Anniversary Team. === National Football League Players Association ===
Gordy served as president and executive director of the professional football players union, the National Football League Players Association. As such, in 1969, he was a key negotiator of the first collective bargaining agreement in major professional sports. Among other things, the union demanded higher minimum salaries, independent arbitration, and more money for the player's pension fund. The owners balked, the players voted to strike, and the owners declared a lockout. Less than two weeks later, an agreement was reached that was short of what the players sought.",382
1427,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gordy,John Gordy,"The owners balked, the players voted to strike, and the owners declared a lockout. Less than two weeks later, an agreement was reached that was short of what the players sought. Another NFLPA executive director described Gordy as a cornerstone of the union who made lasting contributions; and though the first strike was short, Gordy had made a point to the owners. He had been the driving force of the NFLPA negotiating team which included, among others, players King Hill, Ernie Green, Bob Vogel, and Dave Robinson. Shortly after ratifying the collective bargaining agreement, he was forced to retire from the NFL due to a lingering knee injury. He had suffered a serious knee injury in the Lions 1968 training camp and retired before the season started. === Post NFL career ===
""Participatory journalist"" George Plimpton stated that Gordy was the inspiration for his second book (of three) about professional American football, Mad Ducks and Bears. Plimpton initially met Gordy in 1960 while doing early research for what would become his first pro football book, Paper Lion, and was told by Gordy that in his opinion there was an obvious wide market for a book about football line play, consisting of young men and boys currently playing those positions and older men who had done so in the past, together forming a potential readership of millions. Gordy, whose football nickname was ""Bear"" due to his hirsuteness, was able to interest his erstwhile training camp roommate, Alex Karras (""Mad Duck"") in the project as well, although the book was not published until 13 years after this initial meeting. Rather than being the technical work about methods and techniques that Gordy had originally envisioned, it is instead primarily a collection of humorous anecdotes and vignettes, with only minimal attention paid to technical aspects of football. Around 1970, Gordy became President of Visual Sounds, Inc., the audio-visual subsidiary of A & R Recording in Manhattan.",398
1428,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gordy,John Gordy,"Rather than being the technical work about methods and techniques that Gordy had originally envisioned, it is instead primarily a collection of humorous anecdotes and vignettes, with only minimal attention paid to technical aspects of football. Around 1970, Gordy became President of Visual Sounds, Inc., the audio-visual subsidiary of A & R Recording in Manhattan. Gordy became the California state director of Fellowship of Christian Athletes in 1999. At that time, there were only a handful of public high schools that were participating with FCA. Gordy created and led FCA Huddle groups in gang-riddled areas and high schools of Los Angeles, such as South Central and in Santa Anita. He raised funds for the FCA, and helped establish an FCA Board of Directors in Southern California. The Southern California FCS sent hundreds of student-athletes to various FCA camps. By the time Gordy died, nearly every single high school in Southern California had an FCA group on their campus. Gordy considered this his greatest accomplishment. He was inducted into the FCA Hall of Champions in 2006. == Personal life ==
Gordy was married three times. He first married – on June 2, 1957, in Nashville – Yvonne Hodge. He again married – on July 1, 1972, in Blue Hill, Maine – Jean Becton DeMeritt (née Jean Sprague Becton) (also her second marriage), a 1965 graduate of Vassar College and granddaughter of Maxwell Becton, co-founder of Becton Dickinson, a multinational medical device manufacturer. Jean and John Gordy divorced December 29, 1982, in Santa Barbara County, California. John Gordy married again to Betty Euelene Epperson (maiden).",358
1429,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gordy,John Gordy,"Jean and John Gordy divorced December 29, 1982, in Santa Barbara County, California. John Gordy married again to Betty Euelene Epperson (maiden). Gordy's father, Poppa John Gordy (né John Thomas Gordy; 1904–1961), a dixieland jazz, swing, ragtime, and honky-tonk pianist, was for more than 25 years, musical director of The Noon Show on station WSM, the NBC Radio Network affiliate in Nashville. == Death ==
Gordy died on January 30, 2009, in Orange, California, after a lengthy battle with pancreatic cancer. == Bibliography ==


=== Notes ===


=== References ===


== External links ==",153
1430,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_z_gwiazdami_season_13,Taniec z gwiazdami season 13,"The 13th season of Taniec z Gwiazdami, the Polish edition of Dancing with the Stars, started on 4 September 2011 and ended in November 2011. It was broadcast by TVN. Piotr Gąsowski and Natasza Urbańska were the hosts. The judges were: Iwona Szymańska-Pavlović, Piotr Galiński and, replacing Beata Tyszkiewicz and Zbigniew Wodecki, were Jolanta Fraszyńska and Janusz Józefowicz. On 27 November, Kacper Kuszewski and his partner Anna Głogowska were crowned the champions. == Couples ==


== Scores ==

Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week. Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week. indicates the couple eliminated that week. indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom two. indicates the winning couple of the week. indicates the runner-up of the week. indicates the third place couple of the week. Notes:
Week 1: Kacper Kuszewski scored 35 out of 40 for his cha-cha-cha, making it the highest score in this episode. There was a record in this episode: Zbigniew Urbański got the lowest score in the history of the show, scoring 13 out of 40 for his cha-cha-cha. It was also the lowest score ever for cha-cha-cha. He was eliminated. Week 2: Anna Wendzikoska scored 36 out of 40 for her rumba, making it the highest score in this episode. Jagna Marczułajtis-Walczak got 19 points for her quickstep, making it the lowest score of the week.",378
1431,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_z_gwiazdami_season_13,Taniec z gwiazdami season 13,"Week 2: Anna Wendzikoska scored 36 out of 40 for her rumba, making it the highest score in this episode. Jagna Marczułajtis-Walczak got 19 points for her quickstep, making it the lowest score of the week. Marta & Przemysław were eliminated despite being 12 points from the bottom. Week 3: Kacper Kuszewski and Katarzyna Zielińska scored 38 out of 40 for their tango, making it the highest score in this episode. Aleksandra Kisio got 16 points for her tango, making it the lowest score of the week. It was also the lowest score ever for the tango. Kazimierz & Bianka were eliminated despite being 7 points from the bottom. Week 4: Bilguun Ariunbaatar received the first perfect score of the season for his foxtrot. There was a three-way tie for second place, with Dariusz Kordek, Katarzyna Zielińska and Kacper Kuszewski all getting 39 out of 40. Aleksandra Kisio and Michał Szpak got 26 points for their Paso Doble, making it the lowest score of the week. Stanisław & Magdalena were eliminated despite being 5 points from the bottom. Week 5: Katarzyna Zielińska scored 37 out of 40 for her Viennese Waltz, making it the highest score in this episode. Jagna Marczułajtis-Walczak got 21 points for her samba, making it the lowest score of the week. Anna & Michał were eliminated despite being 11 points from the bottom. Week 6: Katarzyna Pakosińska received her first perfect score for waltz in American Smooth.",383
1432,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_z_gwiazdami_season_13,Taniec z gwiazdami season 13,"Anna & Michał were eliminated despite being 11 points from the bottom. Week 6: Katarzyna Pakosińska received her first perfect score for waltz in American Smooth. Aleksandra Kisio got 18 points for her salsa, making it the lowest score of the week. Dariusz & Blanka were eliminated despite being 13 points from the bottom. Week 7:  All couples danced to songs from famous movies about crime. Kacper Kuszewski received his first perfect score for his jive. Michał Szpak got 25 points for his foxtrot, making it the lowest score of the week. Aleksandra & Łukasz were eliminated despite being 5 points from the bottom. Week 8:  All couples danced to songs from 1920s & 1930s movies. Bilguun Ariunbaatar received his second perfect score for the tango. Jagna Marczułajtis-Walczak got 26 points for her cha-cha-cha, making it the lowest score of the week. Jagna & Krzysztof were eliminated. Week 9: All couples danced to the most famous pop songs. There was a record in this episode: Michał Szpak got the lowest score in the history of the show, scoring 13 out of 40 for his jive. It was also the lowest score ever for jive. Zbigniew Urbański also got 13 points for his cha-cha-cha in Week 1 Season 13. Kacper Kuszewski scored 36 out of 40 for his rumba, making it the highest Week 9 score in this episode. Katarzyna & Stefano were eliminated despite being 21 points from the bottom. Week 10: Michał Szpak got the lowest score in the history of the show, scoring 13 out of 40 for his quickstep. He also got 13 points for his jive in Week 10.",394
1433,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_z_gwiazdami_season_13,Taniec z gwiazdami season 13,"Week 10: Michał Szpak got the lowest score in the history of the show, scoring 13 out of 40 for his quickstep. He also got 13 points for his jive in Week 10. It was also the lowest score ever for quickstep. Weronika Marczuk received her first perfect score for her rumba. Bilguun Ariunbaatar received his third perfect score for the samba. Michał & Paulina were eliminated. Week 11: Bilguun Ariunbaatar received his 4th perfect score for the waltz. Katarzyna & Rafał were eliminated. Week 12: Bilguun Ariunbaatar received his 5th perfect score for the Argentine tango. Bilguun Ariunbaatar was in the bottom two for the first time in the competition. Weronika & Jan were eliminated. That was the 3rd time when Jan Kliment finished at 3rd place (also in Season 11 with Katarzyna Grochola and in Season 12 with Edyta Górniak). Week 13: Bilguun Ariunbaatar got 120 out of 120 points. Both couples had to perform three dances: their favorite Latin dance, their favorite ballroom dance and a freestyle. There was a record in this episode: Kacper Kuszewski got the lowest score in history of the finale of the show, scoring 30 out of 40 for his Viennese Waltz. Kacper & Anna won the competition, having cast 52.68 percent of the votes. This is the second time the season's winner was second place on the judges' general scoreboard and the 7th time the winner was not first place according to the judges' scoreboard. Kacper Kuszewski became the 4th man in history to win the program since Krzysztof Tyniec won Season 5 of the show.",390
1434,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_z_gwiazdami_season_13,Taniec z gwiazdami season 13,"This is the second time the season's winner was second place on the judges' general scoreboard and the 7th time the winner was not first place according to the judges' scoreboard. Kacper Kuszewski became the 4th man in history to win the program since Krzysztof Tyniec won Season 5 of the show. For the third time in the history of the program in the final there were two men (also in Season 5 and Season 1). == Average scores ==


== Couples' highest and lowest scoring dances ==


== Highest and lowest scoring performances ==
The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' marks are as follows:


== Episodes ==
Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Iwona Szymańska-Pavlović, Janusz Józefowicz, Jolanta Fraszyńska and Piotr Galiński. === Week 1 ===
Running order


=== Week 2 ===
Running order


=== Week 3 ===
Running order


=== Week 4 ===
Running order


=== Week 5 ===
Running order


=== Week 6 ===
Running order


=== Week 7: Criminal Movies Theme Week ===
Running order


=== Week 8: 20s and 30s Movies Theme Week ===
Running order


=== Week 9: Female Pop Singers Week ===
Running order


=== Week 10 ===
Running order


=== Week 11 ===
Running order


=== Week 12 ===
Running order


=== Week 13: Final ===
Running order

Other dances


== Dance schedule ==
The celebrities and professional partners danced one of these routines for each corresponding week.",382
1435,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_z_gwiazdami_season_13,Taniec z gwiazdami season 13,"== Average scores ==


== Couples' highest and lowest scoring dances ==


== Highest and lowest scoring performances ==
The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' marks are as follows:


== Episodes ==
Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Iwona Szymańska-Pavlović, Janusz Józefowicz, Jolanta Fraszyńska and Piotr Galiński. === Week 1 ===
Running order


=== Week 2 ===
Running order


=== Week 3 ===
Running order


=== Week 4 ===
Running order


=== Week 5 ===
Running order


=== Week 6 ===
Running order


=== Week 7: Criminal Movies Theme Week ===
Running order


=== Week 8: 20s and 30s Movies Theme Week ===
Running order


=== Week 9: Female Pop Singers Week ===
Running order


=== Week 10 ===
Running order


=== Week 11 ===
Running order


=== Week 12 ===
Running order


=== Week 13: Final ===
Running order

Other dances


== Dance schedule ==
The celebrities and professional partners danced one of these routines for each corresponding week. Week 1: Cha-cha-cha or waltz (men) & group salsa (women)
Week 2: Rumba or quickstep (women) & group swing (men)
Week 3: Jive or tango
Week 4: Paso Doble or foxtrot
Week 5: Samba or Viennese Waltz
Week 6: Salsa or an unlearned ballroom dance in American Smooth style
Week 7: One unlearned dance (crime film week)
Week 8: One unlearned dance & group foxtrot (1920s & 1930s movies week)
Week 9: One unlearned Latin dance & Group Viennese Waltz (contemporary pop music week)
Week 10: One unlearned ballroom dance & one repeated Latin dance
Week 11: One unlearned dance & one repeated dance
Week 12: Argentine tango & one repeated Latin dance
Week 13: Favorite Latin dance, favorite ballroom dance & freestyle


== Dance chart ==

  Highest scoring dance
  Lowest scoring dance
  Performed, but not scored


== Weekly results ==
The order is based on the judges' scores combined with the viewers' votes.",540
1436,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_z_gwiazdami_season_13,Taniec z gwiazdami season 13,"=== Week 1 ===
Running order


=== Week 2 ===
Running order


=== Week 3 ===
Running order


=== Week 4 ===
Running order


=== Week 5 ===
Running order


=== Week 6 ===
Running order


=== Week 7: Criminal Movies Theme Week ===
Running order


=== Week 8: 20s and 30s Movies Theme Week ===
Running order


=== Week 9: Female Pop Singers Week ===
Running order


=== Week 10 ===
Running order


=== Week 11 ===
Running order


=== Week 12 ===
Running order


=== Week 13: Final ===
Running order

Other dances


== Dance schedule ==
The celebrities and professional partners danced one of these routines for each corresponding week. Week 1: Cha-cha-cha or waltz (men) & group salsa (women)
Week 2: Rumba or quickstep (women) & group swing (men)
Week 3: Jive or tango
Week 4: Paso Doble or foxtrot
Week 5: Samba or Viennese Waltz
Week 6: Salsa or an unlearned ballroom dance in American Smooth style
Week 7: One unlearned dance (crime film week)
Week 8: One unlearned dance & group foxtrot (1920s & 1930s movies week)
Week 9: One unlearned Latin dance & Group Viennese Waltz (contemporary pop music week)
Week 10: One unlearned ballroom dance & one repeated Latin dance
Week 11: One unlearned dance & one repeated dance
Week 12: Argentine tango & one repeated Latin dance
Week 13: Favorite Latin dance, favorite ballroom dance & freestyle


== Dance chart ==

  Highest scoring dance
  Lowest scoring dance
  Performed, but not scored


== Weekly results ==
The order is based on the judges' scores combined with the viewers' votes. This couple came in first place with the judges.",428
1437,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_z_gwiazdami_season_13,Taniec z gwiazdami season 13,"Week 1: Cha-cha-cha or waltz (men) & group salsa (women)
Week 2: Rumba or quickstep (women) & group swing (men)
Week 3: Jive or tango
Week 4: Paso Doble or foxtrot
Week 5: Samba or Viennese Waltz
Week 6: Salsa or an unlearned ballroom dance in American Smooth style
Week 7: One unlearned dance (crime film week)
Week 8: One unlearned dance & group foxtrot (1920s & 1930s movies week)
Week 9: One unlearned Latin dance & Group Viennese Waltz (contemporary pop music week)
Week 10: One unlearned ballroom dance & one repeated Latin dance
Week 11: One unlearned dance & one repeated dance
Week 12: Argentine tango & one repeated Latin dance
Week 13: Favorite Latin dance, favorite ballroom dance & freestyle


== Dance chart ==

  Highest scoring dance
  Lowest scoring dance
  Performed, but not scored


== Weekly results ==
The order is based on the judges' scores combined with the viewers' votes. This couple came in first place with the judges. This couple came in first place with the judges and gained the highest number of viewers' votes. This couple gained the highest number of viewers' votes. This couple came in last place with the judges and gained the highest number of viewers' votes. This couple came in last place with the judges. This couple came in last place with the judges and was eliminated. This couple was eliminated. This couple won the competition. This couple came in second in the competition. This couple came in third in the competition. == Audience voting results ==
The percentage of votes cast by a couple in a particular week is given in parentheses.",390
1438,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_z_gwiazdami_season_13,Taniec z gwiazdami season 13,"This couple came in third in the competition. == Audience voting results ==
The percentage of votes cast by a couple in a particular week is given in parentheses. == Guest performances ==


== Rating figures ==


== References ==


== External links ==
(in Polish) Official site – Taniec z gwiazdami Archived 27 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine
(in Polish) Taniec z gwiazdami on Polish Wikipedia",98
1439,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"Odilo Lothar Ludwig Globočnik (21 April 1904 – 31 May 1945) was an Austrian Nazi Party official of Slovene-Croatian-Serbian descent and a perpetrator of the Holocaust. A high-ranking member of the SS, Globočnik was the leader of Operation Reinhard, the organized murder of around one and a half million Jews, mostly of Polish origin, during the Holocaust in the Majdanek, Treblinka, Sobibór and Bełżec extermination camps. Historian Michael Allen described him as ""the vilest individual in the vilest organization ever known"". Globočnik killed himself shortly after his capture and detention by British soldiers. == Early life ==
Odilo Lothar Ludwig Globočnik was born on 21 April 1904 in the Imperial Free City of Trieste, then the capital of the Austrian Littoral administrative region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (now in Italy). He was the second child of Franz Globočnik, a Slovenian cavalry lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Because Globočnik was a leading Nazi official, and perpetrator of not only the Holocaust but the ethnic cleansing of millions of Poles and other Slavs, historians have been interested in accounts of Globočnik's Slavic ancestry – his surname is Slovenian – with his father being Slovenian while his mother was half-Serbian and half-Croatian. His father was unable to save enough money required to get an officer's marriage permission and had to leave the service. As was the practice at this time, he was given a job in the Imperial and Royal Mail. Odilo's mother Anna, née Petschinka, was born in Versecz, Kingdom of Hungary (now Vršac, Serbia); she was half-Serbian and half-Croatian.",386
1440,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"As was the practice at this time, he was given a job in the Imperial and Royal Mail. Odilo's mother Anna, née Petschinka, was born in Versecz, Kingdom of Hungary (now Vršac, Serbia); she was half-Serbian and half-Croatian. In 1914, the family left Trieste for Cseklész, where Franz Globočnik was recalled to active duty after the outbreak of the First World War. The same year, Globočnik joined the army, via a military school. The war ended his military education prematurely. He moved with his family to Klagenfurt in Carinthia. There as a teenager, he joined the pro-Austrian volunteer militia fighting Slovene volunteers and, later, the Yugoslav Army during the Carinthian War (1918–19). In 1920, he worked as an underground propagandist for the Austrian cause during the Carinthian Plebiscite. He later enrolled at the Höhere Staatsgewerbeschule (a higher vocational school for mechanical engineering), where he passed his Matura (the Austrian equivalent of the German Abitur) and graduated with honours. He worked as a porter at the railway station, among other jobs, to help financially support his family. Globočnik first became politically active in 1922, when he became a prominent member of pre-Nazi Carinthian paramilitary organisations and was seen wearing a swastika. At the time, he was a building tradesman, introduced to his job while engaged to Grete Michner. Her father, Emil Michner, had talked to the director of KÄWAG (Kärntner Wasserkraftwerke AG), an electricity distribution company of Carinthia, and secured Globočnik a job as a technician and construction supervisor.",382
1441,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"At the time, he was a building tradesman, introduced to his job while engaged to Grete Michner. Her father, Emil Michner, had talked to the director of KÄWAG (Kärntner Wasserkraftwerke AG), an electricity distribution company of Carinthia, and secured Globočnik a job as a technician and construction supervisor. === Slavic ancestry ===
After he entered politics, Globočnik faced ridicule from the German and international media for his Slavic surname and ancestry, in light of the Nazis' (including Globočnik's) extreme racism against Slavs. Globočnik would assiduously maintain that he was of ""Germanic ancestry"". This was important since Slavs were considered sub-human (Untermenschen) and eventually subjected to slave labour and genocide by Nazi Germany. He said that his paternal grandfather was an ""Aryan"" who was ""culturally Slavicized"", but maintained his ""Germanic blood"". Historians have often dismissed this as a ruse. In his 2004 biography of Globočnik, historian Gregor Joseph Kranjc devoted the entire first chapter to the debate concerning Globočnik's ancestry. He says that Globočnik was ridiculed by other Nazis for his surname, because the Nazis classified Slavs as sub-human (Untermenschen). However, with Globočnik having a powerful and high-ranking ally such as Heinrich Himmler, he was protected from other Nazis, and Himmler defended him by claiming that he was of Aryan origin and that his surname was a result of ""Slavicization"". In 2004, historian Joseph Poprzeczny argued in his biography of Globočnik that the story might have been credible, citing Austro-Hungarian census data from 1910 indicating that the Globočniks were ethnic Germans.",390
1442,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"However, with Globočnik having a powerful and high-ranking ally such as Heinrich Himmler, he was protected from other Nazis, and Himmler defended him by claiming that he was of Aryan origin and that his surname was a result of ""Slavicization"". In 2004, historian Joseph Poprzeczny argued in his biography of Globočnik that the story might have been credible, citing Austro-Hungarian census data from 1910 indicating that the Globočniks were ethnic Germans. However, this claim is dubious as Austro-Hungarian censuses did not record ethnicity from its inhabitants but rather native languages to exaggerate how much German was spoken and subsequently downplay non-German languages and ethnicities within the Empire, which meant that the Globočniks may have just been German-speaking Slavs, especially considering they were living under Habsburg rule and their proximity to Austria. At the time of his birth, the Slovene Lands were ruled directly from Vienna and divided into parts of the duchies of Carniola and Styria and the Austrian Littoral. == Nazi Party and SS career ==

In August 1933, Globočnik was arrested for the first time, for his attempt to contact imprisoned Nazis in Klagenfurt. In the same year, he became a member of the Austrian SS. He was arrested due to his public support for the Nazi Party (NSDAP), as he had become a member of the party in 1931 while he was in Carinthia. Although he was arrested four times between 1933 and 1935, he served just over a year in jail on various political charges. Heinrich Himmler intervened on his behalf, after two years of arguments between Globočnik and the authorities. His first documented activity for the NSDAP occurred in 1931 when he was documented as distributing propaganda for the party.",387
1443,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"Heinrich Himmler intervened on his behalf, after two years of arguments between Globočnik and the authorities. His first documented activity for the NSDAP occurred in 1931 when he was documented as distributing propaganda for the party. By then, he had nearly abandoned his work as a building tradesman, and attached himself very closely to the NSDAP. He was assigned to develop a courier and intelligence service for the NSDAP, which channelled funds from the German Reich into Austria. In June 1933, in Vienna, Jewish jeweller Norbert Futterweit was killed when a bomb was thrown at his shop. This was among the earliest murders in Austria attributable to the Nazis, and a number of historians believe that Globočnik was involved in the attack. Globočnik joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) on 1 September 1934. His devotion to the Nazi cause paid off, as he was quickly promoted in the party apparatus in Austria. He became a Deputy Gauleiter briefly in Vienna and then in Carinthia between January and May 1933. He was appointed as the head of the party intelligence apparatus in Carinthia, serving from 1934 to 1936. From September 1936 to May 1938, he served as the Chief of Staff of the National Leadership of the Austrian Nazi Party under Hubert Klausner. Globočnik was a key player in the usurpation of the Austrian government by the Nazis. With the Anschluss, Nazi Germany annexed Austria on 12 March 1938. He was rewarded with an appointment as a State Secretary in the Nazi government, established by Chancellor Arthur Seyss-Inquart on 15 March. At the parliamentary election of 10 April, he was elected as a Nazi deputy to the Reichstag from the newly renamed Ostmark. Next came his appointment as Gauleiter of Vienna on 22 May 1938 by Adolf Hitler.",381
1444,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"At the parliamentary election of 10 April, he was elected as a Nazi deputy to the Reichstag from the newly renamed Ostmark. Next came his appointment as Gauleiter of Vienna on 22 May 1938 by Adolf Hitler. In his early tenure as Gauleiter, Globočnik espoused Nazi anti-Jewish philosophy: ""I will not recoil from radical interventions for the solution of Jewish questions."" Later that same year he opened Vienna's first anti-Semitic political exhibition, which was attended by 10,000 visitors on the first day. Prominent at the exhibition and received enthusiastically by the public was the film, ""The Eternal Jew"". Early gestures of accommodation to the new government by Cardinal Innitzer did not assuage the Austrian Nazi radicals, foremost among them being Globočnik. He launched a crusade against the Church, and the Nazis confiscated property, closed Catholic organisations and sent many priests to Dachau. Anger at the treatment of the Church in Austria grew quickly, and in October 1938 the first act of overt mass resistance to the new regime took place. A rally of thousands left Mass in Vienna chanting ""Christ is our Führer"", before being dispersed by police. A Nazi mob ransacked Cardinal Innitzer's residence, after he denounced Nazi persecution of the Church. Globočnik was relieved of his posts and stripped of his party honours on 30 January 1939, when it was discovered that he was involved in illegal foreign currency speculation. As punishment, Himmler transferred Globočnik to the Waffen-SS, in the rank of junior sergeant (Unterscharführer), where he served with SS Standarte ""Germania"" during the Polish campaign. Himmler liked Globočnik and recognised his value. In late 1939, Globočnik was pardoned, promoted to SS-Brigadeführer, and assigned to Lublin province.",390
1445,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"Himmler liked Globočnik and recognised his value. In late 1939, Globočnik was pardoned, promoted to SS-Brigadeführer, and assigned to Lublin province. === Crimes in occupied Poland ===
On 9 November 1939, Himmler appointed Globočnik as SS and Police Leader in the Lublin district of the General Government territory. After the initially disappointing party career, Globočnik now had a second chance in the ranks of the SS and the police. On 16 February 1940, Globočnik declared: ""The evacuated Jews should feed themselves and be supported by their countrymen, as these Jews have enough [food]. If this does not succeed, one should let them starve."" In the following years, Globočnik was responsible for:

'Liquidating' the Warsaw Ghetto, which contained about 500,000 Jews, the largest Jewish community in Europe and the second-largest in the world after New York City. Liquidating the Białystok Ghetto, which had strongly resisted German occupation. Resettling a large number of Poles under the premise of 'ethnic cleansing'. Implementation and supervision of the Lublin reservation, to which 95,000 Jews were deported, with its adjacent network of forced labour camps in the Lublin district. He was also in charge of over 45,000 Jewish labourers.",284
1446,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"Implementation and supervision of the Lublin reservation, to which 95,000 Jews were deported, with its adjacent network of forced labour camps in the Lublin district. He was also in charge of over 45,000 Jewish labourers. Globočnik is reported to have taken great joy in killings and organizing killings of Jews, stating that, in Höss' rendition, Globočnik ""wanted to be in the forefront with his exterminations"" even when transportation capacities did not allow for it and then he ""carried out executions at his own discretion""


=== Extermination camps ===

There are indications that Globočnik, along with a chief accomplice Christian Wirth, may have originated the concept of the extermination camp and industrialised murder, and suggested the concept to Himmler. At a two-hour meeting with Himmler on 13 October 1941, Globočnik received verbal approval to begin construction of the Belzec extermination camp, the first such camp in the General Government. Shortly beforehand, in September 1941, Globočnik had been visited by Philipp Bouhler and Viktor Brack, the top officials in the Fuhrer Chancellery responsible for the Aktion T4 ""euthanasia"" program, which had been using gas chambers disguised as shower rooms to execute many of its victims. On or about 1 October 1941, Globočnik wrote a memorandum to Himmler containing proposals for actions against the Jews ""of a security policy nature,"" and the 13 October meeting was held to discuss this memorandum and related subjects. A colleague's contemporaneous letter reflects Globočnik's state of mind at the time of the 13 October meeting: Globočnik said it was necessary to undertake a ""cleansing of the entire [General Government] of Jews and Poles"" and was ""full of good and far-reaching plans"" to achieve this objective.",388
1447,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"On or about 1 October 1941, Globočnik wrote a memorandum to Himmler containing proposals for actions against the Jews ""of a security policy nature,"" and the 13 October meeting was held to discuss this memorandum and related subjects. A colleague's contemporaneous letter reflects Globočnik's state of mind at the time of the 13 October meeting: Globočnik said it was necessary to undertake a ""cleansing of the entire [General Government] of Jews and Poles"" and was ""full of good and far-reaching plans"" to achieve this objective. There are indications that Globočnik may have begun a crude experimental gassing facility in the woods near Belzec shortly before his mid-October meeting with Himmler. At the 13 October 1941 meeting with Himmler, Globočnik proposed exterminating the Jews in assembly-line fashion in a concentration camp, using gas chambers. On 14 October 1941 – the day after he had met with Globočnik – Himmler held a five-hour meeting with Reinhard Heydrich to discuss ""executions"", following which other extermination camp gassing sites were built. Days later, Himmler forbade all further Jewish emigration from Reich territory ""in view of the forthcoming 'Final Solution' to the Jewish question."" The gassing facilities that Globočnik established at Belzec soon after his 13 October meeting with Himmler were designed by T4 programme personnel assigned to him. They used carbon monoxide, as the T4 programme had done. Before it became an extermination camp, Belzec had been part of Himmler's and Globočnik's Burggraben project. The construction of three more death camps, Sobibor and Majdanek in the Lublin district and Treblinka at Małkinia Górna, followed in 1942.",382
1448,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"Before it became an extermination camp, Belzec had been part of Himmler's and Globočnik's Burggraben project. The construction of three more death camps, Sobibor and Majdanek in the Lublin district and Treblinka at Małkinia Górna, followed in 1942. Globočnik was complicit in the extermination of more than 1.5 million Jews of Polish, Czech, Dutch, French, Russian, Slovak, German, Portuguese, Turkish, Spanish and Austrian origin, as well as a smaller number of non-Jews, in the death camps under his control. He exploited Jews and non-Jews as slave labourers in his own forced labour camps. He was responsible for seizing the properties and valuables of murdered inmates while in charge of Operation Reinhard. Although other arms of the Nazi state were also involved in the overall management of the greater concentration camp system, Globočnik had control over the Aktion Reinhard camps, and any orders that he received came directly from Himmler. From 1942 to 1943, he also oversaw the beginning of the Generalplan Ost, the plan to expel Poles from their lands and resettle those territories with German settlers (see Zamość Uprising). On 9 November 1942, Globočnik was promoted to SS-Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant der Polizei. On November 4, 1943, Globočnik reported to Himmler from Trieste that he had concluded Operation Reinhard, as of October 19, 1943, and that all camps had been dissolved. He also sent a final report. In his reply, Himmler thanked Globočnik and expressed his gratitude and appreciation for the great and unique services he had rendered to the entire German people in carrying out ""Operation Reinhard.""",378
1449,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"He also sent a final report. In his reply, Himmler thanked Globočnik and expressed his gratitude and appreciation for the great and unique services he had rendered to the entire German people in carrying out ""Operation Reinhard."" === Activities in Italy ===
After the Armistice of Cassibile, Globočnik was appointed as Higher SS and Police Leader of the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral of Italy on 13 September 1943. After the completion of Operation Reinhard in Poland, he was sent to Trieste, his hometown. With him he brought to Trieste a large number of experienced killers who had distinguished records from various extermination operations in Germany, the Soviet Union and the death camps in occupied Poland at Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka. They included the 92 specialists of Einsatzkommando Reinhard, many of whom were Ukrainian SS troops, male and female... Einsatzkommando Reinhard was divided into three geographical areas, the headquarters for each of which was officially denoted with a variation of the letter R – R1 for Trieste, R2 for Udine and R3 for Fiume. Having looted assets stolen from Holocaust victims at death camps in occupied Poland, Globočnik went to Italy with a number of his men who had taken part in Aktion Tiergarten 4 including Franz Stangl from Treblinka and Franz Reichleitner from Sobibor. A few days after 8 September 1943 (when the Armistice  between Italy and the Allies signed on 3 September had come into force), Christian Wirth arrived in Trieste. Together, they converted an old rice mill on the outskirts of the city into a detention centre complete with a crematorium, known as Risiera di San Sabba (in Slovene: Rižarna).",378
1450,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"A few days after 8 September 1943 (when the Armistice  between Italy and the Allies signed on 3 September had come into force), Christian Wirth arrived in Trieste. Together, they converted an old rice mill on the outskirts of the city into a detention centre complete with a crematorium, known as Risiera di San Sabba (in Slovene: Rižarna). At San Sabba, thousands of Italian Jews, partisans and other political dissidents were interrogated, tortured and murdered under the direction of these men after the 1943 downfall of Benito Mussolini and the German takeover of the country. In Slovene Littoral, Slovene Partisans were fought both by Germans and by the Littoral Home Guard, which was also under Globočnik's direct command. It provided Germans with lists of locations of Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation hideouts and suspicious individuals (described as propagandists). With the advance of Allied troops, Globočnik retreated into Austrian Carinthia and finally went into hiding high in the mountains near Weissensee, still in the company of his closest staff members. == Death ==
Globočnik was tracked down and captured by a British armoured cavalry unit on 31 May 1945 in Carinthia, Austria. A unit from the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, found him on the Möslacher Alm, a 1,250 m (4,100 ft) mountain in the Eastern Alps, with seven other wanted Nazis: Georg Michalsen, Friedrich Rainer, Ernst Lerch, Hermann Höfle, Karl Hellesberger, Hugo Herzog and Friedrich Plöb. Globočnik was taken to Paternion in Villach-Land District to be interrogated. However, before he was questioned, Globočnik committed suicide by biting on a cyanide capsule.",377
1451,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"Globočnik was taken to Paternion in Villach-Land District to be interrogated. However, before he was questioned, Globočnik committed suicide by biting on a cyanide capsule. His body was taken to be buried in a local churchyard, but the priest reportedly refused to have ""the body of such a man"" resting in consecrated ground. A grave was dug outside the churchyard, next to an outer wall, and the body was buried without ceremony. Contemporary photographs of Globočnik's corpse and reliable reports, such as the Regimental Diary and Field Reports of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, detailed the circumstances of his capture and suicide. Some speculated that his death came at the hands of either partisans or a Jewish revenge squad, or that he was turned over alive to US intelligence by the British. The latter claim is based on an ""official US document signed by US CIC S/A Operations Officer Andrew L. Venters, dated 27 October 1948, more than three years after his supposed death"". However, this document was exposed as a forgery in the 1980s by the investigative writer and historian, Gitta Sereny; she gives all details in a long article in The Observer newspaper. == Portrayal in media ==
Globočnik is a key antagonist in the Robert Harris alternative-history novel Fatherland; in the book set in 1964, a character based on Globočnik is still alive and a top SS official. In the 1994 television film adaptation, Globočnik was played by John Shrapnel.",320
1452,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"== Portrayal in media ==
Globočnik is a key antagonist in the Robert Harris alternative-history novel Fatherland; in the book set in 1964, a character based on Globočnik is still alive and a top SS official. In the 1994 television film adaptation, Globočnik was played by John Shrapnel. In the Harry Turtledove alternate-history novel In the Presence of Mine Enemies, set in 2010, a former Reichskommissar for Ostland Affairs called Odilo Globočnik (likely an analogue rather than the historical figure) is briefly installed as Führer in an SS-backed coup d'état against the reformist Heinz Buckliger; after the coup fails due to popular opposition, Globočnik is lynched. In 2018, Slovenian theatre director Dragan Živadinov created and directed a theatre performance titled Odilo. Zatemnitev. Oratorij. (Odilo. Obscuration. Oratorio.) about Globočnik, his many crimes and his complicated place in Slovenian history. The theatre piece was devised as a ritualistic killing of Globočnik’s name, and the obstruction of the resurrection of his acts, with a firm anti-Nazi stance. == See also ==

List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
List of SS personnel
Glossary of Nazi Germany


== Notes ==


== References ==


== Further reading ==

Arad, Y. (2018). The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Revised and Expanded Edition: Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3dnq8z. JSTOR j.ctv3dnq8z. S2CID 186631599. Black, P. R. (1992).",399
1453,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"S2CID 186631599. Black, P. R. (1992). ""Rehearsal for 'Reinhard'? : Odilo Globocnik and the Lublin Selbstschutz"". Central European History. 25 (2). [Cambridge University Press, Central European History Society]: 204–226. doi:10.1017/S000893890002032X. ISSN 0008-9389. S2CID 146248149. Hamilton, Charles (1996). Leaders and Personalities of the Third Reich Vol. 2. San Jose: Bender. Kay, A. J. (2021). ""Holocaust by Gas: Operation Reinhardt"". Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing. Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1z9n1qs. ISBN 978-0-300-23405-3. JSTOR j.ctv1z9n1qs. Mędykowski, W. W. (2018). Macht Arbeit Frei? : German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943. Academic Studies Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv75d8v5. ISBN 978-1-61811-596-6. JSTOR j.ctv75d8v5. Miller, M. D. (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1 (1st ed.). R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-93-297-0037-2. Miller, Michael D.; Schulz, Andreas (2012). Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925–1945. Vol. 1 (Herbert Albrecht – H. Wilhelm Hüttmann). R. James Bender Publishing.",386
1454,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"1 (Herbert Albrecht – H. Wilhelm Hüttmann). R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-1-932-97021-0. Moehrle, R. (2014). Judenverfolgung in Triest während Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus (in German). Berlin: Metropol Verlag. pp. 305–460. ISBN 978-3-86331-195-7. Poprzeczny, Joseph (2004). Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East. Jefferson and London: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-1625-4. Pucher, Siegfried J. (1997). ... in der Bewegung führend tätig. Odilo Globocnik – Kämpfer für den 'Anschluss', Vollstrecker des Holocaust. Klagenfurt/Celovec: Drava Verlag. ISBN 3-85435-278-6. Rieger, Berndt (2007). Creator of Nazi Death Camps. The Life of Odilo Globocnik. London/Portland OR: Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-523-7. Snyder, Louis L. (1989). Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 9781557781444. Wulf, J. (1989). Das Dritte Reich und seine Vollstrecker. Die Liquitation der Juden im Warschauer Ghetto. Dokumente u (in German). Berlin: Fourier Verlag. ISBN 978-3-925037-47-4.",363
1455,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik,Odilo Globocnik,"Berlin: Fourier Verlag. ISBN 978-3-925037-47-4. == External links ==
Information about Odilo Globocnik in the Reichstag database
 Media related to Odilo Globocnik at Wikimedia Commons
 Quotations related to Odilo Globocnik at Wikiquote",66
1456,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Morales_(American_football),Marco Morales (American football),"Marco Morales (born January 7, 1962) is a Mexican former professional American football placekicker who played five seasons in the Arena Football League (AFL) with the Denver Dynamite, Chicago Bruisers, Dallas Texans and New Orleans Night. He played college football at Southwestern College and San Diego State University. == Early life ==
Morales was born on January 7, 1962, in Mexicali, Mexico. He attended Castle Park High School in Chula Vista, California, where he played soccer and football. Morales earned first-team all-Mission Conference honors as both a kicker and punter at Southwestern College in Chula Vista, converting on 20 of 28 field goal attempts in two seasons for the Apaches, before transferring to San Diego State as a walk-on. In 1982, he tied an NCAA record with four field goals in a half against UNLV. == Professional career ==
Morales signed with the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL) after going undrafted in the 1984 NFL draft. However, he was later released. Morales signed with the Denver Gold of the United States Football League (USFL) for the 1985 USFL season. He was released on January 21, 1985. Morales played in three games for the Denver Dynamite of the Arena Football League (AFL) during the AFL's inaugural 1987 season, converting two of 12 field goals and 11 of 18 extra points while also posting one solo tackle, one forced fumble, and one pass breakup. The Dynamite finished the season with a 4–2 record. On August 1, 1987, the Dynamite beat the Pittsburgh Gladiators in ArenaBowl I by a score of 45–16. Morales appeared in 12 games for the Chicago Bruisers of the AFL in 1988, recording six of 31 field goals, 50 of 67 extra points, one successful two-point field goal, eight solo tackles, and three assisted tackles.",389
1457,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Morales_(American_football),Marco Morales (American football),"On August 1, 1987, the Dynamite beat the Pittsburgh Gladiators in ArenaBowl I by a score of 45–16. Morales appeared in 12 games for the Chicago Bruisers of the AFL in 1988, recording six of 31 field goals, 50 of 67 extra points, one successful two-point field goal, eight solo tackles, and three assisted tackles. The Bruisers finished the year 10–1–1 and lost to the Detroit Drive in ArenaBowl II. Morales was named first-team All-Arena for his performance during the 1988 season. Morales signed with the San Francisco 49ers of the NFL in 1989, but was later released. Morales played in seven games for the AFL's Dallas Texans in 1990, totaling six of 21 field goals, 18 of 24 extra points, and three solo tackles. The Texans finished the 1990 season with a 6–2 record. Morales advanced to his third ArenaBowl in three 
AFL seasons, all with different franchises. The Texans lost to the Detroit Drive in ArenaBowl IV. Morales played in all ten games for the New Orleans Night of the AFL in 1991, converting 17 of 45 field goals, 27 of 38 extra points, eight solo tackles, and two assisted tackles as the Night finished 4–6. Morales earned second-team All-Arena honors for the 1991 season. He appeared in five games for New Orleans in 1992, making five of 18 field goals and 12 of 15 extra points. == References ==",301
1458,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanik_Frick,Yanik Frick,"Yanik Frick (born 27 May 1998) is a Liechtensteiner former professional footballer who last played as a forward for FC Montlingen. He currently is a scout for FC Zürich. == Club career ==
Frick began playing football in the academy of AC Siena at age 6 while his father played with the senior team in Serie A. At age four he would practice football with future Italian international Nicolò Zaniolo while his father and Nicolo's father, Igor Zaniolo, played together at Ternana and became good friends. As a youth, he also played for the youth teams of FC Vaduz, FC St. Gallen, and USV Eschen/Mauren. Frick started his professional career at Austrian club SC Rheindorf Altach in 2016, signing for the reserve squad. His first appearance for the club came against an academy side of FC Zürich, a match in which he impressed his coaches. He also trained with the first team once per week. He scored his first goal for the club on 31 July 2016 against SV Austria Salzburg. In total he scored five goals in twenty three Austrian Regionalliga West appearances for the team. After leaving Altach, several Italian clubs including Carpi expressed interest in the player. In July 2017, he was signed to a three-year deal by Perugia on a free transfer. Frick made his Serie B debut for the club on 19 September 2017. He made his competitive debut for the club the previous month in a 2–1 Coppa Italia victory over Gubbio on 6 August 2017. In total, Frick made only three league appearances for Perugia after recurring injuries kept him out of the lineup. In January 2018 he was sold to Livorno and signed to a new, longer contract to 2021. He was then immediately loaned to A.S. Pro Piacenza 1919.",395
1459,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanik_Frick,Yanik Frick,"He was then immediately loaned to A.S. Pro Piacenza 1919. On 6 March 2018 Frick made his Serie C debut for Pro Piacenza against Cuneo. Seven minutes after entering the match he scored his first goal. He scored his second goal for the club on 7 April 2018 in a match against Pisa. Livorno terminated Frick's contract on 17 November 2018. After a training stint with FC Vaduz, Frick joined Rapperswil-Jona of the Swiss Challenge League in January 2019 with his contract set to run until 31 June 2021. FC Rapperswil-Jona received clearance for the player to feature for them the following month. The club and player mutually agreed to part ways in September 2020, partially because of the club cutting costs and partly the player's desire to compete at a higher level following the club's relegation. During his final season with the club  which was shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic, Frick scored five goals in only nine league matches. In August 2020 he went on trial with SV Waldhof Mannheim of the German 3. Liga but was not offered a contract despite scoring a goal in a friendly victory over FV Fortuna Heddesheim. Earlier that summer, other 3. Liga clubs were also reportedly interested in signing Frick. On 6 October 2020, it was announced that Frick had joined Energie Cottbus of the German Regionalliga Nordost for the 2020–21 season. He made his debut for the club on 28 October 2020, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute against FC Carl Zeiss Jena. In summer 2021, Cottbus told the player he was free to find another club, despite having a year left on his contract.",362
1460,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanik_Frick,Yanik Frick,"He made his debut for the club on 28 October 2020, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute against FC Carl Zeiss Jena. In summer 2021, Cottbus told the player he was free to find another club, despite having a year left on his contract. On 1 September 2021 it was announced that Frick had returned to Italy, signing for USD Pont Donnaz Hône Arnad Evançon of Serie D. However, Frick was released less than a month later following the sacking of manager Fabrizio Daidola. He appeared in only one league match for the club before his departure, playing sixty-three minutes of a 0–3 defeat to A.C. Bra on 26 September. On 9 October 2022 it was announced that Frick would be joining FC Montlingen after the winter break, having been training with the club for about a month. This meant he would be playing alongside his brother Noah for the first time in his senior career. == International career ==
Frick made eight appearances for the Liechtenstein U21 team between 2015 and 2019. Frick is a member of the Liechtenstein national football team, making his debut in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Albania on 6 October 2016. After being left on the bench as an unused substitute for a 2018 World Cup qualification match against Spain on 5 September 2017, he rashly resigned from the national team at age 19. However, the player quickly apologized to national team manager Rene Pauritsch for his behavior, calling it a ""mistake"" and vowing to apologize to the full team if he received another call up. He earned his next cap on 8 June 2019 for a Euro 2020 qualifying match against Armenia under new Liechtenstein manager Helgi Kolviðsson. On 12 October 2019, he scored his first senior goal in the return leg against Armenia in Vaduz.",388
1461,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanik_Frick,Yanik Frick,"He earned his next cap on 8 June 2019 for a Euro 2020 qualifying match against Armenia under new Liechtenstein manager Helgi Kolviðsson. On 12 October 2019, he scored his first senior goal in the return leg against Armenia in Vaduz. == Personal life ==
He is the eldest son of former footballer Mario Frick, who is the record goalscorer for the Liechtenstein national football team. Yanik's younger brother, Noah, is also a Liechtenstein international footballer. He and his brother are named after former French tennis player Yannick Noah. == Career statistics ==


=== International goals ===
Scores and results list Liechtenstein's goal tally first. As of 14 June 2022


== References ==


== External links ==
Energie Cottbus profile
Yanik Frick – UEFA competition record (archive)
Yanik Frick at National-Football-Teams.com",196
1462,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Kimball,Jeremy Kimball,"Jeremy Kimball, (born March 1, 1991) is an American mixed martial artist who formerly competed in the Light Heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional competitor since 2010, Kimball has also formerly competed for Bellator MMA and the RFA. == Background ==
Kimball was born in Burlington, Vermont but raised in Colorado Springs, Colorado, attending Doherty High School. Kimball began training at the age of eight, under the tutelage of his father Ernest, an MMA coach. == Mixed martial arts career ==


=== Ultimate Fighting Championship ===
Kimball made his promotional debut on January 28, 2017 against Marcos Rogério de Lima at UFC on Fox: Shevchenko vs. Peña. He lost via TKO in the first round. Kimball faced Josh Stansbury on June 25, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 112. He won the fight in the first round via TKO. The win also earned Kimball his first Performance of the Night bonus award. Kimball faced Dominick Reyes on December 2, 2017 at UFC 218. He lost the fight via submission in the first round. Kimball faced promotional newcomer Darko Stošić on July 22, 2018 at UFC Fight Night: Shogun vs. Smith. He lost the fight via technical knockout. === Oktagon MMA ===
Kimball faced Thomas Narmo on April 9, 2022 against Thomas Narmo at Oktagon 32. He won the bout via TKO in the first round after Narmo was unable to continue due to leg kicks. Kimball faced Hatef Moeil on October 15, 2022 at Oktagon 36. He lost the bout via TKO stoppage due to ground and pound in the second round. Kimball faced Ruben Wolf on April 29, 2023 at Oktagon 42, winning the bout via TKO stoppage in the second round.",385
1463,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Kimball,Jeremy Kimball,"He lost the bout via TKO stoppage due to ground and pound in the second round. Kimball faced Ruben Wolf on April 29, 2023 at Oktagon 42, winning the bout via TKO stoppage in the second round. Kimball returned to Light Heavyweight to take on Alexander Poppeck on Marc 23, 2024 at Oktagon 55, losing the bout via first round ground and pound TKO. == Championships and accomplishments ==


=== Mixed martial arts ===
Final Fight Championship
FFC Light Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Performance of the Night (One time) vs. Josh Stansbury


== Mixed martial arts record ==


== See also ==
List of current UFC fighters
List of Bellator MMA alumni
List of male mixed martial artists


== References ==


== External links ==
Jeremy Kimball at UFC
Professional MMA record for Jeremy Kimball from Sherdog",195
1464,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Grammar_School,Sierra Leone Grammar School,"The Sierra Leone Grammar School was founded on 25 March 1845 in Freetown, Sierra Leone, by the Church Mission Society (CMS), and at first was called the CMS Grammar School. It was the first secondary educational institution  for West Africans with a European curriculum. Many of the administrators and professionals of British West Africa were educated at the school. == Foundation ==
The Church Mission Society founded Fourah Bay College in 1827 to provide training for African missionaries. As the academic standards of the college rose, the regular schools in the region were unable to produce students with sufficient education to be admitted to the college. The grammar school was founded to fill the gap. The CMS obtained a lease on a massive building with arches on all sides at Regent Square, Freetown, that until recently had been the house of the Governor. Opening on 25 March 1845, the CMS Grammar School was the first secondary education institution in Sierra Leone and the first in sub-Saharan Africa for Africans. The CMS Grammar School offered a western-style curriculum that included Greek, Latin, Astronomy and Music. Other subjects were English, French, Bible Knowledge, Mathematics, Science, Geography, History, Recitation and Physical Education. The school began with 14 pupils from Fourah Bay College. At first the main purpose was to train people who would go on to become missionaries, so all pupils were expected to convert to Christianity. == Colonial era ==
Six months after the school's foundation the number of pupils had risen to 30. Within a year, three of the pupils were able to read the New Testament in Greek and understood Euclid's Elements. They were sent on to Fourah Bay College. By 1847 the school had 45 pupils, of whom 18 were fee paying. The availability of boarding facilities at Regents Square made it practical for pupils to come from throughout the colony and from elsewhere in Africa. Many prominent West Africans were educated there.",394
1465,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Grammar_School,Sierra Leone Grammar School,"The availability of boarding facilities at Regents Square made it practical for pupils to come from throughout the colony and from elsewhere in Africa. Many prominent West Africans were educated there. The school soon expanded into training teachers, resulting in a great improvement in local standards of primary school education. It also began to provide general education for the emerging middle class in the Gambia, Gold Coast and Nigeria in addition to its original role of preparing students for entry to Fourah Bay College. Some students were subsidized by the CMS, but most paid fees. By 1850 the only contribution required of the CMS was the salary of the European principal. The CMS Grammar School in Lagos, Nigeria was founded in June 1859. It was modeled on the Freetown school, which by then had earned a high reputation. As the Freetown school grew and prospered, it was divided into a Preparatory and Upper school. As early as 1865 some of the more promising students were being sent to England for further training. The report for the school for the year ending September 1851 said there were 53 pupils of whom four were the sons of native chiefs. The progress report indicates the curriculum: ""The first class have read part of Nicholl's Help to the Bible, and have got up the natural, historical and political geography of Greece, and the account of Greek idolatory. They have advanced as far as mensuration of superfices, and are reading fractions in algebra and arithmetic. Some attention has been paid to land surveying. The historical, political and natural geography of Asia has been prepared for examination, and thirteen good maps have been drawn...""
In 1851 the school bought a six-acre farm and pupils were taught to raise cotton. In 1853 the Church Mission Society founded a model industrial school at Kissy, expecting graduates to go on to CMS Grammar School to be trained as teachers. These attempts at teaching practical skills were not successful and were abandoned.",393
1466,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Grammar_School,Sierra Leone Grammar School,"In 1853 the Church Mission Society founded a model industrial school at Kissy, expecting graduates to go on to CMS Grammar School to be trained as teachers. These attempts at teaching practical skills were not successful and were abandoned. The students began to feel that such skills were for the working classes, and that knowledge of Latin and Greek was much more desirable. However, in the early 1860s some pupils were taught practical navigation on HMS Rattlesnake. The school acquired a printing press under the Rev. James Quaker and began to produce a twice-monthly journal The Ethiopia in 1871. Printing continued until 1942. The school started a marching band, which first performed in 1912. Sporadic attempts were again made to introduce practical training from the 1920s onward, including weaving and spinning, carpentry, bookbinding, cardboard modelling and the elementary arts, but without much success. Despite limitations in the curriculum, the CMS Grammar School played an important role in training administrators, doctors and teachers throughout English-speaking West Africa in the first half of the 20th century. == Post-independence ==
On the 27 April 1961 Sierra Leone became politically independent of Great Britain. The school moved to its present location at Murray Town in 1962. After being run by the Church Missionary Society for more than a century, the Government assumed greater responsibility for paying teachers' salaries and providing grants. The school regained independent status in September 2007 and is now sole property of the Anglican Diocese of Freetown. This gives the school more discretion over policies like tuition, recruitment and teachers' salaries, but also means the school no longer receives government subsidies. == Principals ==
The first principal was Rev. Thomas Peyton (1845–52). He compared his students favourably to English students at a time when European racial prejudice against Africans was profound. The first African principal was James Quaker (1861–82), a former student of the Church Mission Society college in London.",397
1467,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Grammar_School,Sierra Leone Grammar School,"He compared his students favourably to English students at a time when European racial prejudice against Africans was profound. The first African principal was James Quaker (1861–82), a former student of the Church Mission Society college in London. The Reverend Obadiah Moore was a graduate of the school who became principal after studying at Fourah Bay College and at Monkton Combe School near Bath in England, and holding other teaching positions. T.C. John, a Hausa, was taught at the Sierra Leone Grammar school and later became a Master, Vice-Principal and then in 1920 Principal of the school. In 1933 he was consecrated Assistant Bishop of the Niger. When he died on 26 January 1936 it was discovered that no provision had been made to pay a pension to his widow, but the church made no immediate move to rectify the problem. A full list of principals:


== Alumni ==
Captain James Pinson Labulo Davies Nigerian industrialist, mariner, philanthropist and politician
Charles D.B. King, President of Liberia
Frans Dove barrister, patron of sports and philanthropist
Modjaben Dowuona, first Registrar of the University of Ghana; Minister for Education (1966–1969)
Edward Francis Bani Forster, first Gambian Psychiatrist
Thomas Horatio Jackson Nigerian Editor and Publisher of the Lagos Weekly Record


== References ==",287
1468,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Minds_(organization),Other Minds (organization),"Other Minds (OM) is an American nonprofit organization based in San Francisco. It was founded In 1992 by Charles Amirkhanian and Jim Newman. According to their mission statement, the organization is dedicated to the ""encouragement and propagation of contemporary music."" The name ""Other Minds"" has been attributed by Jim Newman to an anonymous obituary that ran in The New Yorker in 1992 which stated that John Cage ""...composed music in other people's minds."" Other Minds has achieved wide recognition and acclaim including the ASCAP award in 2009 for adventurous programming, the American Music Center's 2005 letter of distinction for service to American composers, and the American Composers Forum 2017 Champion of New Music award for Other Minds Executive and Artistic Director Charles Amirkhanian. == Concerts ==

Since 1993, Other Minds has presented an annual festival featuring a wide range of international composers. These concerts were previously produced in conjunction with an artist residency retreat held at the Djerassi Resident Artists Program in Woodside, California south of San Francisco in which that year's artists had an opportunity to share their work with each other prior to the festival performances. In addition, Other Minds organizes concerts and events in various venues in the Bay Area throughout the year, including the series ""The Nature of Music"" and ""Latitudes."" ""New Music Seances"" feature live performances with local artists of music by lesser known past masters such as Henry Cowell, Ruth Crawford, Dane Rudhyar, Alan Hovhaness, and Lester Bowie. Special concerts have been held celebrating the centennials of composers Alan Hovhaness and Conlon Nancarrow, the piano music of Philip Glass, and the 50th anniversary of Fluxus. The annual festival was held at the Taube Atrium Theater and Gray Area in San Francisco in 2023.",379
1469,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Minds_(organization),Other Minds (organization),"Special concerts have been held celebrating the centennials of composers Alan Hovhaness and Conlon Nancarrow, the piano music of Philip Glass, and the 50th anniversary of Fluxus. The annual festival was held at the Taube Atrium Theater and Gray Area in San Francisco in 2023. Composers represented in the annual festival have included such artists as Meredith Monk, Muhal Richard Abrams, Terry Riley, Philip Glass, Frederic Rzewski, Margaret Leng Tan, Henry Brant, Conlon Nancarrow, Robert Ashley, Pauline Oliveros, Lou Harrison, Laurie Anderson, Julia Wolfe, Natasha Barrett, LaMonte Young, Tigran Mansurian, Leroy Jenkins, Ben Johnston, Janice Giteck, Kyle Gann, Olly Wilson, William Parker, Gavin Bryars, Michael Nyman, Brian Eno, Øyvind Torvund, Raven Chacon, Mary Kouyoudmjian, Carl Stone, and many others. Henry Brant's Pulitzer Prize winning Ice Field from 2001 was an Other Minds commission. Grawemeyer Award winner Louis Andriessen was featured in 2011 as were MacArthur Fellows Jason Moran in 2011 and Ikue Mori and Tyshawn Sorey in 2021. == Preservation & Online Archives ==

Since 2000, Other Minds has been involved in preserving audiovisual materials which includes an extensive audio collection from the KPFA Music Dept. Archives, as well as the organization's own programming collection. In 2002 Other Minds inaugurated a free online archive called radiOM, where users could access hundreds of hours of archival audio material including interviews with prominent composers of our time, past OM festival performances, examples of sound poetry, and much more.",363
1470,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Minds_(organization),Other Minds (organization),"Archives, as well as the organization's own programming collection. In 2002 Other Minds inaugurated a free online archive called radiOM, where users could access hundreds of hours of archival audio material including interviews with prominent composers of our time, past OM festival performances, examples of sound poetry, and much more. On January 26, 2024, Other Minds relaunched its archive as the Other Minds Archives with additional collections of audio interviews, musical recordings, photographs, and ephemera. The organization's physical archives have been housed at UC Santa Cruz since 2016. This includes approximately 4,000 reel-to reel, cassette, DAT, and video tapes of interviews and live performances from the Berkeley-based radio station KPFA. == Broadcasts ==

Music from Other Minds is a weekly program produced and hosted by Charles Amirkhanian and Other Minds staff since 2005. It is broadcast on San Francisco radio station KALW and features a wide variety of international new music common to the mission of Other Minds. Weekly programs are also accessible via streaming from the program website following the broadcast. The Other Minds Podcast was launched in 2022 and features interviews with composers and performers of contemporary music such as Raven Chacon, Theresa Wong, Lars Petter Hagen, Morton Subotnick, and Mari Kimura. == Record Label ==

Other Minds also has a record label, with a continually expanding catalog of CDs, LPs, and DVDs. Some of the releases are of recordings from the now defunct 1750 Arch Records such as '10+2:12 American Text Sound Pieces' and the first complete recording (and the only recording done on his own instruments in his Mexico City studio) of Conlon Nancarrow's Player Piano Studies.",360
1471,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Minds_(organization),Other Minds (organization),"== Record Label ==

Other Minds also has a record label, with a continually expanding catalog of CDs, LPs, and DVDs. Some of the releases are of recordings from the now defunct 1750 Arch Records such as '10+2:12 American Text Sound Pieces' and the first complete recording (and the only recording done on his own instruments in his Mexico City studio) of Conlon Nancarrow's Player Piano Studies. Other releases include new recordings like 'FIRST LIFE The Rare Early Works' (world premieres of music by Marc Blitzstein), the music of Ezra Pound, and a reissue of Michael Tilson Thomas' The Complete Music of Carl Ruggles with the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra. They also stock a selection of contemporary music CDs and related books and scores from other publishers. Other Minds also has a digital release series called Modern Hits which is focused on unearthing archival works by the unsung pioneers of electronic music from the Bay Area and beyond. Recent releases have featured music by Bay Area composers including Cheryl E. Leonard, Brian Baumbusch, Christopher Luna-Mega, Tom Bickley, and Joseph Bohigian, as well as Pulitzer Prize winner Raven Chacon performing with Tatsuya Nakatani and Carlos Santistevan. == See also ==

List of experimental music festivals


== References ==


== External links ==
Website for Other Minds
Other Minds Record Label
Other Minds Archives
Richard Friedman's page for Music from Other Minds
Djerassi Resident Artists Program Home Page
Finding aid for Other Minds organizational records, UC Santa Cruz",336
1472,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayangarh,_Mandsaur","Narayangarh, Mandsaur","Narayangarh is a nagar panchayat city in district of Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh. The city is divided into 15 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Narayangarh Nagar Panchayat has population of 10,191 of which 5,168 are males while 5,023 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Narayangarh has a small lake. It has an agriculture based economy. Its main crops are garlic, soya bean, isabgol, wheat and opium. The town is known for its quality opium production. == Geography ==
It has an average elevation of 434 metres (1,423 feet). == Demographics ==
As of 2001 India census, Narayangarh had a population of 10,191. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Thirteen percent of the population is under age 6. Narayangarh has an average literacy rate of 70%. Male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 60%. Narayangarh is also known for its agriculture production. It has been a producer of soybean, garlic and isabgol and opium. == Transport ==
Narayangarh is well connected by roads, and is situated on Pipliya-manasa-kota (R.J) Road, it is 12 km from Pipliya Mandi. It is 28 kilometres from District HQ-Mandsaur and 7 kilometres from Tehsil HQ-Malhargarh. The nearest airport is Udaipur Rajasthan. == References ==",335
1473,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_jazz,Outline of jazz,"The following outline is provided as an overview of and a topical guide to jazz:
Jazz – a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African music and European classical music traditions. Jazz is a music genre that originated from African American communities of New Orleans in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles, all linked by the common bonds of African American and European American musical parentage with a performance orientation. Jazz spans a period of over a hundred years, encompassing a very wide range of music, making it difficult to define. Jazz makes heavy use of improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation and the swing note, as well as aspects of European harmony, American popular music, the brass band tradition, and African musical elements such as blue notes and African-American styles such as ragtime. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience and styles to the art form as well. Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as ""one of America's original art forms"". As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, which gave rise to many distinctive styles. New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, a hard-swinging, bluesy, improvisational style and Gypsy jazz (a style that emphasized musette waltzes) were the prominent styles.",361
1474,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_jazz,Outline of jazz,"New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, a hard-swinging, bluesy, improvisational style and Gypsy jazz (a style that emphasized musette waltzes) were the prominent styles. Bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music towards a more challenging ""musician's music"" which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, linear melodic lines. The 1950s saw the emergence of free jazz, which explored playing without regular meter, beat and formal structures, and in the mid-1950s, hard bop emerged, which introduced influences from rhythm and blues, gospel, and blues, especially in the saxophone and piano playing. Modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock music's rhythms, electric instruments and highly amplified stage sound. In the early 1980s, a commercial form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful, garnering significant radio airplay. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin and Afro-Cuban jazz. == Types of jazz ==

Jazz can be described as all of the following:

Music – art and cultural form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common elements are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture.",389
1475,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_jazz,Outline of jazz,"== Types of jazz ==

Jazz can be described as all of the following:

Music – art and cultural form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common elements are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; ""art of the Muses""). Music genre – conventional category that identifies pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. It is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably. === Musical instruments typically associated with jazz ===


== Jazz genres ==


=== Jazz fusion ===
Jazz fusion


=== Regional scenes ===


==== Local scenes ====
Cape jazz
Kansas City jazz
Dixieland
West Coast jazz


== Jazz compositions ==


=== Jazz standards ===
Jazz standard – musical composition which is an important part of the musical repertoire of jazz musicians, in that it is widely known, performed, and recorded by jazz musicians, and widely known by listeners. Jazz standards include jazz arrangements of popular Broadway songs, blues songs and well-known jazz tunes. List of pre-1920 jazz standards
List of 1920s jazz standards
List of 1930s jazz standards
List of 1940s jazz standards
List of post-1950 jazz standards


=== Jazz discographies ===


== History of jazz ==
Timeline of jazz education


=== Stylistic origins ===
Blues
Folk
March
Ragtime


=== Cultural origins ===
Early 1910s New Orleans


=== Mainstream popularity ===
1920s–1960s, although popularity and development as a genre persists into the present.",381
1476,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_jazz,Outline of jazz,"Jazz standards include jazz arrangements of popular Broadway songs, blues songs and well-known jazz tunes. List of pre-1920 jazz standards
List of 1920s jazz standards
List of 1930s jazz standards
List of 1940s jazz standards
List of post-1950 jazz standards


=== Jazz discographies ===


== History of jazz ==
Timeline of jazz education


=== Stylistic origins ===
Blues
Folk
March
Ragtime


=== Cultural origins ===
Early 1910s New Orleans


=== Mainstream popularity ===
1920s–1960s, although popularity and development as a genre persists into the present. === Derivatives ===
Jump blues
Rhythm and blues
Rock and roll
Ska
Reggae
Funk


=== Years in jazz ===


== Jazz culture ==


== Jazz organizations ==
List of jazz institutions and organizations


== Jazz publications ==
JazzTimes
Down Beat
Jazz Review
Jazz Improv
All About Jazz


== Persons influential in jazz ==


=== Jazz musicians ===
List of jazz musicians


==== Jazz musicians, by instrument ====


==== Jazz musicians, by genre ====


== See also ==

Glossary of jazz and popular musical terms
Outline of music
Victorian Jazz Archive


== References ==


== External links ==

Jazz Foundation of America
Jazz @ the Smithsonian Archived 2015-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians Archived 2012-03-02 at the Wayback Machine
Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame website
Jazz Artist and Discography Resource
Red Hot Jazz.com
Jazz at Lincoln Center website
Jazz At Lincoln Center Hall of Fame
American Jazz Museum website
The International Archives for the Jazz Organ
Classic and Contemporary Jazz Music
The Jazz Archive at Duke University
Jazz Festivals in Europe
Free 1920s Jazz Collection available for downloading at Archive.org
A List of Jazz Lists
Outline of jazz collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Outline of jazz collected news and commentary at The Guardian",449
1477,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fink,Tom Fink,"Thomas August Fink (August 26, 1928 – June 4, 2021) was an American Republican politician from Alaska. He was Mayor of Anchorage from 1987 to 1994 and Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives from 1973 to 1975. He was also a member of the Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board, serving from 1997 to 2010. == Personal life ==
Fink was born in Peoria, Illinois. He received a Bachelor of Science from Bradley University in 1950, and a J.D. from the University of Illinois Law School in 1952. He moved to Anchorage, Alaska in 1952, and worked as a life insurance salesman from 1958 onward. He received his Chartered Life Underwriter certification from American College in 1963. Fink was in partnership with Don Schroer for 20 years, doing business as The Schroer-Fink Agency. Schroer was also often involved in Fink's various campaigns for office. He died on June 4, 2021, at the age of 92. == Political career ==
Fink was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1966, and became Speaker of the House in 1973. In 1975, he resigned in protest of a new law that would have required him to release a list of his insurance clients. Fink mounted an unsuccessful bid to succeed term-limited Republican Governor of Alaska Jay Hammond in 1982. He ran on a platform promoting the relocation of the state capital from Juneau to Willow, but was defeated by Democrat Bill Sheffield. In 1987, Fink was elected Mayor of Anchorage in the wake of a dramatic drop in the price of oil, which devastated the local economy. During his term in office, he advocated the sale of ATU, the municipal telephone utility. He received national attention for his stance on gay rights when he vetoed a 1993 municipal ordinance that would protect city employees from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.",373
1478,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fink,Tom Fink,"During his term in office, he advocated the sale of ATU, the municipal telephone utility. He received national attention for his stance on gay rights when he vetoed a 1993 municipal ordinance that would protect city employees from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. The same year, he called for the cancellation of funding for Pomo Afro Homos, a local theater group that included works with homosexual themes in their repertoire. In both cases, he was overridden by the Anchorage Assembly. In 1997, after sitting out one term, Fink returned to politics to mount an unsuccessful challenge to incumbent Republican mayor Rick Mystrom. == References ==


== External links ==
Alaska's Digital Archives Tom Fink's 1970 campaign photo
Tom Fink at The Political Graveyard
Tom Fink at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature",164
1479,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Moritz_Brauer,Friedrich Moritz Brauer,"Friedrich Moritz Brauer (12 May 1832, Vienna – 29 December 1904) was an Austrian entomologist who was Director of the Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, Vienna, at the time of his death. He wrote many papers on Diptera and Neuroptera. From an assistant in the Entomological Museum at the University of Vienna, Brauer became Custodian of the collections in 1873 and in the following year was appointed Professor of zoology in the university. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Entomological Society of London in 1900. Brauer's first work on the order Neuroptera, and his first entomological publication, in 1850, was a revision of the genus Chrysopa. This was followed during the next few years by numerous papers on the biology of the order which established his reputation as one of the foremost European authorities on the Neuroptera. In 1858 he began studies of the life history of the Dipterous family Oestridae; the result was the publication in 1863 of “Monographie der Oestriden”. An outcome of these researches was the erection of two divisions of the Diptera, based mainly on the form of the pupa. The divisions are  Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha. Subsequent investigations into the metamorphoses of the entire order resulted in the publication of System of Diptera “based upon recent advances in anatomy and embryology”,which appeared in 1883. This was generally regarded as the best arrangement of the Diptera yet proposed. The system which with a review by Dr. Sharp appears in the “Cambridge Natural History” Insects part 1 p. 175 divides the class into no fewer than 17 orders, the old Linnean  “Neuroptera” furnishing 7 of these.",385
1480,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Moritz_Brauer,Friedrich Moritz Brauer,"This was generally regarded as the best arrangement of the Diptera yet proposed. The system which with a review by Dr. Sharp appears in the “Cambridge Natural History” Insects part 1 p. 175 divides the class into no fewer than 17 orders, the old Linnean  “Neuroptera” furnishing 7 of these. Brauer next worked on Tachinidae and other parasitic Diptera on which he published a treatise, in collaboration with Herr. Julius von Bergenstamm. Brauer identified the Phorid flies collected by the German medical doctor Hermann Reinhard, associated with exhumed bodies from Saxonia, thus contributing to a classic early work of forensic entomology Beiträge zur Gräberfauna. (Contributions on the fauna of graves.) Verh. k. & k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 31 (1882) 207–210. His zoological author abbreviation is Brauer. == Works ==
List of works at ZOBODAT
Beiträge zur Kenntnis des inneren Baues und der Verwandlung der Neuropteren. - Verhandlungen des zoologisch-botanischen Vereins in Wein, 5: 701-726
1863  Monographie der Oestriden. Wien: 1–192, Tab.1-10. 1866 Novarra-Expedition: Neuropteren. Wien, 1866. 104 pp. 2 engr.plts. 1878 Bemerkungen über die im kais. Zoologischen Museum aufgefundenen Original-Exemplare zu Ign.v. Born's Testaceis Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis.",386
1481,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Moritz_Brauer,Friedrich Moritz Brauer,"Zoologischen Museum aufgefundenen Original-Exemplare zu Ign.v. Born's Testaceis Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. 1878 Über einige neue Gattungen und Arten aus der Ordnung der Neuropteren Lin.. Wien,
1883. Die Zweiflügler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. III. Systematische Studien auf Grundlage der Dipteren-Larven nebst einer Zusammenstellung von Beispielen aus der Literatur über dieselben und Beschreibung neuer Formen. 100 p., 5 pls,
1892 Über die aus Afrika bekannt gewordenen Oestriden und insbesondere über zwei neue von Dr. Holub aus Südafrika mitgebrachte Larven aus dieser Gruppe. Wien, Tempsky
1900 Über die von Prof. O. Simony auf den Canaren gefundenen Neuroptera und Pseudoneuroptera (Odonata, Corrodentia et Ephemeridae). Wien, Gerold. With  Julius von Bergenstamm

1889. Die Zweiflügler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. IV. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars I. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56: 69–180. Also published separately in Wien,Gerold. 1889, 112 p.
1891. Die Zweiflügler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien.",396
1482,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Moritz_Brauer,Friedrich Moritz Brauer,"1889, 112 p.
1891. Die Zweiflügler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. V. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars II. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 58: 305–446. Also published separately in Wien, 1891, 142 p.]
1893. Die Zweiflügler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. VI. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars III. F. Tempsky, Wien . 152 p.  Also published in journal form, 1894, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 60: 89-240.] 1895. Die Zweiflügler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. VII. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars IV. Wien. Also published in journal form, 1895, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 61: 537–624. == See also ==
Taxa named by Brauer. == Notes ==


== Sources ==
Anonym 1905: [Brauer, F. M.] - Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (3) 41 73-74
Anonym 1905: [Brauer, F. M.] - Ent. News 16 160
Anonym 1905: [Brauer, F. M.] - Insektenbörse 22 45–46, Portr. Anonym 1906: [Biographien] - Krancher's ent. Jahrb. 15 196, Portr.",388
1483,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Moritz_Brauer,Friedrich Moritz Brauer,"Jahrb. 15 196, Portr. Contreras-Lichtenberg, R. 2003: Die Geschichte der Dipterologie am Wiener Naturhistorischen Museum. - Denisia 8 47–55, 6 Photos 50
Handlirsch, A. 1905: [Brauer, F. M.] - Dtsch. ent. Ztschr. 1905 173-174
Handlirsch, A. 1905: [Brauer, F. M.] - Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 55 129–166, Portr. + Schr.verz. Klapalek, F. 1905: [Brauer, F. M.] - Čas. Česk. Mus. Praha 2 79-81
Kusnezov, N. J.1905: [Brauer, F. M.] - Revue Russe d'Entomologie 5 93
Musgrave, A. 1932: Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775 - 1930. - Sydney 31, Schr.verz. Nonveiller, G. 1999: The Pioneers of the research on the Insects of Dalmatia. - Zagreb, Hrvatski Pridodoslovni Muzej : 1-390 152
Osborn, H. 1952: A Brief History of Entomology Including Time of Demosthenes and Aristotle to Modern Times with over Five Hundred Portraits. - Columbus, Ohio, The Spahr & Glenn Company : 1-303


== External links ==
 Media related to Friedrich Moritz Brauer at Wikimedia Commons
s:Dritter Bericht über die, auf der Weltfahrt der kais. Fregatte Novara, gesammelten Libellulinen.",391
1484,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Moritz_Brauer,Friedrich Moritz Brauer,"- Columbus, Ohio, The Spahr & Glenn Company : 1-303


== External links ==
 Media related to Friedrich Moritz Brauer at Wikimedia Commons
s:Dritter Bericht über die, auf der Weltfahrt der kais. Fregatte Novara, gesammelten Libellulinen. Wikidata query for taxa he authored.",86
1485,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Strife,The Final Strife,"The Final Strife is a novel written by Sudanese-Arab-Ghanaian-British author Saara El-Arifi. It was published in 2021 by Del Rey Books in the United States and HarperVoyager in the United Kingdom. It is the first novel in a trilogy named The Ending Fire. == Synopsis ==


=== Premise ===
Hundreds of years ago, most of the world was destroyed by the Ending Fire. The only remaining land is an island governed by the Wardens’ Empire. The Empire is ruled by four Wardens; their seconds-in-command are the four Disciples. The Empire is divided into classes based on blood color. Embers, the nobility, have red blood. They can use their blood to write runes, giving them power over the other classes. Dusters have blue blood, while Ghostings have transparent blood. Ghostings are the lowest-ranking class; they are mutilated by Embers as children, having their tongues and hands removed. Eighteen years before the time when the story is set, twelve Ember children were kidnapped from the Wardens’ Keep as part of the Sandstorm rebellion; these children are known as the Stolen. === Plot summary ===
Sylah is one of the last surviving Stolen children. When she was fourteen, she accidentally scraped her knee. Her red blood revealed her identity, and most of the Stolen were killed. As an adult, she pretends to be a Duster and is addicted to joba seeds, a psychoactive drug. Her friend Jond, the final surviving Stolen, returns after several years. Sylah sneaks into the Keep and meets Anoor, the girl with whom she was switched as a child. Sylah agrees to train Anoor for the Aktibar, a series of ritualized trials to select the next Disciples. In exchange, Anoor teaches Sylah bloodwerk runes.",395
1486,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Strife,The Final Strife,"Sylah agrees to train Anoor for the Aktibar, a series of ritualized trials to select the next Disciples. In exchange, Anoor teaches Sylah bloodwerk runes. Sylah makes a deal with the crime lord Loot; he gives her a bloodwerk device in exchange for a future favor. As Anoor progresses through the six Aktibar trials, her relationship with Sylah becomes more friendly. Together, they steal journals from the Wardens and realize that the Empire is not the only remaining land, and the story of the Ending Fire is a lie. Sylah eventually rejects Jond and the Sandstorm in favor of Anoor. Loot reveals himself as the new leader of the Sandstorm and asks Sylah to kill Anoor. Sylah confesses everything to Anoor, including her true identity. Hassa, a Ghosting servant and friend to Sylah, has been helping Ghostings escape the Empire. Hassa reveals that the Ghostings were the original inhabitants of the Empire's land. Ghostings and Dusters can also bloodwerk, but this knowledge has been suppressed by the ruling Embers. She offers to help Sylah and Anoor escape to the mainland. Anoor refuses to leave without finishing the Aktibar: a fight to first blood against Jond. Sylah drugs Anoor, then puts on Anoor's armor and bests Jond. Anoor becomes the next Disciple of Strength. She instructs Sylah to go to the mainland with Hassa and the other Ghostings. Sylah is intercepted by Loot and Jond. She decapitates Loot in a fight and sees that his blood runs yellow. She captures Jond and continues her journey. == Reception ==
A review for Publishers Weekly called the novel ""a fast-paced epic fantasy inspired by Ghanian and Arabian folklore.""",379
1487,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Strife,The Final Strife,"She captures Jond and continues her journey. == Reception ==
A review for Publishers Weekly called the novel ""a fast-paced epic fantasy inspired by Ghanian and Arabian folklore."" The review stated that ""El-Arifi keeps the pages flying even while building an intricate secondary world, allowing readers to learn its rules through action rather than exposition. This sets a high bar for the series to come."" Kirkus gave the novel a starred review, commenting particularly on the novel's concept of discrimination based on blood color. This review stated that ""The concept of people having different blood colors seems implausible ... but then, this is the same genre in which enormous dragons fly and breathe fire in sheer defiance of physics."" Kirkus clarified that ""[r]acism based on blood color also leads to some interesting possibilities for “passing,” which the author exploits to their fullest extent. The message is hardly subtle, but our current climate does not support much subtlety, and this blunt allegory ... is crafted into a compelling story with sympathetic characters."" The publishing rights to The Final Strife were purchased in the UK and Commonwealth (excluding Canada) by HarperVoyager after a five-way auction. The publishing rights in the United States were purchased in a six-figure pre-empt. The novel was named one of Amazon's best books of 2022. == References ==",278
1488,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Breen,Theresa Breen,"Theresa Breen (born December 4, 1965) is a Canadian curler from Bedford, Nova Scotia. She currently skips her own team out of Halifax, Nova Scotia. == Curling career ==
In her youth, Breen won a provincial schoolgirl title in 1982, and made the Ontario junior finals playing third for Suzanne Herron. While attending Queen's University, Kingston, she won the Ontario Women's Interuniversity Association Championship. Breen was the long-time third for the Anne Merklinger rink in the 1990s, joining the team in 1992. As a member of that team, she would win four provincial championships, and would play in four Scott Tournament of Hearts, representing Ontario. Her first Hearts appearance was in 1993, where the team won a bronze medal, after losing to Manitoba's Maureen Bonar in the semi-final. The team returned to the Hearts the following year, but missed the playoffs after winning just 4 round robin games. The team returned to the Hearts in 1998, making it all the way to the final before losing to Alberta's Cathy Borst to settle for silver. Breen's final Hearts appearance was in 2000 where the team once again made it all the way to the final before losing, this time to British Columbia's Kelley Law rink. In 1996, Breen won an Ontario Mixed title playing third with Rich Moffatt. The team went on to lose the final of the 1996 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship. In 1997, as a member of the Merklinger rink, Breen played in the 1997 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, just missing the playoffs. Breen moved to Nova Scotia in the mid-2000s, and would join the Mary-Anne Arsenault rink for the 2008-09 season, throwing lead rocks. Breen would play in her first and only Grand Slam event that season, the 2008 Sobeys Slam, where they lost in the quarterfinal.",391
1489,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Breen,Theresa Breen,"Breen moved to Nova Scotia in the mid-2000s, and would join the Mary-Anne Arsenault rink for the 2008-09 season, throwing lead rocks. Breen would play in her first and only Grand Slam event that season, the 2008 Sobeys Slam, where they lost in the quarterfinal. Breen would go on to form her own team after the season. In 2011, Breen won the Nova Scotia Mixed title playing lead for Paul Flemming. In 2014, Breen returned to play on the World Curling Tour. Breen would skip a team consisting of Tanya Hilliard, Jocelyn Adams and Amanda Simpson. In 2015, Breen won her first WCT event as a skip, the Appleton Rum Cashspiel. In 2017, Breen and her team were the last rink to qualify for the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Pre-Trials in Summerside, Prince Edward Island. There they upset Tracy Fleury in their opening match, followed by a win over 2006 Olympic bronze medallist Shannon Kleibrink. They would finish 3-3. Since then, Breen has played in three Canadian Senior Curling Championships. She won bronze medals at the 2021 and 2022 Canadian Senior Curling Championships, and is competing in the 2024 Canadian Senior Curling Championships. == Personal life ==
Breen is the daughter of Jean and Mike Breen. Breen is a past chair of the Sandra Schmirler Foundation. She is a retired TD Wealth Financial Advisor. She is married to Barry Frame. == References ==


== External links ==",322
1490,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana_Airways,Guyana Airways,"Guyana Airways was the flag carrier of Guyana. During its operations, Guyana Airways operated services to destinations in the Caribbean, the United States and Canada. The airline was headquartered in Georgetown, Guyana. It was declared insolvent in 2001. == History ==

The company was founded by Art J. Williams and Harry Wendt in 1939 as British Guiana Airways using Ireland flying boats. Although it was a private venture, the colonial government provided subsidies. In the 1940s, the company began operating with the Grumman G-21 Goose. In July 1955, the colonial government bought BGA. At this time, BWIA West Indies Airways provided management assistance. In September 1963, the name was shortened to Guyana Airways. In May 1966, Guyana became an independent nation. The airline leased all of its aircraft, which resulted in many different aircraft types being flown during the airline's existence, such as Russian-made Tupolev and American Boeing jets. In June 1999, the airline went bankrupt and ceased operations. However, a new company named Guyana Air 2000 was formed using its assets, and maintained a short-lived operation until May 2001 when it filed for insolvency.",242
1491,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana_Airways,Guyana Airways,"In June 1999, the airline went bankrupt and ceased operations. However, a new company named Guyana Air 2000 was formed using its assets, and maintained a short-lived operation until May 2001 when it filed for insolvency. == Destinations ==


=== International routes in 1981 ===
According to the April 26, 1981 Guyana Airways international service timetable, the airline was operating Boeing 737-200 jet flights between Georgetown Timehri Airport (GEO, now Cheddi Jagan International Airport) and the following international destinations:

Bridgetown, Barbados (BGI)
Miami (MIA)
Paramaribo (PBM)
Port of Spain (POS)


=== International routes in 1983 ===
According to the July 1, 1983 edition of the Official Airline Guide (OAG), Guyana Airways was serving the following international and domestic destinations from Georgetown (GEO):
International destinations served with the Boeing 707:

Bridgetown, Barbados (BGI)
Miami (MIA)
New York City (JFK)
Paramaribo (PBM)
Port of Spain (POS)
Boa Vista (BVB)
Domestic destinations in Guyana served with de Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter and Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprops:

Annai (NAI)
Bartica (GFO)
Bemichi (BCG)
Ekereku (EKE)
Imbaimadai (IMB)
Kamarang (KAR)
Kurupung (KPG)
Lethem (LTM)
Mabaruma (USI)
Mahdia (MHA)
Matthews Ridge (MWJ)


== Fleet ==

Guyana Airways operated the following aircraft types during its existence:


== Accidents and incidents ==
On December 3, 1973, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (registered 8R-GCP) crashed into a mountain while descending at Kurupung, Cuyuni-Mazaruni.",446
1492,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana_Airways,Guyana Airways,"However, a new company named Guyana Air 2000 was formed using its assets, and maintained a short-lived operation until May 2001 when it filed for insolvency. == Destinations ==


=== International routes in 1981 ===
According to the April 26, 1981 Guyana Airways international service timetable, the airline was operating Boeing 737-200 jet flights between Georgetown Timehri Airport (GEO, now Cheddi Jagan International Airport) and the following international destinations:

Bridgetown, Barbados (BGI)
Miami (MIA)
Paramaribo (PBM)
Port of Spain (POS)


=== International routes in 1983 ===
According to the July 1, 1983 edition of the Official Airline Guide (OAG), Guyana Airways was serving the following international and domestic destinations from Georgetown (GEO):
International destinations served with the Boeing 707:

Bridgetown, Barbados (BGI)
Miami (MIA)
New York City (JFK)
Paramaribo (PBM)
Port of Spain (POS)
Boa Vista (BVB)
Domestic destinations in Guyana served with de Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter and Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprops:

Annai (NAI)
Bartica (GFO)
Bemichi (BCG)
Ekereku (EKE)
Imbaimadai (IMB)
Kamarang (KAR)
Kurupung (KPG)
Lethem (LTM)
Mabaruma (USI)
Mahdia (MHA)
Matthews Ridge (MWJ)


== Fleet ==

Guyana Airways operated the following aircraft types during its existence:


== Accidents and incidents ==
On December 3, 1973, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (registered 8R-GCP) crashed into a mountain while descending at Kurupung, Cuyuni-Mazaruni. Only one of the four passengers survived.",442
1493,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana_Airways,Guyana Airways,"== Destinations ==


=== International routes in 1981 ===
According to the April 26, 1981 Guyana Airways international service timetable, the airline was operating Boeing 737-200 jet flights between Georgetown Timehri Airport (GEO, now Cheddi Jagan International Airport) and the following international destinations:

Bridgetown, Barbados (BGI)
Miami (MIA)
Paramaribo (PBM)
Port of Spain (POS)


=== International routes in 1983 ===
According to the July 1, 1983 edition of the Official Airline Guide (OAG), Guyana Airways was serving the following international and domestic destinations from Georgetown (GEO):
International destinations served with the Boeing 707:

Bridgetown, Barbados (BGI)
Miami (MIA)
New York City (JFK)
Paramaribo (PBM)
Port of Spain (POS)
Boa Vista (BVB)
Domestic destinations in Guyana served with de Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter and Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprops:

Annai (NAI)
Bartica (GFO)
Bemichi (BCG)
Ekereku (EKE)
Imbaimadai (IMB)
Kamarang (KAR)
Kurupung (KPG)
Lethem (LTM)
Mabaruma (USI)
Mahdia (MHA)
Matthews Ridge (MWJ)


== Fleet ==

Guyana Airways operated the following aircraft types during its existence:


== Accidents and incidents ==
On December 3, 1973, a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (registered 8R-GCP) crashed into a mountain while descending at Kurupung, Cuyuni-Mazaruni. Only one of the four passengers survived. On November 30, 1981, a Douglas DC-6 (registered N3486F) caught fire after an engine failure when taking off at George F. L. Charles Airport.",444
1494,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana_Airways,Guyana Airways,"Only one of the four passengers survived. On November 30, 1981, a Douglas DC-6 (registered N3486F) caught fire after an engine failure when taking off at George F. L. Charles Airport. The aircraft crashed near the airport, bursting into flames. All 3 crew members were killed. == See also ==
List of defunct airlines of Guyana


== References ==


== External links ==",85
1495,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford%27s_gray_shrew,Crawford%27s gray shrew,"Crawford's gray shrew (Notiosorex crawfordi), also known as the desert shrew, is a small shrew found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It is a member of the family Soricidae of the order Eulipotyphla. It was the only known member of the genus Notiosorex until two species, N. villai distributed in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and N. evotis distributed along the northwest coast of Mexico, were named. A fourth distinct species, N. cockrumi, was discovered in the U.S. state of Arizona and named in 2004. == Description ==
Crawford's gray shrew is one of the smallest desert mammals and one of the world's smallest homeotherms. When fully grown, it will only grow to a size of about 1.5 to 2 in (3.8 to 5.1 cm) long, half of which is the tail, and it will only grow to a weight of about 3 to 5 g (0.11 to 0.18 oz). It is gray-brown with light gray under parts. The long tail is gray with it being lighter underneath. It has small, but relatively prominent, ears. A Crawford's gray shrew is born during the summer months to a litter size of three to six. When born, it is naked, pink and is about the same size as a honeybee. It grows rapidly and reaches its adult size in about four to five weeks. As a baby, its diet consists of milk the mother produces without the aid of water. After two to three weeks, its diet changes to food brought back to the nest and then regurgitated into the juvenile's mouth. By fall, Crawford's gray shrew is out of the nest and on its own. As an adult, its diet changes from the regurgitated food to intact food it kills itself.",392
1496,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford%27s_gray_shrew,Crawford%27s gray shrew,"By fall, Crawford's gray shrew is out of the nest and on its own. As an adult, its diet changes from the regurgitated food to intact food it kills itself. Crawford's gray shrew will eat lizards, small mice, and scorpions, but its main food source is a wide variety of arthropods. Since this shrew has a very high rate of metabolism, it will eat up to 75% of its body weight every day, and occasionally its full body weight. This can be dangerous since it can overheat the animal. The heat produced by metabolism and gained from its surrounding environment results in a high risk of overheating. == Characteristics ==
The shrew spends energy at very fast pace. When resting, the average shrew's heart rate is at about 1000 bit/s (beats per minute). In its respiratory rate, that is 800 breaths per minute. The breeding season of the Crawford's gray shrew ranges from the spring to the fall to year-round. About three weeks after mating, the female shrew will give birth to three to five offspring. The Crawford's gray shrew has poor vision, so it uses its highly sensitive ears and long nose to hunt down its prey. It will also use an echolocation, similar to bats, with high-pitched squeaks to locate prey. The shrews store food during the night so they don't have to go out during the day. When threatened, the gray shrew can emit a musky odor that makes it seem less appetizing to mammalian predators. === Water Loss ===
Because of its diet, the Crawford's gray shrew must expel a large amount of nitrogenous waste from its body, which has a potential for a large loss of water when urinating. However, it is able to reduce water loss from urine, as well, by concentrating urea in the urine. The urine is four times more concentrated than that of a human, thus saving a huge amount of water.",397
1497,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford%27s_gray_shrew,Crawford%27s gray shrew,"However, it is able to reduce water loss from urine, as well, by concentrating urea in the urine. The urine is four times more concentrated than that of a human, thus saving a huge amount of water. This species also conserves water by being nocturnal, unlike other shrews, which hunt day and night to avoid starvation. To keep from losing any water from its victims, it will bite off the legs and then crush the prey's head so as not to kill it but to keep it fresh and unable to move. Since water loss is a huge problem for this shrew, it has adapted by reducing two major causes of water loss. While breathing, Crawford's gray shrew inhales air warmed to body temperature and absorbs water vapor from the nasal walls. Exhaled air is cooled as the air is exiting, and the water vapor from the air condenses on the nasal passage. This keeps in more water than if the air were exhaled at body temperature. Water loss is reduced even more through respiration because it takes fewer breaths than other shrews and it has the lowest resting metabolic rate of all shrew species. == Shelter ==
Crawford's gray shrew, unlike most shrews, do not have access to an abundant water supply. To conserve the little water that shrews do absorb, they find shelter to protect them from the harsh external temperatures. Crawford's gray shrew does not construct its own burrows or use the ones made by other animals. Instead, it builds small nests in pack rat houses or under dead agaves. == Lifespan ==
Even with all of these adaptations to help it survive in the harsh environment of the desert, Crawford gray shrew only lives for a relatively short period (about a year or so in the wild). Since it hunts at night, Crawford's gray shrew is susceptible to nocturnal hunters, such as snakes and owls.",382
1498,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford%27s_gray_shrew,Crawford%27s gray shrew,"== Lifespan ==
Even with all of these adaptations to help it survive in the harsh environment of the desert, Crawford gray shrew only lives for a relatively short period (about a year or so in the wild). Since it hunts at night, Crawford's gray shrew is susceptible to nocturnal hunters, such as snakes and owls. As the shrew feeds on insects and intakes more food than their body mass within a short period, when deprived of food, the gray shrew will starve to death in hours. == References ==",106
1499,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_(dish),Manchurian (dish),"Manchurian is a class of Indian Chinese dishes made by roughly chopping and deep-frying ingredients such as chicken, cauliflower (gobi), prawns, fish, mutton, and paneer, and then sautéeing them in a sauce flavored with soy sauce. While not a Chinese dish, it is the result of the adaptation of Chinese cooking and seasoning techniques specifically aimed to suit Indian tastes and has become a staple of Indian-Chinese cuisine. == History ==
The word Manchurian means native or inhabitant of Manchuria (in northeast China); the dish, however, is a creation of Chinese restaurants in India, and bears little resemblance to traditional Manchu cuisine or Northeastern Chinese cuisine. It is said to have been invented in 1975 by Nelson Wang, a cook at the Cricket Club of India in Mumbai, when a customer asked him to create a new dish, rather than what was on the menu. Wang described the invention process as starting from the basic ingredients of an Indian dish, namely chopped garlic, ginger, and green chilis, but next, instead of adding garam masala, he put in soy sauce, followed by cornstarch and the chicken itself. The dish is popular across South Asia. A popular vegetarian variant replaces chicken with cauliflower, and is commonly known as gobi manchurian. == Variations ==
There are two different variants of Manchurian: dry or semi-dry, and with gravy. Both variants are prepared by using common ingredients like corn flour, maida flour, spring onion, bell peppers, soy sauce, chili sauce, minced garlic, and ground pepper, and are typically garnished with spring onion. Some recipes call for use of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to increase the taste profile, though there are those who avoid it due to the common misconception that it causes headaches.",383
1500,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_(dish),Manchurian (dish),"Both variants are prepared by using common ingredients like corn flour, maida flour, spring onion, bell peppers, soy sauce, chili sauce, minced garlic, and ground pepper, and are typically garnished with spring onion. Some recipes call for use of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to increase the taste profile, though there are those who avoid it due to the common misconception that it causes headaches. Its taste can vary from mildly spicy to hot and fiery based on the recipe and personal preference. === Dry or crispy Manchurian ===
The fritters are served comparatively dry, often as a snack or starter with tomato ketchup as dipping sauce. It is popular among alcohol drinkers as a bar snack, and has been described as ""an excellent drinking companion to cold beer"". === Manchurian with gravy ===
The fritters are coated with a thick sauce like spicy gravy curry made of corn flour. It is generally served with varieties of rice dishes like steamed rice, Chinese fried rice, or Sichuan fried rice, as the main course. == See also ==

China–India relations
Chindians
Historical and cultural relations between China and India
List of deep-fried foods
List of vegetable dishes
Manchow soup
Manchu cuisine


== References ==",267
1501,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USLHT_Arbutus_(1879_ship),USLHT Arbutus (1879 ship),"USLHT Arbutus was a wooden-hulled, steam-powered lighthouse tender built for the United States Lighthouse Board in 1879. She served on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts in this role until 1925. During World War I, she was transferred to the United States Navy and was commissioned as USS Arbutus, but her duties largely remained those of a lighthouse tender. She was sold in 1925 and became a workboat for Union Shipbuilding Company, which used her to salvage steel ships which were recycled in the company's shipyard. She was likely scrapped in 1935. == Construction and characteristics ==
On 20 June 1878 Congress appropriated $50,000 for the ""building of a steam-tender for general service on the Atlantic coast."" In October 1878 William T. Malster was the low bidder on the contract to build Arbutus. He bid $43,500 and a completion time of 260 days. Malster and Reaney Company built Arbutus at its shipyard in Canton, Maryland. Arbutus was launched on 1 July 1879. She was christened by Miss Emma Lucas. The ship slid down the ways and promptly collided with the schooner Ridie, fully loaded with cargo, sailing out of Baltimore Harbor. Arbutus' starboard propeller hit the schooner and broke off one of its blades. The impact punched a large hole in Ridie's hull, and despite the efforts of her crew and a number of nearby vessels, she sank in the channel. Ridie was raised on 3 July 1879, and her owners submitted a bill to Malster and Reaney for damage to cargo, salvage costs, and repair of the ship. The shipyard declined to pay. The owners of Ridie sued Malsters and Reaney for $3,500 and won the full amount claimed. The decision was affirmed on appeal.",383
1502,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USLHT_Arbutus_(1879_ship),USLHT Arbutus (1879 ship),"The owners of Ridie sued Malsters and Reaney for $3,500 and won the full amount claimed. The decision was affirmed on appeal. Arbutus' sea trial took place on 21 August 1879 in Delaware Bay. The ship attained a speed of 11 knots. Based on this successful trial, she was accepted by the Lighthouse Board on 1 September 1879. The ship's original cost was $49,769. Her hull was built of wood. The ship was 150 feet (46 m) long overall (145 feet (44 m) between perpendiculars), with a beam of 25 feet (7.6 m), a depth of hold of 11 feet (3.4 m), and a draft of 7 feet 1 inch (2.16 m) when light, and 9 feet (2.7 m) when fully loaded. Her gross register tonnage was 400, and her net register tonnage was 75. She displaced 398 tons light and 545 tons loaded. Arbutus was driven by two propellers. Power was provided by two inverted cylinder surface condensing steam engines. The cylinders in each engine were 21 inches (53 cm) in diameter and had a stroke of 27 inches (69 cm). Her boiler was coal-fired. The ship was built as a gaff-rigged, two-masted schooner. Her foremast was used with a boom as a derrick to lift buoys and other heavy cargoes on and off the ship. A steam-powered electric generator was installed on the ship in 1898. This powered electric lights and a searchlight. Arbutus had a radio installed in 1918. In order to accommodate a radio room, quarters for a radio operator, and to improve the officers' quarters, the ship underwent an extensive refit in 1918 that cost $27,967 and almost six months of work. In 1909 Arbutus had a complement of 5 officers and 14 men.",398
1503,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USLHT_Arbutus_(1879_ship),USLHT Arbutus (1879 ship),"In order to accommodate a radio room, quarters for a radio operator, and to improve the officers' quarters, the ship underwent an extensive refit in 1918 that cost $27,967 and almost six months of work. In 1909 Arbutus had a complement of 5 officers and 14 men. Lighthouse tenders were named for trees and shrubs. Arbutus is a genus of flowering plants in the heather family. The Arbutus launched in 1879 was the second vessel of that name to serve as a lighthouse tender. A subsequent USLHT Arbutus was launched in 1933. == United States government service (1879–1925) ==


=== 4th Lighthouse District (1879-1882) ===

Arbutus first sailed in the fleet of the U.S. Lighthouse Board, a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. In this quasi-military organization, each Lighthouse District had an Inspector, typically a Naval officer, and an Engineer, typically an officer from the Army Corps of Engineers. While the Engineer was primarily responsible for the construction and maintenance of lighthouses, piers, and other structures, the Inspector was primarily responsible for supplying lighthouses and lightships, and maintaining buoys and lightships in their assigned locations. Arbutus was initially assigned to the inspector of the 4th Lighthouse District and based in Wilmington, Delaware. The district encompassed the coasts of Delaware and Maryland, and portions of the shores of New Jersey and Virginia. She replaced USLHT Violet, which was reassigned to the 5th Lighthouse District. Violet's crew, however, who knew the local waters, was transferred to Arbutus. Buoys are moved by storms and ice, break loose from their anchors, are hit by passing ships, rust, and worn by the weather. They require periodic maintenance, and this was one of Arbutus's main missions.",394
1504,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USLHT_Arbutus_(1879_ship),USLHT Arbutus (1879 ship),"Buoys are moved by storms and ice, break loose from their anchors, are hit by passing ships, rust, and worn by the weather. They require periodic maintenance, and this was one of Arbutus's main missions. Her buoy tending chores were complicated by winter sea in Delaware Bay and the rivers which flowed into it. Ice would damage or sink large iron buoys, so every fall Arbutus would replace threatened nuns, cans, and bell buoys with wooden spar buoys. In the spring she would have to reverse the process and put all the metal buoys back in place. Arbutus also placed temporary buoys around wrecks while preparations were made to remove them. Many lighthouses and all lightships were supplied by sea, since their remote locations offered no land transportation. Arbutus performed this task through her entire career, delivering mail, food, water, and other supplies. While some lightships of this era were capable of self-propulsion, many were towed to and from their stations. For example, in 1881 Arbutus towed Light-ship No. 40 to her station at Five-Fathom Bank. As one of the few government vessels in the area, she was also involved in assisting vessels in distress. For example, on 5 April 1880, Arbutus towed the British freighter Brennus into deep water after she had gone aground. === 7th and 8th Lighthouse Districts (1882-1917) ===
In March 1882, Abutus and USLHT Geranium switched assignments. Arbutus moved to New Orleans, while Geranium took her place at Wilmington. The change was made because Arbutus was judged to be more seaworthy in the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Arbutus was assigned to the District Engineers and thus supported construction and repairs. She was shared between the 7th and 8th Lighthouse Districts.",391
1505,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USLHT_Arbutus_(1879_ship),USLHT Arbutus (1879 ship),"Arbutus was assigned to the District Engineers and thus supported construction and repairs. She was shared between the 7th and 8th Lighthouse Districts. Her responsibilities included the entire coast of the United States from the Mexican border to Cape Canaveral, Florida. Arbutus carried men and materials, towed barges, pile-drivers, and caissons, and otherwise assisted in the construction of a number of lighthouses in the districts. These included the Anclote Key Light, Galveston Jetty Light, Hillsboro Inlet Light,  Rebecca Shoal Light, Sabine Bank Light, and St. Joseph Point Light. Her responsibilities also included repairing existing lighthouses in the districts. Among the light stations Arbutus maintained were the Aransas Pass Light, Cedar Key Light, Cape St. George Light, Charlotte Harbor Light, Crooked River Light, Egmont Key Light, Fort Barrancas Light,  Fort McRee Light, Fort Point Light, Gasparilla Light, Horn Island Light, Mobile Point Light, Northwest Passage Light, Redfish Bar Cut Light, and Tortugas Harbor Light. One of Arbutus' other construction projects was laying electric cables between lighthouses and the mainland. In 1886 the ship hit a submerged log in Mobile Bay and lost a propeller. That same year, she broke her foremast while pulling old pilings. Arbutus underwent forty-four days of repairs to correct these maintenance issues. In 1888 her boiler and a broken crankshaft in one of her engines was replaced. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, Arbutus assisted in laying mines at the entrance to Mobile Bay, a defense against the Spanish fleet. Arbutus was the second government vessel carrying relief supplies to reach Galveston after the hurricane of 1900. In 1903, the Lighthouse Board was transferred to the newly created U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor.",392
1506,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USLHT_Arbutus_(1879_ship),USLHT Arbutus (1879 ship),"Arbutus was the second government vessel carrying relief supplies to reach Galveston after the hurricane of 1900. In 1903, the Lighthouse Board was transferred to the newly created U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor. Since the Lighthouse Board still had operational control of the U.S. Lighthouse Service, little changed in Arbutus' operations. In 1910, Congress abolished the Lighthouse Board and replaced it with the all-civilian Lighthouse Bureau of the Department of Commerce and Labor. This change did impact the ship's work in that District Inspectors and Engineers were replaced by a single civilian District Supervisor. All ships did any construction, maintenance, or buoy tending they were assigned. === United States Navy (1917–1919) ===

On 11 April 1917 President Wilson issued Executive Order 2588 transferring a number of lighthouse tenders to support the American effort in World War I.  Arbutus was transferred to the U.S. Department of War, and she was commissioned into the United States Navy as USS Arbutus on 4 June 1917. She was assigned to the 5th Naval District and moved her home port to Baltimore, Maryland. She replaced USLHT Ivy in the district but traded crews with her so as to retain local knowledge of Chesapeake Bay waters. After the war, on 1 July 1919, the components of the Lighthouse Service which had become part of the Navy were returned to the supervision of the Department of Commerce. Arbutus was struck from the Navy List. === 5th Lighthouse District (1919–1925) ===
After the war, Arbutus returned to her lighthouse tender duties under the 5th Lighthouse District. In 1919 Arbutus briefly played host to engineers developing radio direction finding equipment from the National Bureau of Standards. === Obsolescence and sale ===
In his 1919 annual report, the Commissioner of Lighthouses reported that Arbutus was ""worn out"".",394
1507,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USLHT_Arbutus_(1879_ship),USLHT Arbutus (1879 ship),"In 1919 Arbutus briefly played host to engineers developing radio direction finding equipment from the National Bureau of Standards. === Obsolescence and sale ===
In his 1919 annual report, the Commissioner of Lighthouses reported that Arbutus was ""worn out"". Again, in his 1923 report, he wrote that Arbutus was ""worn out and not worth further repair."" The crew of Arbutus was transferred to USLHT Mayflower in August 1924. Mayflower was transferred to the 5th Lighthouse District to replace Arbutus which was laid up. In January 1925 notice was given to the public that Arbutus would be sold in a sealed bid auction. On 14 April 1925 the bids for Arbutus were opened by the Superintendent of the 5th Lighthouse District. She was sold to the high-bidder, M. Bloch and Son, of Norfolk, Virginia for $3,025. == Commercial Service (1925–1935) ==

The Union Shipbuilding Company developed a business of scrapping obsolete steel ships. It purchased Arbutus from M. Bloch and Son in December 1925 and used her to tow derelicts to its Baltimore shipyard. Her first assignment for her new owners was to pump out, refloat, and tow to port the burned and sunken steamer Lenape from near Lewes, Delaware. Perhaps her most newsworthy effort as a salvage steamer was assisting in refloating and scrapping of ex-USS Alabama, which was sunk as a target ship in Chesapeake Bay in 1921. Federal documentation shows that Arbutus was ""abandoned"" sometime in 1935. Likely this means that she was scrapped by her owners, as both her wooden hull and steam engines were outmoded and worn down by nearly six decades of service. == References ==",370
1508,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"Joseph Robinette Biden Jr., the 46th president of the United States, was born on November 20, 1942, at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Catherine Eugenia ""Jean"" Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr. The oldest child in a Catholic family, Biden has a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, Francis and James. Biden's father had once led an affluent life, but suffered financial setbacks soon after Biden was born, and for several years the family lived with Biden's maternal grandparents. Beginning in 1953, the family lived in an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, before moving to a house in Mayfield, Delaware. Biden's father later became a successful used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle. At Archmere Academy, the later 46th president Joe Biden himself was class president of his junior and senior high school classes, and graduated from Archmere in 1961. At the University of Delaware, Biden earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 with a double major in history and political science. In 1966, Biden married Neilia Hunter, a student at Syracuse University. They had three children: Beau, Robert Hunter, and Naomi Christina ""Amy"". In 1968, Biden earned a Juris Doctor degree from the university's College of Law, ranked 76th in his class of 85 students. He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969 and practiced as a lawyer before running for political office. On December 18, 1972, Biden's wife and daughter died in a car crash. He came close to resigning from the U.S. Senate, to which he had recently been elected for the first time that year. Nearly five years later, Biden married Jill Jacobs—they have one daughter together, Ashley.",364
1509,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"He came close to resigning from the U.S. Senate, to which he had recently been elected for the first time that year. Nearly five years later, Biden married Jill Jacobs—they have one daughter together, Ashley. == Early life and education ==


=== Heritage and childhood ===

Biden was born on November 20, 1942, at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Catherine Eugenia ""Jean"" Biden née Finnegan (1917-2010) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr (1915-2002). He was the first of four siblings in a Catholic family, with a sister, Valerie (1945), and two brothers, James (1949) and Francis (1953), following. Biden's mother was of Irish descent, with roots variously attributed to County Louth or County Londonderry, while his father had English, French, and Irish ancestry. His maternal great-grandfather, Edward Francis Blewitt, was a  Pennsylvania state senator. His maternal grandfather was a graduate of Santa Clara University in California, where he was ""an acclaimed quarterback"" before returning to Scranton to work for local oil and gas companies, then as a newspaper librarian for the remainder of his career. Biden's father led an affluent lifestyle as a young adult, ""sailing yachts off the New England coast, riding to the hounds, driving fast cars, flying airplanes"" while working as an executive for, and experiencing the largess of, the Sheen Company. The Sheen Company was founded and owned by Bill Sheen, Biden's paternal great-uncle. Bill Sheen had invented a material that he then manufactured as lining for cemetery vaults. He subsequently secured a number of US government contracts to make water-tight sealant for merchant marine ships during World War II and renamed the family business to Sheen Armor Company.",382
1510,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"Bill Sheen had invented a material that he then manufactured as lining for cemetery vaults. He subsequently secured a number of US government contracts to make water-tight sealant for merchant marine ships during World War II and renamed the family business to Sheen Armor Company. Early in Biden's life, the family relocated to a ""four-bedroom Dutch colonial in a Boston suburb, with plenty of money and perks to fly back to Scranton to visit the Finnegans whenever they wanted"" so that Joe Sr. could run Sheen Company's branch office in Boston; Biden's sister, Valerie was born there in 1945. Joe Sr. and his cousin, Bill Sheen Jr., were close friends. After the war was over, the business failed, and several attempts by Biden Sr. and Sheen Jr. to start a business together faltered. Jean Biden took their children back to Scranton in 1948, and Biden Sr. soon followed. For several years, the family had to live with Biden's maternal grandparents, the Finnegans. Biden Jr. attended St. Paul's School, a Catholic primary school in Scranton. He made several lifelong friends in Scranton, who describe ""file drawers full of memories"" of childhood antics and escapades. When the Scranton area fell into economic decline during the 1950s, Biden's father could not find steady work. In 1953, the Biden family moved into an apartment in Claymont, Delaware. The next year, the Bidens relocated to the Village of Arden, an art colony. The year after that, they moved to Mayfield, a neighborhood in Wilmington, Delaware. Joe Biden Sr. became a successful used car salesman, and the family's circumstances were middle class. Biden Jr. attended two more Catholic primary schools: Holy Rosary School in Claymont and then St. Helena's Elementary School in Wilmington. At several times during his youth, Biden considered becoming a priest.",391
1511,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"Biden Jr. attended two more Catholic primary schools: Holy Rosary School in Claymont and then St. Helena's Elementary School in Wilmington. At several times during his youth, Biden considered becoming a priest. === High school ===

Biden attended the Archmere Academy in Claymont where he was a standout halfback/wide receiver on the high school football team. Scoring ten touchdowns, he helped lead a perennially losing team to an undefeated season in his senior year. His coach, who would be inducted into the Delaware Sports Hall of Fame, subsequently said of Biden, ""He was a skinny kid, but he was one of the best pass receivers I had in 16 years as a coach."" Biden played as an outfielder on the school's baseball team as well, becoming a starter in his senior year albeit batting in the bottom half of the order. From an early age, Biden had been afflicted by a severe stutter, which often brought teasing from other children and embarrassment with teachers. Excelling in sports was especially important to Biden as it gave him a way of gaining social acceptance despite his speech issue. While not a major participant in the ongoing civil rights movement, he did walk out of a restaurant that refused to serve a football teammate of his who was black. Academically, Biden was a 'B' (above-average) student at Archmere, was considered a natural leader among his classmates, and was elected class president during his junior and senior years. He graduated in 1961. === College ===
Biden attended the University of Delaware in Newark, where he was more interested in sports and socializing than in studying, although his classmates were impressed by his cramming abilities. He played halfback with the ""Blue Chicks"" freshman football team (at the time, freshmen were not eligible to play varsity sports).",372
1512,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"=== College ===
Biden attended the University of Delaware in Newark, where he was more interested in sports and socializing than in studying, although his classmates were impressed by his cramming abilities. He played halfback with the ""Blue Chicks"" freshman football team (at the time, freshmen were not eligible to play varsity sports). However, when he got a poor 1.9 grade point average for the semester, his parents told him that he had to give up football to concentrate on his classes. He continued to get mostly ""C"" and ""D"" grades for his next two semesters. His grades then began to improve, but never became especially good. He wanted to return to the football field, and by the spring practices of his junior year he thought he was about to earn a starting spot as a defensive back on the varsity for that fall. In 1964, while on spring break in the Bahamas, he met and began dating Neilia Hunter, who was from an affluent background in Skaneateles, New York, and attended Syracuse University. He told her that he aimed to become a senator by the age of 30 and then president. He dropped his plan to play for the varsity football team, enabling him to spend more time visiting out of state with her. He earned his bachelor's in 1965 from the University of Delaware, with a double major in history and political science and a minor in English. He had a ""C"" average overall for his four years, graduating with a class rank of 506 out of 688. === Law school ===

Biden then entered the Syracuse University College of Law, chosen in part because it would put him near Neilia Hunter. He received a half scholarship based on financial need with some additional assistance based on academics. By his own description, he found law school to be ""the biggest bore in the world"" and he said he pulled many all-nighters to get by.",394
1513,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"He received a half scholarship based on financial need with some additional assistance based on academics. By his own description, he found law school to be ""the biggest bore in the world"" and he said he pulled many all-nighters to get by. He relied on the notes of other students for classes that he skipped as well as help from Neilia Hunter in studying. He participated in football and rugby at the collegiate club level and ran for class president, losing by one vote to future financial marketplace executive William J. Brodsky. To date, Brodsky is the only person to ever beat Biden in a head-to-head election. During his first year there, Biden submitted a fifteen-page paper for a legal methods course that was found to have contained academic plagiarism of five pages of a recently published article in the Fordham Law Review. A report from the law school faculty said that Biden should be failed in the course as a result; in response, Biden said the copying was inadvertent due to his not knowing the proper rules of citation. Such mistakes were not uncommon among first-year students still learning the requirements of attribution. Biden was permitted to retake the course after receiving a failing ""F"" grade, which was subsequently dropped from his record. Overall, evaluations from Biden's professors were mixed, but Biden's grades were such that he was consistently near the bottom of his class the entire time he was in the school. One professor later said that Biden had done very well in a legislation course and that ""I had the impression this was a young man who was going to do well and go a long way,"" while another professor later said of Biden, ""He was one of the great successes after law school, but not in law school. It happens all the time."" Biden received his Juris Doctor in 1968, graduating 76th of 85 in his class. He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.",387
1514,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"Biden received his Juris Doctor in 1968, graduating 76th of 85 in his class. He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969. === Other experiences ===
Negative impressions of drinking alcohol in the Biden and Finnegan families and in the neighborhood led to Biden becoming a teetotaler. Having suffered from stuttering through much of his childhood and into his twenties, he has said that he finally overcame it by spending many hours reciting poetry in front of a mirror. During the early 1960s, Biden participated in a demonstration against the last remaining segregated theater in Wilmington. Some sources have also described Biden participating in a protest while he was still in high school, against the Towne Theatre. During the summer of 1962, while in college, Biden worked as the only white lifeguard at a swimming pool in a black neighborhood of Wilmington, an experience which he later credited with expanding his thinking regarding racial issues. Later in life, Biden repeatedly told a story that, while working at the pool, he confronted a man nicknamed ""Corn Pop"", the leader of a gang called the Romans, persuading the man to walk away from a potential fight by apologizing to him. While considered outlandish or bizarre by some commentators, various lifelong Delawareans and contemporary newspaper articles confirmed the broad outlines of Biden's story, identifying his antagonist as a man named William ""Corn Pop"" Morris. ==== Draft ====
Regarding the U.S. military draft, Biden received five ""2-S"" student deferments during this period, with the first coming in late 1963 and the last in early 1968 at the peak of the Vietnam War. Student deferments such as the ones Biden received were given out routinely during this period.",344
1515,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"==== Draft ====
Regarding the U.S. military draft, Biden received five ""2-S"" student deferments during this period, with the first coming in late 1963 and the last in early 1968 at the peak of the Vietnam War. Student deferments such as the ones Biden received were given out routinely during this period. In April 1968, he received a draft notice as he was about to graduate from law school; but after a medical examination he was reclassified by the Selective Service System as ""1-Y"", not available for service except in national emergency, due to having had asthma as a teenager. The notion that Biden suffered from asthma has been questioned by some observers, given his past participation in football and other sports and his having appeared healthy in the time leading up to his examination. Some sources report that Biden's 2007 memoir, Promises to Keep, never mentions asthma; but he does briefly mention having had ""childhood asthma"" in a passage in the book describing his health during and after his 1988 presidential campaign. Young men looking to avoid active-duty military service was common during the Vietnam War. Other figures from the era who would go on to become national leaders also received similar numbers of student deferments or non-obvious medical exemptions. Biden was generally supportive of the war during much of this time, and never took part in anti-war demonstrations, later saying that at the time he was preoccupied with marriage and law school, and ""wore sports coats ... not tie-dyed"". == Early political career and family life ==
On August 27, 1966, while Biden was still a law student, he married Neilia Hunter. They overcame her Presbyterian parents' initial reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic, and the ceremony was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles. The couple had three children, Joseph R. ""Beau"" Biden III in 1969, Robert Hunter in 1970, and Naomi Christina in 1971.",396
1516,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"They overcame her Presbyterian parents' initial reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic, and the ceremony was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles. The couple had three children, Joseph R. ""Beau"" Biden III in 1969, Robert Hunter in 1970, and Naomi Christina in 1971. During 1968, Biden clerked for six months at a law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett and, as he later said, ""thought of myself as a Republican"". He disliked the conservative racial politics of incumbent Democratic Governor of Delaware Charles L. Terry and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968. The local Republicans tried to recruit him, but he resisted due to his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon, and registered as an Independent instead. In 1969, Biden resumed practicing law, first as a public defender in Wilmington, Delaware. Most of his clients were African Americans from Wilmington's east side. Biden's time as a public defender was short, but several of his cases attracted newspaper coverage, including his defenses of a fisherman accused of stealing a cow (sentenced to no jail time), and a 15-year-old charged with drug possession (acquitted). Biden later described the job in his memoir as ""God's work"", but also wrote that ""God's work wasn't full time work in 1969"". Biden then joined a firm headed by Sid Balick, a locally active Democrat. Balick named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party, and Biden switched his registration to Democratic. He also started his own firm, Biden and Walsh. Corporate law, however, did not appeal to him and criminal law did not pay well. He supplemented his income by managing properties. Later in 1969, Biden ran as a Democrat for the New Castle County Council on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburban area.",387
1517,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"He supplemented his income by managing properties. Later in 1969, Biden ran as a Democrat for the New Castle County Council on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburban area. He won by a solid, two-thousand vote margin in the usually Republican district and in a bad year for Democrats in the state. Even before taking his seat, he was already talking about running for the U.S. Senate in a couple of years. He served on the County Council from 1970 to 1972 while continuing his private law practice. Biden represented the 4th district on the county council. Among issues he addressed on the council was his opposition to large highway projects that might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods, including those related to Interstate 95. === 1972 U.S. Senate campaign ===
Biden's entry into the 1972 U.S. Senate election in Delaware presented a unique circumstance. Longtime Delaware political figure and Republican incumbent Senator J. Caleb Boggs was considering retirement, which would likely have left U.S. Representative Pete du Pont and Wilmington Mayor Harry G. Haskell Jr. in a divisive primary fight. To avoid that, U.S. president Richard Nixon helped convince Boggs to run again with full party support. No other Democrat wanted to run against Boggs. Biden's campaign had virtually no money and was given no chance of winning. It was managed by his sister Valerie Biden Owens (who would go on to manage his future campaigns) and staffed by other family members, and relied upon handed-out newsprint position papers and meeting voters face-to-face; the small size of the state and lack of a major media market made the approach feasible. He did receive some assistance from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell. His campaign issues focused on withdrawal from Vietnam, the environment, civil rights, mass transit, more equitable taxation, health care, the public's dissatisfaction with politics-as-usual, and ""change"".",397
1518,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"He did receive some assistance from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell. His campaign issues focused on withdrawal from Vietnam, the environment, civil rights, mass transit, more equitable taxation, health care, the public's dissatisfaction with politics-as-usual, and ""change"". During the summer, he trailed by almost 30 percentage points, but his energy level, his attractive young family, and his ability to connect with voters' emotions gave the surging Biden an advantage over the ready-to-retire Boggs. He won the November 7, 1972 election in an upset by a margin of 3,162 votes. === Death of wife and daughter ===
On December 18, 1972, a few weeks after the election, Biden's wife and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware. Neilia Biden's station wagon was hit by a tractor-trailer truck as she pulled out from an intersection, possibly because her head was turned and she did not see the other vehicle; the truck swerved and overturned in an attempt to avoid the collision. Within a couple of days of the accident, a Delaware chief deputy attorney general, Jerome O. Herlihy, announced that the truck driver had been cleared of any wrongdoing in it. Biden's sons Beau and Hunter survived the accident and were taken to the hospital in fair condition, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds, and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and other head injuries. Doctors soon said both would make full recoveries. Biden considered resigning to care for them, saying that the people of Delaware ""can always get another senator"" but that his children ""can't get another father,"" but was persuaded not to by Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield. In later years, Biden said on several occasions that the truck driver had been drinking alcohol before the collision, and several media outlets reported this as fact.",394
1519,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"Biden considered resigning to care for them, saying that the people of Delaware ""can always get another senator"" but that his children ""can't get another father,"" but was persuaded not to by Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield. In later years, Biden said on several occasions that the truck driver had been drinking alcohol before the collision, and several media outlets reported this as fact. The driver died in 1999, but his daughter sought to have his name again cleared and to get an apology from Biden. By this time, the police records regarding the accident had been lost, but the accident investigator Herlihy, who had become a Delaware Superior Court judge, reiterated that ""The rumor about alcohol being involved by either party, especially the truck driver, is incorrect."" Subsequently, a Biden spokesperson said that Biden ""fully accepts the [driver's] family's word that these rumors were false."" Biden called the driver's daughter to apologize personally, which she accepted. == Senate and recovery ==


=== Entering the Senate ===
Biden was sworn into office on January 5, 1973, by Francis R. Valeo, the secretary of the Senate, in a small chapel at the Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center. Beau was wheeled in with his leg still in traction; Hunter, who had already been released, was also there, as were other members of the extended family. Witnesses and television cameras were also present and the event received national attention. At age 30 (the minimum age required to hold the office), Biden became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history, and one of only 18 senators who took office before reaching the age of 31. But the accident had left him filled with both anger and religious doubt: ""I liked to [walk around seedy neighborhoods] at night when I thought there was a better chance of finding a fight ... I had not known I was capable of such rage ...",389
1520,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"But the accident had left him filled with both anger and religious doubt: ""I liked to [walk around seedy neighborhoods] at night when I thought there was a better chance of finding a fight ... I had not known I was capable of such rage ... I felt God had played a horrible trick on me."" To be at home every day for his young sons, Biden began the practice of commuting every day by Amtrak train for 90 minutes each way from his home in the Wilmington suburbs to Washington, D.C., which he continued to do throughout his Senate career. In the aftermath of the accident, he had trouble focusing on work and appeared to just go through the motions of being a senator. In his memoirs, Biden notes that staffers were taking bets on how long he would last. A single father for five years, he left standing orders that he be interrupted in the Senate at any time if his sons called. In remembrance of his wife and daughter, Biden does not work on December 18, the anniversary of the accident. Nonetheless, during these first years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability. He supported legislation dedicated to campaign finance reform, reflecting that during his senate election, offers of campaign funds in implicit return for future favors had been tempting in light of his lack of personal wealth. In mid-1974, Time magazine named Biden as one of the 200 Faces for the Future in a profile that mentioned what had happened to his family, calling him ""self-confident"" and ""compulsively ambitious"". === Recovery and second marriage ===

By 1974, Biden had begun dating again, while avoiding marriage in the belief it would be unfair to his partner—he described himself to a reporter as ""still in love with his wife"". However, in 1975, Biden met Jill Tracy Jacobs, who had grown up in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, and become a teacher in Delaware.",388
1521,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden,Early life and career of Joe Biden,"=== Recovery and second marriage ===

By 1974, Biden had begun dating again, while avoiding marriage in the belief it would be unfair to his partner—he described himself to a reporter as ""still in love with his wife"". However, in 1975, Biden met Jill Tracy Jacobs, who had grown up in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, and become a teacher in Delaware. They met on a blind date arranged by Biden's brother, although it turned out that Biden had already noticed a photograph of her in an advertisement for a local park in Wilmington, Delaware. Biden would credit her with renewing his interest in both politics and life. He proposed marriage to her several times before she accepted; she was wary of entering the public spotlight, anxious to remain focused on her own career, and initially hesitant to take on the commitment of raising his two young sons who had survived the accident. On June 17, 1977, Biden and Jacobs were married by a Catholic priest at the Chapel at the United Nations in New York City. They spent their honeymoon at Lake Balaton in the Hungarian People's Republic, behind the Iron Curtain; the destination was chosen upon the recommendation of Hungarian-born Biden staffer Tom Lantos. Joe and Jill Biden have one daughter together, Ashley Blazer (born 1981), and regularly attend Mass at St. Joseph's on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware. == References ==


=== Footnotes ===


=== Citations ===


=== Cited bibliography ===",301
1522,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_shock,Spinal shock,"Spinal shock was first explored by Robert Whytt in 1750 as a loss of sensation accompanied by motor paralysis with initial loss but gradual recovery of reflexes, following a spinal cord injury (SCI) – most often a complete transection. Reflexes in the spinal cord below the level of injury are depressed (hyporeflexia) or absent (areflexia), while those above the level of the injury remain unaffected. The 'shock' in spinal shock does not refer to circulatory collapse, and should not be confused with neurogenic shock, which is life-threatening. The term ""spinal shock"" was introduced more than 150 years ago in an attempt to distinguish arterial hypotension due to a hemorrhagic source from arterial hypotension due to loss of sympathetic tone resulting from spinal cord injury. Whytt, however, may have discussed the same phenomenon a century earlier, although no descriptive term was assigned. == Phases of spinal shock ==

Ditunno et al. proposed a four-phase model for spinal shock in 2004 as follows:
Phase 1 is characterized by a complete loss—or weakening—of all reflexes below the SCI. This phase lasts for a day. The neurons involved in various reflex arcs normally receive a basal level of excitatory stimulation from the brain. After an SCI, these cells lose this input, and the neurons involved become hyperpolarized and therefore less responsive to stimuli. Phase 2 occurs over the next two days, and is characterized by the return of some, but not all, reflexes below the SCI. The first reflexes to reappear are polysynaptic in nature, such as the bulbocavernosus reflex. Monosynaptic reflexes, such as the deep tendon reflexes, are not restored until Phase 3.",368
1523,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_shock,Spinal shock,"The first reflexes to reappear are polysynaptic in nature, such as the bulbocavernosus reflex. Monosynaptic reflexes, such as the deep tendon reflexes, are not restored until Phase 3. Restoration of reflexes is not rostral to caudal as previously (and commonly) believed, but instead proceeds from polysynaptic to monosynaptic. The reason reflexes return is the hypersensitivity of reflex muscles following denervation – more receptors for neurotransmitters are expressed and are therefore easier to stimulate. Phases 3 and 4 are characterized by hyperreflexia, or abnormally strong reflexes usually produced with minimal stimulation. Interneurons and lower motor neurons below the SCI begin sprouting, attempting to re-establish synapses. The first synapses to form are from shorter axons, usually from interneurons – this categorizes Phase 3. Phase 4 on the other hand, is soma-mediated, and will take longer for the soma to transport various growth factors, including proteins, to the end of the axon. == Autonomic effects ==
In spinal cord injuries above T6, neurogenic shock may occur, from the loss of autonomic innervation from the brain. Parasympathetic is preserved but the synergy between sympathetic and parasympathetic system is lost in cervical and high thoracic SCI lesions. Sacral parasympathetic loss may be encountered in  lesions below T6 or T7. Cervical lesions cause total loss of sympathetic innervation and lead to vasovagal hypotension and bradyarrhythmias – which resolve in 3–6 weeks. Autonomic dysreflexia is permanent, and occurs from Phase 4 onwards. It is characterized by unchecked sympathetic stimulation below the SCI (from a loss of cranial regulation), leading to often extreme hypertension, loss of bladder or bowel control, sweating, headaches, and other sympathetic effects.",399
1524,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_shock,Spinal shock,"Autonomic dysreflexia is permanent, and occurs from Phase 4 onwards. It is characterized by unchecked sympathetic stimulation below the SCI (from a loss of cranial regulation), leading to often extreme hypertension, loss of bladder or bowel control, sweating, headaches, and other sympathetic effects. == References ==",61
1525,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCW_(album),CCW (album),"CCW is an album by Hugh Cornwell, formerly of the new wave group the Stranglers, with Roger Cook and Andy West (CCW: Cornwell, Cook, West). It was released in 1992 by UFO Records. == Background ==
Through his publishing company, Cornwell had been put together with English songwriter Roger Cook in the late 1980s to write songs. Cook was known for his songwriting collaboration with Roger Greenaway in the 1960s, penning songs such as ""I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing"" (The New Seekers) and ""Something's Gotten Hold of My Heart"" (Gene Pitney). Now living in Nashville in the US, Cook would periodically come to England to write with other songwriters. ""Every few months he would come over and we would write a song,"" Cornwell said in 2006. ""And then we had so many of these songs written that I suggested we do a record together. We brought in a third singer-songwriter called Andy West and so we became Cornwell, Cook and West."" The CCW album was recorded in December 1991 at Koh-san Studios in Bath with Cornwell producing. Neil Davidge, who would later work with Massive Attack, among others, co-produced 5 of the albums 10 tracks. With a 7-piece band, including session drummer Rob Brian, the trio promoted the album in 1992, playing shows in the UK and Europe. ""Sweet Sister"" was released as a single from the album. Different formats included the non-album tracks ""Let It Fall"" and ""Friend Wheel"", penned by Andy West, and ""I Believe"", penned by Cook. The CD-single and 12"" also included an 'FM Rock Club Mix' of ""Sweet Sister"" by remixer Simon Harris. == Track listing ==


== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.",382
1526,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCW_(album),CCW (album),"The CD-single and 12"" also included an 'FM Rock Club Mix' of ""Sweet Sister"" by remixer Simon Harris. == Track listing ==


== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from the album liner notes. CCW
Hugh Cornwell – vocals, electric and acoustic guitar
Roger Cook – vocals, electric and acoustic ukulele
Andy West – vocals, electric and acoustic guitar
Additional musicians
Herbie Flowers – electric and acoustic bass (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9)
Chris Goulstone – lead guitar (1, 10)
Joel Squires – harmonica (3)
Rob Brian – snare drum (4), drum kit (6), tabla (8)
Stuart Gordon – violin (5, 6)
Technical
Hugh Cornwell – producer
Neil Davidge – co-producer (1, 2, 7, 9, 10)
Pete Parsons – engineer
Phil Smee – design, photography


== References ==


== External links ==
Hugh Cornwell : CCW Page
Hugh Cornwell / Roger Cook / Andy West: CCW at Discogs (list of releases)",248
1527,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onna_Irukka_Kathukanum,Onna Irukka Kathukanum,"Onna Irukka Kathukanum (transl. We must learn to live together) is a 1992 Indian Tamil language comedy drama film directed by V. Sekhar. The film stars Sivakumar, while an ensemble supporting cast includes Manorama, Vinu Chakravarthy, Goundamani, Senthil, S. S. Chandran, Charle, Kovai Sarala, Supergood Kannan and Jeeva, amongst others. It was released on 20 November 1992. == Plot ==

The story begins with a group of government officers coming to list the number of devastated houses. The officers promised them to give a big amount to build their house but in exchange for a little amount to register their names. So the illiterate villagers, who want to make easy money, demolish their house. The officers turn out to be frauds. The village panchayat president knows that the villagers will not interfere in his decision until they are uneducated. Sivaraman, a new school teacher, tries to change their custom and the children are happy to learn at school. Soon, Sivaraman has trouble with the village head. == Cast ==


== Production ==
Sekhar revealed the film's concept came from his childhood where he befriended a poor boy which was not liked by his parents and this discrimination led him to make a film on this theme. == Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. == Reception ==
Malini Mannath of The Indian Express said ""Onna Irukka Kathukanum may not be slick, but it has a message to deliver. It has been told with warmth and humour"". == References ==


== External links ==
Onna Irukka Kathukanum at IMDb",375
1528,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapi_Agha,Kapi Agha,"The Kapi Agha (Turkish: Kapı ağası, ""Agha of the Gate""), formally called the Agha of the Gate of Felicity (Bâbüssaâde ağası), was the head of the eunuch servants of the Ottoman Seraglio until the late 16th century, when this post was taken over by the Kizlar Agha. In juxtaposition with the latter office, also known as the Chief Black Eunuch as its holders were drawn from Black African slaves, the Kapi Agha is also known as the Chief White Eunuch. == History and functions ==
As his title implies, the Kapi Agha controlled the Gate of Felicity that separated the Outer Court (Birûn, where state affairs were conducted), from the Inner Court (Enderûn) and the Sultan's private apartments in the Topkapı Palace. The Agha occupied an office to the right of the gate and had the duty of controlling entrance to the Inner Court and of transmitting the Sultan's orders to his officials, rendering him, in the words of the Ottomanist Halil İnalcık, ""the sole mediator between the Sultan and the world outside the Palace"". The duties of the Kapi Agha and his white eunuchs also included running the Palace School for the pages of the palace, whose graduates then went on to become the administrative élite of the Ottoman Empire. The ""Mosque of the Aghas"" (Ağalar Camii) in the Topkapi Palace was built for use by the Kapi Agha and his eunuchs. The office of the Kapi Agha was an influential post, the holder became a close adviser to the Sultan and could play a decisive role in the imperial succession.",373
1529,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapi_Agha,Kapi Agha,"The ""Mosque of the Aghas"" (Ağalar Camii) in the Topkapi Palace was built for use by the Kapi Agha and his eunuchs. The office of the Kapi Agha was an influential post, the holder became a close adviser to the Sultan and could play a decisive role in the imperial succession. Holders bore the rank of vizier and came in precedence only after the grand vizier and the shaykh al-Islām. In his heyday in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Kapi Agha rivaled the Grand Vizier in importance. Nevertheless, and in contrast to his analogues in other Islamic states, usually denoted by variants of the title hajib, the holders of the office never expanded their power to the extent that they could rival that of the Sultan. Unlike their counterparts, the Kapi Aghas controlled neither the administrative apparatus, which remained firmly in the hands of the Grand Vizier, nor the palace troops, which came under the command of another official, the Agha of the Janissaries, who notably also received about five times the Kapi Agha's daily salary of 100 akçes. Nevertheless, many Kapi Aghas went on to assume major provincial governorships (often distinguished by the epithet hadım, ""eunuch"", in their subsequent careers), and several are considered by modern historians among the greatest Ottoman statesmen of the period. The post reached its height in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), when its holders became the stewards of the charitable foundations and endowments (waqfs) designated for the upkeep of the two holy cities (Haramayn) of Islam, Mecca and Medina, and of over seventy large mosques. During this time, the holders of the office engaged in open rivalry with the Grand Viziers for control over state affairs.",396
1530,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapi_Agha,Kapi Agha,"The post reached its height in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), when its holders became the stewards of the charitable foundations and endowments (waqfs) designated for the upkeep of the two holy cities (Haramayn) of Islam, Mecca and Medina, and of over seventy large mosques. During this time, the holders of the office engaged in open rivalry with the Grand Viziers for control over state affairs. Soon after, however, through the influence of the women of the Ottoman Imperial Harem, the Kapi Agha was eclipsed by the Kizlar Agha, who supervised the harem. The Kizlar Agha became independent of the Kapi Agha in 1587, assumed the control of the Haramayn and quickly rose to become the senior palace official. The final blow to the authority of the office came in 1704, when its remaining powers were transferred to the Silahdar Agha. The position of the Kapi Agha survived, but thereafter was devoid of any significance. == References ==


== Sources ==
Freely, John (2000). Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in Istanbul. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-027056-6. Junne, George H. (2016). The Black Eunuchs of the Ottoman Empire: Networks of Power in the Court of the Sultan. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8577-2808-1. İnalcık, Halil (1978). ""Ḳapu Ag̲h̲asi̊"". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp.",393
1531,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapi_Agha,Kapi Agha,Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 570–571. OCLC 758278456.,23
1532,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Schanzer,Carlo Schanzer,"Carlo Schanzer (18 December 1865 – 23 October 1953) was a Vienna-born Italian jurist and politician. He held several cabinet posts from 1906 to 1922. == Early life and education ==
Schanzer was born in Vienna on 18 December 1865. His father was a Polish-born business lawyer, and his mother was a pianist. Schanzer had three siblings. His brother Ottone was a librettist and the other, Roberto, was an engineer and mathematician while his sister, Alice, married Tancredi Galimberti, a well-known poet and writer. In the 1870s the family moved to Milan and then to Rome. After graduating from a high school in Rome Schanze received a bachelor's degree in law in November 1886. In 1888 he obtained Italian citizenship. == Career ==
Schanzer was a member of the Council of State and then became the director general of the civil administration at the Ministry of the Interior. He was elected to the Italian Parliament in 1900 and to the Italian Senate in 1919. He was appointed minister of posts to the third Giolitti cabinet and was in office in the period 1906–1909. He served as the minister of treasury and as the minister of finance in the first and second cabinets of Francesco Saverio Nitti between 1919 and 1920. Schanzer was named as the minister of foreign affairs to the Facta cabinet on 25 February 1922. During the Fascist rule in Italy Schanzer continued his public activities and was appointed minister of state in December 1928. Following the end of the Fascist period Carlo Sforza, high commissioner for the sanctions against fascism, proposed Schanzer's forfeiture on 7 August 1944 based on the verdict of the a higher court dated 21 October 1944. Against the order Schanzer appealed to the Supreme Court of Cassation which annulled the forfeiture on 8 July 1948.",389
1533,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Schanzer,Carlo Schanzer,"Following the end of the Fascist period Carlo Sforza, high commissioner for the sanctions against fascism, proposed Schanzer's forfeiture on 7 August 1944 based on the verdict of the a higher court dated 21 October 1944. Against the order Schanzer appealed to the Supreme Court of Cassation which annulled the forfeiture on 8 July 1948. == Personal life and death ==
Schanzer published several articles in different academic journals, including Current History. On 20 July 1899 he married Corinna Centurini with whom he had two daughters, Fulvia and Ludovica. He died in Rome on 23 October 1953. His grandson was Carlo Ripa di Meana, an Italian politician and noble, who was the son of Fulvia. == References ==


== External links ==
 Media related to Carlo Schanzer at Wikimedia Commons",171
1534,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Juqian,Wang Juqian,"Wang Juqian (29 December 1906 – 27 February 1975) was a Chinese railway bridge engineer and politician who served as Vice Minister of Railways from 1959 until his death in 1975. He was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. == Biography ==
Wang was born into a Protestant family in Shanghai, on 29 December 1906, while his ancestral home in Xiuning County, Anhui. His father Wang Xianming (汪显明) was a minister of the Presbyterianism as well as mathematics teacher. His mother Xie Jinghai (谢靖海) graduated from Hongdao High School for Girls, which was founded by the American Baptist Churches USA and Presbyterian Mission Agency. His younger brother Wang Juyuan was a horticulturist and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. In 1923, he was admitted to Nanyang University, but a year later transferred to Tangshan Jiaotong University, where he majored in the Department of Civil Engineering. In January 1927, he was sent by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications to study in the United States. After earning a master's degree in civil engineering from Cornell University, he was hired by the American Bridge Company as a designer. He returned to China in June 1930 and served in the Ministry of Railways of the Republic of China. In 1944, he concurrently served as deputy chief engineer of China Bridge Corporation, serving until 1946. In 1945, he was sent by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications to the United States to inspect railways for a year. After returning, he became manager and chief engineer of Shanghai Branch of China Bridge Corporation. In August 1949, he was appointed head of the Public Works Department of Shanghai Railway Bureau, and held that office until 1950. He became deputy director of the General Administration of Engineering, Ministry of Railways in 1950, and served until 1954.",389
1535,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Juqian,Wang Juqian,"In August 1949, he was appointed head of the Public Works Department of Shanghai Railway Bureau, and held that office until 1950. He became deputy director of the General Administration of Engineering, Ministry of Railways in 1950, and served until 1954. He became chief engineer of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge Engineering Bureau from 1954 to 1958, then returned to the Ministry of Railways, where he was appointed as vice minister in 1959. On 26 February 1975, he died of liver cancer in Beijing, aged 68. He was a delegate to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd National People's Congress. == Honours and awards ==
1957 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)


== References ==


== External links ==
Biography of Wang Juqian on the official website of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (in Chinese)",175
1536,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Township,_Champaign_County,_Illinois","Brown Township, Champaign County, Illinois","Brown Township is a township in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,107 and it contained 886 housing units. == History ==
Brown Township was formed in September 1869 from the western half of East Bend Township. It was named after William Brown, an early settler. == Geography ==
Brown is coterminous with Congressional township 22 North, Range 7 East of the Third Principal Meridian. According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 36.35 square miles (94.1 km2), of which 36.22 square miles (93.8 km2) (or 99.64%) is land and 0.13 square miles (0.34 km2) (or 0.36%) is water. === Cities and towns ===
The city of Fisher lies in the southeast corner of the township; portions of the town extend into neighboring townships, but the majority is in Brown Township. The small town of Foosland is in the western part of the township along the route of the Norfolk Southern railroad. === Unincorporated towns ===
Lotus is a small settlement in the far southwestern part of the township; the railroad passes through it. Dickerson lies about 2 miles to the east of Lotus. === Cemeteries ===
The township contains this cemetery: Mount Hope, near Foosland (Section 4). == Demographics ==
As of the 2020 census there were 2,107 people, 720 households, and 543 families residing in the township. The population density was 57.99 inhabitants per square mile (22.39/km2). There were 886 housing units at an average density of 24.39 per square mile (9.42/km2).",361
1537,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Township,_Champaign_County,_Illinois","Brown Township, Champaign County, Illinois","The population density was 57.99 inhabitants per square mile (22.39/km2). There were 886 housing units at an average density of 24.39 per square mile (9.42/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 93.93% White, 0.43% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.76% from other races, and 4.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.47% of the population. There were 720 households, out of which 38.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.28% were married couples living together, 7.50% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 24.58% were non-families. 18.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.10. The township's age distribution consisted of 27.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $73,438, and the median income for a family was $88,348. Males had a median income of $47,542 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $32,503.",381
1538,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Township,_Champaign_County,_Illinois","Brown Township, Champaign County, Illinois","Males had a median income of $47,542 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $32,503. About 2.0% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over. == Transportation ==

U.S. Route 136 passes through Fisher and runs along the entire southern border of the township. Illinois State Route 47 passes through the township on its route from Mahomet in the south to Gibson City (in neighboring Ford County) in the north. Illinois State Route 54 passes from southwest to northeast through the far northwestern corner of the township on its route from Farmer City (in DeWitt County) to Gibson City. A Norfolk Southern Railway line passes through the township, connecting Bement with Gibson City. == References ==
""Brown Township, Champaign County, Illinois"". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 4, 2010. United States Census Bureau cartographic boundary files


== External links ==
City-Data.com
Illinois State Archives",244
1539,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lenthall_(shipbuilder),John Lenthall (shipbuilder),"John Lenthall (16 September 1807 – 11 April 1882) was an American shipbuilder and naval architect. He was responsible for the construction and repair of United States Navy ships during the American Civil War (1861–1865), as well as in the years immediately before and after it. His career spanned the U.S. Navy's transition from sail to steam propulsion and from wooden ships to ironclads, and in retirement he participated in early planning for an eventual steel navy. == Early life ==
John Lenthall was born in Washington, D.C.,  on 16 September 1807, the son of John Lenthall and Mary King Lenthall. His British-born father was an architect who had emigrated to the United States in 1793 and from 1803 worked as Clerk of the Works and Principal Surveyor at the United States Capitol Building in Washington under Architect of the Capitol Benjamin Henry Latrobe, serving as the building's construction superintendent. The senior John Lenthall died in a construction accident in the building's north wing in September 1808 when he prematurely removed props holding up the vaulted ceiling in what is now known as the Old Supreme Court Chamber and was crushed to death when the ceiling collapsed. == Career ==


=== Washington Navy Yard ===
The younger John Lenthall began his career in 1823, when as a teenager he became an employee of the United States Department of the Navy at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., where his father had once worked as Superintendent of Shipwrights.",317
1540,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lenthall_(shipbuilder),John Lenthall (shipbuilder),"The senior John Lenthall died in a construction accident in the building's north wing in September 1808 when he prematurely removed props holding up the vaulted ceiling in what is now known as the Old Supreme Court Chamber and was crushed to death when the ceiling collapsed. == Career ==


=== Washington Navy Yard ===
The younger John Lenthall began his career in 1823, when as a teenager he became an employee of the United States Department of the Navy at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., where his father had once worked as Superintendent of Shipwrights. He learned the trade of ship carpenter and received training in Europe, visiting shipyards in  the United Kingdom, France, Denmark, and the Russian Empire,


=== Philadelphia Navy Yard ===
Around 1827, Lenthall became the apprentice of Samuel Humphreys; Humphreys had become Chief Constructor of the Navy in 1826 while retaining his position as the Naval Constructor at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he continued to spend most of his time. Humphreys took on all the design work at the navy yard himself, and Lenthall worked closely with him and excelled as his assistant and draftsman. Lenthall also was exposed to the work of the noted naval architect William Doughty. Humphreys nominated Lenthall to become an assistant naval constructor at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1828. With Humphreys monopolizing naval ship design, Lenthall and his fellow constructors and assistant constructors occupied at least some of their time with designing merchant ships, and papers survive from the Philadelphia shipbuilding firm of John Lenthall and Company. Various sources state that Lenthall ""entered"" the U.S. Navy on 1 May 1835, but none provide any further information on any career he had as a naval officer.",375
1541,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lenthall_(shipbuilder),John Lenthall (shipbuilder),"With Humphreys monopolizing naval ship design, Lenthall and his fellow constructors and assistant constructors occupied at least some of their time with designing merchant ships, and papers survive from the Philadelphia shipbuilding firm of John Lenthall and Company. Various sources state that Lenthall ""entered"" the U.S. Navy on 1 May 1835, but none provide any further information on any career he had as a naval officer. He continued to work mainly at the Philadelphia Navy Yard through the 1830s and 1840s, and by about 1860 was referred to as a civilian employee of the Navy and as ""Mr. Lenthall,"" so any career he had in uniform appears to have ended by that time. Surviving papers from the 1830s demonstrate that Lenthall was well informed about the latest ship design theories of the era and used extensive calculations in his design work. Under his superintendence at Philadelphia the first American first-rate ship-of-the-line, USS Pennsylvania, was completed and the  supply ship USS Relief was built. He was promoted from assistant naval constructor to naval constructor on 21 July 1838, and in that year he appears to have been solely responsible, albeit in consultation with Humphreys, for the design of a particularly handsome and popular class of sloops-of-war made up of USS Decatur, USS Dale, USS Marion, USS Preble, and USS Yorktown. He also continued his commercial endeavors, designing ships for Philadelphia merchants, including packet ships for the  famous Cape Line. In the early 1840s he completed his efforts to refine the plans of the sailing frigate USS Raritan, laid down in 1820 but not launched until 1843, and she emerged as a speedy ship for her day. In the mid-1840s he designed the sloop-of-war USS Germantown, renowned as a fast sailer, particularly in light winds.",390
1542,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lenthall_(shipbuilder),John Lenthall (shipbuilder),"In the early 1840s he completed his efforts to refine the plans of the sailing frigate USS Raritan, laid down in 1820 but not launched until 1843, and she emerged as a speedy ship for her day. In the mid-1840s he designed the sloop-of-war USS Germantown, renowned as a fast sailer, particularly in light winds. In 1843, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. === Chief Constructor of the Navy ===
Lenthall left the Philadelphia Navy Yard to become Chief Constructor of the Navy in Washington, D.C., in 1849, replacing Francis Grice. As the steamship era dawned, he appears to have been one of the more forward-looking naval architects of his time when it came to his interest in the adaptation of steam propulsion to naval ships. During his tenure as Chief Constructor, he handled the matter of the reconstruction of the sailing frigate USS Constellation of 1797, drydocked in 1853 in poor condition after languishing in ordinary at Gosport Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia, since 1845. The ship was rebuilt into a sloop-of-war. This would lead a century later to a controversy over the identity of the newer ship, with some researchers arguing that she was an entirely new ship with no connection to the old. === Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair ===
In 1853, Lenthall became chief of the Navy's Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair – known after an 1862 reorganization as the Bureau of Construction and Repair – in Washington, D.C., the position he held until his retirement 18 years later. During his tenure as chief of the bureau he was responsible for the design of some of the most significant U.S. Navy ships constructed in the years just prior to the onset of the American Civil War.",385
1543,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lenthall_(shipbuilder),John Lenthall (shipbuilder),"=== Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair ===
In 1853, Lenthall became chief of the Navy's Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair – known after an 1862 reorganization as the Bureau of Construction and Repair – in Washington, D.C., the position he held until his retirement 18 years later. During his tenure as chief of the bureau he was responsible for the design of some of the most significant U.S. Navy ships constructed in the years just prior to the onset of the American Civil War. Among them was the wooden steam frigate USS Merrimack, which the Confederate States of America later seized and converted into the ironclad CSS Virginia – famously the opponent of the U.S. Navy monitor USS Monitor in the Battle of Hampton Roads, the first clash between ironclads. Another Lenthall design of the period was the wooden steam frigate USS Roanoke, which the U.S. Navy converted during the Civil War into a three-turret ironclad monitor – the world's first ship with more than two gun turrets – under the direction of Lenthall and the Engineer-in-Chief of the Navy, Benjamin F. Isherwood. === American Civil War ===
Lenthall initially expressed little personal interest in the design of ironclads, referring to them as ""humbug"" and writing in a letter to Captain Samuel Francis Du Pont in February 1861 that ironclads instead should be built by ""some of these young, smart, modern improvement, spirit of the age fellows."" He also expressed skepticism about the efficacy of John Ericsson's revolutionary design of the monitor USS Monitor, expressing the view that Monitor would sink as soon as she was launched. After the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, however, the United States Department of War sought Lenthall's help in designing shallow-draft warships for United States Army use in riverine warfare operations against Confederate forces.",392
1544,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lenthall_(shipbuilder),John Lenthall (shipbuilder),"He also expressed skepticism about the efficacy of John Ericsson's revolutionary design of the monitor USS Monitor, expressing the view that Monitor would sink as soon as she was launched. After the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, however, the United States Department of War sought Lenthall's help in designing shallow-draft warships for United States Army use in riverine warfare operations against Confederate forces. With his experience limited to deeper-draft seagoing ships, Lenthall doubted that a shallow-draft ship could house a successful steam propulsion plant, but he nonetheless drew up a preliminary design for a 170-foot (52 m) warship with a beam of 28 feet (8.5 m) and a draft of only 5 feet (1.5 m) before passing it along to Samuel M. Pook and James Buchanan Eads so that he could devote his own time to ocean-going ships. Pook and Eads in turn modified Lenthall's design to produce the first American ironclad warships, the seven City-class ironclad gunboats that served on rivers in what is now the central United States as the core of the U.S. Army's Western Gunboat Flotilla, later transferred to the U.S. Navy as the Mississippi River Squadron. Despite Lenthall's initial lack of interest in ironclads, the Bureau of Construction and Repair oversaw the design and construction of monitors and other ironclads under his direction during the Civil War, and Lenthall himself designed the ironclad monitors of the successful Miantonomoh class. Early in the Civil War, Lenthall also designed the revolutionary USS Dunderberg, an ocean-going ironclad steam frigate intended to fight the British Royal Navy should war break out with the United Kingdom. At 377 feet (115 m), Dunderberg was the longest wooden ship ever built.",379
1545,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lenthall_(shipbuilder),John Lenthall (shipbuilder),"Early in the Civil War, Lenthall also designed the revolutionary USS Dunderberg, an ocean-going ironclad steam frigate intended to fight the British Royal Navy should war break out with the United Kingdom. At 377 feet (115 m), Dunderberg was the longest wooden ship ever built. She was still incomplete at the end of the Civil War in April 1865, by which time the threat of war with Britain had long since receded. Built of poor materials and not completed until 1867, Dunderberg was unsuccessful and the U.S. Navy rejected her for service, but her design made a great impression worldwide and was influential among foreign naval architects. France bought Dunderberg in 1867 to prevent Prussia from acquiring her, and she served briefly in the French Navy as Rochambeau. == Later life ==

Lenthall retired in 1871. He remained active in retirement, serving on a board which advised the U.S. Navy on new ship design and construction at a time when the Navy was making a transition from wooden and iron ships to the construction of the modern steel navy which would begin to appear in the 1880s. Lenthall died suddenly in Washington, D.C., on 11 April 1882. He is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C.


== Commemoration ==
One U.S. Navy ship, the fleet replenishment oiler USNS John Lenthall (T-AO-189), has been named for John Lenthall. == Notes ==


== References ==
Beard, Rick, ""A Cheesebox on a Raft,"" New York Times, January 30, 2012. Chapelle, Howard I. The History of the American Sailing Navy: The Ships and Their Development. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1949. ISBN 1-56852-222-3.",394
1546,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lenthall_(shipbuilder),John Lenthall (shipbuilder),"New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1949. ISBN 1-56852-222-3. Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, eds. Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships 1860–1905, New York: Mayflower Books, 1979, ISBN 0-8317-0302-4. Homans, B., The Army and Navy Chronicles, Volume VI: From January 1 to June 30, 1838,  Washington, D.C., 1838. Porter, David D., Admiral. The Naval History of the Civil War, at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu
Quarstein, John V., A History of Ironclads: The Power of Iron Over Wood
Sloan, Edward William. Benjamin Franklin Isherwood: Naval Engineer. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute, 1965. ISBN 0-405-13077-5. (1990 reprint edition by Arno Press, Inc.)
Tucker, Spencer C., ed. Civil War Naval Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2011, ISBN 978-1-59884-338-5. Weddle, Kevin John. Lincoln's Tragic Admiral: The Life of Samuel Francis Du Pont. University of Virginia Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8139-2332-8. == External links ==

John Lenthall reference in Army and Navy Chronicles, Volume VI, p. 169, digitized by Google Books
John Lenthall reference in Civil War Naval Encyclopedia, pp. 348–349, digitized by Google Books
Independence Seaport Museum Guide to the Lenthall Papers",353
1547,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"Carmarthenshire ( kər-MAR-dhən-shər, -⁠sheer; Welsh: Sir Gaerfyrddin [ˈsiːr ɡaːɨrˈvərðɪn] or informally Sir Gâr) is a county  in the south-west of Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre. The county is known as the ""Garden of Wales"" and is also home to the National Botanic Garden of Wales. Carmarthenshire has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The county town was founded by the Romans, and the region was part of the Kingdom of Deheubarth in the High Middle Ages. After invasion by the Normans in the 12th and 13th centuries it was subjugated, along with other parts of Wales, by Edward I of England. There was further unrest in the early 15th century, when the Welsh rebelled under Owain Glyndŵr, and during the English Civil War. Carmarthenshire is mainly an agricultural county, apart from the southeastern part which was once heavily industrialised with coal mining, steel-making and tin-plating. In the north of the county, the woollen industry was very important in the 18th century. The economy depends on agriculture, forestry, fishing and tourism. West Wales was identified in 2014 as the worst-performing region in the United Kingdom along with the South Wales Valleys with the decline in its industrial base, and the low profitability of the livestock sector. Carmarthenshire, as a tourist destination, offers a wide range of outdoor activities.",363
1548,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"West Wales was identified in 2014 as the worst-performing region in the United Kingdom along with the South Wales Valleys with the decline in its industrial base, and the low profitability of the livestock sector. Carmarthenshire, as a tourist destination, offers a wide range of outdoor activities. Much of the coast is fairly flat; it includes the Millennium Coastal Park, which extends for 10 miles (16 km) to the west of Llanelli; the National Wetlands Centre; a championship golf course; and the harbours of Burry Port and Pembrey. The sandy beaches at Llansteffan and Pendine are further west. Carmarthenshire has a number of medieval castles, hillforts and standing stones. The Dylan Thomas Boathouse is at Laugharne. == History ==
Stone tools found in Coygan Cave, near Laugharne indicate the presence of hominins, probably neanderthals, at least 40,000 years ago, though, as in the rest of the British Isles, continuous habitation by modern humans is not known before the end of the Younger Dryas, around 11,500 years BP. Before the Romans arrived in Britain, the land now forming the county of Carmarthenshire was part of the kingdom of the Demetae who gave their name to the county of Dyfed; it contained one of their chief settlements, Moridunum, now known as Carmarthen. The Romans established two forts in South Wales, one at Caerwent to control the southeast of the country, and one at Carmarthen to control the southwest. The fort at Carmarthen dates from around 75 AD, and there is a Roman amphitheatre nearby, so this probably makes Carmarthen the oldest continually occupied town in Wales.",363
1549,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"The Romans established two forts in South Wales, one at Caerwent to control the southeast of the country, and one at Carmarthen to control the southwest. The fort at Carmarthen dates from around 75 AD, and there is a Roman amphitheatre nearby, so this probably makes Carmarthen the oldest continually occupied town in Wales. Carmarthenshire has its early roots in the region formerly known as Ystrad Tywi ('Vale of [the river] Tywi') and part of the Kingdom of Deheubarth during the High Middle Ages, with the court at Dinefwr. After the Normans had subjugated England they tried to subdue Wales. Carmarthenshire was disputed between the Normans and the Welsh lords and many of the castles built around this time, first of wood and then stone, changed hands several times. Following the Conquest of Wales by Edward I, the region was reorganized by the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 into Carmarthenshire. Edward I made Carmarthen the capital of this new county, establishing his courts of chancery and his exchequer there, and holding the Court of Great Sessions in Wales in the town. The Normans transformed Carmarthen into an international trading port, the only staple port in Wales. Merchants imported food and French wines and exported wool, pelts, leather, lead and tin. In the late medieval period the county's fortunes varied, as good and bad harvests occurred, increased taxes were levied by England, there were episodes of plague, and recruitment for wars removed the young men. Carmarthen was particularly susceptible to plague as it was brought in by flea-infested rats on board ships from southern France. In 1405, Owain Glyndŵr captured Carmarthen Castle and several other strongholds in the neighbourhood.",381
1550,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"Carmarthen was particularly susceptible to plague as it was brought in by flea-infested rats on board ships from southern France. In 1405, Owain Glyndŵr captured Carmarthen Castle and several other strongholds in the neighbourhood. However, when his support dwindled, the principal men of the county returned their allegiance to King Henry V. During the English Civil War, Parliamentary forces under Colonel Roland Laugharne besieged and captured Carmarthen Castle but later abandoned the cause, and joined the Royalists. In 1648, Carmarthen Castle was recaptured by the Parliamentarians, and Oliver Cromwell ordered it to be slighted. The first industrial canal in Wales was built in 1768 to convey coal from the Gwendraeth Valley to the coast, and the following year, the earliest tramroad bridge was on the tramroad built alongside the canal. During the Napoleonic Wars (1799–1815) there was increased demand for coal, iron and agricultural goods, and the county prospered. The landscape changed as much woodland was cleared to make way for more food production, and mills, power stations, mines and factories sprang up between Llanelli and Pembrey. Carmarthenshire was at the centre of the Rebecca Riots around 1840, when local farmers and agricultural workers dressed as women and rebelled against higher taxes and tolls. == Geography ==

The county is bounded to the north by Ceredigion, to the east by Powys (historic county Brecknockshire), Neath Port Talbot (historic county Glamorgan) and Swansea (also Glamorgan), to the south by the Bristol Channel and to the west by Pembrokeshire. Much of the county is upland and hilly. The Black Mountain range dominates the east of the county, with the lower foothills of the Cambrian Mountains to the north across the valley of the River Towy.",398
1551,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"Much of the county is upland and hilly. The Black Mountain range dominates the east of the county, with the lower foothills of the Cambrian Mountains to the north across the valley of the River Towy. The south coast contains many fishing villages and sandy beaches. The highest point (county top) is the minor summit of Fan Foel, height 781 metres (2,562 ft), which is a subsidiary top of the higher mountain of Fan Brycheiniog, height 802.5 metres (2,633 ft) (the higher summit, as its name suggests, is actually across the border in Brecknockshire/Powys). Carmarthenshire is the largest historic county by area in Wales. The county is drained by several important rivers which flow southwards into the Bristol Channel, especially the River Towy, and its several tributaries, such as the River Cothi. The Towy is the longest river flowing entirely within Wales. Other rivers include the Loughor (which forms the eastern boundary with Glamorgan), the River Gwendraeth and the River Taf. The River Teifi forms much of the border between Carmarthenshire and Ceredigion, and there are a number of towns in the Teifi Valley which have communities living on either side of the river and hence in different counties. Carmarthenshire has a long coastline which is deeply cut by the estuaries of the Loughor in the east and the Gwendraeth, Tywi and Taf, which enter the sea on the east side of Carmarthen Bay. The coastline includes notable beaches such as Pendine Sands and Cefn Sidan sands, and large areas of foreshore are uncovered at low tide along the Loughor and Towy estuaries.",368
1552,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"Carmarthenshire has a long coastline which is deeply cut by the estuaries of the Loughor in the east and the Gwendraeth, Tywi and Taf, which enter the sea on the east side of Carmarthen Bay. The coastline includes notable beaches such as Pendine Sands and Cefn Sidan sands, and large areas of foreshore are uncovered at low tide along the Loughor and Towy estuaries. The principal towns in the county are Ammanford, Burry Port, Carmarthen, Kidwelly, Llanelli, Llandeilo, Newcastle Emlyn, Llandovery, St Clears, and Whitland. The principal industries are agriculture, forestry, fishing and tourism. Although Llanelli is by far the largest town in the county, the county town remains Carmarthen, mainly due to its central location. Carmarthenshire is predominantly an agricultural county, with only the southeastern area having any significant amount of industry. The best agricultural land is in the broad Tywi Valley, especially its lower reaches. With its fertile land and agricultural produce, Carmarthenshire is known as the ""Garden of Wales"". The lowest bridge over the river is at Carmarthen, and the Towi Estuary cuts the southwesterly part of the county, including Llansteffan and Laugharne, off from the more urban southeastern region. This area is also bypassed by the main communication routes into Pembrokeshire. A passenger ferry service used to connect Ferryside with Llansteffan until the early part of the twentieth century. == Economy ==

Agriculture and forestry are the main sources of income over most of the county of Carmarthenshire. On improved pastures, dairying is important and in the past, the presence of the railway enabled milk to be transported to the urban areas of England.",393
1553,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"== Economy ==

Agriculture and forestry are the main sources of income over most of the county of Carmarthenshire. On improved pastures, dairying is important and in the past, the presence of the railway enabled milk to be transported to the urban areas of England. The creamery at Whitland is now closed but milk processing still takes place at Newcastle Emlyn where mozzarella cheese is made. On upland pastures and marginal land, livestock rearing of cattle and sheep is the main agricultural activity. The estuaries of the Loughor and Towy provide pickings for the cockle industry. Llanelli, Ammanford and the upper parts of the Gwendraeth Valley are situated on the South Wales Coalfield. The opencast mining activities in this region have now ceased but the old mining settlements with terraced housing remain, often centred on their nonconformist chapels. Kidwelly had a tin-plating industry in the eighteenth century, with Llanelli following not long after, so that by the end of the nineteenth century, Llanelli was the world-centre of the industry. There is little trace of these industrial activities today. Llanelli and Burry Port served at one time for the export of coal, but trade declined, as it did from the ports of Kidwelly and Carmarthen as their estuaries silted up. Country towns in the more agricultural part of the county still hold regular markets where livestock is traded. In the north of the county, in and around the Teifi Valley, there was a thriving woollen industry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Here water-power provided the energy to drive the looms and other machinery at the mills. The village of Dre-fach Felindre at one time contained twenty-four mills and was known as the ""Huddersfield of Wales"".",389
1554,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"Here water-power provided the energy to drive the looms and other machinery at the mills. The village of Dre-fach Felindre at one time contained twenty-four mills and was known as the ""Huddersfield of Wales"". The demand for woollen cloth declined in the twentieth century and so did the industry. In 2014, West Wales was identified as the worst-performing region in the United Kingdom along with the South Wales Valleys. The gross value added economic indicator showed a figure of £14,763 per head in these regions, as compared with a GVA of £22,986 for Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan. The Welsh Assembly Government is aware of this, and helped by government initiatives and local actions, opportunities for farmers to diversify have emerged. These include farm tourism, rural crafts, specialist food shops, farmers' markets and added-value food products. In 2015, in an attempt to boost the local economy, Carmarthenshire County Council produced a fifteen-year plan that highlighted six projects which it hoped would create five thousand new jobs. The sectors involved would be in the ""creative industries, tourism, agri-food, advanced manufacturing, energy and environment, and financial and professional services"". == Local government ==

Under the Local Government Act 1888, Carmarthenshire became an administrative county with a county council taking over functions from the Quarter Sessions. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county of Carmarthenshire was abolished on 1 April 1974 and the area of Carmarthenshire became three districts within the new county of Dyfed : Carmarthen, Dinefwr and Llanelli. Until 1974, Carmarthenshire had been governed locally by civil parishes; these in large part equated to ecclesiastical parishes, most of which still exist as part of the Church in Wales.",378
1555,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"Under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county of Carmarthenshire was abolished on 1 April 1974 and the area of Carmarthenshire became three districts within the new county of Dyfed : Carmarthen, Dinefwr and Llanelli. Until 1974, Carmarthenshire had been governed locally by civil parishes; these in large part equated to ecclesiastical parishes, most of which still exist as part of the Church in Wales. Under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Dyfed was abolished on 1 April 1996 and Carmarthenshire was re-established as a county. The three districts united to form a unitary authority which had the same boundaries as the traditional county of Carmarthenshire. In 2003, the Clynderwen community council area was transferred to the administrative county of Pembrokeshire. As of 2024, the council leader is Darren Price of Plaid Cymru. The county covers three Senedd constituencies, with its Members of the Senedd since 2021 being:

Samuel Kurtz (Welsh Conservatives) for Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire
Adam Price (Plaid Cymru) for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr
Lee Waters (Welsh Labour) for Llanelli. In the UK Parliament, the county covers two UK Parliament constituencies in Wales, with its Members of Parliament since 2024 being:

Ann Davies (PC) for Caerfyrddin (Carmarthen)
Nia Griffith (L) for Llanelli. == Demography and the Welsh language ==
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, Carmarthen and Wrexham were the two most populous towns in Wales. In 1931, the county's population was 171,445 and in 1951, 164,800. At the census in 2011, Carmarthenshire had a population of 183,777.",392
1556,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"In 1931, the county's population was 171,445 and in 1951, 164,800. At the census in 2011, Carmarthenshire had a population of 183,777. Population levels have thus dipped and then increased again over the course of eighty years. The population density in Carmarthenshire is 0.8 persons per hectare compared to 1.5 per hectare in Wales as a whole. Carmarthenshire was the most populous of the five historic counties of Wales to remain majority Welsh-speaking throughout the 20th century. According to the 1911 Census, 84.9 per cent of the county's population were Welsh-speaking (compared with 43.5 per cent in all of Wales), with 20.5 per cent of Carmarthenshire's overall population being monolingual Welsh-speakers. In 1931, 82.3 per cent could speak Welsh and in 1951, 75.2 per cent. By the 2001 census, 50.3 per cent of people living in Carmarthenshire could speak Welsh, with 39 per cent being able to read and write the language as well. The 2011 census showed a further decline, with 43.9 per cent speaking Welsh, making it a minority language in the county for the first time. However, the 2011 census also showed that 3,000 more people could understand spoken Welsh than in 2001 and that 60% of 5-14-year-olds could speak Welsh (a 5% increase since 2001). A decade later, the 2021 census, showed further decrease, to 39.9% Welsh speakers—the largest percentage drop in all of Wales. == Landmarks ==

With its strategic location and history, the county is rich in archaeological remains such as forts, earthworks and standing stones. Carn Goch is one of the most impressive Iron Age forts and stands on a hilltop near Llandeilo.",383
1557,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"== Landmarks ==

With its strategic location and history, the county is rich in archaeological remains such as forts, earthworks and standing stones. Carn Goch is one of the most impressive Iron Age forts and stands on a hilltop near Llandeilo. The Bronze Age is represented by chambered cairns and standing stones on Mynydd Llangyndeyrn, near Llangyndeyrn. Castles that can be easily accessed include Carreg Cennen, Dinefwr, Kidwelly, Laugharne, Llansteffan and Newcastle Emlyn Castle. There are the ruinous remains of Talley Abbey, and the coastal village of Laugharne is for ever associated with Dylan Thomas. Stately homes in the county include Aberglasney House and Gardens, Golden Grove and Newton House. There are plenty of opportunities in the county for hiking, observing wildlife and admiring the scenery. These include Brechfa Forest, the Pembrey Country Park, the Millennium Coastal Park at Llanelli, the WWT Llanelli Wetlands Centre and the Carmel National Nature Reserve. There are large stretches of golden sands and the Wales Coast Path now provides a continuous walking route around the whole of Wales. The National Botanic Garden of Wales displays plants from Wales and from all around the world, and the Carmarthenshire County Museum, the National Wool Museum, the Parc Howard Museum, the Pendine Museum of Speed and the West Wales Museum of Childhood all provide opportunities to delve into the past. Dylan Thomas Boathouse where the author wrote many of his works can be visited, as can the Roman-worked Dolaucothi Gold Mines. == Sports and leisure ==
Activities available in the county include rambling, cycling, fishing, kayaking, canoeing, sailing, horse riding, caving, abseiling and coasteering.",393
1558,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"Dylan Thomas Boathouse where the author wrote many of his works can be visited, as can the Roman-worked Dolaucothi Gold Mines. == Sports and leisure ==
Activities available in the county include rambling, cycling, fishing, kayaking, canoeing, sailing, horse riding, caving, abseiling and coasteering. Carmarthen Town A.F.C. plays in the Cymru Premier. They won the Welsh Football League Cup in the 1995–96 season, and since then have won the Welsh Cup once and the Welsh League Cup twice. Llanelli Town A.F.C. play in the Welsh Football League Division Two. The club won the Welsh premier league and Loosemores challenge cup in 2008 and won the Welsh Cup in 2011, but after experiencing financial difficulties, were wound up and reformed under the present title in 2013. Scarlets is the regional professional rugby union team that plays in the Pro14, they play their home matches at their ground, Parc y Scarlets. Honours include winning the 2003/04 and 2016/17 Pro12. Llanelli RFC is a semi-professional rugby union team that play in the Welsh Premier Division, also playing home matches at Parc y Scarlets. Among many honours, they have been WRU Challenge Cup winners on fourteen occasions and frequently taken part in the Heineken Cup. West Wales Raiders, based in Llanelli, represent the county in Rugby league. Some sporting venues utilise disused industrial sites. Ffos Las racecourse was built on the site of an open cast coal mine after mining operations ceased. Opened in 2009, it was the first racecourse built in the United Kingdom for eighty years and has regular race-days. Machynys is a championship golf course opened in 2005 and built as part of the Llanelli Waterside regeneration plan.",386
1559,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"Opened in 2009, it was the first racecourse built in the United Kingdom for eighty years and has regular race-days. Machynys is a championship golf course opened in 2005 and built as part of the Llanelli Waterside regeneration plan. Pembrey Circuit is a motor racing circuit near Pembrey village, considered the home of Welsh motorsport, providing racing for cars, motorcycles, karts and trucks. It was opened in 1989 on a former airfield, is popular for testing and has hosted many events including the British Touring Car Championship twice. The 2018 Tour of Britain cycling race started at Pembrey on 2 September 2018. == Transport ==


=== Rail ===
Carmarthenshire is served by the main line railway services operated by Transport for Wales Rail and Great Western Railway which link London Paddington, Manchester Piccadilly, Cardiff Central and Swansea to southwest Wales. The main hub is Carmarthen railway station where some services from the east terminate. The line continues westwards with several branches which serve Pembroke Dock, Milford Haven and Fishguard Harbour (for the ferry to Rosslare Europort and connecting trains to Dublin Connolly). The Heart of Wales Line takes a scenic route through mid-Wales and links Llanelli with Craven Arms, from where passengers can travel on the Welsh Marches Line to Shrewsbury. Two heritage railways, the Gwili Railway and the Teifi Valley Railway, use the track of the Carmarthen and Cardigan Railway that at one time ran from Carmarthen to Newcastle Emlyn, but did not reach Cardigan. === Road ===
The A40, A48, A484 and A485 converge on Carmarthen.",354
1560,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"Two heritage railways, the Gwili Railway and the Teifi Valley Railway, use the track of the Carmarthen and Cardigan Railway that at one time ran from Carmarthen to Newcastle Emlyn, but did not reach Cardigan. === Road ===
The A40, A48, A484 and A485 converge on Carmarthen. The M4 route that links South Wales with London, terminates at junction 49, the Pont Abraham services, to continue northwest as the dual carriageway A48, and to finish with its junction with the A40 in Carmarthen. Llanelli is linked to M4 junction 48 by the A4138. The A40 links Carmarthen to Llandeilo, Llandovery and Brecon to the east, and with St Clears, Whitland and Haverfordwest to the west. The A484 links Llanelli with Carmarthen by a coastal route and continues northwards to Cardigan, and via the A486 and A487 to Aberystwyth, and the A485 links Carmarthen to Lampeter. === Bus ===
Bus services run between the main towns within the county and are operated by First Cymru under their ""Western Welsh"" or ""Cymru Clipper"" livery. Bus services from Carmarthenshire are also run to Cardiff. A bus service known as ""fflecsi Bwcabus"" (formerly just ""Bwcabus"") operates in the north of the county, offering customised transport to rural dwellers. == Cuisine ==

Carmarthenshire has rich, fertile farmland and a productive coast with estuaries providing a range of foods that motivate many home cooks and chefs.",356
1561,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthenshire,Carmarthenshire,"A bus service known as ""fflecsi Bwcabus"" (formerly just ""Bwcabus"") operates in the north of the county, offering customised transport to rural dwellers. == Cuisine ==

Carmarthenshire has rich, fertile farmland and a productive coast with estuaries providing a range of foods that motivate many home cooks and chefs. == See also ==
List of Lord Lieutenants of Carmarthenshire
Custos Rotulorum of Carmarthenshire
List of High Sheriffs of Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire (UK Parliament constituency) for a list of MPs
List of places in Carmarthenshire for an alphabetical list of towns and villages. Scheduled Monuments in Carmarthenshire
List of schools in Carmarthenshire
People from Carmarthenshire for a list of notable people from the county. == References ==


== Further reading ==
Lloyd, John E. (ed.). 1935. A History of Carmarthenshire, 2 vols. London Carmarthenshire Society. == External links ==

Carmarthenshire County Council
Carmarthenshire County Council - Tourism & Marketing Division : Discover Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire: Official site from South West Wales Tourist Board
GENUKI: Research sources for Carmarthenshire",288
1562,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Littleton,Jody Littleton,"Jody E. Littleton (born October 23, 1974) is an American former professional football player who was a long snapper in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Baylor Bears and the Chicago Bears, Detroit Lions, and Cleveland Browns during his National Football League (NFL) career. == Early life and college ==
Born in Denver, Littleton graduated from Brighton High School in Brighton, Colorado. At Baylor University, Littleton played at long snapper and linebacker for the Baylor Bears from 1994 to 1997. The first-team long snapper in his final three seasons, he had eight tackles in 1996 and 25 tackles in 1997. == Professional career ==
Following the 1998 NFL draft, Littleton signed as an undrafted free agent with the Atlanta Falcons but was waived on July 2, 1998. Littleton then was the special teams coordinator at Hico High School in Hico, Texas until signing with the New York Giants on May 14, 2001. He was waived during the preseason on August 28, 2001. He signed again with the Giants on January 9, 2002, and was allocated to the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europe on February 9. With the Galaxy, Littleton played in 10 games at weak side linebacker with five starts, making nine tackles and two passes defended. The Giants waived Littleton on August 27, 2002, prior to the regular season. On October 16, 2002, Littleton signed with the Chicago Bears. In his first NFL career action, Littleton played in two games with the Bears at long snapper in 2002 before being waived on October 29. He signed with the Detroit Lions practice squad on December 19, 2002; while signed with the Lions, Littleton had his second allocation with the Frankfurt Galaxy on January 30, 2003. Playing in 10 games with six starts at linebacker, Littleton made 12 tackles for the Galaxy and was part of a Galaxy team that won World Bowl XI.",387
1563,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Littleton,Jody Littleton,"He signed with the Detroit Lions practice squad on December 19, 2002; while signed with the Lions, Littleton had his second allocation with the Frankfurt Galaxy on January 30, 2003. Playing in 10 games with six starts at linebacker, Littleton made 12 tackles for the Galaxy and was part of a Galaxy team that won World Bowl XI. The Lions waived Littleton on September 1 but brought him back to the team on December 11, 2003. Littleton played in the final three games of the 2003 season with the Lions in place of injured long snapper Bradford Banta, making one special teams tackle. In the 2004 season with the Lions, Littleton played in eight games again at linebacker. He made one special teams tackle. The Lions waived Littleton on August 23, 2005, prior to the regular season. He was briefly signed again with the Lions from October 25 to November 1, 2005. On November 28, 2005, Littleton signed with the Cleveland Browns. Playing primarily at long snapper, Littleton played in five games with five special teams tackles in his final pro football season. == References ==",221
1564,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Conville,Steven Conville,"Steven George Conville (born 1973) is the Founder and CEO of Kronic Relief Jamaica and is a former IIROC (Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada) advisor. Steven has twenty years of experience in the financial industry overseeing over $750 million in assets. He is a Certified Financial Planner Licensee (CFP), a Fellow of the Canadian Securities Institute (FCSI), and has a Canadian Investment Manager designation (CIM). Steven was licensed to sell securities in both Canada and the United States. Steven has appeared on Business News Network (BNN) as an advisor and formerly was vice president at Macquarie Private Wealth, which is part of Macquarie Group. He attended York University, where he attained bachelor's degrees in both arts and education. He also received an MBA in finance from Wilfrid Laurier University and a postgraduate diploma in investment management from Concordia University. He owns the Moncton Miracles of the National Basketball League. Conville served on the investment advisory committee for the  Office of the Public Guardian and Trustee for the Ministry of the Attorney General of the Province of Ontario for two consecutive 2 year terms ending in 2006. == References ==


== External links ==
Interview to Bloomberg
Interview to Market Call at Business New Network
Article The Globe and Mail
Article on Bloomberg",269
1565,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_House,Triangle House,"Triangle House, originally known as Safmarine House, is a 104-metre-tall (341-foot) building in Cape Town, South Africa. Construction work began in 1991 and it was completed in 1993 by Murray & Roberts Construction, now known as Concor at a cost of US$6,000,000 (equivalent to US$9,610,000 in 2018). it was the last skyscraper built in Cape Town until the completion of the Portside Tower 21 years later in 2014. The building was originally named after its first occupant, the South African shipping company Safmarine. The building was originally owned by Old Mutual Investment Group Property Investments. At the end of August 2023, the hotel component within the building was sold to the real estate private equity firm Kasada. The hotel is now operated by Accor (the French-listed hotel group) under the Pullman brand. == Design & history ==
The cruciform building plan gives each of the eighteen to nineteen units on each floor added natural light, ventilation and views. The exterior of the building is clad in Rosa Duna granite, Rock Face granite and Rustenberg granite. In 2017 the building was renovated converting its office space into 166 residences and a 5-star Radisson Blu Hotel by Signatura Property Group and Carlson Rezidor Hotel Group costing R1 billion. The hotel rooms are based on the ground floor to the 11th floor. Residential apartments are based on the 12th to the 23rd floor. In August 2023 the Radisson Blu Hotel and Residence was permanently closed and the hotel is now operating as Pullman hotel. This is after the hotel was sold to Kasada who bought, renamed, and brought in Accor, the French hotel group to operate the hotel. The decor of the hotel's aesthetic, lobby, restaurants, and rooms have all remained the same. == References ==",381
1566,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles_walkeri,Anopheles walkeri,"Anopheles walkeri is a species of mosquito found predominantly throughout the Mississippi River Valley, with its habitat ranging as far north as southern Quebec, Canada. The eggs of A. walkeri are laid directly on the water surface in freshwater swamp habitats. Since its eggs are not resistant to desiccation, this species is restricted to swampy regions with plenty of water. Anopheles walkeri, as with many other anophelines, begins to become active later in the evening than most other mosquito species in its range. This species becomes especially active late at night when in search of a blood meal. Feeding activity is affected greatly by environmental conditions within its microclimate. Wind, low humidity and cool temperatures (around 10 °C or 50 °F and below), are all negatively correlated with feeding aggression. == Life cycle ==

Anopheles walkeri has a multivoltine life cycle. It produces a hardy winter egg which differs morphologically from the more vulnerable summer eggs by having enlarged floats on the dorsal side. By overwintering in egg form, this species is able to mature through one full larval generation before hibernating adults of other species are able to become active. The multivoltine life cycle means this species is active during both the swampy, open water conditions of early spring, as well as later in the year after the swampland has become thickened with plant growth. It takes about 10 days to mature through the larval stages and pupate, dependent on temperature and water conditions. Adults will typically mate within a few hours of emergence from their pupated form. The females then begin to seek out a blood meal to provide necessary protein to facilitate egg development. The female will then rest while the eggs develop. Once mature, the eggs are oviposited and the female begins the process all over again, feeding and laying for the 40 days or so that it lives for.",391
1567,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles_walkeri,Anopheles walkeri,"The female will then rest while the eggs develop. Once mature, the eggs are oviposited and the female begins the process all over again, feeding and laying for the 40 days or so that it lives for. == Epidemiology ==
Due to habitat preferences, coupled with particularly low rates of virus detection, Anopheles walkeri is considered to be an unlikely vector of West Nile virus to humans. In addition, it has not been shown to demonstrate any capacity of transmitting avian malaria (Plasmodium circumflexum and P. polare). However, specimens of A. walkeri in the southern United States have been shown to harbor the human infecting strains of malaria, Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum, albeit infrequently (freq= <0.005). == References ==",170
1568,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Savior%27s_Lutheran_Church_(Cranfills_Gap,_Texas)","Our Savior%27s Lutheran Church (Cranfills Gap, Texas)","Our Savior's Lutheran Church, (Norwegian:Vår Frelsers Kirke) is a Lutheran church located near the cities of Clifton and Cranfills Gap in the unincorporated community of Norse in Bosque County, Texas, US. == History ==
The congregation for Our Savior's Lutheran Church at Norse was organized on June 14, 1869 by Norwegian settlers of Bosque County, Texas. The church itself was constructed between 1875 and 1885. As the congregation grew, it became necessary to build another church in the western part of the Norwegian immigrant settlement. That church, St. Olaf Kirke, started as an extension of the Our Savior's Lutheran congregation upon completion of the church in 1886, but eventually became an independent congregation in 1902. The cemetery on the church property serves as the burial site for a number of original Norwegian settlers of the area, including Cleng Peerson, commonly referred to was the father of Norwegian immigration to the United States. Today a portion of Texas 219 in Bosque County is named the Cleng Peerson Memorial Highway. The area around the communities of Norse, Clifton, and Cranfills Gap is known as the Norse Historical District. Recently a monument was constructed just outside the church's cemetery recognizing the 17 original Norwegian settlers of Bosque County. == Recent history ==
In October 1962, Our Savior's Lutheran Church at Norse was awarded the Texas Historical Building Medallion and has been recorded as a historical landmark of cultural significance by the State of Texas. Our Savior's Lutheran Church continues to be used for regular church services. The current pastor is the Rev. Dr. Ruth E. Hetland. The congregation consists of nearly 300 members and is currently affiliated with the  Northern Texas-Northern Louisiana Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.",367
1569,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Savior%27s_Lutheran_Church_(Cranfills_Gap,_Texas)","Our Savior%27s Lutheran Church (Cranfills Gap, Texas)","Dr. Ruth E. Hetland. The congregation consists of nearly 300 members and is currently affiliated with the  Northern Texas-Northern Louisiana Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. == References ==


== Other sources ==
Lovell, Odd S. (1984) The Promise of America: A History of the Norwegian-American People (Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press) ISBN 0-8166-1331-1
Pool, William C. (1964) Bosque Territory: A History of an Agrarian Community (Kyle, Texas: Chaparral Press)
Pierson, Oris E. (1979) Norwegian Settlements in Bosque County (Clifton, Texas: Bosque Memorial Museum)


== External links ==
Our Savior's Lutheran Church at Norse website
Norse Historic District Archived 2015-09-05 at the Wayback Machine",184
1570,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_John_Ducasse,Curt John Ducasse,"Curt John Ducasse (French: [dykas]; 7 July 1881 – 3 September 1969) was a French-born American philosopher who taught at the University of Washington and Brown University. He was known as an early champion of analytic philosophy inspired by the methods of the sciences, albeit with a mystical streak that included a noted interest in parapsychology and the possibilities of life before birth and life after death. He was a president of the American Philosophical Association (1939–1940) and a founder and the first president of the Association for Symbolic Logic (1936–1938). == Early life and education ==
Ducasse was born 7 July 1881 in Angoulême, France. He spent one year in England, emigrated to Mexico in 1900, then spent two years in Mexico before settling in the United States, where he soon joined the Theosophical Society. He obtained A.B. (1908) and A.M. (1909) degrees in philosophy from University of Washington. In 1912 he obtained his PhD from Harvard University under the mentorship of Josiah Royce. While there he met William James, who would remain a lasting influence on his work. == Career ==
Ducasse taught at the University of Washington (1912–1926) and then Brown University (1926–1958). He served as chair of the Brown department of philosophy 1930–1951 and dean of the graduate school 1947–1949. Two of his notable students were Roderick Chisholm and Richard Cartwright. He is most notable for his work in philosophy of mind and aesthetics and for being an early champion of analytic philosophy. His first book Causation and the Types of Necessity in 1924 put forward a non-Humean theory of causation and a theory of categories that also became the basis of his Carus Lectures, published in 1951 as Nature, Mind, and Death.",397
1571,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_John_Ducasse,Curt John Ducasse,"He is most notable for his work in philosophy of mind and aesthetics and for being an early champion of analytic philosophy. His first book Causation and the Types of Necessity in 1924 put forward a non-Humean theory of causation and a theory of categories that also became the basis of his Carus Lectures, published in 1951 as Nature, Mind, and Death. He was noted for championing analytic methods in philosophy and insisting on scientific rigor and precision in philosophy, particularly in his 1941 Philosophy as a Science. However, in Roderick Chisholm's recollection of his own words, he also had ""a rather strong mystical bent."" In his work in aesthetics, as in 1929's The Philosophy of Art and Art, the Critics, and You (1944), he applied his theories of causation and particularly an ""adverbial theory of perception"" to a participatory and relativist conception of art. Ducasse was influenced by William James, Josiah Royce, and Arthur Schopenhauer, and his own influence can be seen in the work of Roderick Chisholm and Wilfrid Sellars. Ducasse lead the committee that organized the Pacific division of the American Philosophical Association in 1924, then later served as the president of the Eastern division of the American Philosophical Association (1939–40), president of the American Society for Aesthetics (1945), and president of the Philosophy of Science Association (1958–61). He was a founding member and first president (1936–1938) of the Association for Symbolic Logic. Ducasse also wrote on parapsychology. He was a member of the American Society for Psychical Research and served a term as its first vice president beginning in 1965.",357
1572,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_John_Ducasse,Curt John Ducasse,"Ducasse also wrote on parapsychology. He was a member of the American Society for Psychical Research and served a term as its first vice president beginning in 1965. Ducasse was a believer in reincarnation: science writer Martin Gardner observed that Ducasse was notable for ""combining nonbelief in God with a belief in the preexistence and the afterlife of human souls."" His book A Critical Examination of the Belief in a Life After Death (1961) was a philosophical attempt to examine the idea of life after death, and in it he expressed his belief in survival. The book was both praised and criticized by the philosopher and leading British parapsychologist H. H. Price. Further praise and criticism came from philosopher Corliss Lamont, who argued that some of the content was based on an implausible mind–body dualism, while at the same time he named it ""one of the most powerful arguments I have encountered for post-mortem survival."" The September 1952 issue of Philosophy and Phenomenological Research was devoted to a symposium in Ducasse's honor, and he received a festschrift in 1966 titled Current Philosophical Issues: Essays in Honor of Curt John Ducasse. == Personal life and death ==
Ducasse married Mable Lisle, a Seattle, Washington artist, in 1921. He died on 3 September 1969 in Providence, Rhode Island. == Books ==
Causation and the Types of Necessity (1924). University of Washington Press. LCCN 25-27067
The Philosophy of Art (1929). The Dial Press. LCCN 29-29217
Philosophy as a Science (1941). O. Piest. LCCN 72-12326
Art, the Critics, and You (1944). O. Piest. LCCN 45-877
Is a Life After Death Possible? (1948).",394
1573,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_John_Ducasse,Curt John Ducasse,"LCCN 45-877
Is a Life After Death Possible? (1948). University of California Press, Berkeley. LCCN a480-6340
Nature, Mind, and Death (1951). Open Court Publishing Company. LCCN 51-6117
A Philosophical Scrutiny of Religion (1953). Ronald Press Company. LCCN 53-5700
A Critical Examination of the Belief in a Life after Death (1961). Thomas. LCCN 60-12660
Truth, Knowledge, and Causation (1968). Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 9780710063335 LCCN 68-56156


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Frederick C. Dommeyer. (1966). Current Philosophical Issues: Essays in Honor of Curt John Ducasse. Thomas. Peter H. Hare and Edward H. Madden. (1975). Causing, Perceiving and Believing: An Examination of the Philosophy of C. J. Ducasse. Springer. Jay Barry. (1982). Gentlemen Under the Elms. Brown University. Chapter 10 is a profile and biography of Ducasse, with photographs. == External links ==
Works by or about Curt John Ducasse at the Internet Archive
Biography from Brown.edu",270
1574,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histioteuthis_reversa,Histioteuthis reversa,"Histioteuthis reversa, commonly known as the reverse jewel squid or the elongate jewel squid, is a species of cock-eyed squid, so called because the eyes are dissimilar. It occurs at moderate depths in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is also known from the Indian Ocean. == Description ==
Histioteuthis reversa grows to a mantle length of about 19 cm (7.5 in). The head bears four pairs of robust arms, a pair of tentacles and two unequal-sized eyes and the main body mass is enclosed in the mantle. The arms are less than one and a half times the length of the mantle. The outer arms are not joined to each other by a web and the inner arms are connected by a vestigial web remnant. The suckers on the arms are globular, usually with teeth on the margin, and the suckers on the terminal portion of the tentacles are in five or six rows, with larger suckers in the central rows. The mantle is cup-shaped and elongates considerably in females when they mature. The fins are a third to a half the length of the mantle and roughly half its width. The ventral (under) surface of the mantle has a complex arrangement of large and small compound light-emitting photophores, and seventeen large and one small photophore surround the right eye. In front of the left eye there are seven large photophores and the eye is ringed by ten to fourteen small ones. == Distribution ==
Histioteuthis reversa is native to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is mostly found in the northern hemisphere but also occurs off the coast of Namibia and South Africa. The northern limit of its range is the Newfoundland and the seas south of Iceland at 52° North. It does not occur in  the Gulf of Mexico and is uncommon in the Caribbean Sea. It has been recorded in the southern Indian Ocean.",398
1575,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histioteuthis_reversa,Histioteuthis reversa,"It does not occur in  the Gulf of Mexico and is uncommon in the Caribbean Sea. It has been recorded in the southern Indian Ocean. It is found in the upper waters of the open sea, often at depths of between 600 and 800 m (1,969 and 2,625 ft), and frequently in the vicinity of seamounts and other undersea features, perhaps because primary production is greater in these areas. == Ecology ==
Little is known of the behaviour and ecology of this squid but it seems to breed over the continental slope as juveniles in the size range 2 to 4 cm (0.8 to 1.6 in) have been found there. Adults are eaten by various cetaceans including sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) and Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), a fact confirmed by examining the stomach contents of stranded animals among which the indigestible beaks of the squids are found. == References ==


== External links ==
""CephBase: Histioteuthis reversa"". Archived from the original on 2005-08-17.",241
1576,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Tilly,Bertha Tilly,"Bertha Tilly (1900–1980) was a 20th-century British classical philologist, topographer, and educator born in Lancaster. She is best remembered for her editions and works on Virgil, and her work in the field of topography. == Biography ==
Tilly was born in Lancaster in 1900, and obtained her degree and PhD from the University of London. She worked as a teacher, and, later, headmistress, combining work as a secondary school educator with her research career in London and Ely, before retiring to Cambridge. After her death in 1980, her considerable library and photographic collection were left to the Institute of Classical Studies in London. == Works ==
One of Tilly's notable works is Vergil's Latium (1947), a series of topographical studies of the Roman Campagna. Tilly discusses locations in relation to Virgil's Aeneid, the last six books of which are set there. By compiling historical, archaeological, and topographical material, Tilly reconstructs the area as it was in Virgil's day. Ursula Le Guin commented on the influence of Tilly's book on her novel Lavinia. Another important work by Tilly is her 1973 edition of Varro, titled Varro the Farmer: A Selection from the Res Rusticae, which was praised by her contemporaries. Tilly also created several editions of Virgil for use of the classroom, all of which were generally well received. == References ==


== External links ==
Ely High School 1905-1972 - Miss Bertha Tilly MA, PhD Headmistress 1936-66",331
1577,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"The list of characters from the Magic Knight Rayearth anime and manga series by CLAMP. Many characters' names are either taken from or related to cars. == The Magic Knights ==


=== Hikaru Shidou ===
Hikaru Shidou (獅堂 光, Shidō Hikaru) is an eighth-grader with bright red eyes and scarlet hair (pink hair in the manga version and reboot version), who is small for her age and often teased for her boyishness. She helps her parents and her three older brothers (Masaru, Satoru and Kakeru) to run a school for Kendo. She is headstrong and determined, and in many ways very childish, but she is fiercely loyal to her friends. In particular, she wants to save Cephiro in the first arc in order to return home to her dog, Hikari, her precious childhood friend. She uses fire-based spells, such as Arrow of Fire (Honoo no Ya) and Crimson Lightning. Her theme color is red. Hikaru is very popular with fans, especially with boys, because of her sometimes childish behavior; for example, in the manga, where Fuu is ""asking"" Ferio to help them, Umi catches on to what she's doing, but Hikaru has no idea what's going on. When Ferio agrees, Umi cheers, as does Hikaru, though she still doesn't get it. It's also mentioned that she's the most popular girl in her all-girls school by her classmates in both adaptations. She becomes best friends with Umi and Fuu in the first season. In the second season, she falls in love with Lantis, and becomes friends with Eagle Vision of Autozam. However, in the manga, Hikaru is only hinted at being romantically involved with Lantis, despite him hinting that he has strong feelings for her.",397
1578,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"In the second season, she falls in love with Lantis, and becomes friends with Eagle Vision of Autozam. However, in the manga, Hikaru is only hinted at being romantically involved with Lantis, despite him hinting that he has strong feelings for her. Hikaru claims to love everyone, and due to her innocent nature, probably loves everyone equally. In the anime, Hikaru's affection for Lantis becomes much more apparent. In the second season, when the need for a new Pillar of Cephiro is urgent, people from many different lands flock to Cephiro to become the Pillar. It is apparent from the first moment the girls are told they will be Magic Knights that Hikaru is the most strong-willed and passionate of the group; this leads to her eventually becoming the new Pillar at the end of the season. Hikaru decides that she would rather Cephiro not have to depend on one person's self-sacrifice, and uses her power as the Pillar to destroy the Pillar System and allow Cephiro to function on its own. In some language adaptations, her name was changed to  Lucy and Luce. Voiced by: Hekiru Shiina (Japanese); Julie Maddalena (English), Venus Terzo in original English dub & Tara Jayne (English) in OVA. === Umi Ryuuzaki ===
Umi Ryuuzaki (龍咲 海, Ryūzaki Umi) is elegant with dark blue eyes and long, flowing azure blue hair (light blue hair in the manga version). She is an only child of rich parents, the two of which dote on her mercilessly and for whom she has great affection.",350
1579,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"=== Umi Ryuuzaki ===
Umi Ryuuzaki (龍咲 海, Ryūzaki Umi) is elegant with dark blue eyes and long, flowing azure blue hair (light blue hair in the manga version). She is an only child of rich parents, the two of which dote on her mercilessly and for whom she has great affection. A fencing champion, she is quick-tempered and at first uncaring (though perhaps the best-suited for the task at hand), as well as the most reluctant of the three Magic Knights: she is under great pressure to attend a fencing contest and is unsure of the land of Cephiro. Umi tends to go slightly ballistic at times, and provides a bit of comic relief during her fights with Mokona. Initially she seems to dislike Mokona, and even when she does become fond of him, occasionally still seems annoyed by his behavior. However, Umi is very dedicated to Hikaru and Fuu, wanting nothing more than to save Cephiro and return home. She uses water-based spells called Water Dragon and Azure Hurricane. Her theme color is blue. In the anime Umi is totally clueless of Ascot's affections for her and she has feelings for Clef but he seems not to be too interested in love. She's friends with Tatra and Tarta, the princesses of Chizeta, whom she defeated in sword fights at different points in the second season. During the same arc, Umi appears to be slightly more mature.",318
1580,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"She's friends with Tatra and Tarta, the princesses of Chizeta, whom she defeated in sword fights at different points in the second season. During the same arc, Umi appears to be slightly more mature. In the manga, she is apparently a fan of Häagen-Dazs ice cream, Denny's and MOS Burger (she becomes panicked at the thought that Cephiro does not have any of these – similar to Miaka Yūki in Fushigi Yûgi, who, upon hers and her best friend's arrival at another world, complains about the absence of her favourite restaurants). The brand names were removed from the anime dialogue, presumably to avoid copyright infringement. Her lovestory in the manga is very different, she develops a very close relationship with Ascot who blushes whenever they are together. Although she doesn't realize Ascot's feelings she has a more proactive attitude with him offering and asking him for help on several occasions. They seem to have a special affinity and Mokona shows us that there is a connection between them. It is strongly implied that there is a budding relationship between Umi and Ascot near the end of the story. A relationship with Clef is non-existent in the manga. Curiously, her parents have a minor cameo in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, another Clamp series that has many crossovers. In some language adaptations, her name was changed to Marina and Marine. Voiced by: Konami Yoshida (Japanese); Wendee Lee (English), Amy Birnbaum (English) in OVA.",327
1581,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"In some language adaptations, her name was changed to Marina and Marine. Voiced by: Konami Yoshida (Japanese); Wendee Lee (English), Amy Birnbaum (English) in OVA. === Fuu Hououji ===
Fuu Hououji (鳳凰寺 風, Hōōji Fū) has snapping green eyes and short blonde hair (light brown in the anime) and wears glasses, except when in full armour (Fuu is notably the only Magic Knight whose hair and eyes do not share the same color base). She is more quiet and reserved than the other two members of the group and serves as the voice of reason. Along with specializing in archery, she is also highly intelligent and logical, though this is more akin to book-smarts than street-smarts. Fuu often states the obvious and is very blunt in a fairly humorous way, much to Umi's dismay in some situations. Fuu deeply believes that her belief, along with Hikaru's and Umi's, is her strength in saving Cephiro. She often has moments where she doubts herself, but comes out strong and resolved in the end. Her spells, Winds of Protection, Winds of Admonishment, and Winds of Healing, are air-based and are mostly healing and defensive in nature, though she has some offensive attacks, such as Emerald Typhoon and Emerald Cyclone. Her theme color is green. Fuu is in love with Ferio, the estranged brother of Princess Émeraude, who has been helping them since they met in the beginning of the first series. In the second arc, she grows closer to Ferio, and though she is torn knowing she helped kill his sister, his feelings for her never waver. In the second season, Fuu wins an archery contest against Lady Aska, after which they become friends.",386
1582,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"In the second arc, she grows closer to Ferio, and though she is torn knowing she helped kill his sister, his feelings for her never waver. In the second season, Fuu wins an archery contest against Lady Aska, after which they become friends. Fuu is very polite and calls people Sir or Miss (-san in the Japanese version). Fuu also has an older sister named Kuu. In some language adaptations, her name was changed to Anemone, Anaïs and Anne. Voiced by: Hiroko Kasahara (Japanese); Bridget Hoffman (English), Lisa Ortiz (English) in OVA. == Characters of the first season ==


=== Clef ===
Clef (クレフ, Kurefu) is the chief of all sorcerers in Cephiro, and was formerly Princess Émeraude's attendant. In the anime, he is turned to stone by Zagato shortly after being introduced to the three girls in the first episode, although he fights the spell and communicated with them through Mokona. In the manga he is referred to as Guru Clef and is not turned to stone. In the second arc he also leads all of Cephiro until a new pillar can be found. In episode 48, he used all his willpower to create a castle to hold the castle from further collapsing. In the manga Clef is often seen with Presea, but nothing special is ever mentioned between them. In the anime he is both loved by Sierra and the deceased Presea. When he first meet the girls, he reacts very unpleasantly to Umi who called him a ""child"" or 10 years old as stated by Umi; when in fact, he is actually 745 years old. In season 2 of the anime, it was hinted that he cares for Umi when she got abducted by the Twin Princess but he never showed a love interested for her.",394
1583,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"When he first meet the girls, he reacts very unpleasantly to Umi who called him a ""child"" or 10 years old as stated by Umi; when in fact, he is actually 745 years old. In season 2 of the anime, it was hinted that he cares for Umi when she got abducted by the Twin Princess but he never showed a love interested for her. His name is derived from the Mazda Clef. Voiced by: Nozomu Sasaki (Japanese); Steve Staley (English), Immy Uncle (English) in OVA. === Mokona ===
Mokona (モコナ, Mokona) is a mischievous, nonsensical rabbit-like creature, possibly a Carbuncle, with a striking similarity to a white manjū bun, with a red gem in his forehead above his eyes. From this gem he can produce a tent for the girls to sleep in, food, and other necessary supplies. He is unable to speak, aside from repeating the sound ""puu"", although Hikaru seems to be somewhat able to understand him. In the manga, Mokona is revealed to be the Creator of the Earth, Cephiro and the other planets, as well as the laws for each planet. In the ending of the second arc, Mokona and the rest of the Mashin announce that they will be traveling to other dimensions. Mokona of Rayearth is a separate character from Mokona Modoki from ×××HOLiC and Tsubasa -RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE-, though Yūko implies that those Mokonas were based on Cephiro's Mokona, and saying she might not have known about other worlds if she hadn't met him. Mokona was named after Mokona, one of Clamp's artists. Voiced by: Yuri Shiratori (Japanese); Kaeko Sakamoto (English).",400
1584,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Mokona was named after Mokona, one of Clamp's artists. Voiced by: Yuri Shiratori (Japanese); Kaeko Sakamoto (English). === Ferio ===
Ferio (フェリオ, Ferio) is a warrior whom the Magic Knights first meet in the Forest of Silence. A tough young man wielding a sword taller than he is, he quickly develops a soft spot for Fuu and the feelings grow to love near the end of the first arc but by the second season his feelings have evolved into a strong love for Fuu. Never completely honest with others, he made himself difficult for the heroines to trust. In the anime he gives Fuu a jeweled orb. Since he has one identical to it, he uses it to communicate with her throughout the first series. In the manga series, he gives her a ring identical to the one on his ear. Fuu loses it when the three go home to Tokyo in the first series, but in the second series, when they return, he gives it to her for a second time. Both items were given to him by his older sister Princess Émeraude in his youth. In the anime's first season, Ferio once pretended to join Ascot, Lord Zagato's child summoner, who set a trap for the Magic Knights using his sound-sensitive monster, Pajero. Also, while the Magic Knights are facing Innova's true form, Ferio regains his memory from his younger years. He realizes that he was Princess Émeraude's only brother, and hears his sister's voice coming from his own orb telling him how to defeat Innova. Ferio relays the info to the Knights and they manage to kill their enemy.",359
1585,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"He realizes that he was Princess Émeraude's only brother, and hears his sister's voice coming from his own orb telling him how to defeat Innova. Ferio relays the info to the Knights and they manage to kill their enemy. In the manga Ferio knows of his origins and meets the Magic Knights on his way to try and save his sister, using his fighting skills in exchange for passage out of a forest he had become lost in. In the OVA, he is initially a villain who can summon and control swarms of insects. He appears to have a close relationship with Ascot, and in a twist of his original character, he is the villain who does battle with Fuu. After eavesdropping on Lantis' conversation with Hikaru and the others, he assists Lantis in fighting Cephiro's spirits, and later delivers Lantis' sword to the combined Mashin to help them fight Eagle. Ferio gets his name from the Honda Civic Ferio, and Ascot's monster from the episode featuring Ferio is named after the Mitsubishi Pajero. Voiced by: Takumi Yamazaki (Japanese); Terrence Stone (English), Jim Ensz (English) in OVA. === Presea ===
Presea (プレセア, Puresea) is the top blacksmith in Cephiro, known there as a Pharle or ""artisan"". She is one of Clef's students and seems to have a crush on him. She aided the Magic Knights by making their legendary swords from the mineral escudo. In both the anime and manga series, she shows something of a sadistic side, plotting ways to punish Mokona for making a mess in her study (including yanking his ears, hanging him upside-down while she dances about him dressed as a Native American, and prying his ever-closed eyes wide open).",383
1586,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"She aided the Magic Knights by making their legendary swords from the mineral escudo. In both the anime and manga series, she shows something of a sadistic side, plotting ways to punish Mokona for making a mess in her study (including yanking his ears, hanging him upside-down while she dances about him dressed as a Native American, and prying his ever-closed eyes wide open). Her trap captures the Magic Knights by mistake, so she ponders whether to stretch their cheeks or boil them in a big pot, again wearing a feathered headdress and doing a war dance. In the anime series, she is killed by one of Ascot's beast summons. This death happens only in the anime, and unfortunately created a plot hole for the second season when Presea becomes a necessary character in the manga counterpart. In order to fill this plot hole, her twin sister, Sierra, is created to pose as her. The only ones to realize that Sierra is not Presea are Clef, Mokona, and Alcyone, who recognizes Sierra's deception as stemming partly from her love for Clef. When Clef confronts Sierra about why she is posing as her sister, Sierra replies that it is to help the Knights with their mission and continue her sister's legacy, but does not reveal her own feelings for him. Presea's favorite food is listed as V-tek, a kind of candy from Cephiro (though she enjoys the candy from Earth that Hikaru gives her as payment for using her weapons). Named after the Nissan Presea. Voiced by: Emi Shinohara (Japanese); Mari Devon (English). === Alcyone ===
Alcyone (アルシオーネ, Arushiōne) (Alcione in Tokyopop translation) is an ice sorceress who tutored under Clef and was intended to attend to the Pillar.",386
1587,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Voiced by: Emi Shinohara (Japanese); Mari Devon (English). === Alcyone ===
Alcyone (アルシオーネ, Arushiōne) (Alcione in Tokyopop translation) is an ice sorceress who tutored under Clef and was intended to attend to the Pillar. However, she fell in love with the high priest, Zagato, and for this love became his servant, although the affection is entirely one-sided. In the manga she is killed after failing Zagato twice by his own hand and she have been melted away. In the anime she lives on until near the end of the second season; moments after Zagato and Émeraude's deaths, she's captured by the evil witch Debonair, who brainwashes her into becoming her slave. Lantis captures Alcyone in battle, but she has lost her memories. When she recovers them, she reveals Debonair's plans for Cephiro and Debonair's location, and is killed shortly after by Debonair for her betrayal. In the Sega Saturn game, Alcyone is apparently killed by Rafaga. She survives despite her injuries and, after realizing that Zagato loves Émeraude, Alcyone loses her sanity and dies fighting the Magic Knights one last time. Her name comes from the Subaru Alcyone SVX. Voiced by: Yuri Amano (Japanese); Barbara Goodson (English), Angora Deb (English) in OVA. === Ascot ===
Ascot (アスコット, Asukotto) One of the followers of Zagato, is a young child with the ability to summon monsters, whom he considers to be his friends. Although hideous, they have no ill will, but villagers still fear them.",375
1588,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"=== Ascot ===
Ascot (アスコット, Asukotto) One of the followers of Zagato, is a young child with the ability to summon monsters, whom he considers to be his friends. Although hideous, they have no ill will, but villagers still fear them. Homeless and without parents, Ascot was never well received anywhere with his monsters until Zagato offered to give him and his friends a home in exchange for serving under him. Consumed by hatred and loneliness, his heart is full of selfish feelings reflected in a poor image and attitude of evil and cruel child. His real age is unknown so we don't know if Ascot is really a child and it's possible that his physical appearance is produced by the poverty of his soul and the lack of affection. In the anime he destroys Presea's house with his monsters, and essentially causes her death. Later, he confronts the Knights again but Umi slaps him for using his friends and causing them pain. This causes a change of heart in Ascot, he learns the true meaning of friendship and he then forsakes Zagato. In the second series, his appearance changes, now he is a tall and nice young man who has managed to grow thanks to the lessons learned in the past, the power of his will and the love he feels for Umi. Now his behavior is calm and sweet towards people. While he still summons monsters, he has learned other spells from Clef to avoid using his friends as living weapons. He is able to tell Umi his feelings before she leaves to fight Tarta & Tatra. Umi replies that she loves him as well, but just as much as everyone else in Cephiro, and that she didn't have any romantic feelings for him. This saddens Ascot a bit, but he still continues to try and win her heart.",381
1589,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Umi replies that she loves him as well, but just as much as everyone else in Cephiro, and that she didn't have any romantic feelings for him. This saddens Ascot a bit, but he still continues to try and win her heart. In the manga, his story is similar to the anime in the first season, he starts as an evil child who changes thanks to Umi's lessons, the only change is that he never kills Presea. In the second season, he becomes in a tall young man as well for the same reasons described above. He decide to use his own magic instead of the ""summoning magic"" to avoid hurting his monsters and to learn how to fend for himself. Even though he never confesses his feelings to Umi, he gets Umi's affection much more than in the anime. They are closer and always smile when they are together, even Mokona shows us that there is a special connection between them. It is strongly implied that there is a budding relationship between Umi and Ascot near the end of the story so it is a more fortunate relationship than in the anime. He is named after the Honda Ascot. Voiced by: Minami Takayama (Japanese); Mona Marshall (English). === Caldina ===
Caldina (カルディナ, Karudina) (Gardina in Tokyopop translation) is a dancer who speaks with an Osaka accent (which is translated as a deep Southern accent in the English dub, due to the translations including words like ""y'all""), wears extremely skimpy clothing because her body is too sexy to be covered, and has an endless passion for money. Zagato hires her as an assassin after his other minions fail; in addition to her dancing skills, she is an accomplished illusionist and hypnotist.",376
1590,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"=== Caldina ===
Caldina (カルディナ, Karudina) (Gardina in Tokyopop translation) is a dancer who speaks with an Osaka accent (which is translated as a deep Southern accent in the English dub, due to the translations including words like ""y'all""), wears extremely skimpy clothing because her body is too sexy to be covered, and has an endless passion for money. Zagato hires her as an assassin after his other minions fail; in addition to her dancing skills, she is an accomplished illusionist and hypnotist. In the anime she has great affection for Ascot, whom she treats as a naïve younger brother, and she joins him in deserting Zagato. It is revealed in the second arc and season that she is native to Chizeta. It's also been shown that Caldina is incredibly good at cards and other games of chance. Caldina hypnotizes people by making the red jewels on her gloves, earrings and shoes flash and send out bell sounds. Romantically, Caldina becomes involved with Rafaga in both versions of the series. Caldina also appears in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle as a bartender. Her name comes from the Toyota Caldina. Voiced by: Yūko Nagashima (Japanese); Lenore Zann (English). === Rafaga ===
Rafaga (ラファーガ, Rafāga) (Lafarga in Tokyopop translation) is the Captain of the Guard and charged with protecting the Pillar. Although Cephiro is mostly peaceful, he kept himself busy slaying the occasional monsters that would appear. In his takeover of the country, Zagato hypnotized him into trying to kill the Magic Knights as a last-ditch effort to stop them before they challenged him personally, but the girls managed to bring him to his senses.",383
1591,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Although Cephiro is mostly peaceful, he kept himself busy slaying the occasional monsters that would appear. In his takeover of the country, Zagato hypnotized him into trying to kill the Magic Knights as a last-ditch effort to stop them before they challenged him personally, but the girls managed to bring him to his senses. He goes against Zagato roughly at the same time Hikaru must meet Rayearth, and she in fact manages to summon her Mashin while trying to help Rafaga fight Zagato. In the second part of the story, he is romantically involved with Caldina. While he possesses no magical ability, he is a devastatingly powerful swordsman. Named after the Honda Rafaga, a sister car of the Ascot. Voiced by: Yukimasa Kishino (Japanese); Bob Papenbrook (English). === Innova ===
Innova (イノーバ, Inōba) is an anime-and-game-only character sporting an elven appearance and manner. He was a devoted servant of Zagato's—in fact, a birthday present from Émeraude to her High Priest. Innova is not humanoid as he appears, but an animal-shaped elemental of lightning who assumed a human form to better serve his new master. His true form resembles a giant wolf with two tendrils streaming from his back. His weak spot proved to be the gemstone embedded in his forehead in either form. He first challenged the Magic Knights in the Sky Shrine, and would have defeated them if not for Windam's revival. He later resumed his true form and was destroyed by Hikaru. In the Spanish version of the anime he's known as Nova, which is also the name of Hikaru's darker half in the original source material. His name comes from the Honda Ascot Innova. Voiced by: Ryōtarō Okiayu (Japanese); Terrence Stone (English).",397
1592,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"His name comes from the Honda Ascot Innova. Voiced by: Ryōtarō Okiayu (Japanese); Terrence Stone (English). === Émeraude ===
Émeraude (エメロード, Emerōdo) is the current pillar (and princess) of Cephiro. Little else is revealed concerning her nature until the climax of the first series, although she is highly loved by her subjects. In the anime it is revealed that she was once a noblewoman of Cephiro, and had later used her power as the Pillar to prevent her younger brother Ferio from being punished for stealing something from her. He had forgotten she was his sister because, at his own request, she had used her magic to help him forget about her so he would not miss her or feel sorrow, and asked that she in turn forget him, so that she could focus her thoughts and prayers only on Cephiro. In the manga series, she is Ferio's older sister as well, but there is no mention of Ferio stealing something from her, and he does remember that she is his sister; in fact, he left the palace on his own will. The Pillar of Cephiro must spend every waking moment of their existence praying for Cephiro's benefit, and when Princess Émeraude fell in love with Zagato the High Priest, she was constantly thinking of him and not Cephiro, and eventually imprisoned herself in a water dungeon (resembling a large peony in an underwater cavern beneath Zagato's court in her own palace) in hopes of being able to focus on only Cephiro. When she is unable to do so, she summons the Magic Knights.",353
1593,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"The Pillar of Cephiro must spend every waking moment of their existence praying for Cephiro's benefit, and when Princess Émeraude fell in love with Zagato the High Priest, she was constantly thinking of him and not Cephiro, and eventually imprisoned herself in a water dungeon (resembling a large peony in an underwater cavern beneath Zagato's court in her own palace) in hopes of being able to focus on only Cephiro. When she is unable to do so, she summons the Magic Knights. Zagato, who had in turn fallen in love with her, discovered Princess Émeraude's true feelings for him and visits her often, telling her that he does not care for the fate of Cephiro, and that there was only one thing in the world that he cared about – Émeraude herself. Believing if he destroyed the Magic Knights, he would be able to keep Émeraude safe and that by sheer will everything would turn out all right, he sent his minions one by one, each one failing to carry out the task. When the Magic Knights awaken the Rune Gods and arrive at the palace, Zagato is waiting for them. He confronts them in a Rune God he created with his own will to kill them and protect Émeraude, intent on making his one desire come true. But the Magic Knights emerge triumphant and kill Zagato. Émeraude, devastated by the loss of her beloved, collapses under the tremendous weight of her own guilt and grief. Transforming into an older- and more sinister-looking version of herself, she breaks free from the water prison. This form is only filled with anger and pure hatred for the Magic Knights for killing Zagato, forgetting it was she who summoned them in the first place.",371
1594,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Transforming into an older- and more sinister-looking version of herself, she breaks free from the water prison. This form is only filled with anger and pure hatred for the Magic Knights for killing Zagato, forgetting it was she who summoned them in the first place. Zagato's court begins to fall apart beneath her anger, and she dons her own Mashin and grabs Zagato's fallen sword. She begins to fight the Magic Knights in their Mashin, and they see fleeting visions of the real Émeraude who tells them of her plight and how she has realized that it would be better if she died than tried to rule Cephiro with a heart tainted with grief and regret. No one of Cephiro is allowed to kill the Pillar and the Pillar cannot will itself to die, so the ""girls from another world"" (the Magic Knights) are there solely for that purpose: to don the Mashin and kill the current Pillar of Cephiro, as death is the only way for the Pillar to abandon their duty. The Knights resist at first, but tearfully give in when Émeraude begs them to send her to ""where she may think only of Zagato"" and be with him. Émeraude dies, using the last of her power to send them home to the exact moment they disappeared from Tokyo Tower. The last image of her they see is her purified adult self in Zagato's arms, smiling sweetly and thanking the Knights for granting her last wish.",310
1595,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Émeraude dies, using the last of her power to send them home to the exact moment they disappeared from Tokyo Tower. The last image of her they see is her purified adult self in Zagato's arms, smiling sweetly and thanking the Knights for granting her last wish. It has been speculated that Princess Émeraude was based on The Childlike Empress from Michael Ende's The Neverending Story (Die unendliche Geschichte), being as they are both directly linked to their kingdom (if one should die, so shall their empire), they both do not play a direct role despite the fact that their powers are the most revered, and they are both depicted as young women, no older than the age of ten to thirteen. Furthermore, though they are both young in appearance, they are both considered ""ageless"". Lastly, their stories, though different in ways, are also similar. Recalling the fact that Émeraude sent for earthlings to kill her (for no one in Cephiro could do her harm), The Childlike Empress sent for a human boy, for no one in her kingdom of Fantasia could give her a new name. Also the Proof of the Pillar which took the form of Émeraude's tiara could also be related to The Childlike Empress' AURYN, which was the symbol of her absolute power in Fantasia. Sometimes known as Princess Esmerald or Esmeralda, and misnamed Princess Emerald in the official English translation of the Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle manga. She gets her name from the Mitsubishi Émeraude. Voiced by: Megumi Ogata (Japanese); Wendee Lee (English). === Zagato ===
Zagato (ザガート, Zagāto) is the primary antagonist of the first season, his younger brother is Cail Lantis (introduced in the second arc and season).",398
1596,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Voiced by: Megumi Ogata (Japanese); Wendee Lee (English). === Zagato ===
Zagato (ザガート, Zagāto) is the primary antagonist of the first season, his younger brother is Cail Lantis (introduced in the second arc and season). When he is first introduced, he is seen as a terrible villain who has kidnapped the beloved Princess Émeraude, watching cruelly as Cephiro crumbles without its Pillar. However, this image is far from the truth. High Priest to Princess Émeraude and Clef's right-hand man, Zagato fell deeply in love with the beautiful and kind Princess. Despite her best efforts to put Cephiro first and foremost, Princess Émeraude fell in love with Zagato as well. When Émeraude goes missing, Zagato came forth as having had kidnapped Princess Émeraude. In reality, Émeraude was so upset by her lack of will that she imprisoned herself in the water dungeon to avoid seeing Zagato. Zagato does not reveal this to the Magic Knights or Cephiro's people, aiming to destroy the knights when they come after him. The reason Zagato is this way is because of his deep love for Émeraude and equally deep hate for Cephiro's Pillar System. The Pillar must devote every moment of their existence to praying for Cephiro and never seek happiness from anything except seeing the planet prosper. Zagato was tormented to see Émeraude chained down as such and even more so when she had to resist the love that had grown between them. He decides that instead of Émeraude returning as the Pillar and continuing to be a slave to Cephiro, he would rather have Cephiro cease to exist.",379
1597,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Zagato was tormented to see Émeraude chained down as such and even more so when she had to resist the love that had grown between them. He decides that instead of Émeraude returning as the Pillar and continuing to be a slave to Cephiro, he would rather have Cephiro cease to exist. In the end of the first season, he is killed in battle by the Magic Knights while desperately trying to protect Émeraude; his last words tell her to ""be free"". His death causes Émeraude to become lost in her own grief and rage before attacking the Magic Knights, who kill her in self-defense. He is named after Italian automotive design studio Zagato. Voiced by: Jūrōta Kosugi (Japanese); Lex Lang (English). === The Three Mashin ===
The three Mashin (Rune Gods in Tokyopop translation) are the legendary guardians of Cephiro. Umi's is Selece (as transliterated in the original manga artwork by CLAMP - also known as Ceres, Seles, or Celes in some translated versions), who first appears as a large blue dragon. Fuu's is Windam (Windom in the official English release of the manga), a great four-winged bird. Finally, Hikaru's is Rayearth (Lexus in the OVA series), a wolf with a mane of fire. The three are old and ancient, and are in fact mecha used by the Magic Knights to help them combat Zagato and ultimately kill the Pillar. The three Mashin are able to combine into a greater and much stronger Mashin (unnamed by the authors, but sometimes named by the fanbase as ""Combined Rayearth"" or ""Big Rayearth""). In the OVA, the combined mashin is named Rayearth.",382
1598,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"The three Mashin are able to combine into a greater and much stronger Mashin (unnamed by the authors, but sometimes named by the fanbase as ""Combined Rayearth"" or ""Big Rayearth""). In the OVA, the combined mashin is named Rayearth. The ""Rune God"" name was only used in the official English release of the anime series. ""Mashin"" has a bit of a double-meaning; it is katakana for the English word ""machine"", but is a homonym of the Japanese word for ""evil spirit"", ""magical spirit"", or ""demon god"". They also feature as ""Kudan"" (a kind of protective spirit) in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle, also by Clamp. Rayearth is assigned to Syaoran, Celes to Kurogane and Windam to Fay. In the ending of the second and final part of the series, Mokona and the rest of the Mashin declare that they will be travelling to other universes. Voiced by: Lex Lang (Rayearth), Terrence Stone (Selece), Lex Lang (Windam). == Characters of the second season ==


=== Lantis ===
Lantis (ランティス, Rantisu), Zagato's younger brother, is a powerful Cail or Kailu (magic swordsman) who journeyed abroad for a great deal of time and returned to Cephiro after meeting Eagle in Autozam. Lantis has made his first appearance in season two when he returned to Cephiro. He desired to remove the Pillar System in order to prevent the tragedy and pain that Zagato and Princess Émeraude had experienced. He is regarded with suspicion due to his reclusive nature. Nevertheless, Hikaru approaches him, though at first it's because she feels extreme guilt about killing his brother.",385
1599,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"He is regarded with suspicion due to his reclusive nature. Nevertheless, Hikaru approaches him, though at first it's because she feels extreme guilt about killing his brother. Though his intimidating manner can be off-putting, he is gentle at heart; in fact, he forgives Hikaru and the other Knights for Zagato's death. In the anime version he falls in love with Hikaru, which she reciprocates, while in the manga there are only hints of any romance between the two. At the end of the manga, Lantis asks Hikaru how people of Earth convey love. When she explains that they usually marry, Lantis asks if there is anyone she'd like to marry, to which Hikaru replies that she'd like to marry everyone as she loves them all. Lantis also appears in Tsubasa. His name comes from the Mazda Lantis. In Super Robot Wars games, he has a Mashin which is a mirrored version of Zagato's. Voiced by: Jūrōta Kosugi (Japanese); Lex Lang (English), Dan Stevens (English) in OVA. === Primera ===
Primera (プリメーラ, Purimera) is a fairy who has acted as Lantis's guardian ever since he saved her from a monster attack. She's very jealous and possessive of Lantis, and thus harbors a deep dislike for Hikaru. From the start, Mokona likes to tease Primera, causing her to greatly dislike Mokona. When Hikaru and Lantis start to become friendly with each other, she pops up to stop them out of jealousy, but Mokona either chases her away or eats her and later spits her out. She can use low-level healing magic when necessary. Primera makes an appearance in Tsubasa in the Hanshin Republic and is later mentioned in the country of Piffle, by Shogo Asagi.",397
1600,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"She can use low-level healing magic when necessary. Primera makes an appearance in Tsubasa in the Hanshin Republic and is later mentioned in the country of Piffle, by Shogo Asagi. Rather than being tiny, she is the size of a normal human. She is named after the Nissan Primera. Voiced by: Yuri Shiratori (Japanese); Rebecca Forstadt (English)


=== Sierra ===
Sierra (シエラ, Shiera) is an anime-only character. She is Presea's identical twin sister, and the only way to tell them apart is by the feather-shaped birthmark on Sierra's chest (first noted by Caldina when all the girls are bathing together). She makes her appearance throughout the anime's second season, corresponding with Presea's presence in the manga. Sierra pretends to be Presea to alleviate a portion of the pain of the Magic Knights, who blame themselves for not being able to help Presea, and of Ascot, who blames himself for killing Presea. Clef falsely tells the Magic Knights that Princess Émeraude made a wish to revive all the people who died while she was imprisoned, though in truth no one can revive a life once it is lost. Sierra is in love with Clef, as was Presea, though her love is one-sided (Alcyone confirms this after learning of Sierra's true identity). She cannot make weapons out of Escudo, but she can help revive the weapons once they are lost; she did this to help Hikaru regain her sword after Nova broke it. She is named after the Ford Sierra.",334
1601,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"She cannot make weapons out of Escudo, but she can help revive the weapons once they are lost; she did this to help Hikaru regain her sword after Nova broke it. She is named after the Ford Sierra. Voiced by: Emi Shinohara (Japanese); Mari Devon (English)


=== Eagle Vision ===
Eagle Vision (イーグル・ビジョン, Īguru Bijon) is a well-known and respected commander from Cephiro's neighboring country, Autozam, a technologically advanced world reliant on the mental energy of its citizens for its power. It is clear right away that Eagle is an enigmatic and forceful tactician, and though a gentle and chivalrous gentleman, he is the leader of Autozam's invasion of Cephiro. He is also the son of the President of Autozam. When Lantis visited Autozam during his travels, he and Eagle became best friends. Eagle comes to Cephiro with hopes of duplicating the Pillar System back on his home world, and also wishes to actually become the Pillar for personal reasons. Eagle is in fact very sick and wasn't even supposed to be alive by the time he made it to Cephiro. Eagle reveals to Hikaru that he wants to become the Pillar to spare Lantis' life and be in an eternal sleep with Cephiro. In the end, Hikaru tells him it is unfair of him to leave all his loved ones behind and saves him, bringing him back to Cephiro and starting him on the road to restoring his health. In the anime, however, Eagle sacrifices himself in order to save the Magic Knights. It is unknown what happened to Autozam after his death, but in manga, Autozam becomes an allied country of Cephiro. In the OVA he is Émeraude's brother and does his best to keep his sister happy.",394
1602,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"It is unknown what happened to Autozam after his death, but in manga, Autozam becomes an allied country of Cephiro. In the OVA he is Émeraude's brother and does his best to keep his sister happy. This includes trying to destroy the Earth because he's certain that's what his sister wants. Eagle also appears in Tsubasa alongside comrades Lantis and Geo. He is named after the Chrysler Eagle Vision, and the FTO (mecha he pilots) is named after the Mitsubishi FTO. Autozam is named after a line of Mazda cars, Autozam. Voiced by: Megumi Ogata (Japanese); Jerry Gelb (English), Adam Masterelli (English) in OVA. === Geo Metro ===
Geo Metro (ジェオ・メトロ, Jeo Metoro) is the second-in-command of the Autozam invasion of Cephiro. Muscular and good-natured, loyal and over-protective, he acts much like an older brother to Eagle Vision and has a weakness for sweets. He is featured with Eagle in Tsubasa. Named after the Geo Metro. His mecha, the GTO, is named after the Mitsubishi GTO. Voiced by: Kiyoyuki Yanada (Japanese); Doug Stone (English)


=== Zaz Torque ===
Zaz Torque (ザズ・トルク, Zazu Toruku) is the mechanic of Eagle's forces and is quite short for a teenager. He wishes to have a girlfriend and he is fascinated with all kinds of machinery. As a mechanic, he can fix anything from microwaves to mechas. He likes to drink alcohol and also has a strong taste for sweets. Zaz is friends with Geo, Eagle and Lantis. Zaz shares his name with Ukrainian car manufacturer ZAZ.",391
1603,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Zaz is friends with Geo, Eagle and Lantis. Zaz shares his name with Ukrainian car manufacturer ZAZ. He is often portrayed as having a crush on Hikaru. Voiced by: Jun'ichi Kanemaru (Japanese); Brianne Siddall (English)


=== Lady Aska of Fahren ===
Lady Aska (阿洲花, Asuka) is the First Princess of the country of Fahren and the head of the Fahren invasion force that attacks Cephiro. Her ship is the Dome, an immense dragon-shaped vessel. She laughs constantly and arrogantly, and tends to refer to herself as ""we"" instead of ""I"". She is very young, self-assured and appears fairly bratty (she wants Cephiro so her every whim will become reality, and in the anime version she wants to become pretty to impress Sanyun), but can use all the legendary forbidden spells of the Royal Family, including the ability to conjure up creatures that she draws on ceremonial paper that she uses to attack with. In the anime series, Aska looks up to Fuu as a sort of heroine; this relationship is non-existent in the manga, as Fuu doesn't spend time on their ship. Aska later decides not to rule Cephiro because Fuu (Eagle in the manga) told her that the Pillar can think only of Cephiro, but since Lady Aska loves the people of Fahren, she cannot complete the task of Pillar in Cephiro. She gave this same reasoning when she decided to concede invading Cephiro in the manga. Her face looks like that of Meiling Li of Cardcaptor Sakura. Named after the Isuzu Aska. Fahren also happens to mean ""driving"" in German.",371
1604,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Named after the Isuzu Aska. Fahren also happens to mean ""driving"" in German. Voiced by: Chinami Nishimura (Japanese); Sandy Fox (English)


=== Sanyun ===
Sanyun (山伊, San'yun) is Aska's loyal servant and childhood friend. He's much more thoughtful and studious than Aska (though he really doesn't look it) and hopes to one day assist her in ruling Fahren. In the manga, there are slight implications of a relationship between Aska and Sanyun. He makes a short appearance in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle as the Kudan of Masayoshi Saitou, and again in this form in the Country of Ōto, working for Chang Ang in a sword shop. He shares his name with South Korean car manufacturer Ssang Yong. Voiced by: Satomi Kōrogi (Japanese); Barbara Goodson (English)


=== Chang Ang ===
Chang Ang (長庵, Chan'an) is a Fahren cabinet member and current ruler of the realm until Aska comes of age. He puts a lot of pressure on Aska to become a good ruler, which causes her to think of him as a ""preachy old man""; in the English version, a ""bigmouth"". In the manga Chang Ang assists Lady Aska in her invasion of Cephiro. Throughout the second story arc, he constantly loses his temper with her because of her rash actions and silly decisions. Chang Ang also makes an appearance in Tsubasa in the Country of Ōto. He shares his name with the Chinese car manufacturer Changan Automobile.",354
1605,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"Chang Ang also makes an appearance in Tsubasa in the Country of Ōto. He shares his name with the Chinese car manufacturer Changan Automobile. Voiced by: Kōhei Miyauchi (episodes 26-31)/Takkō Ishimori (episode 31+) (Japanese); Richard Barnes (English)


=== Tata ===
Tata (タータ, Tāta) is the hot-headed princess of the planet Chizeta, which sends its forces to conquer Cephiro and expand its territory. She is especially good at sword combat and can summon the djinn Rakoon. She wants to rule Cephiro as the Pillar to give a better life quality to the people of Chizeta, since their planet is too small. In the anime, she has a friendly rivalry with Umi; when each of the Magic Knights are taken to one of the invading countries, she and her sister face Umi aboard their battleship. Tata shares her name with Indian car manufacturer Tata Motors. Voiced by: Aya Hisakawa (Japanese); Melissa Fahn (English)


=== Tatra ===
Tatra (タトラ, Tatora) is Tarta's calm and seemingly airheaded older twin sister who, when focused, is in fact a formidable warrior. She can conjure the djinn Rasheen to do her bidding and go into battle for her, or choose to use a whip against her enemies. According to Tarta, Tatra is in fact the best fighter in Chizeta. Tatra shares her name with Czech truck manufacturer Tatra.",332
1606,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"According to Tarta, Tatra is in fact the best fighter in Chizeta. Tatra shares her name with Czech truck manufacturer Tatra. Voiced by: Kikuko Inoue (Japanese); Melissa Fahn (English)


=== Nova ===
Nova (ノヴァ, Nova) is introduced as the daughter of Lady Debonair and is an anime-only villainess, able to use Hikaru's attacks as her own while using the Mashin Regalia. She is rather slender with pink hair and elf ears, and appears to be close in age to the three heroines. Throughout the series, Nova gives the impression of being an unstable character, often switching between expressing affection and giving death threats in the space of a heartbeat. Most of her schemes involve capturing Hikaru, whom she obsessively loves enough to kill while expressing disdain towards those Hikaru cares for. Nova is eventually revealed to be a fragment of Hikaru's soul that broke off from Hikaru's inability to cope with killing Émeraude and became a separate being, unknowingly left behind on Cephiro. While Nova searched for Hikaru, she was instead found by Debobair and is manipulated into her service. But once Nova learned the truth that Debonair only used her, she loses against Hikaru and willingly merged back into her after Hikaru admitted that Nova's creation might have been her subconscious attempt to overcome her self-loathing over Émeraude's death. As a character, Nova was created by Toshihiro Hirano. She was originally one of his characters from a different anime that was never realized and produced. She is named after the Chevrolet Nova.",340
1607,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Magic_Knight_Rayearth_characters,List of Magic Knight Rayearth characters,"She was originally one of his characters from a different anime that was never realized and produced. She is named after the Chevrolet Nova. Voiced by: Miki Itō (Japanese); Dorothy Elias-Fahn (English)


=== Debonair ===
Debonair (デボネア, Debonea), an anime-only character, is the head antagonist of the second season who awaits the day when Cephiro will crumble due to lack of support from Princess Émeraude. Debonair is ultimately revealed to be an embodiment of the collective darkness within the hearts of Cephiro's citizens, thus possessing tremendous power with a desire to rule over Cephiro. She is not present in the manga, which instead focuses on the battles between Cephiro and the three invading countries of Autozam, Fahren, and Chizeta. She gets her name from the Mitsubishi Debonair. An alternate version of her appears in Tsubasa as the Kiishim. Voiced by: Atsuko Takahata (Japanese); Melodee Spevack (English)


== References ==


== External links ==
The Magic Knight Rayearth Car List",247
1608,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Chumakova,Roza Chumakova,"Roza Stepanovna Chumakova (Russian: Роза Степановна Чумакова, 8 June 1924 – 10 October 2007) was Russian rower who won two European titles in the single sculls in 1954 and 1955. == Biography ==
Chumakova graduated from secondary school shortly before the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II. The same year she volunteered to work as a nurse at a military hospital and then as a radio operator at the Soviet Air Force. For her service at the World War II fronts between 1942 and 1944 Chumakova was later awarded the Order of the Patriotic War and Medal ""For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"". She started training in rowing in 1944, shortly after demobilization. In parallel, she studied at the Moscow State University of Railway Engineering, then Moscow State Linguistic University, and then at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education (GTSOLIFK), graduating in 1949. In 1969 she defended her PhD on physical training of elite rowers and later worked as professor of physical education at the Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation. Between 1985 and 2000 she was president of the Moscow Federation of Masters Rowing. Chumakova had a brother Slava and a daughter Tatyana. She was married more than once, last to Igor Borisovich Yefimov. == References ==",308
1609,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy_and_Pictet,LeRoy and Pictet,"LeRoy and Pictet was a co-operative company which recruited Germans to settle in Russia in the 18th century, under commission by Tsarina Catherine the Great. The company was formed by LeRoy, a Frenchman, Pictet, a Swiss from Geneva, and Sonntag, a German. There were two other corporations active in the field of recruiting settlers to Russia, one formed by the Frenchman Baron Caneu de Beauregard with Major Otto Friedrich of Monjou and the other, with no independent funding, by Jean de Boffe, Meusnier de Precour, and Quentin Benjamin Coulhette d'Hautervive. To settlers wearied by wars and economic crises, Catherine promised freedom of religion, exemptions from taxes and military service, and the right to dispose of their land as they wished. Thousands of German craftsmen and farmers responded to these recruitment efforts and founded 103 German villages on both sides of the Volga; they are thus known as the Volga Germans. Le Roy and Pictet established 25 colonies comprising 1,530 families with 5,339 people, along the Volga south of Saratov and to the east on its left tributaries the Karaman and Tarlyk, for example the colony of Lauwe, now Yablonovka, founded as a Lutheran colony on 19 August 1767. Le Roy and Pictet later became managers of the colonies. == References ==


== Further reading ==
Saratovskaya oblast'. Administrativno-territorial'noe delenie na 1 janvarya 1970 goda. Saratov: Privolžskoe knižnoe izdatel'stvo, 1970 (in Russian)
Igor Plewe. Einwanderung in das Wolgagebiet 1764–1767.",383
1610,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy_and_Pictet,LeRoy and Pictet,"Saratov: Privolžskoe knižnoe izdatel'stvo, 1970 (in Russian)
Igor Plewe. Einwanderung in das Wolgagebiet 1764–1767. Göttingen: Nordost-Institut (in German)
Volume 1. Kolonien Anton - Franzosen. 1999. ISBN 3-9806003-3-5. Volume 2. Kolonien Galka - Kutter. 2001. ISBN 3-9806003-5-1. Volume 3. Kolonien Laub - Preuss. 2005. ISBN 3-936943-00-1. Volume 4. Reinhardt - Warenburg. 2008. ISBN 978-3-936943-01-6. Karl Stumpp. The Emigration from Germany to Russia in the Years 1763 to 1862. Self-published: Tübingen, 1972. Adam Geisinger. From Catherine to Khrushchev: the story of Russia's Germans. Winnipeg: Marian Press, 1974. (London: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia 1993, ISBN 0-914222-05-8)
Gottlieb Beratz. The German Colonies on the Lower Volga. Lincoln, Nebraska: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, 1991. ISBN 0-914222-20-1.",292
1611,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy_and_Pictet,LeRoy and Pictet,"Lincoln, Nebraska: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, 1991. ISBN 0-914222-20-1. == External links ==
Gazetteer of Volga German colonies, The Center for Volga German Studies, Concordia University (Oregon)
Geschichte der Russlanddeutschen (in Russian and German)
Tzarina Catherine II's Declaration Regarding the Settlement of Foreigners of 22 July 1763, at wolgadeutsche.net (facsimile) (in German)
Economic and Administrative Map of the Autonomous Republic of Volga Germans in 1938, at wolgadeutsche.net (in Russian)
""Die Lauwe Lampe"", historical newsletter published by Bernice Geringer Madden, at Germans from Russia Heritage Society",165
1612,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_myxoma,Cutaneous myxoma,"A cutaneous myxoma, or superficial angiomyxoma, consists of a multilobulated myxoid mass containing stellate or spindled fibroblasts with pools of mucin forming cleft-like spaces. There is often a proliferation of blood vessels and an inflammatory infiltrate. Staining is positive for vimentin, negative for cytokeratin and desmin, and variable for CD34, Factor VIIIa, SMA, MSA and S-100. Clinically, it may present as solitary or multiple flesh-colored nodules on the face, trunk, or extremities. It may occur as part of the Carney complex, and is sometimes the first sign. Local recurrence is common. Cutaneous myxoma is diagnosed based on histopathological features. The differential diagnosis for cutaneous myxoma include alopecia areata, verrucous hamartoma, cyst, fibroma, glioma, hemangioma, lipoma, scar, and nevus sebaceous. Treatment involves complete surgical excision. == Signs and symptoms ==
Cutaneous myxoma appears as a little, slowly expanding dermal or subcutaneous lump that typically affects adults' heads and necks. Alopecic lesions have been reported, characterized by hair tufts overlaying the lesion or even hypertrichosis. Although usually painless, some people have reported experiencing discomfort or tenderness. A pedunculated lesion was reported. == Causes ==
Cutaneous myxoma may occur in isolation or in association with syndromes such as nevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibromas, and ephelides (NAME) syndrome,  Carney complex, and lentigines, atrial myxoma, mucocutaneous myxomas, and blue nevi (LAMB) syndrome.",390
1613,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_myxoma,Cutaneous myxoma,"A pedunculated lesion was reported. == Causes ==
Cutaneous myxoma may occur in isolation or in association with syndromes such as nevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibromas, and ephelides (NAME) syndrome,  Carney complex, and lentigines, atrial myxoma, mucocutaneous myxomas, and blue nevi (LAMB) syndrome. == Diagnosis ==
A thin arborizing vascular network, a large myxoid stroma, mild to moderate cellularity with spindled to stellate cells with little or mild atypia, and the lack of nuclear pleomorphism or mitotic activity are among the histologic markers that are consistently present in cutaneous myxoma. Alopecia areata, verrucous hamartoma, cyst, fibroma, glioma, hemangioma, lipoma, scar, and nevus sebaceous are only a few of the many conditions included in the extensive clinical differential diagnosis. == Treatment ==
The main treatment for cutaneous myxoma is complete surgical excision. == See also ==
Myxoma
Skin lesion


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Iida, Ken; Egi, Takeshi; Shigi, Masato; Sogabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Hirotsugu (2019). ""Cutaneous Myxoma of Multiple Lesions"". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. 7 (2) e2040. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000002040. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 6416110. PMID 30881822. Alaiti, Samer; Nelson, Fern P.; Ryoo, Jei W. (2000).",396
1614,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_myxoma,Cutaneous myxoma,"PMID 30881822. Alaiti, Samer; Nelson, Fern P.; Ryoo, Jei W. (2000). ""Solitary cutaneous myxoma"". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 43 (2). Elsevier BV: 377–379. doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.101878. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 10901728. == External links ==
VisualDx
Myxoma syndrome - DermNet",110
1615,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophora_chathamica,Sophora chathamica,"Sophora chathamica, the coastal kōwhai, sometimes known as Chatham Island kōwhai, is one of 8 species of native sophora or kōwhai in New Zealand and grows naturally in the north-west of the North Island in New Zealand, as far south as the Tongaporutu River in north Taranaki, and as far north as Te Paki. It can also be found growing near Wellington and the Chatham Islands, although these later plantings are thought to be a result of Māori plantings in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Prior to 2001, it was included as variant of Sophora microphylla, therefore references to either Sophora microphylla var. chathamica or Sophora microphylla subsp. microphylla var. chathamica are considered references to coastal kowhai. == Description ==
Coastal kōwhai forms a small tree up to 6 metres tall and 4 metres wide. It generally flowers from August until November. Flowers are yellow and around 3 cm long. Unlike many kōwhai  species, coastal kōwhai lacks the divaricating juvenile stage when grown from seed. == Conservation ==
As assessed by the New Zealand Threat Classification System, S. chathamica is not considered threatened. == Cultivation ==
Coastal kōwhai is available from nurseries throughout New Zealand. There are also several cultivars available, including:

The cultivar Milligold was selected by Duncan & Davies nursery for the new millennium (as Sophora microphylla var. chathamica, the classification in use at the time). It forms a small, compact tree with weeping branches and is sometimes listed as an evergreen. == See also ==
Kōwhai


== References ==

 Media related to Sophora chathamica at Wikimedia Commons",390
1616,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Western_Grazier,The Western Grazier,"The Western Grazier was a newspaper published from 1880 until 1951, covering the central Darling River region of New South Wales. It was published in Wilcannia until 1940, when it moved to Broken Hill. == Newspaper history ==
Wilcannia's first newspaper was the Wilcannia Times, a bi-weekly founded in 1873 by William Webb (March 1848 – 15 November 1910), and ceased publication in 1888. The Western Grazier was established on 2 December 1880 by James Smith Reid. Reid was an Irish printer-journalist who had previously established several mining journals in Queensland, including The Miner in Charters Towers and Thornborough. After the establishment of The Western Grazier Reid went on to  in Silverton, where he founded the bi-weekly Silver Age, whose printing presses were used to print the first prospectus of BHP. Reid and his brothers were to amass considerable wealth from their mining interests. In 1886, Thomas William Heney became editor of The Western Grazier, a position he held for three years. The first issue which is available to the public via Trove is dated Wednesday, 1 January 1896, is listed as Volume XVII No, 1571 and consisted of 4 pages, priced 3d., at which time the paper was published twice weekly; on Saturday and Wednesday by Albert John Esau (1863 – 24 December 1940). Esau, son of Dr. Esau of Woodside, South Australia, purchased the Western Grazier around 1891 and until 1897 was solely responsible for the paper's production and distribution, then took on Thomas Henry Bell as assistant. It was in that year that Esau was successfully sued for libel. Esau subsequently was proprietor of the Armidale Chronicle, where in 1899 he attracted another libel suit, which was settled out of court.",375
1617,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Western_Grazier,The Western Grazier,"It was in that year that Esau was successfully sued for libel. Esau subsequently was proprietor of the Armidale Chronicle, where in 1899 he attracted another libel suit, which was settled out of court. In 1905 he founded the Corowa Chronicle, which he ran for around 23 years, and was involved in many other regional newspapers. He later had a stationery shop in Singleton, New South Wales where he became insolvent in 1937. He died in Adelaide at the end of 1940 after being struck by a tram. Thomas Henry Bell took over publication of the paper in October 1898, and ran it for 14 years, during which time it became a weekly, published on Saturday, with the price doubled to 6d. Bell was succeeded in 1900 by John Atkinson (ca.1857 – 16 February 1923), who had returned to Wilcannia in 1899 to take charge of the Lion Brewery, and was dubbed the ""Pooh Bah of Wilcannia"" for the way he entered into all facets of the town's life. Editorship passed to longtime employee of the Western Grazier, Robert Varcoe ""Bob"" Patterson (ca.1863 – 2 October 1939) 1n 1909, but continued as proprietor until 1911, when ownership passed to Lewis Downs (ca.1860 – 8 February 1943), a businessman (partner in Knox & Downs) and accountant in Wilcannia. Patterson (who, unlike Esau, was constitutionally unable to say or write anything that might be hurtful to others) became proprietor a few years later. With the coming of railways and improved roads and motor vehicles, the Murray-Darling's importance as a conduit for wool and wheat, and Wilcannia's importance as a river port, declined dramatically and its population slumped. The Depression contributed to a drop in readership and nearly led to the paper's demise in 1933.",385
1618,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Western_Grazier,The Western Grazier,"With the coming of railways and improved roads and motor vehicles, the Murray-Darling's importance as a conduit for wool and wheat, and Wilcannia's importance as a river port, declined dramatically and its population slumped. The Depression contributed to a drop in readership and nearly led to the paper's demise in 1933. On Patterson's death, ownership of the Grazier passed to Michael Hayes (publisher) and  G. Lawrence (financial backing). Their partnership was dissolved in October 1940, leaving Hayes the sole owner. Lawrence regained ownership in 1941 and arranged with Ernest Wetherell of Broken Hill's Barrier Daily Truth to take over the printing and distribution of Western Grazier, with J. Brand as the Wilcannia editor. Day of publication moved from Saturday to Friday; the cover price remained unchanged at 6d. With the war providing fresh headlines every day, and with most families personally involved, newspaper sales picked up dramatically. Post-war shortages combined with local factors to make the newspaper unprofitable and the newspaper ceased publication on 29 June 1951. == Digitisation ==
Issues of the paper from 1 January 1896 have been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia. == See also ==
List of newspapers in Australia
List of newspapers in New South Wales


== References ==


== External links ==
Western Grazier  (Wilcannia, NSW : 1896 - 1951) at Trove",305
1619,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"Mohegan Sun is a large casino and entertainment complex located on 240 acres (97 ha) of the Mohegan Indian Reservation in Uncasville, Connecticut, United States, along the banks of the Thames River. It is owned and operated by the federally recognized Mohegan Tribe. The resort first opened on October 12, 1996 and has since become one of the largest casinos in the United States by gaming space. The property includes more than 364,000 square feet (33,800 m²) of gaming space featuring over 6,500 slot machines, 370 table games, and a race book. Mohegan Sun is also home to the Mohegan Sun Arena, a 10,000-seat multi-purpose venue that serves as the home court for the Connecticut Sun of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Mohegan Sun includes two hotel towers: the original Sky Tower, and the Earth Tower, opened in 2016, which together provide more than 1,500 rooms. The resort also features a large retail and dining promenade, a spa, a 100,000-square-foot convention center, and unique architectural elements inspired by Native American culture, including the illuminated alabaster Wombi Rock and the indoor Taughannick Falls. In addition to its entertainment and gaming operations, Mohegan Sun is one of the largest private employers in the state of Connecticut and contributes a share of its slot revenues to the state government. == History ==


=== Early development ===
The idea for building a casino on Mohegan tribal land originated in 1992, when a group of Connecticut-based developers proposed a partnership with the Mohegan Tribe to create a gaming and entertainment facility. The group included RJH Development, LMW Investments, and Slavik Suites Inc., who together formed Trading Cove Associates (TCA).",374
1620,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"== History ==


=== Early development ===
The idea for building a casino on Mohegan tribal land originated in 1992, when a group of Connecticut-based developers proposed a partnership with the Mohegan Tribe to create a gaming and entertainment facility. The group included RJH Development, LMW Investments, and Slavik Suites Inc., who together formed Trading Cove Associates (TCA). At the time, the Mohegan Tribe was not yet federally recognized, a legal status required to operate a casino under the provisions of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA). Trading Cove Associates provided legal, financial, and strategic assistance to the tribe to support their efforts to achieve federal recognition, which was granted in March 1994. The site selected for the resort was a 240-acre property on the Thames River in Uncasville, Connecticut, previously used by United Nuclear Corporation for the construction of nuclear reactor components. The site was decommissioned and cleaned up for reuse. Following recognition, the Mohegan Tribe began negotiations to develop the casino with Trading Cove Associates. Sol Kerzner, a South African hotel and casino magnate and head of Kerzner International (formerly Sun International), joined the project by acquiring a 50% interest in TCA. The remaining 50% was held by Waterford Gaming. In 1995, the tribe established the Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority (MTGA), a government instrumentality charged with oversight and development of the resort. === Opening and early years (1996–2000) ===

Construction of the casino and resort began following the Mohegan Tribe’s federal recognition and the formation of the Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority (MTGA). Development was overseen by Trading Cove Associates (TCA), which managed the project on behalf of the tribe. The resort officially opened to the public on October 12, 1996. The initial property included approximately 170,000 square feet of gaming space, featuring slot machines, table games, and a race book.",398
1621,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"The resort officially opened to the public on October 12, 1996. The initial property included approximately 170,000 square feet of gaming space, featuring slot machines, table games, and a race book. It also offered multiple dining venues, a hotel, retail shops, and entertainment areas, including the 10,000-seat Mohegan Sun Arena, which would later become the home venue for the Connecticut Sun of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The partnership between the Mohegan Tribe and Trading Cove Associates continued after the resort's opening. However, in 2000, control of the property was fully transferred to the tribe. As part of the transition agreement, Trading Cove Associates continued to receive 5% of the gross revenue generated by Mohegan Sun through 2014. During its first few years of operation, Mohegan Sun established itself as a major tourist destination in the Northeast. Its location, near other regional attractions and along the Interstate 95 corridor, helped attract millions of visitors annually. The success of the property played a central role in strengthening the economic position of the Mohegan Tribe and laid the foundation for future expansions. === Expansion and renovation ===
Following the success of its initial years, Mohegan Sun undertook a series of expansions and renovations to enhance its offerings and accommodate growing visitor demand: in the early 2000s, the property was renovated to include additional gaming space, expanded retail and dining options, and upgraded hotel accommodations. In November 2006, the Mohegan Tribe announced a major $740 million expansion plan called ""Project Horizon."" The project was to be completed in phases and originally scheduled for full completion in 2010. It included the construction of a second hotel tower, a new 42-table poker room, and a third casino called Casino of the Wind. The new casino, which opened in August 2008, featured 650 slot machines and 28 table games.",374
1622,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"It included the construction of a second hotel tower, a new 42-table poker room, and a third casino called Casino of the Wind. The new casino, which opened in August 2008, featured 650 slot machines and 28 table games. However, due to the effects of the Great Recession and declining regional gaming revenue, Project Horizon was suspended in September 2008 before its full scope could be realized. The Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority later recorded a $58.1 million impairment charge related to the halted expansion, and Project Horizon was formally terminated in the years that followed. Despite the setback, Mohegan Sun continued to expand. In 2013, plans were announced for a 200,000-square-foot “Downtown District” adjacent to the resort, intended to feature a New England-themed food hall, a 14-screen movie theater, boutique retail shops, and a bowling-and-dining venue. Although widely reported, construction on this project was never completed. One of the most significant additions came with the construction of the Earth Tower, a 400-room hotel tower opened on November 18, 2016. The Earth Tower was developed to meet rising hotel demand and was financed and built by a third-party developer, then leased back to Mohegan Sun to operate. It is directly connected to the existing Casino of the Earth and adds 242,000 square feet of hotel space to the resort. In May 2018, Mohegan Sun opened the Earth Expo & Convention Center. The facility added 125,000 square feet of column-free exhibition space, a 20,000-square-foot ballroom, and 15 additional meeting rooms. Together with its existing conference and function space, the venue significantly increased Mohegan Sun’s ability to host large-scale conventions and trade shows.",361
1623,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"The facility added 125,000 square feet of column-free exhibition space, a 20,000-square-foot ballroom, and 15 additional meeting rooms. Together with its existing conference and function space, the venue significantly increased Mohegan Sun’s ability to host large-scale conventions and trade shows. === COVID-19 pandemic ===
On March 17, 2020, Mohegan Sun closed its doors for the first time since opening in 1996, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The decision was made jointly with Foxwoods Resort Casino, marking a rare, coordinated closure of the two tribal gaming properties in Connecticut. The temporary closure had significant economic implications for the region. Thousands of Mohegan Sun employees were furloughed or laid off, contributing to a sharp rise in unemployment in southeastern Connecticut. Although the casino is located on sovereign tribal land and not subject to state mandates, Governor Ned Lamont urged tribal leaders to delay reopening due to ongoing public health concerns. Despite the warnings, Mohegan Sun proceeded with a limited reopening on June 1, 2020, implementing a variety of safety measures including reduced capacity, health screenings, and the suspension of certain high-risk operations such as buffets and large gatherings. In response, the state of Connecticut placed electronic warning signs on highways leading to the casinos to discourage travel to the facilities. Over time, Mohegan Sun gradually resumed operations in accordance with health guidance and guest demand. The pandemic also prompted a shift toward digital engagement and sports betting, both of which would play larger roles in the casino's future operations. == Facilities ==


=== Casino ===
 Mohegan Sun contains one of the largest gaming floors in the United States, with approximately 364,000 square feet (33,800 m²) of gaming space. The casino is divided into several themed areas, including the Casino of the Earth, Casino of the Sky, and Casino of the Wind.",394
1624,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"== Facilities ==


=== Casino ===
 Mohegan Sun contains one of the largest gaming floors in the United States, with approximately 364,000 square feet (33,800 m²) of gaming space. The casino is divided into several themed areas, including the Casino of the Earth, Casino of the Sky, and Casino of the Wind. Each section features distinct architectural and design elements inspired by Native American culture and natural environments. The gaming floor includes over 6,500 slot machines and more than 370 table games offering a variety of play styles. Table games include blackjack, craps, roulette, baccarat, pai gow poker, Caribbean stud poker, three-card poker, and other traditional and specialty games. The Casino of the Wind, opened in August 2008, includes a dedicated 42-table poker room, a 35-foot indoor waterfall, and approximately 650 slot machines. Mohegan Sun also offers a racebook, which features simulcast wagering on horse and greyhound races from around the United States as well as international tracks in Australia and England. While Connecticut does not currently allow traditional sports betting at tribal casinos, the Mohegan Tribe has participated in negotiations with the state regarding the future of regulated online gaming and sports wagering. In addition to traditional gaming, the casino offers electronic table games, including video versions of blackjack, craps, and roulette, catering to guests who prefer a hybrid digital experience. === Hotels ===
Mohegan Sun features two hotel towers: the Sky Tower and the Earth Tower. Together, they provide more than 1,500 guest rooms and suites, making the resort one of the largest hotel properties in the state of Connecticut. The original Sky Tower opened with the resort in 1996. It stands 34 stories tall and includes over 1,200 rooms, including luxury suites and a 3,000-square-foot presidential suite.",384
1625,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"The original Sky Tower opened with the resort in 1996. It stands 34 stories tall and includes over 1,200 rooms, including luxury suites and a 3,000-square-foot presidential suite. The tower offers amenities such as a spa, fitness center, indoor pool, and high-end concierge services. The Earth Tower was opened on November 18, 2016, as part of a $139 million expansion to meet growing visitor demand. It includes 400 rooms across 242,000 square feet of hotel space. The tower was developed by a third-party firm and is leased by Mohegan Sun for day-to-day operations. The Earth Tower is connected to the Casino of the Earth and features a lobby lounge, coffee and snack bar, fitness area, and access to resort amenities. Both towers are accessible via indoor walkways to the casino, convention center, retail promenade, and entertainment venues. The hotel's architectural design incorporates elements inspired by natural landscapes and Native American motifs, consistent with the thematic style used throughout the resort. === Convention and meeting spaces ===
Mohegan Sun includes one of the largest hotel-based convention and meeting facilities in the Northeastern United States. The resort offers more than 275,000 square feet (25,500 m²) of meeting, exhibition, and function space, designed to accommodate events ranging from small meetings to large-scale conventions and trade shows. The centerpiece of the complex is the Earth Expo & Convention Center, which officially opened in May 2018. It includes:

A 125,000-square-foot column-free expo hall
A 20,000-square-foot ballroom
15 additional meeting rooms, including an executive boardroom
Significant pre-function space for receptions and networking
The facility was built to provide enhanced flexibility and access for corporate events, trade shows, and association conferences.",378
1626,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"The centerpiece of the complex is the Earth Expo & Convention Center, which officially opened in May 2018. It includes:

A 125,000-square-foot column-free expo hall
A 20,000-square-foot ballroom
15 additional meeting rooms, including an executive boardroom
Significant pre-function space for receptions and networking
The facility was built to provide enhanced flexibility and access for corporate events, trade shows, and association conferences. It connects directly to the Earth Tower hotel and other areas of the resort, allowing for integrated guest accommodations and entertainment options. Mohegan Sun also houses the Uncas Ballroom, which spans 38,000 square feet and is recognized as one of the largest hotel ballrooms in the region. The ballroom is located within the Sky Convention Center and can be subdivided for smaller gatherings or configured for banquets, award ceremonies, and galas. Support amenities for meetings and conventions include on-site audiovisual services, business centers, catering options, and high-speed wireless internet throughout all event areas. === Retail and dining ===
Mohegan Sun features an extensive retail and dining promenade that spans over 130,000 square feet (12,000 m²), offering a mix of national brands, luxury boutiques, and Native American-themed shops. The retail areas are located throughout the Casino of the Earth and Casino of the Sky, as well as along connecting concourses near the hotel towers and arena. Retail tenants have included Coach, Tommy Bahama, Sephora, Brookstone, and various specialty stores offering apparel, gifts, jewelry, and tribal art. Seasonal and promotional pop-up stores also rotate through dedicated retail kiosks within the promenade. Dining options at Mohegan Sun range from quick-service food courts to celebrity chef restaurants.",373
1627,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"Seasonal and promotional pop-up stores also rotate through dedicated retail kiosks within the promenade. Dining options at Mohegan Sun range from quick-service food courts to celebrity chef restaurants. Notable establishments include:

Michael Jordan’s Steak House and MJ23 Sports Bar & Grill, operated in partnership with the former NBA player
Todd English’s Tuscany, offering Mediterranean-inspired cuisine
Bobby’s Burger Palace, founded by chef Bobby Flay
Hash House A Go Go, known for large, “twisted farm food” dishes
TAO Asian Bistro & Lounge, featuring pan-Asian cuisine and nightclub-style ambiance
The resort also includes the Seasons Buffet and a range of bars and lounges, such as novelle, Vista Lounge, and The Lansdowne Irish Pub & Music House. Dining and retail offerings have evolved over the years to reflect changing guest preferences, seasonal events, and partnerships with national brands. The layout is designed to be accessible from all major resort areas, including the casino floor, hotel lobbies, and the arena concourse. == Entertainment ==


=== Mohegan Sun Arena ===

The Mohegan Sun Arena is a 10,000-seat multi-purpose indoor arena located within the Mohegan Sun resort. It opened in 2001 and has since become one of the leading entertainment venues in New England for concerts, sporting events, and televised productions. The arena is best known as the home of the Connecticut Sun, a professional women's basketball team that competes in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The Sun began playing at the arena in 2003 after being acquired by the Mohegan Tribe from the defunct Orlando Miracle franchise. The Mohegan Sun Arena was the first major professional sports venue in the United States to be owned and operated by a Native American tribe.",388
1628,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"The Sun began playing at the arena in 2003 after being acquired by the Mohegan Tribe from the defunct Orlando Miracle franchise. The Mohegan Sun Arena was the first major professional sports venue in the United States to be owned and operated by a Native American tribe. In addition to basketball, the arena regularly hosts concerts by internationally known artists, comedy shows, family events, and special performances. It has been the site of televised boxing and mixed martial arts events, including bouts promoted by Premier Boxing Champions and Bellator MMA. The venue is equipped with luxury suites, VIP seating areas, and adaptable staging configurations to support a wide range of events. The arena connects directly to the casino and hotel towers, allowing guests to access shows and sporting events without leaving the resort complex. Parking garages and dedicated entryways support high-attendance events, and the venue is accessible year-round. === Other venues ===
In addition to the Mohegan Sun Arena, the resort features several smaller venues that host live performances, comedy acts, and free entertainment throughout the year. The Wolf Den is an intimate, 300-seat venue located in the center of the Casino of the Earth. It offers free nightly performances from a variety of musical genres, including rock, country, R&B, and tribute acts. Performers have included both emerging artists and nationally recognized names, and no ticket or cover charge is required, though seating is on a first-come, first-served basis. The resort also includes a 350-seat Cabaret Theatre, which has hosted stand-up comedy, live theater, small concerts, and private events. Its flexible seating and stage design allow for varied programming and corporate rentals. In 2015, the Comix Comedy Club relocated from nearby Foxwoods Resort Casino to Mohegan Sun. The venue features stand-up comedy performances several nights a week, along with themed events and occasional live podcast recordings.",384
1629,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"In 2015, the Comix Comedy Club relocated from nearby Foxwoods Resort Casino to Mohegan Sun. The venue features stand-up comedy performances several nights a week, along with themed events and occasional live podcast recordings. Comix is situated near the Earth Tower and offers full-service dining and bar access. These venues collectively support Mohegan Sun’s position as a year-round entertainment destination, complementing the larger shows and sporting events hosted at the arena. == Design and architecture ==


=== Thematic elements ===
Mohegan Sun was designed to reflect the traditions and symbolism of the Mohegan Tribe. The casino is divided into thematic sections representing the four seasons: Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall. These are echoed in the décor, lighting schemes, and even the design of playing cards used on the gaming floor, each suit depicting a 20th-century Native American figure. === Wombi Rock and other features ===
A central visual highlight of the resort is Wombi Rock, a three-story crystal mountain composed of over 12,000 pieces of hand-selected onyx sourced from Iran, Pakistan, and Mexico, then fused in Carrara, Italy. The formation is internally illuminated and situated within the Casino of the Sky, beneath a domed ceiling designed to simulate celestial motion with fiber optics. Another notable feature is Taughannick Falls, a 55-foot indoor waterfall meant to symbolize a treacherous crossing point in the Mohegan Tribe’s migration history. Mechanical wolves placed throughout the property occasionally animate and howl, reinforcing the tribal motif. === Architectural design ===
The overall layout of Mohegan Sun integrates symbolic natural elements with modern resort functionality. The curved glass exterior of the Sky Tower, for example, was designed to evoke the movement of wind or flowing water.",372
1630,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"=== Architectural design ===
The overall layout of Mohegan Sun integrates symbolic natural elements with modern resort functionality. The curved glass exterior of the Sky Tower, for example, was designed to evoke the movement of wind or flowing water. Interior walkways, fountains, and decorative features aim to immerse guests in a space that blends Native heritage with contemporary entertainment design. == Economic impact ==
Mohegan Sun is one of the largest employers in southeastern Connecticut, with an estimated workforce of approximately 8,000 employees as of 2018. The resort plays a major role in the local economy by supporting jobs in hospitality, gaming, retail, food service, and entertainment. The casino contributes a significant share of its slot machine revenue to the state of Connecticut, as required by a revenue-sharing agreement between the Mohegan Tribe and the state government. As of fiscal year 2018, Mohegan Sun reported net revenues of approximately $1.07 billion. While the resort has generated substantial economic benefits for the Mohegan Tribe and surrounding municipalities, it has also faced financial challenges. By 2012, Mohegan Sun and its neighboring competitor, Foxwoods Resort Casino, were burdened with large debts stemming from economic downturns and increased competition from casinos in neighboring states. In addition, some local governments have raised concerns about increased demand on public services, such as law enforcement, infrastructure, and social welfare programs, due to the volume of visitors and employees the resort brings into the region. Despite these issues, Mohegan Sun remains a cornerstone of the region's tourism industry and continues to invest in its facilities and programming to attract new visitors. == Attempted unionization ==
In 2012, table games dealers at Mohegan Sun began efforts to unionize through an affiliation with the United Auto Workers (UAW), the same union that represented dealers at nearby Foxwoods Resort Casino. Mohegan Sun officials stated that tribal law permitted unionization and outlined a process for workers to organize.",397
1631,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"== Attempted unionization ==
In 2012, table games dealers at Mohegan Sun began efforts to unionize through an affiliation with the United Auto Workers (UAW), the same union that represented dealers at nearby Foxwoods Resort Casino. Mohegan Sun officials stated that tribal law permitted unionization and outlined a process for workers to organize. However, a letter sent by UAW Region 9A Director Julie Kushner to local and state officials accused management of discouraging organization and called for public support of the union effort. In response, Mohegan Sun President and CEO Jeff Hartmann and Tribal Chairman Bruce ""Two Dogs"" Bozsum issued a statement to employees expressing their belief that unionization would undermine the existing relationship between management and staff. They argued that employees would be better served through direct communication rather than third-party representation. The unionization effort did not result in an election or formal certification. In 2018, UAW international representative Karen Rosenberg stated that Mohegan Sun had “discouraged them from unionization and was successful.”


== In popular culture ==
Mohegan Sun has been featured in various aspects of popular media, including film, television, and music. In 2014, the property was the focus of an episode of the reality television series Undercover Boss. The episode featured then-Mohegan Tribal Chairman Bruce ""Two Dogs"" Bozsum working in disguise at several frontline roles throughout the resort. The 2019 film Uncut Gems, starring Adam Sandler, included scenes that were both set and filmed on location at Mohegan Sun. The casino served as the setting for the film’s climax, which involved a high-stakes sports bet placed on a basketball game taking place at the Mohegan Sun Arena. American pop singer Ariana Grande filmed portions of the music video for her 2019 single “Monopoly” at Mohegan Sun.",383
1632,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan_Sun,Mohegan Sun,"The casino served as the setting for the film’s climax, which involved a high-stakes sports bet placed on a basketball game taking place at the Mohegan Sun Arena. American pop singer Ariana Grande filmed portions of the music video for her 2019 single “Monopoly” at Mohegan Sun. The video was shot on location during her stop in Uncasville as part of the Sweetener World Tour and features shots of the casino property and its venues. == See also ==
Gambling in Connecticut
List of casinos in the United States
Native American gaming
List of integrated resorts
Mohegan
Mohegan Tribe


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website
Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority
Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs Racetrack & Slots
Waterford Gaming
Kerzner International
Hirsch Bedner Associates",184
1633,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9licie_de_Fauveau,F%C3%A9licie de Fauveau,"Félicie de Fauveau (1801, in Livorno – 1886, in Florence) was a nineteenth-century French sculptor who was a precursor of the pre-Raphaelite style. She worked in a variety of techniques and mediums, including marble, stone, glass and bronze. == Early life ==
Born in Tuscany in 1801, De Fauveau moved to France at the peak of the Restoration, after having spent her childhood in Florence. In Paris, she studied painting and sculpture and cultivated an interest in archeology and ancient symbolism, establishing a studio in Paris from 1826 to 1830, at 18 Rue de la Rochefoucauld, which was frequented by artists such as Paul Delaroche and Ary Scheffer. == Artistic debut ==

After her participation at the Paris Salon in 1827, De Fauveau received ample acclaim. Stendhal called her the ‘new Canova’. One of the statues she presented at the event, Queen Christine of Sweden Refusing to Spare the Life of Her Equerry Monaldeschi, was awarded the gold medal, which the artist received from King Charles X, who looked to De Fauveau to promote the ideals of the Restoration. Her award-winning statue would also inspire Alexandre Dumas’s play Christine. In Paris, she subsequently received multiple commissions including bronze doors destined for the Louvre, a project that failed to reach fulfilment. == Politics and voluntary exile in Florence ==
A dedicated Legitimist, who supported the return of the Bourbon king to France after the fall of Napoleon, de Fauveau was supported by Marie Caroline, Duchess of Berry. Both women organized failed resistance efforts in the Vendée region. De Fauveau hoped the crown would be captured by Marie Caroline's under-aged son, the Count of Chambord.",390
1634,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9licie_de_Fauveau,F%C3%A9licie de Fauveau,"Both women organized failed resistance efforts in the Vendée region. De Fauveau hoped the crown would be captured by Marie Caroline's under-aged son, the Count of Chambord. After two squelched uprisings in the early 1830s and six months in prison, De Fauveau joined her mother in Florence in 1834, where she vowed to remain in voluntary exile until the Count of Chambord was crowned king of France, a hope that never materialized. == Friends and commissioners ==
During her time in Florence, De Fauveau cultivated many friendships with artistic and literary personalities. She was welcomed to the Grand Duchy by neoclassic Florentine sculptor Lorenzo Bartolini, who is thought to have trained her. She established a studio on Via degli Serragli, which became a point of interest for international travelers on the Grand Tour. Her admirers included Italian opera singer Angelica Catalani and Elizabeth and Robert Browning, who had also made their home in Florence. De Fauveau's works were coveted by the city's Russian ex-pats including Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato; the artist received multiple commissions from the industrialist and enjoyed the friendship of his wife Princess Mathilde Bonaparte, niece of Napoleon. The Tsar Nicolas I purchased various works from the artist and his daughter Maria Nikolaieva was given a dagger, now at the Louvre, whose handle is engraved with scenes from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. == Themes and style ==
De Fauveau was inspired by literary, political and religious themes. She was particularly interested in Monarchism and emulated medieval styles to support this political system in her art work. She was also known for including Christian symbolism in her work.",370
1635,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9licie_de_Fauveau,F%C3%A9licie de Fauveau,"She was particularly interested in Monarchism and emulated medieval styles to support this political system in her art work. She was also known for including Christian symbolism in her work. A representative of the troubadour style, De Fauveau's Florentine works include an ornate Neo-Gothic holy water font at the Pitti Palace and the monumental tombs of Sir Charles Lyon Herbert and Lady Harriet Frances Pellew, at the English Cemetery in Piazzale Donatello. Her Florentine masterworks include her sculptural tribute to West-Indian poet Louise de Favreau in the loggia of the Basilica of Santa Croce, which, according to De Fauveau scholar Silvia Mascalchi, was inspired by a poem the girl had written before her death at age seventeen. Santa Maria del Carmine's Monument to Anne de la Pierre, which the artist created in 1859 depicts a realistic portrait of Fauveau's mother. She was buried in the central chapel of the San Felice a Ema cemetery, on a hill south of Florence. == Restorations ==
In 2012 and 2013, De Fauveau's Sepulcher for Louise de Favreau and Monument to Anne de la Pierre were at the center of a restoration and maintenance project sponsored by the Advancing Women Artists Foundation (AWA). Both monuments had been damaged when the Arno River flooded Florence in 1966. With regards to the first restoration, author and AWA Founder Jane Fortune writes, ‘Restorers had the opportunity to discover more about de Fauveau's sculptural methods which differed from those of her contemporaries who were intent on copying Donatello. She used flat and toothed chisels to create linear movement and most likely learned carving techniques by working on medallions.’ The artist's base-relief of Florence behind the figure of de Favreau is an example of her technique.",396
1636,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9licie_de_Fauveau,F%C3%A9licie de Fauveau,"With regards to the first restoration, author and AWA Founder Jane Fortune writes, ‘Restorers had the opportunity to discover more about de Fauveau's sculptural methods which differed from those of her contemporaries who were intent on copying Donatello. She used flat and toothed chisels to create linear movement and most likely learned carving techniques by working on medallions.’ The artist's base-relief of Florence behind the figure of de Favreau is an example of her technique. During the restoration of De Fauveau's monument in Santa Maria del Carmine, restorers replaced Anne de la Pierre's chin, damaged during the Nazi invasion of Florence in 1943. == Documentary ==
De Fauveau's life and works are featured in the original documentary in English and Italian A French Sculptress During the Grand Tour, produced by AWA and Art Media Studio. This bi-lingual documentary spotlights the artist's Florentine years and features the restoration of her Florentine masterworks Sepulcher for Louise de Favreau and Monument to Anne de la Pierre. == References ==


== External links ==

Félicie de Fauveau in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website",260
1637,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accohannock_Indian_Tribe,Accohannock Indian Tribe,"The Accohannock Indian Tribe, Inc. is a state-recognized tribe in Maryland and a nonprofit organization of individuals who self-identify as descendants of the Accohannock people. The Accohannock Indian Tribe is not federally recognized as a Native American tribe. The Maryland-based organization should not be confused with the American Indigenous Accawmacke Indians, an unrecognized nonprofit organization based in Cape Charles, Virginia. The historic Accohannock people were an Eastern Algonquian–speaking tribe who lived on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. According to John R. Swanton they were a subdivision of the Powhatan. == Organization ==
In 1995, the Accohannock Indian Tribe formed a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, based in Marion Station, Maryland. Rudy Hall served as their first chief. Clarence ""Lone Wolf"" Tyler served as a chief in 2018. Pat Carson is their president. Their recent annual expenses were $506,148 and annual revenue was $547,939. == State recognition ==
Maryland Governor Larry Hogan formally recognized this organization as a state-recognized tribe on December 19, 2017, through Executive Order 01.01.2017.31. == Petition for federal recognition ==
On January 18, 1995, Rudy Hall in sent a letter of intent to petition for federal recognition on behalf of the Accohannock Indian Tribal Association, Inc. They have not followed up with a petition for federal recognition, however. == Controversies ==
The group states that beginning in the late 17th century, Accohannock people purposefully intermarried with European settlers and successfully hid their Native American identity while maintaining their culture and clan structure for three centuries. ""Indeed, the Tribe's retreat from public life persisted for nearly three hundred years, from approximately 1705 until in or around 1993.""",377
1638,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accohannock_Indian_Tribe,Accohannock Indian Tribe,"== Controversies ==
The group states that beginning in the late 17th century, Accohannock people purposefully intermarried with European settlers and successfully hid their Native American identity while maintaining their culture and clan structure for three centuries. ""Indeed, the Tribe's retreat from public life persisted for nearly three hundred years, from approximately 1705 until in or around 1993."" The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services took steps to ""enforce financial reporting requirements for the Accohannock Indian Tribe,"" after the group failed to file its financial report for 2009 after spending more than ""$1 million in federal funds from three different federal programs"". They received $500,000 (2007), $986,000 (2008), and $441,000 (2009) in direct federal funding. In 2020, Accohannock Indian Tribe, Inc., et al. v. Hinman, 19-CV-20000075, filed in Somerset County, Maryland, the organization sued Michael J. Hinman, who had previously served as tribal chairman until he was voted out in June 2019. The plaintiffs accused Hinman of ""ultra vires acts in violation of his fiduciary duties, including unilaterally disposing of tribal assets"". The complaint said that Hinman refused to recognize the outcome of the 2019 election or to recognize the new leadership. Hinman alleged that the plaintiffs were allies of or members of ""the Wolf Clan — an insurgent group of persons claiming indigenous, but not Accohannock descent — that had attempted to infiltrate the Tribe"". The State trial court, hearing the case under Maryland corporate law, ruled in favor of the plaintiffs.",330
1639,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accohannock_Indian_Tribe,Accohannock Indian Tribe,"Hinman alleged that the plaintiffs were allies of or members of ""the Wolf Clan — an insurgent group of persons claiming indigenous, but not Accohannock descent — that had attempted to infiltrate the Tribe"". The State trial court, hearing the case under Maryland corporate law, ruled in favor of the plaintiffs. In 2021, the Accohannock Indian Tribe, the Accohannock Indian Tribes Inc., and Michael J. Hinman filed a lawsuit against Clarence Tyler, Jerry Wimbrow, Bill Tapman, Jean Laughman, Vivian Tyler, Sandi Ennis, Julie Gilroy, Kenny Gilroy, Diane Baldwin, and the Honorable Sidney S. Campen Jr., judge of the circuit court in Somerset County, Maryland for ""alleged constitutional and statutory violations"" and requested a restraining order. Their complaint was dismissed. Hinman unsuccessfully tried to argue for tribal sovereign immunity for the organization, which both courts rejected. The case summary states: ""Plaintiffs here cannot demonstrate continuity between the [current] Tribe and the historic Accohannock. Put differently, Plaintiffs fail to carry their burden of showing that the Tribe is a modern-day successor to, rather than a recreation of, a historic sovereign entity. ... [T]he Accohannock were fully assimilated into the general populations of Virginia and Maryland; its members lived amongst, and intermarried, with white settlers, and largely disclaiming any outward signifiers of their Indian identity."" The summary continues, ""Simply put, Plaintiffs' own evidence suggests that the Tribe is a reincarnation of the historic Accohannock, motivated in part by several members' recent discovery of their ethnicity and genealogy."" == Activities ==
The organization hosts ""an annual cultural festival/pow wow and provide[s] educational demonstrations at schools within the eastern shore of Maryland public system, including colleges."" == References ==


== External links ==
Maryland Commission on Indian Affairs",397
1640,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecharis_Monastery,Kecharis Monastery,"Kecharis Monastery (Armenian: Կեչառիսի վանքային համալիր), is a medieval Armenian monastic complex dating back to the 11th to 13th centuries, located 60 km from Yerevan, in the ski resort town of Tsaghkadzor in Armenia. Kecharis monastery, formerly called Kecharuk, was built in the Ayrarat region of ancient Armenia, in Varazhnunk, the 18th province, which included much of the present-day Hrazdan, Sevan and Ijevan. In the time of the Arsacid dynasti, this province was a royal hunting preserve. It then became the property of the Varazhnuni family. As far back as the 1st century, the region belonged to the Pahlavuni princes and was called Tzaghkanots. Nestled in the Pambak mountains, Kecharis was founded by a Pahlavuni prince in the 11th century, and construction continued until the middle of the 13th century with its acquisition by the Proshian family. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Kecharis was a major religious center of Armenia and a place of higher education. Today, the monastery has been fully restored and is clearly visible from the ski slopes. The domes of the two main churches were heavily damaged in an earthquake in 1927. The buildings were conserved during the period of the Armenian SSR, and rebuilding work started in the 1980s.",347
1641,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecharis_Monastery,Kecharis Monastery,"The domes of the two main churches were heavily damaged in an earthquake in 1927. The buildings were conserved during the period of the Armenian SSR, and rebuilding work started in the 1980s. A series of nationwide problems led to a halt in the rebuilding for about a decade as the 1988 Armenian earthquake hit, the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the First Nagorno-Karabakh War broke out, and Armenia was blockaded by its two allied Turkic neighbors. Rebuilding work resumed at Kecharis in 1998 and finished in 2000. The restarted work was paid for by an Armenian donor from Vienna, Vladimir Harutyunian, in memory of his parents Harutyun and Arsenik. == Complex ==

The main group of the complex consists of three churches, two chapels and a gavit, to the west of which, a few dozen meters away, there is another church with its own vestry at the side of a road leading to the forest. There still are many tombstones around these monuments. === Saint Grigor Lusavorich Church ===

The main temple, the church of Saint Grigor, is the monastery's first structure erected by Grigor Magistros Pahlavuni in 1013. Being of a domed hall type, it is one of the typical church structures of the period of developed feudalism in Armenia. The interior of the temple is divided into three spaces by two pairs of wall-attached abutments. The central (and largest) space of the church is crowned by a broad cupola resting on spherical pendentives. The cupola and pendentives were destroyed by an earthquake in 1927, and reconstructed in 2000. The semicircular altar apse has two-storey vestries on either side. Three triangular niches behind the altar provide openings for light. The sole of the altar has carved geometrical ornament, alternating with rosettes in places.",396
1642,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecharis_Monastery,Kecharis Monastery,"Three triangular niches behind the altar provide openings for light. The sole of the altar has carved geometrical ornament, alternating with rosettes in places. === Surp Nshan Church ===

The church of Surp Nshan (Armenian: Սուրբ Նշան, ""Holy Sign of Cross"" in Armenian), situated south of the church of Grigor, is a small cross-winged domed structure built, judging by the type of the building and by architectural details, in the 11th century, probably soon after the church of S. Grigor. === Katoghike Church ===

The Katoghike (Cathedral) church stands south of S. Nshan, with a narrow passage dividing them. Judging by an inscription, it was built under Prince Vasak Khakhpakyan of the Proshyan clan (in the first quarter of the 13th century) by the architect Vetsik, in whose memory a khachkar, ornamented with highly artistic carving, was put up a little south of the church. The Katoghike church belongs to the cross-winged domed type and has two-story annexes in all the four corners of the prayer hall. The entrances to the upper eastern annexes are from the side of the altar apse. Stone cantilever stairs lead to the western annexes of the first floor. The character of Katoghike church's decoration is connected with the artistic traditions of the time when it was built. The round cupola drum was destroyed by earthquake in 1927 (also rebuilt in by 2000), and is decorated with a 12-arch arcature. The front wall of the altar has carved khachkar-type crosses, and there are rosettes on the walls and on the spherical pendentives of the cupola where they alternate with flat arch motives.",398
1643,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecharis_Monastery,Kecharis Monastery,"The round cupola drum was destroyed by earthquake in 1927 (also rebuilt in by 2000), and is decorated with a 12-arch arcature. The front wall of the altar has carved khachkar-type crosses, and there are rosettes on the walls and on the spherical pendentives of the cupola where they alternate with flat arch motives. === Gavit ===

The gavit, built in the second half of the 12th century and attached to the western facade of S. Grigor church, is an early structure of this type. The rectangular hall is divided into nine sections by four heavy free-standing columns. The eastern corners of the interior are taken up by small two-storey annexes which first appeared in this form in this gavit. The architectural details of the building are rather modest. The small windows are topped by profiled edges above which there are, in the middle window of the southern facade, octafoil rosettes and sun dials, widespread in Armenia and, on the western facade, jugs. As distinct from the portals of the churches, the only western entrance is built as a rectangular opening with a niche framed with bunches of small columns and an arch. In the interior, the fine geometrical ornaments on the capitals of the columns and on the cornice of the tent base immediately catch the eye. === Chapel of Saint Grigor ===
The chapels situated between the churches of Grigor Lusavorich and Surp Nshan were small rectangular ones, with an altar apse and vaulted ceilings. The chapel adjacent to the church of Gregory served as the burial vault of Grigor Magistros Pahlavuni, which means that it was built in the early 11th century. The chapels were united by a small, vaulted premise in which classes were probably conducted for the school's students.",386
1644,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecharis_Monastery,Kecharis Monastery,"The chapel adjacent to the church of Gregory served as the burial vault of Grigor Magistros Pahlavuni, which means that it was built in the early 11th century. The chapels were united by a small, vaulted premise in which classes were probably conducted for the school's students. === Surp Harutyun ===

The church of Surp Harutyun (Holy Resurrection), standing on a forest glade, away from the main group, was built by a son of Hasan in 1220. This is a small, outwardly rectangular. domed-hall church with a lofty cupola. The only entrance, with a small vestry in front of it, is from the west. As distinct from the ordinary vestries, it has a vaulted ceiling and is narrower than the church. A distinctive feature of the structure is that it has on its western facade, twin openings topped with arches which rest on the wall-attached and intermediate columns. This gives the structure the appearance of an open passage. There are many graves in the church which was probably a family burial vault. == Gallery ==


== References ==


== Sources ==
""Architectural Ensembles of Armenia"", by O. Khalpakhchian, published in Moscow by Iskusstvo Publishers in 1980. ""Rediscovering Armenia Guidebook"", by Brady Kiesling and Raffi Kojian, published online and printed in 2005. == See also ==
Diocese of Kotayk


== External links ==

About Kecharis Monastery
Kecharis Monastic Complex Virtual Tours 
Kecharis monastery review's",340
1645,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Public_Library,Delhi Public Library,"Delhi Public Library is a national depository library in the Indian Union Territory of Delhi. The library has 37 branches across the state. == History ==
The library was established on 27 October 1951 as a pilot project sponsored by UNESCO and the Government of India. The library project dates back to 1944, when Shri Ramkrishna Dalmia donated most of the amount required to construct a library building at the request of Gen. Sir Claude Auchinleck. In February 1950 the Indian Government and UNESCO agreed to initiate the project, and the library was officially opened on 27 October 1951, by then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The library buildings were acquired between 1951 and 1953, with operations formally transferred from UNESCO to the Indian Government in 1955. The library provides training facilities to both student librarians and social education workers and has done so from its early days. At present, The library network consists of a Central Library, 3 Branch Libraries, 20 Sub-Branch Libraries, 1 Community Library, 8 Resettlement Colony Libraries, One Braille Library, 100 Mobile Library Service Points (including 25 Braille Mobile library points) and 33 Deposit Stations in the Union Territory of Delhi Delhi & NCR.The Delhi Public Library has been one of the four recipient libraries under the Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act of the Parliament of India, 1954 (as amended in 1956). As per the provision of this act, the Delhi Public Library is entitled to receive one copy of each publication published in India from publishers free of cost. == Facilities ==
The library has been expanding its services as a centre for the dissemination of knowledge, information and culture. It is increasingly felt that the library should not merely serve as a centre for lending books, but should also grow as a robust organization devoted to promote intellectual pursuits and create community rapport among its readers.",374
1646,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Public_Library,Delhi Public Library,"== Facilities ==
The library has been expanding its services as a centre for the dissemination of knowledge, information and culture. It is increasingly felt that the library should not merely serve as a centre for lending books, but should also grow as a robust organization devoted to promote intellectual pursuits and create community rapport among its readers. == Lending of Books ==
The issuing of books and other reading materials to its members is the main service offered by every branch. 1,65,854 registered members are utilizing this service as of 31 March 2021. In the Delhi Public Library system, books are issued to members for a maximum period of 14 days which may be further renewed for another 14 days, either in person or online. The Delhi Public Library catalog is published online, available for its users. == References ==


== External links ==
Official website",169
1647,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Medalla_del_Ayuntamiento,1902 Medalla del Ayuntamiento,"The 1902 Medal of the Spanish Gymnastics Federation also referred to simply as Medalla de la Federació and Medalla del Ayuntamiento was a football competition that was held in Barcelona between February and June 1902. The first edition used the league system and the second edition of the qualifiers. == First edition ==
On 29 September 1901, Spanish Gymnastics Federation organized a sports program in Parc de la Citadel, where it was contested a silver medal given by the City Council of Barcelona, but the delivery of the medal was ultimately not carried out, being instead held for the upcoming football tournament, whose preparations were carried out by Joan Gamper. The competition, which was open to every team that did not participate in the 1901–02 Copa Macaya, including some second teams, was contested by 9 teams: Irish FC, Iberia SC, FC Internacional, Catalonia FC, and the second sides of FC Barcelona, Hispania AC, Català FC, Club Espanyol, and Club Universitari, but only 7 teams finished the competition due to the early withdrawal of Hispania and Universitari. On 27 April, Barça secured the title following a 3–1 victory over Català, courtesy of goals from Luis de Ossó (2) and Bernardo Lassaletta, who finished the tournament as its top goalscorers. Ossó was also the main promoter and captain of Barça's second team, which was formed mostly by Catalan players, such as Ricardo Cabot, Manuel de Castellví, Josep Llobet, and Pere Cabot.",329
1648,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Medalla_del_Ayuntamiento,1902 Medalla del Ayuntamiento,"On 27 April, Barça secured the title following a 3–1 victory over Català, courtesy of goals from Luis de Ossó (2) and Bernardo Lassaletta, who finished the tournament as its top goalscorers. Ossó was also the main promoter and captain of Barça's second team, which was formed mostly by Catalan players, such as Ricardo Cabot, Manuel de Castellví, Josep Llobet, and Pere Cabot. === Results ===


== Statistics ==


=== Top Scorers ===

Source: 


== Second Edition ==
The success of the first edition and the Copa Macaya led to the consolidation of football in the city, so a second Medalla del Ayuntamiento was held at the end of the season, which was contested by six teams: FC Barcelona, Club Universitari, Club Espanyol, FC Internacional, Catalonia FC, and Catalunya FC, but the first two declined, while Català signed up at the last minute. All the matches were held in the Plaça d'Armes in June, in front of 3,000 spectators. === Results ===


== See also ==
1902 Copa Pergamino


== References ==",263
1649,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Granados_y_Sabor%C3%ADo,Mar%C3%ADa Garc%C3%ADa Granados y Sabor%C3%ADo,"María García Granados y Saborío (1860 – May 10, 1878), also known as La Niña de Guatemala (""The Girl of Guatemala""), was a Guatemalan socialite, daughter of General Miguel García Granados, who was President of Guatemala from 1871 to 1873 and whose house served as a gathering for the top artists and writers of the time. María was also niece of María Josefa García Granados, an influential poet and journalist of the time. When Cuban poet and patriot José Martí came to Guatemala in 1877, he was invited to General Garcia Granados gatherings and fell in love with Maria there, but could not act on this love because he was already engaged to marry Ms. Carmen Zayas Bazán. María died in 1878, shortly after learning that Martí had married, and he immortalized her in his 1891 poem La Niña de Guatemala. == History ==
 

Martí came to Guatemala at age 24 from Mexico, where he had professional success as a journalist and writer and had reunited with his family after his deportation from Spanish Cuba (1871–1875). In Guatemala he met the dramatic actress Eloisa Agüero and eventually got engaged to his future wife, Carmen. Actually, Martí arrived to Central America after becoming disappointed with the authoritarian Mexican rule of Porfirio Díaz. Upon arriving to Guatemala he wrote a critical view of the inferiority that women had been subject to in that country: in an article entitled 'The new codes "", published in Progreso, on April 22, 1877 he made the following reflection upon request of Joaquin Macal -Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Guatemala at the time-: ""What is the first of the colonial ballasts from the deposed legislation? The absolute power that bestial husbands had over the venerable wife; it practically gives husbands parental rights over women.",392
1650,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Granados_y_Sabor%C3%ADo,Mar%C3%ADa Garc%C3%ADa Granados y Sabor%C3%ADo,"Upon arriving to Guatemala he wrote a critical view of the inferiority that women had been subject to in that country: in an article entitled 'The new codes "", published in Progreso, on April 22, 1877 he made the following reflection upon request of Joaquin Macal -Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Guatemala at the time-: ""What is the first of the colonial ballasts from the deposed legislation? The absolute power that bestial husbands had over the venerable wife; it practically gives husbands parental rights over women. The law of heaven, is not capable of knowing the law of land?"" So he focused on the Guatemalan ladies' walking indolent, glances caste, dressed as women of the village, with braids lying on the mantle, they call shawl; hand counting idle floating mantle tips infant joys or sorrows of his first mistress';  and when found Maria -more cosmopolitan and illustrated- he was immediately infatuated with her. It appears that María was not the standard shy and vulnerable Guatemalan girl: Guatemalan publications of the time talk about her relatively active participation as a musician and singer outside her home, in public artistic activities organized by societies and institutions where she coincided with Martí. Apparently she was a very popular youth within the city's high society of the time; María was then the footsteps of her aunt and grandmother Maria Josefa, who had died in 1848 and had been a superb poet and journalist, very influential in the Conservative governments of Guatemala. Martí was known in Guatemala as ""Doctor Torrente"" due to his great speaking ability and charisma and also taught María at the Central American Academy for Girls June 1877, months after his arrival in this Central American nation in March 1877. Here are some descriptions of Maria Garcia Granados:

MB Martínez: ""She was a young interesting.",381
1651,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Granados_y_Sabor%C3%ADo,Mar%C3%ADa Garc%C3%ADa Granados y Sabor%C3%ADo,"Martí was known in Guatemala as ""Doctor Torrente"" due to his great speaking ability and charisma and also taught María at the Central American Academy for Girls June 1877, months after his arrival in this Central American nation in March 1877. Here are some descriptions of Maria Garcia Granados:

MB Martínez: ""She was a young interesting. I took Martí to a costume ball, that occurred in the García Granados household, two days after [first] arriving to Guatemala; we were both standing in one of the beautiful lounges, watching couples parade [when we saw coming] arm in arm two ladies sisters. Martí then asked me: ""Who's that girl dressed like an Egyptian?"" ""It is Maria, daughter of General"" [I said]. Then, I gallantly stopped her and introduced her to my friend and countryman Martí, and electrical sparks ignited ""
José María Izaguirre:"" She was tall, slender and graceful: her hair was black as ebony, rich, crisp and smooth as silk; her face -without being supremely beautiful- was sweet and friendly; her deep black and melancholic eyes, veiled by long lashes, revealed an exquisite sensitivity. Her voice was gentle and harmonious, and their ways so gentle, it was not possible to treat her without falling in love for her. She also played piano admirably, and when her hand slipped with abandonment by the keyboard, she poured out notes that seemed out of her soul and impress her listeners'  José María Izaguirre, a Cuban who lived in Guatemala at the time was principal of the then highly prestigious Central National High School for Boys and had appointed Marti as professor of literature and composition exercises.",359
1652,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Granados_y_Sabor%C3%ADo,Mar%C3%ADa Garc%C3%ADa Granados y Sabor%C3%ADo,"Her voice was gentle and harmonious, and their ways so gentle, it was not possible to treat her without falling in love for her. She also played piano admirably, and when her hand slipped with abandonment by the keyboard, she poured out notes that seemed out of her soul and impress her listeners'  José María Izaguirre, a Cuban who lived in Guatemala at the time was principal of the then highly prestigious Central National High School for Boys and had appointed Marti as professor of literature and composition exercises. Besides dealing with teaching activities, Izaguirre, organized artistic and literary evenings which Martí attended frequently.It was there where he met Maria on April 21, 1877: then a gracious teenager, seven years younger than him. Her father, General Miguel García Granados had been president a few years ago and enjoyed great prestige in the Guatemalan society during Barrios government; soon he became friends with the Cuban immigrant and often invited him home to play chess. In late 1877, Martí went to Mexico and returned until early next year, already married to Carmen. What happened after his marriage and return has been commented at length by those who witnessed the incident and by generations of Guatemalan and Cuban intellectuals afterwards. == Death and legend ==

On May 10, 1878 María García Granados y Saborio died, which would lead to a sad tale inspired by the frustrated love between the Cuban poet and national hero José Martí and her. Martí left his sadness reflected in the 'poem IX' of his Versos sencillos, which is titled La Niña de Guatemala.",332
1653,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Granados_y_Sabor%C3%ADo,Mar%C3%ADa Garc%C3%ADa Granados y Sabor%C3%ADo,"== Death and legend ==

On May 10, 1878 María García Granados y Saborio died, which would lead to a sad tale inspired by the frustrated love between the Cuban poet and national hero José Martí and her. Martí left his sadness reflected in the 'poem IX' of his Versos sencillos, which is titled La Niña de Guatemala. In addition to the verses of Martí, other documentation that partially clarify the episode include: 

Two other poems, which Martí devoted to María before her death
Some evidence of common friends
A small message that María sent to the Cuban when he returned married from Mexico
A letter to his friend Manuel Mercado in which Marti painfully remembered María. A character in Marti's only novel. By the time Martí managed to publish Versos sencillos in 1891, Carmen had left and took their son with her after a visit in New York City; Carmen sailed for Havana in secret, for which he requested the cooperation of the Spanish authorities, producing an irreversible separation and the final estrangement from his son. Martí then wrote to a friend: ""And to think I sacrificed poor thing, María, for Carmen, who has climbed the stairs of the Spanish consulate to beg for protection from me."" Marti hinted in his Poema IX something more sinister than death from sadness: allegorically, he implies the suicide of the rejected lover:

The legend originated as a result of a straight interpretation of the poem. Although it persists, there is no documented evidence of sufficient weight able to prove that María García Granados attempted against her own life or even died product of a depressive psychological state.",351
1654,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Granados_y_Sabor%C3%ADo,Mar%C3%ADa Garc%C3%ADa Granados y Sabor%C3%ADo,"Marti hinted in his Poema IX something more sinister than death from sadness: allegorically, he implies the suicide of the rejected lover:

The legend originated as a result of a straight interpretation of the poem. Although it persists, there is no documented evidence of sufficient weight able to prove that María García Granados attempted against her own life or even died product of a depressive psychological state. An interview with a descendant of the García Granados family, sheds light on the family version -transmitted by oral tradition- that says that María, although with a cold, agreed to go swimming with her cousin, which was usual for them, perhaps to distract herself from the sadness in which she was plunged after the return of Martí. After the ride, María's condition worsened and she died from a disease of the airways that she was already suffering. === Posthumous tribute ===

After her death, several poems appeared in the Guatemalan press as a posthumous tribute, where the authors confess the admiration that she had awakened in them. José María Izaguirre, for example, proposed to strengthen the myth of death for love: ""When Martí returned with Carmen he did not return to the general's house, for the feeling was deeply rooted in María's soul, and she was of those that easily forget. Her passion was locked in this dilemma: be satisfied, or die. Unable to get the first, he had only the second option left. Indeed, her nature was declining gradually, a continuous sigh consumed, and despite the care of the family and the efforts of science, after staying a few days in bed without uttering a complaint, her life extinguished like the scent of a lily "".",353
1655,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Granados_y_Sabor%C3%ADo,Mar%C3%ADa Garc%C3%ADa Granados y Sabor%C3%ADo,"Unable to get the first, he had only the second option left. Indeed, her nature was declining gradually, a continuous sigh consumed, and despite the care of the family and the efforts of science, after staying a few days in bed without uttering a complaint, her life extinguished like the scent of a lily "". In 2013, on occasion of the 160th anniversary of José Martí's birth, the Cuban embassy in Guatemala located the tomb of Maria in the Guatemala City General Cemetery and in a special ceremony with Guatemalan diplomats unveiled a commemorative plaque to the girl Guatemala. To that could make this tribute, the Department of Cultural Heritage of Guatemala placed where rested the remains of the girl who fell in love with Cuban hero, and an account of how her remains ended up at Cementerio General was performed as she had initially been buried in the cemetery which was located in the back of the Metropolitan Cathedral, which was closed in 1881 for being in the center of the city, forcing families to move their deceased to the one that was built on the outskirts. In the tribute the Cuban ambassador made a comparison between the friendship and love that existed between María and Martí and the friendship among the peoples of Guatemala and Cuba. === Legends about her grave ===
After she was honoured in 2013, some Guatemala City General Cemetery staff members were interviewed and reported that even before the placement of the plaque, her tomb was one of the most visited in the Cemetery, especially by young Guatemalan ladies asking for her help in matters of love. They also reported stories about the apparitions of a sad looking young lady asking that Maria's grave should be decorated with flowers. == Notes and references ==


=== Notes ===


=== References ===


=== Bibliography ===",355
1656,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Chau,Cheung Chau,"Cheung Chau (Chinese: 長洲; lit. 'Long Island') is an outlying island of Hong Kong, located 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Hong Kong Island. It is also called Dumbbell Island (啞鈴島; aa2 ling4 dou2) due to its dumbbell-like shape. It has been inhabited for longer than most other places in Hong Kong, and had a population of 22,740 as of 2011. Administratively, it is part of the Islands District. == Geography ==
Geographically the island is formed from two mostly granite masses joined by a tombolo. With an area of 2.45 square kilometres (0.95 square miles), the island is therefore ""long"", hence the name as translated from Cantonese is ""Long Island"". Thus, it is redundant to say ""Cheung Chau Island"". The island is dumbbell-shaped, with hills at the northern and southern ends and the settlements concentrated in between. == Economy ==
The central part of the island is well-developed with shops and houses. The lane-ways are so narrow that normal motor traffic is impossible. Instead, there are small motorised trucks officially termed ""village vehicles"", which include specially designed mini-fire engines, ambulances and police cars. Residential areas also exist on the hills of the north and south. The island was traditionally a fishing village and still has fishing fleets working from the harbour. However, in recent years, the island has become a major tourist attraction, offering a mixture of sandy swimming beaches, seafood cafés, and traditional Chinese culture. == History ==
In 1898, Cheung Chau was leased to the United Kingdom for 99 years (till 1997) under the Second Convention of Peking, alongside some 200 other outlying islands and the New Territories. The island thus became part of British Hong Kong.",390
1657,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Chau,Cheung Chau,"== History ==
In 1898, Cheung Chau was leased to the United Kingdom for 99 years (till 1997) under the Second Convention of Peking, alongside some 200 other outlying islands and the New Territories. The island thus became part of British Hong Kong. At that time, the island was mainly a fishing village and had more residents living on junks than on land. Cheung Chau had already been settled by people from other places in Southern China; for example, Hoklo, they are mainly fishing people; Hakka people; Chiu Chau; and Yue Ca. The island slowly evolved into a commercial hub with merchants selling supplies to the local fishing people, boat repair and fishing gear as well as the place to do business for fishing people and small farmers of other nearby islands like Lantau Island. At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Cheung Chau, both land and boat based, was 7,686. The number of males was 4,519. From the late-1990s to the early-2000s, a spate of suicide cases (usually by charcoal-burning) took place inside rental holiday flats of the island's Bela Vista Villa on Tung Wan beach, seeing more than 25 suicide attempts and 20 deaths by 2008. Local newspapers soon dubbed the island ""Death Island"" and stories concerning apparitions appeared. In 2005, Islands District councillor Lam Kit-sing suggested converting the notorious villa into a macabre tourist attraction, proposing a ""ghost town"" with a ""charcoal-burning museum"", Halloween-style fairs, and ""haunted"" flats for people to stay in. The plans quickly received strong opposition from residents, villa owners, and his fellow councillors, including criticism that they might create copycat suicides. == Sights ==


=== Temples ===
Temples on Cheung Chau include:

Pak Tai Temple – one of the oldest temples in Hong Kong. The temple was built in 1783.",399
1658,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Chau,Cheung Chau,"== Sights ==


=== Temples ===
Temples on Cheung Chau include:

Pak Tai Temple – one of the oldest temples in Hong Kong. The temple was built in 1783. It was demolished and completely rebuilt in 1989. In front of the temple, there are 4 pairs of guarding lions. Before the altar are statues of two generals, ""Thousand Miles Eye"" (千里眼) and ""Favourable Wind Ear"" (順風耳), who together are traditionally said to be able to hear and see everything
Four temples dedicated to Tin Hau
Hung Shing Temple. Built in 1993, it is managed by the Chinese Temples Committee. Kwan Kung Chung Yi Ting, a traditional temple built in 1973, dedicated to the god of justice Kwan Tai
Kwun Yam Temple (觀音廟) aka. Shui Yuet Temple (水月宮) aka. Chi Kung (子宮), near Kwun Yam Wan beach. Built before 1840, and dedicated to Guanyin (Kwun Yam), it gave its name to the nearby bay Kwun Yam Wan. === Others ===
Tung Wan and Kwun Yam Wan beaches
Rock carvings located near Tung Wan Beach were reported by geologists in 1970, and are declared monuments of Hong Kong. This 3000-year-old rock carving is located on the east of the island, immediately below the Warwick Hotel. It consists of two groups of similar carved lines surrounding small depressions. Cheung Po Tsai Cave, alleged to be the hiding place of Cheung Po Tsai, a 19th-century pirate
Cheung Chau Mini Great Wall, a hiking trail
Cheung Chau Theatre, a former cinema


== Hospitals ==
The island of Cheung Chau has one operating hospital and one abandoned hospital.",392
1659,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Chau,Cheung Chau,"It consists of two groups of similar carved lines surrounding small depressions. Cheung Po Tsai Cave, alleged to be the hiding place of Cheung Po Tsai, a 19th-century pirate
Cheung Chau Mini Great Wall, a hiking trail
Cheung Chau Theatre, a former cinema


== Hospitals ==
The island of Cheung Chau has one operating hospital and one abandoned hospital. === St. John Hospital ===
St. John Hospital, also known as Haw Par Hospital, was founded in 1934 by Hong Kong St. John Ambulance and has been the island's main hospital since 1988. === The Cheung Chau Fong Bin Hospital (closed) ===
The Cheung Chau Fong Bin Hospital (長洲方便醫院; 'Cheung Chau Convenience Hospital') was established in 1872. It was originally called the Asylum (棲留所) and was not a hospital in the modern sense, in that it did not provide medical care and only functioned as a refuge for poor homeless patients to die in peace and dignity and as a mortuary for those killed in shipwrecks. In 1915, the Asylum was expanded by a local kaifong association known as the Cheung Chau Kai Fong Hui (長洲街坊會), and was subsequently renamed The Cheung Chau Fong Bin Hospital. The word Fong Bin (方便), meaning ""convenience"", suggested that the hospital was meant to serve the medical needs of all. Substantial renovations took place in 1931 and 1951 to meet the rising demand for medical care in Cheung Chau and nearby outlying islands. In 1945, the ownership of the hospital was transferred to the Cheung Chau Residents' Association (長洲居民協會).",390
1660,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Chau,Cheung Chau,"Substantial renovations took place in 1931 and 1951 to meet the rising demand for medical care in Cheung Chau and nearby outlying islands. In 1945, the ownership of the hospital was transferred to the Cheung Chau Residents' Association (長洲居民協會). It was staffed by reputable doctors trained in traditional Chinese medicine, and provided cheap and quality medical treatment that even attracted patients from other outlying islands. Since the 1934 opening of the St. John Hospital, which provides Western medicine, the Fong Bin Hospital had been slowly fading away. It ultimately fell into disuse and complete abandonment in 1988. The hospital has been listed as a Grade III historic building since 31 August 2010. == Culture ==


=== Festivals ===


=== Bun Festival ===

The annual Cheung Chau Bun Festival is a festival which includes a parade of floats, most famously including young children dressed as famous characters doing impossible balancing acts. It lasts three to four days and attracts tens of thousands of visitors to the island. == Education ==

There are currently three primary schools in Cheung Chau, including C.C.C. Cheung Chau Church Kam Kong Primary School (中華基督教會長洲堂錦江小學), Cheung Chau Sacred Heart School (長洲聖心學校), and Kwok Man School (國民學校), and two secondary schools : Buddhist Wai Yan Memorial College and Cheung Chau Government Secondary School. Formerly there were 7 primary schools including the Fisheries Joint Association Public School, Shun Dal Primary School and The Cheung Chau Government Primary School and three secondary schools including the now closed Caritas Saint Paul's Secondary School.",377
1661,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Chau,Cheung Chau,"Cheung Chau Church Kam Kong Primary School (中華基督教會長洲堂錦江小學), Cheung Chau Sacred Heart School (長洲聖心學校), and Kwok Man School (國民學校), and two secondary schools : Buddhist Wai Yan Memorial College and Cheung Chau Government Secondary School. Formerly there were 7 primary schools including the Fisheries Joint Association Public School, Shun Dal Primary School and The Cheung Chau Government Primary School and three secondary schools including the now closed Caritas Saint Paul's Secondary School. Although there are more people living on Cheung Chau now than ever, the fertility rate throughout Hong Kong has dropped significantly leading to many school closings throughout the city. Cheung Chau in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 97. Within the school net are the three aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) on Cheung Chau; no government schools are in this net. Hong Kong Public Libraries operates Cheng Chau Public Library. == Notable people ==
Lee Lai-shan, a windsurfer who won Hong Kong's first Olympic gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics. That Olympic gold was also Hong Kong's last Olympic medal, as in 1997 Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China and now competes in the Olympics as Hong Kong, China. Vincent Lee Kwun Leung (李冠良), a visual artist
Kong-Kwan Cheung, First Principal of Cheung Chau Fisheries Joint Association Public School


== Climate ==


== Transport ==

Sun Ferry operates ferries between Central pier number 5 and Cheung Chau. The ferries run approximately every 30 minutes depending upon time of day. Schedules on Sundays and public holidays differ from weekdays.",397
1662,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Chau,Cheung Chau,"The ferries run approximately every 30 minutes depending upon time of day. Schedules on Sundays and public holidays differ from weekdays. The trip of about 20 kilometres (12 miles) takes 55 minutes for ordinary ferries or 35 minutes for high speed ferries. Cheung Chau also has a ferry service to other outlying islands and regions such as Mui Wo and Chi Ma Wan. Due to inaccessibility to cars and other vehicles, most residents use bicycles for personal transportation. A number of bicycle rental shops near the ferry pier rent bicycles to tourists. The only motor vehicles on the island are those used by the emergency services, as well as village vehicles used to transport goods. == Law enforcement ==
The Hong Kong Police Force operates the Cheung Chau Division. == In popular culture ==
The 2001 Hong Kong film Troublesome Night 10 was set in Cheung Chau. The 2001 Hong Kong animated feature film My Life as McDull mentions Cheung-Chau-born windsurfer Lee Lai-shan and depicts its lead character McDull learning Cheung Chau bun-snatching. The 2002 Hong Kong film Just One Look was set in Cheung Chau, starring Twins, Shawn Yue and Wong You Nam. The 2010 Hong Kong film The Fantastic Water Babes was set in Cheung Chau, starring Gillian Chung, Alex Fong and Eva Huang. == See also ==

Beaches of Hong Kong
List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong
List of places in Hong Kong


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Hayes, James W. (1963). ""Cheung Chau 1850-1898: Information from Commemorative Tablets"" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 3: 88–106. ISSN 1991-7295.",370
1663,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Chau,Cheung Chau,"3: 88–106. ISSN 1991-7295. == External links ==

Cheung Chau Island – Cheung Chau page at Hong Kong Tourism Board
Chinese Festivals Archived 30 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine-Hong Kong Tourism Board
My Hometown – Cheung Chau – TV program by the Radio Television Hong Kong on Cheung Chau. (video archive)
Hong Kong’s Other Peak – and the City’s Overlooked History of Segregation",100
1664,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"Kino (Russian: Кино, lit. 'cinema, film', pronounced [kʲɪˈno]) is a Russian rock band formed in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) in 1981. The band was co-founded and headed by Viktor Tsoi, who wrote the music and lyrics for almost all of the band's songs, until his death in 1990. Over the course of eight years, Kino released over ninety songs spanning over seven studio albums, as well as releasing a few compilations and live albums. During the days of the Soviet Union, the band's music was also widely circulated in the form of bootleg recordings through the underground magnitizdat distribution scene. Viktor Tsoi died in a car accident in 1990. Shortly after his death, the band broke up after releasing their final album, consisting of songs that Tsoi and the group were working on in the months before his death. In 2019, the band announced a reunion with concerts planned in late 2020 for the first time in 30 years; however, they were later postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The band has been active since 2019. == History ==


=== Early years ===
Kino was formed in 1981 by the members of two earlier groups from Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), Palata No. 6 and Piligrimy. They initially called themselves Garin i giperboloidy (Russian: Гарин и гиперболоиды, lit. 'Garin and the Hyperboloids') after Aleksei Tolstoi's novel The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin. The group consisted of Viktor Tsoi, guitarist Aleksei Rybin, and drummer Oleg Valinsky. They began rehearsing, but Valinsky was drafted and had to leave the band.",393
1665,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"The group consisted of Viktor Tsoi, guitarist Aleksei Rybin, and drummer Oleg Valinsky. They began rehearsing, but Valinsky was drafted and had to leave the band. In the spring of 1982, they began to perform at the Leningrad Rock Club and met with the influential underground musician Boris Grebenshchikov. It was around this time that they changed the band's name to Kino. The name was chosen because it was considered short and ""synthetic"", and the band members took pride in that it had only two syllables and was easy to pronounce by speakers all over the world. Tsoi and Rybin later said that they had the idea for the name after seeing a bright cinema sign. === 45 and the beginning of a career (1982) ===
Kino released their debut album, 45, in 1982. Since the band only consisted of two members, Grebenshchikov suggested that members of his band Aquarium assist Kino in recording the album. These included cellist Vsevolod Gakkel, flautist Andrei Romanov, and bassist Mikhail Faynshteyn-Vasilyev. Since they had no drummer at the time, they used a drum machine. This simple line-up made the album sound lively and bright. Lyrically, it resembled earlier Soviet bard music for its romanticism of city life and the use of poetic language. The album consisted of thirteen songs and was named 45 in reference to its length. The group's popularity was rather limited at the time, so the album was not considered much of a success. Tsoi later stated that the record had come out crudely and he should have recorded it differently.",357
1666,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"The group's popularity was rather limited at the time, so the album was not considered much of a success. Tsoi later stated that the record had come out crudely and he should have recorded it differently. === In between (late 1982–1984) ===
In late 1982, Kino attempted to record a second album at the studio of the Maly Drama Theatre, along with drummer Valery Kirilov (who later joined Zoopark) and sound designer Andrey Kuskov. However, Tsoi lost interest in the project and they ceased recording. In the winter of 1983, they played several shows in Leningrad and Moscow and were sometimes accompanied by Aquarium drummer Pyotr Troshchenkov. Rybin was replaced by rehearsal bassist Maksim Kolosov and later, guitarist Yuri Kasparyan. According to Grebenshchikov, Kasparyan was a poor guitar player initially, but he quickly progressed and eventually became the second most important member of Kino. With Kolosov and Kasparyan, Kino performed their second concert at the Leningrad Rock Club. The band's responsibilities were split evenly between Tsoi and Rybin. Tsoi was in charge of the creative component, writing music and lyrics, while Rybin did all the administrative work, such as organizing concerts, rehearsals and recording sessions. In March 1983, a serious conflict broke out between them, the culmination of multiple differences between the two musicians. Tsoi was particularly annoyed that Rybin performed his songs, and not his own writing, while Rybin did not like Tsoi's unconditional leadership of the group. Eventually, the two stopped talking, and Rybin left the band. The only audio document from this period was a bootleg called 46, which consisted of demos of new songs by Tsoi. These songs continued with the romanticism of 45, but also had darker undertones.",398
1667,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"The only audio document from this period was a bootleg called 46, which consisted of demos of new songs by Tsoi. These songs continued with the romanticism of 45, but also had darker undertones. Tsoi dismissed the recording as ""only a rehearsal tape,"" but many fans viewed it as Kino's second record. Nonetheless, it has never been recognized as a legitimate album by the band. === Nachalnik Kamchatki and growing fame (1984–1985) ===
In 1984, Kino released their second album, Nachalnik Kamchatki (Russian: Начальник Камчатки). The title was inspired by Tsoi's job as a boiler plant operator (""nachalnik"" means 'chief' or 'boss,' and ""Kamchatka"" is slang for 'a very faraway place' – but also a folk name for the boiler plant where Tsoi worked, now his museum), as well as a reference to the 1967 Soviet comedy Nachalnik Chukotki (Russian: Начальник Чукотки). Again, Grebenshchikov served as a producer and brought many of his friends to help with the record. Among them were Alexander Titov (bass guitar), Sergey Kuryokhin (keyboards), Pyotr Troshchenkov (drums), Vsevolod Gakkel (cello), Igor Butman (sax), and Andrey Radchenko (drums). Grebenshchikov played a small keyboard instrument. The album was minimalist in style, with sparse arrangements and usage of fuzz effects on Kasparyan's guitar. ""The album was electric and somewhat experimental in sound and form.",381
1668,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"The album was minimalist in style, with sparse arrangements and usage of fuzz effects on Kasparyan's guitar. ""The album was electric and somewhat experimental in sound and form. I cannot say that the sound and style orientation turned out the way we'd like to see it, but from the point of view of the experiment, it looked interesting,"" said Tsoi later. After the album was finished, Tsoi formed the electric section of Kino, which included Kasparyan on lead guitar, Titov on bass guitar, and Georgy Guryanov on percussion, and in May 1984, they began to actively rehearse a new concert program. Kino then performed at II Festival at the Leningrad Rock Club, where they were highly acclaimed and began to take off in popularity. The group soon became famous and started to tour the Soviet Union. In the summer, they participated in a critically acclaimed joint performance with Aquarium and other bands held in the Moscow suburb of Nikolina Gora under the close supervision of the state security forces. In 1985, Kino released their third album, Eto ne lyubov....


=== Noch and nationwide recognition (1985–1986) ===

In early 1985, Kino attempted to record another album, but Tsoi did not like producer Andrei Tropillo's interference in his work, and the project was left unfinished. In November 1985, Titov decided to leave Kino in favour of Aquarium, of which he was also a member. He was replaced by jazz guitarist Igor Tikhomirov, who remained part of Kino's ""classic lineup"" until its end. In January 1986, Tropillo released the unfinished record the band had recorded in his studio a few months earlier. The album, entitled Noch (Russian: Ночь, lit. 'Night') sold two million copies, making the group famous far beyond the rock community.",396
1669,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"The album, entitled Noch (Russian: Ночь, lit. 'Night') sold two million copies, making the group famous far beyond the rock community. However, the band had an extremely negative view of the release of this album. They received very little money from the sales of the record, and the underground rock press also criticized the album. In the spring the band performed at the IV Festival Rock Club, where they received the grand prize for the song ""Dalshe deystvovat budem my"" (Russian: «Дальше действовать будем мы», lit. 'From Now On, We'll Be in Charge'). In the summer, they traveled to Kiev to make a film with Sergei Lysenko called Konets Kanikul, ""End of Summer Break."" The film consists of a story line that sequences three of Kino's songs followed by the aforementioned song. In July, they performed at the Moscow Palace of Culture Engineering along with Aquarium and Alisa. Afterwards, the three bands released a compilation called Red Wave. The album sold 10,000 copies in California, becoming the first release of Soviet rock music in the West. === Gruppa krovi and critical acclaim (1986–1988) ===
From 1986 to 1988, Tsoi began to act in more movies and continued to write songs for Kino. The film The Needle (Russian: Игла, romanized: Igla), which he starred in, brought the band to even more prominence, and their 1988 album Gruppa krovi (Russian: «Группа крови», lit. 'Blood type') brought them to the pinnacle of their popularity.",383
1670,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"The film The Needle (Russian: Игла, romanized: Igla), which he starred in, brought the band to even more prominence, and their 1988 album Gruppa krovi (Russian: «Группа крови», lit. 'Blood type') brought them to the pinnacle of their popularity. Kasparyan had married the American Joanna Stingray, who brought the group high-quality equipment from abroad. Thus, the technical equipment Kino used on this album far exceeded the equipment they had access to on their earlier albums, and it was their first record technically on par with European and American recordings. Russian journalist Alexander Zhitinsky called Gruppa krovi one of the best works of Russian music and said that it elevated Russian rock to a new level. The album was also acclaimed in the West, where it was released in 1989 by Capitol Records and lauded by American critic Robert Christgau. At the request of a U.S. fan the song ""Gruppa krovi"" was even translated by Tsoi and recorded with English lyrics by the band in Moscow in January 1988. Noch was also released on vinyl by Melodiya in 1988. Kino performed on central television in the Soviet Union, and Assa, a 1987 film featuring Russian rock, showed Tsoi performing ""Khochu peremen!"" (Russian: «Хочу перемен», lit. 'I want change!') in front of a crowd of thousands. After this, Kino's popularity swept the country, and their music captured the minds of the Soviet youth of the 1980s.",356
1671,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"in front of a crowd of thousands. After this, Kino's popularity swept the country, and their music captured the minds of the Soviet youth of the 1980s. === Zvezda po imeni Solntse and global popularity (1989–1990) ===
Soon after gaining national fame, Kino began to receive invitations to perform from all over the Eastern Bloc and even from some foreign countries. They participated in a charity contest in Denmark to raise money for relief from the earthquake in Armenia and performed at the largest French rock festival in Bourges and at the Soviet-Italian festival Back in the U.S.S.R. in Melpignano. In 1989, they travelled to New York and held a premiere of The Needle, as well as a small concert. In 1989, they released Zvezda po imeni Solntse (Russian: Звезда по имени Солнце, lit. 'A Star Called Sun'), which was lonely, introspective, and sad, despite the fame the band was enjoying. Kino appeared on the popular Soviet television program Vzglyad and attempted to record several video clips. While Tsoi was unsatisfied with them and insisted that they be removed, they were nonetheless shown frequently on television. Around this time, the band decided to create a separate pop band to perform their more light-hearted songs to balance the pop songs that helped them gain popularity with Tsoi's introspective musings. In 1990, Kino performed at Luzhniki Stadium, where the organizers lit the Olympic flame, which had been lit only four times before (at the Moscow Olympics in 1980, the World Festival of Youth and Students in 1985, the Goodwill Games in 1986, and the Moscow International Peace Festival 1989.)",376
1672,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"Around this time, the band decided to create a separate pop band to perform their more light-hearted songs to balance the pop songs that helped them gain popularity with Tsoi's introspective musings. In 1990, Kino performed at Luzhniki Stadium, where the organizers lit the Olympic flame, which had been lit only four times before (at the Moscow Olympics in 1980, the World Festival of Youth and Students in 1985, the Goodwill Games in 1986, and the Moscow International Peace Festival 1989.) === Chеrny albom and the end of Kino (1990) ===
In June 1990, after finishing a lengthy touring season, the band decided to take a short break before recording an album in France. However, on 15 August, Tsoi died in a car crash near Tukums while returning from a fishing trip. Before Tsoi died, they had recorded several songs in Latvia, and the remaining members of Kino finished the album as a tribute to him. While it had no official title, it is often called the Black Album (Russian: Чёрный альбом, romanized: Chorny albom) in reference to its all-black cover. It was released in December 1990, and shortly after, Kino and others close to Tsoi held a press conference announcing the end of the band. === Reunions (2012, 2019–present) ===
In 2012, on what would have been Tsoi's fiftieth birthday, the band briefly reunited to record the song ""Ataman"", which had originally been intended to feature on the Black Album. The song was not featured on the album at its release because the only existing recording of the song contained only low-quality vocals.",369
1673,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"=== Reunions (2012, 2019–present) ===
In 2012, on what would have been Tsoi's fiftieth birthday, the band briefly reunited to record the song ""Ataman"", which had originally been intended to feature on the Black Album. The song was not featured on the album at its release because the only existing recording of the song contained only low-quality vocals. This was the final release of the band and the final song to feature Georgy Guryanov, who died on 20 July 2013, from complications of hepatitis C, liver and pancreatic cancer, at the age of 52. In 2019, the band announced a reunion with concerts planned in the fall of 2020 for the first time in 30 years. It would feature the band's guitarist Yuri Kasparyan and bass guitarists Alexander Titov and Igor Tikhomirov. It would also use Viktor's voice, digitized from original multichannel recordings, and be accompanied by a ""unique video sequence"". Viktor Tsoi's son, Alexander, became the band's producer. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the concerts were postponed to 2021. In March 2021, a live album called Kino in Sevkabel came out, and a year later, on 22 December 2022, an album named 12_22, was released on platforms.",278
1674,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the concerts were postponed to 2021. In March 2021, a live album called Kino in Sevkabel came out, and a year later, on 22 December 2022, an album named 12_22, was released on platforms. A remake of the album Eto ne lyubov... was released on 15 March 2024, featuring original vocals and a newly recorded instrumental
On October 2, 2025, Молнии Индры (Indra's Thunder), a remake of songs from the album Начальник Камчатки (Nachalnik Kamchatki), together with additional tracks from Ночь (Noch'), Неизвестные песни (Neizvestnye Pesni), and more, was released, featuring the original vocals with brand-new instrumentals. == Style ==
Kino's musical style has generally been described as post-punk and new wave. All Kino songs were written by Viktor Tsoi. His lyrics are characterized by a poetic simplicity. The ideas of liberty were present (one song was named ""Mother Anarchy"") but, on the whole, the band's message to the public was not overly or overtly political, except for the recurring theme of freedom. Their songs largely focused on man's struggle in life and dealt with such overarching themes as love, war, and the pursuit of liberty. When asked about the social and political themes of his music, Tsoi said that his songs were works of art and he did not wish to engage in journalism. == Legacy ==

As one of the first Russian rock bands, Kino greatly influenced later bands.",374
1675,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"When asked about the social and political themes of his music, Tsoi said that his songs were works of art and he did not wish to engage in journalism. == Legacy ==

As one of the first Russian rock bands, Kino greatly influenced later bands. On 31 December 1999, Russian rock radio station Nashe Radio announced the 100 best Russian rock songs of the 20th century based on listener votes. Kino had ten songs in the list, more than any other band, and ""Gruppa Krovi"" took the first place. The Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda listed Kino as the second most influential Russian band ever (after Alisa.) In addition, ""Gruppa Krovi"" was listed as one of forty songs that changed the world in a 2007 Russian-language edition of Rolling Stone. Tsoi's simple, relatable lyrical style was very accessible to Kino's audience and helped them gain popularity throughout the Soviet Union. While not excessively political, their music coincided with Mikhail Gorbachev's liberal reforms such as glasnost and perestroika. Additionally, the Western style of their music increased the popularity of Western culture in the Soviet Union. Kino has remained popular in modern Russia, and Tsoi, in particular, is a cult hero. The group's popularity is referred to as ""Kinomania,"" and fans of the group are known as ""Kinophiles."" In Moscow, there is a Tsoi Wall, where fans leave messages for the musician, and the boiler room where Tsoi once worked is a place of pilgrimage for fans of Russian rock. Kino has maintained a niche but devoted following in the West despite there being little English language material relating to the band. The band's music was notably popular amongst the internet subculture known as ""Doomers"", with it often being remixed to have a slowed tempo.",389
1676,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_(band),Kino (band),"Kino has maintained a niche but devoted following in the West despite there being little English language material relating to the band. The band's music was notably popular amongst the internet subculture known as ""Doomers"", with it often being remixed to have a slowed tempo. In the summer of 2011, in celebration of the 30th anniversary of Kino in the village of Morske, Crimea, on the place where in 1981 stood the tent of the future musicians of the band by the Sudak rock club - a memorial sign in the form of a guitar with a plaque was installed. The phrase 'Цой жив', meaning 'Tsoi lives' or 'Tsoi is alive' is popular among their fans.",152
1677,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adekola,David Adekola,"David Adeolu Adekola (born 18 May 1968) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played for various English clubs in the 1990s and 2000s. == Club career ==
Adekola was born in Lagos. He joined Bury in January 1993, amid claims that he had played top-flight football in France and Belgium, although it later transpired that his entire international background was untrue. He joined Exeter City on loan in February 1994 and left Bury to join AFC Bournemouth on a free transfer in September 1994. A month later he joined Wigan Athletic, but played only four times before being released in February 1995. He joined Halifax Town, playing twice in the Conference. He had a brief spell with Hereford United before joining Bath City in March 1995, where he scored 3 goals from 9 games in all competitions. He joined Cambridge United in July 1995, but once more struggled to establish himself and was loaned to Bishop's Stortford. Released by Cambridge in December 1995, Adekola moved to Germany to play for BFC Preussen and Viktoria Köln. He returned to English football in October 1996 when he signed for Brighton & Hove Albion. He played just once for Brighton, in a 2–1 defeat at home to Cambridge United on 12 October, before being released the following month. In July 1998 he joined Billericay Town, moving to Slough Town in August 1999. He joined Hendon during the 2000–01 season. In May 2005, Adekola finished runner-up (to Craig Madden) in a vote for Bury's Cult Hero organised by the BBC show Football Focus. == International career ==
Adekola played for Nigeria's youth side at the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile. He also played for the senior Nigeria national football team, scoring on goal on his debut in a 1990 African Cup of Nations qualifier against Guinea in 1989.",390
1678,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adekola,David Adekola,"== International career ==
Adekola played for Nigeria's youth side at the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship in Chile. He also played for the senior Nigeria national football team, scoring on goal on his debut in a 1990 African Cup of Nations qualifier against Guinea in 1989. == References ==


== External links ==
David Adekola – FIFA competition record (archived)
David Adekola at Soccerbase 
David Adekola at National-Football-Teams.com",99
1679,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_(Mughal_emperor),Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor),"Muhammad Ibrahim (9 August 1703 – 31 January 1746) or Jahangir II was a Mughal prince and claimant to the throne of the Mughal Empire in 1720. == Early life ==
Muhammad Ibrahim was the youngest son of Prince Rafi-ush-Shan, son of Emperor Bahadur Shah I. His mother was Nur-un-nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Baqi. He was the brother of Emperors Rafi ud Darajat and Shah Jahan II. On 2 December 1707, he was given the rank of 7000 and 2000 horses. == Reign ==
On 15 October 1720, he was brought out of the prison and placed on the throne. He had been designated by the Sayyid brothers as the successor to his brother Shah Jahan II. However, Sayyid Khan Jahan, the governor of Delhi, dreading Ibrahim's reputation for having a violent temper, installed his cousin Roshan Khan, the son of Prince Khujista Akhtar Jahan Shah, as the Mughal emperor. Muhammad Ibrahim was defeated in the battle of Hasanpur and deposed on 13 November 1720. He was sent back to the prison in the citadel of Shahjahanabad. A quartrain quoted by Khush-hal Chand says that his day of power had been short-lived, ""like a drop of dew upon a blade of grass."" == Death ==
He died on 30 January 1746, at the age of about forty-three years. == Titles ==
His full title was: Abul Fath Zahir-ul-din Muhammad Ibrahim. === Coins ===
Sikka bar sim zad dar jahan 
ba fazal-i-Muhammad Ibrahim, Shah-i-shahan
Silver was stamped in the world
by favour of Muhammad Ibrahim, the king of kings.",394
1680,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_(Mughal_emperor),Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor),"== Titles ==
His full title was: Abul Fath Zahir-ul-din Muhammad Ibrahim. === Coins ===
Sikka bar sim zad dar jahan 
ba fazal-i-Muhammad Ibrahim, Shah-i-shahan
Silver was stamped in the world
by favour of Muhammad Ibrahim, the king of kings. == References ==


== Bibliography ==
Irvine, William. The Later Mughals. Low Price Publications. ISBN 8175364068.",108
1681,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna,William L. Uanna,"William Lewis ""Bud"" Uanna (May 13, 1909 – December 22, 1961) was an American security expert, who gained prominence as a security officer with the Manhattan Project, which built the first atomic bomb during World War II. Uanna was in charge of security at the project's facility at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and later at the 509th Composite Group, which dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After the war, he headed the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) program to provide security clearances to its personnel, and developed the top-secret Q clearance. He later served as chief of physical security at the  State Department. == Education and military career ==
William Lewis Uanna was born in Medford, Massachusetts, on May 13, 1909, the son of Italian immigrants Anthony Uanna and Theresa née Ferullo. He attended Medford High School, and then Tufts College on an athletic scholarship, where he was a halfback on the college football team, and an intercollegiate wrestling champion, earning a degree in engineering. He soon returned to Tufts and got a M.A. in education. Uanna worked for private companies as well as the US Army Corps of Engineers. As a civilian with the Corps of Engineers he was involved in the construction of Grenier Army Air Field in New Hampshire and Fort Devens in Massachusetts, where he later served as an Army Counter Intelligence agent during World War II. Between 1938 and 1942 he attended Suffolk University, graduating with an L.L.B. He then passed the Massachusetts Bar examination and was admitted to practice before the Federal Bar. Between 1949 and 1954 he attended the American University in Washington, D.C.
Enlisting in the U.S. Army on May 28, 1941, Uanna was assigned to the Corps of Intelligence Police (CIP), later renamed the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC).",388
1682,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna,William L. Uanna,"He then passed the Massachusetts Bar examination and was admitted to practice before the Federal Bar. Between 1949 and 1954 he attended the American University in Washington, D.C.
Enlisting in the U.S. Army on May 28, 1941, Uanna was assigned to the Corps of Intelligence Police (CIP), later renamed the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC). He attended the Officer Candidate School at Fort Belvoir, and in 1942 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Army Corps of Engineers. He was assigned to the CIC as Director of Operations of I Service Command, responsible for five field offices and between 300 and 400 Special Agents, who dealt with subversion, espionage, plant security, sabotage, water front security and personnel investigations. In February 1943, Uanna was posted to X Corps, then based at Sherman, Texas, where he was responsible for setting up the first intelligence units assigned to combat formations in the United States. With 112 officers and 35 agents he conducted investigations and evaluated the loyalty of individuals within X Corps and trained its troops in security procedures. In August 1943, Uanna became an instructor at the CIC school in Chicago. == Manhattan Project security ==
Joining the Manhattan Project in late 1943, Uanna was initially assigned to the New England area, where he looked after security at 150 organizations, including key contractors Stone & Webster, General Electric, Westinghouse and American Cyanamid, and universities such as Harvard, Brown, Yale  and MIT. He was promoted to first lieutenant on July 25, 1943, captain on March 25, 1944, and ultimately major on June 25, 1945. In August 1944, he was appointed Security Officer for the large town and industrial installation built by the US Government at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to enrich uranium for an atomic bomb. As such, he oversaw the physical security of the site, and was responsible for the security clearance of over 50,000 personnel.",390
1683,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna,William L. Uanna,"In August 1944, he was appointed Security Officer for the large town and industrial installation built by the US Government at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to enrich uranium for an atomic bomb. As such, he oversaw the physical security of the site, and was responsible for the security clearance of over 50,000 personnel. He supervised the activities of the town's police, detectives and welfare bureau and provided security for the transport of fissile materials from Oak Ridge to the weapons laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico. In February 1945, Uanna assumed command of the 1st Technical Service Detachment, which was attached to the 509th Composite Group, the Army Air Force unit created to deliver the first atomic bomb. He became responsible for the security clearance of its personnel. Uanna arrived with orders from Lieutenant Colonel John Lansdale Jr., the Manhattan Project's head of security, and a briefcase containing dossiers on members of the 393d Bomb Squadron, the combat element of the 509th Composite Group. Uanna had particular concerns about Captain Claude Eatherly. The dossier indicated that Eatherly was a gambler, with an ""emotional problem"". The commander of the 509th Composite Group, Lieutenant Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Jr., opted to keep Eatherly, based on his piloting skills. Background checks on the 1st Ordnance Squadron revealed that it had several escaped convicts in its ranks. Uanna surmised that enlisting in the Army under false names was an easy way of escaping detection during wartime. Since skilled technicians were hard to find, Tibbets elected to keep them, threatening to send them back to prison for any dereliction of duty or security breaches.",346
1684,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna,William L. Uanna,"Uanna surmised that enlisting in the Army under false names was an easy way of escaping detection during wartime. Since skilled technicians were hard to find, Tibbets elected to keep them, threatening to send them back to prison for any dereliction of duty or security breaches. Uanna oversaw the movement of the 509th from its training base in Wendover Army Air Field, Utah to Tinian Island in the Western Pacific, travelling by air with the Project Alberta advance party of 34 in a Douglas C-54 Skymaster ""Green Hornet"" of the 320th Troop Carrier Squadron. In his book Project Alberta, Harlow Russ, a civilian scientist with Project Alberta who was part of the Fat Man bomb assembly team, recounts that during the flight he asked Uanna why all the military people on the plane were armed, and Uanna informed him that while the islands that they were stopping at were held by US forces, they would be flying over or close to other islands that were still occupied by the Japanese. Because of the remote chance that they might be engaged by Japanese aircraft or anti-aircraft guns, they flew over these islands at night. On Tinian, Uanna was in charge of the physical security of its installations, and supervised the unloading and installation of its stores and equipment. At one point Russ left his shirt on the line over night, and it disappeared. He mentioned this to Uanna ""who seemed to know everything"", and he told Russ that it had most likely been taken by one of the Japanese soldiers holding out in caves and tunnels on Tinian, who made periodic raids in search of food. Uanna thought that one was responsible for an outbreak of diarrhea in the 509th Composite Group. Security around the cookhouse was increased, and the outbreak did not recur. Uanna also looked after security at other bases that might be used by the 509th in an emergency, such as Iwo Jima.",395
1685,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna,William L. Uanna,"Security around the cookhouse was increased, and the outbreak did not recur. Uanna also looked after security at other bases that might be used by the 509th in an emergency, such as Iwo Jima. He supervised the loading of the Little Boy bomb into the Enola Gay, and during the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, he was in charge of a communications center on Iwo Jima that relayed messages back to Tinian. He was therefore one of the first people to know that Hiroshima was the target, and that it had been attacked. After the subsequent unconditional surrender of Japan, he accompanied the Manhattan Project team sent to survey the damage, spending four weeks in Nagasaki. == Postwar career ==
Uanna returned to the United States in October 1945, and was discharged from the Army in April 1946. He returned to Boston, where he was admitted to the bar in 1946, and practiced law and engineering, but was recalled to active duty in October 1946 to conduct an investigation into reports that servicemen had tried to sell pictures of the atomic bomb to The Baltimore Sun. These turned out to be pictures of the dummy bombs used for drop tests. In 1947, he was chosen by the newly created Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in Washington, D.C. to head its program to provide security clearances to its personnel, a requirement of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946. At this time he developed the criteria for the AEC's Q clearance. He married Bonnie Louise Leonard on August 29, 1947. They had a son, Stephen Lee. In 1948 Uanna became second-in-command of an Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) construction program to build storage bases for atomic weapons. As the highest ranking civilian on the project he was responsible for over $100 million of works.",370
1686,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna,William L. Uanna,"In 1948 Uanna became second-in-command of an Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) construction program to build storage bases for atomic weapons. As the highest ranking civilian on the project he was responsible for over $100 million of works. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) sought to continue the relationship they had developed at the Atomic Energy Commission where internal FBI memos described Uanna as the ""main source of confidential information within the AEC."" From 1949 to 1951, Uanna worked as an Intelligence Specialist at the newly established Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),  where he wrote the Office of Policy Coordination's (OPC) briefing manual. The OPC was the covert action branch of the US intelligence community and at this time was overseen jointly by the State Department and the Department of Defense, rather than by the Director of Central Intelligence. From 1951 to 1953, Uanna was the special assistant to the Secretary of Commerce as Chief of the Facilities Protection Board, and was a staff member of the Industrial Evaluations Board. These boards were overseen by the Interdepartmental Committee on Internal Security (ICIS) and the National Security Resources Board (NSRB). The NSRB was charged with developing security programs for industry and several were developed jointly with representatives from the power, transportation, explosives, petroleum, and communications industries. Since he was directly responsible to the Secretary of Commerce, after the Republican Administration took office in 1953, Uanna found himself without a job. After this, Uanna accepted a temporary assignment at the Department of State as Otto Otepka's assistant. Otepka was in charge of State's Evaluations Division. Amidst allegations from Senator Joseph McCarthy about the presence of Communist sympathizers in the Army and State Department, Uanna's expertise in countering subversion won him the position.",364
1687,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna,William L. Uanna,"Otepka was in charge of State's Evaluations Division. Amidst allegations from Senator Joseph McCarthy about the presence of Communist sympathizers in the Army and State Department, Uanna's expertise in countering subversion won him the position. Using procedures he had developed at the AEC, Uanna wrote the Evaluators Handbook that would be used by State Department investigators to review the loyalty and ""suitability"" of employees in accordance with Executive Order 10450 and Executive Order 10501. In 1953 the State Department's physical security was split between foreign and domestic branches. Uanna reorganized these into one group called the Division of Physical Security, consisting of four branches, and took over as its new chief. He then published the Protection of Dignitaries Manual and developed the handbook used at the training school for Marine Security Guards assigned to U. S. embassies, legations and consulates overseas. As Chief of the Division, Uanna was responsible for the security of all State's personnel and facilities in the United States and abroad. He was responsible for the security for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip's visit to the United States in 1957. Dulles became ill in late 1958 and was replaced by Christian Herter, after which Uanna was posted overseas to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, as an administrative officer at the U.S. Embassy. He was also the State Department liaison with the U.S. Department of Defense. He returned to the United States briefly to handle Nikita Khrushchev's state visit in 1959. While on assignment, Uanna died of a heart attack in the office of the Air Attache at the U.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa on December 22, 1961. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Bonnie née Leonard, who died on October 25, 1992, and his son Steven Lee.",379
1688,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna,William L. Uanna,"He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Bonnie née Leonard, who died on October 25, 1992, and his son Steven Lee. == Film portrayals ==
Uanna was portrayed by James Whitmore in the 1952 motion picture Above and Beyond. Lawrence H. Suid noted that Whitmore's Uanna ""seems to be a fictional character, a cinematic creation who always seems to know the right answers, to do the right thing"". Whitmore wanted to meet Uanna, but was unable to do so. Uanna has also been portrayed by Stephen Macht in the 1980 TV movie Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb and Minor Mustain in the 1995 Japanese/Canadian film Hiroshima. == Notes ==


== References ==
Girod, Robert J. (2014). Advanced Criminal Investigations and Intelligence Operations: Tradecraft Methods, Practices, Tactics, and Techniques. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 9781482230727. OCLC 910531708. Hove, Mark T. (2011). History of the Bureau of Diplomatic Security of the United States Department of State (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Department of State. Bureau of Diplomatic Security. ; Global Publishing Solutions (U.S.); United States. Department of State. Office of the Historian. OCLC 767823703. Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 10913875. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2012. Montague, Ludwell Lee (1992). General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence October 1950 – February 1953. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University. ISBN 0-271-00750-8. OCLC 22707456.",395
1689,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna,William L. Uanna,"ISBN 0-271-00750-8. OCLC 22707456. Spencer, Thomas E. (1998). Where They're Buried: A Directory Containing More Than Twenty Thousand Names of Notable Persons Buried in American Cemeteries, With Listings of Many Prominent People Who Were Cremated. Baltimore: Clearfield Co. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8063-4823-0. OCLC 40245482. Russ, Harlow W. (1990). Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Exceptional Books. ISBN 978-0-944482-01-8. OCLC 24429257. Suid, Lawrence H. (2002). Guts and Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813190181. OCLC 48515656. Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). Ruin from the Air. London: Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-89726-2. OCLC 252041787. Tibbets, Paul W. (1998). Return Of The Enola Gay. New Hope, Pennsylvania: Enola Gay Remembered. ISBN 0-9703666-0-4. OCLC 40566286. == External links ==

William Lewis Uanna Collection, The Manhattan Project Heritage Preservation Association, Inc. at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2013)
Arlington National Cemetery",329
1690,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon,Boosted fission weapon,"A boosted fission weapon usually refers to a type of nuclear bomb that uses a small amount of fusion fuel to increase the rate, and thus yield, of a fission reaction. The fast fusion neutrons released by the fusion reactions add to the fast neutrons released due to fission, allowing for more neutron-induced fission reactions to take place. The rate of fission is thereby greatly increased such that much more of the fissile material undergoes fission before the core explosively disassembles. The fusion process itself adds only a small amount of energy to the process, perhaps 1%. The fuel is commonly a 50-50 deuterium-tritium gas mixture, although lithium-6-deuteride has also been tested. The alternative meaning is an obsolete type of single-stage nuclear bomb that uses thermonuclear fusion on a large scale to create fast neutrons that can cause fission in depleted uranium, but which is not a two-stage hydrogen bomb. This type of bomb was referred to by Edward Teller as ""Alarm Clock"", and by Andrei Sakharov as ""Sloika"" or ""Layer Cake"" (Teller and Sakharov developed the idea independently, as far as is known). == Terminology ==
The terms ""thermonuclear"", ""fusion"" and ""hydrogen"" bombs or weapons, primarily refer to multi-stage weapons of the Teller-Ulam design. This is despite most of multi-stage weapon yield deriving from fission, and despite boosted fission weapon usage of thermonuclear reactions between hydrogen isotopes. The term ""fusion boosting"" and ""tritium boosting"" are also used, although an equal amount of deuterium is always required. == Development ==

The idea of boosting was originally developed between late 1947 and late 1949 at Los Alamos.",380
1691,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon,Boosted fission weapon,"The term ""fusion boosting"" and ""tritium boosting"" are also used, although an equal amount of deuterium is always required. == Development ==

The idea of boosting was originally developed between late 1947 and late 1949 at Los Alamos. The primary benefit of boosting is further miniaturization of nuclear weapons as it reduces the minimum inertial confinement time required for a supercritical nuclear explosion by providing a sudden influx of fast neutrons before the critical mass would blow itself apart. This would eliminate the need for an aluminum pusher and uranium tamper and the explosives needed to push them and the fissile material into a supercritical state. While the bulky Fat Man had a diameter of 5 feet (1.5 m) and required 3 tons of high explosives for implosion, a boosted fission primary can be fitted on a small nuclear warhead (such as the W88) to ignite the thermonuclear secondary. == Gas boosting in modern nuclear weapons ==

In a fission bomb, the fissile fuel is ""assembled"" quickly by a uniform spherical implosion created with conventional explosives, producing a supercritical mass. In this state, many of the neutrons released by the fissioning of a nucleus will induce fission of other nuclei in the fuel mass, also releasing additional neutrons, leading to a chain reaction. This reaction consumes at most 20% of the fuel before the bomb blows itself apart, or possibly much less if conditions are not ideal: the Little Boy (gun type mechanism) and Fat Man (implosion type mechanism) bombs had efficiencies of 1.38% and 13%, respectively. Fusion boosting is achieved by introducing tritium and deuterium gas.",349
1692,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon,Boosted fission weapon,"This reaction consumes at most 20% of the fuel before the bomb blows itself apart, or possibly much less if conditions are not ideal: the Little Boy (gun type mechanism) and Fat Man (implosion type mechanism) bombs had efficiencies of 1.38% and 13%, respectively. Fusion boosting is achieved by introducing tritium and deuterium gas. Solid lithium deuteride-tritide has also been used in some cases, but gas allows more flexibility (and can be stored externally) and can be injected into a hollow cavity at the center of the sphere of fission fuel, or into a gap between an outer layer and a ""levitated"" inner core, sometime before implosion. By the time about 1% of the fission fuel has fissioned, the temperature rises high enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, which produces relatively large numbers of high-energy neutrons. This influx of neutrons speeds up the late stages of the chain reaction, causing approximately twice as much of the fissile material to fission before the explosion disassembles the critical mass. Deuterium-tritium fusion neutrons are extremely energetic, seven times more energetic than an average fission neutron, which makes them much more likely to be captured in the fissile material and lead to fission. This is due to several reasons:

When these energetic neutrons strike a fissile nucleus, the fission releases a much larger number of secondary neutrons (e.g. 4.6 vs 2.9 for 239Pu). The likelihood of these neutrons interacting with a fissile nucleus is higher than for lower-energy neutrons typical of a fission reaction; the area of the plutonium or uranium nucleus where an 'impact' will lead to fission is much larger.",369
1693,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon,Boosted fission weapon,"4.6 vs 2.9 for 239Pu). The likelihood of these neutrons interacting with a fissile nucleus is higher than for lower-energy neutrons typical of a fission reaction; the area of the plutonium or uranium nucleus where an 'impact' will lead to fission is much larger. More formally, the fission cross section is larger for higher-energy neutrons, both in absolute terms and in proportion to the scattering and capture cross sections. Consequently, the time for the neutron population in the core to double is reduced by a factor of about 8. A sense of the potential contribution of fusion boosting can be gained by observing that the complete fusion of one mole of tritium (3 grams) and one mole of deuterium (2 grams) would produce one mole of neutrons (1 gram), which, neglecting escape losses and scattering, could fission one mole (239 grams) of plutonium directly, producing 4.6 moles of secondary neutrons, which can in turn fission another 4.6 moles of plutonium (1,099 g). The fission of this 1,338 g of plutonium in the first two generations would release 23 kilotons of TNT equivalent (97 TJ) of energy, and would by itself result in a 29.7% efficiency for a bomb containing 4.5 kg of plutonium (a typical small fission trigger). The energy released by the fusion of the 5 g of fusion fuel itself is only 1.73% of the energy released by the fission of 1,338 g of plutonium. Larger total yields and higher efficiency are possible, since the chain reaction can continue beyond the second generation after fusion boosting. Fusion-boosted fission bombs can also be made immune to neutron radiation from nearby nuclear explosions, which can cause other designs to predetonate, blowing themselves apart without achieving a high yield.",383
1694,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon,Boosted fission weapon,"Larger total yields and higher efficiency are possible, since the chain reaction can continue beyond the second generation after fusion boosting. Fusion-boosted fission bombs can also be made immune to neutron radiation from nearby nuclear explosions, which can cause other designs to predetonate, blowing themselves apart without achieving a high yield. The combination of reduced weight in relation to yield and immunity to radiation has ensured that most modern nuclear weapons are fusion-boosted. The fusion reaction rate typically becomes significant at 20 to 30 megakelvins. This temperature is reached at very low efficiencies, when less than 1% of the fissile material has fissioned (corresponding to a yield in the range of hundreds of tons of TNT). Since implosion weapons can be designed that will achieve yields in this range even if neutrons are present at the moment of criticality, fusion boosting allows the manufacture of efficient weapons that are immune to predetonation. Elimination of this hazard is a very important advantage in using boosting. It appears that every weapon now in the U.S. arsenal is a boosted design. According to one weapons designer, boosting is mainly responsible for the remarkable 100-fold increase in the efficiency of fission weapons since 1945. == Some early non-staged thermonuclear weapon designs ==
Early thermonuclear weapon designs such as the Joe-4, the Soviet ""Layer Cake"" (""Sloika"", Russian: Слойка), used large amounts of fusion to induce fission in the uranium-238 atoms that make up depleted uranium. These weapons had a fissile core surrounded by a layer of lithium-6 deuteride, in turn surrounded by a layer of depleted uranium. Some designs (including the layer cake) had several alternate layers of these materials. The Soviet Layer Cake was similar to the American Alarm Clock design, which was never built, and the British Green Bamboo design, which was built but never tested.",398
1695,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon,Boosted fission weapon,"Some designs (including the layer cake) had several alternate layers of these materials. The Soviet Layer Cake was similar to the American Alarm Clock design, which was never built, and the British Green Bamboo design, which was built but never tested. When this type of bomb explodes, the fission of the highly enriched uranium or plutonium core creates neutrons, some of which escape and strike atoms of lithium-6, creating tritium. At the temperature created by fission in the core, tritium and deuterium can undergo thermonuclear fusion without a high level of compression. The fusion of tritium and deuterium produces a neutron with an energy of 14 MeV—a much higher energy than the 1 MeV of the neutron that began the reaction. This creation of high-energy neutrons, rather than energy yield, is the main purpose of fusion in this kind of weapon. This 14 MeV neutron then strikes an atom of uranium-238, causing fission: without this fusion stage, the original 1 MeV neutron hitting an atom of uranium-238 would probably have just been absorbed. This fission then releases energy and also neutrons, which then create more tritium from the remaining lithium-6, and so on, in a continuous cycle. Energy from fission of uranium-238 is useful in weapons: both because depleted uranium is much cheaper than highly enriched uranium and because it cannot go critical and is therefore less likely to be involved in a catastrophic accident. This kind of thermonuclear weapon can produce up to 20% of its yield from fusion, with the rest coming from fission, and is limited in yield by practical concerns of mass and diameter to less than one megaton of TNT (4 PJ) equivalent. Joe-4 yielded 400 kilotons of TNT (1.7 PJ).",373
1696,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosted_fission_weapon,Boosted fission weapon,"This kind of thermonuclear weapon can produce up to 20% of its yield from fusion, with the rest coming from fission, and is limited in yield by practical concerns of mass and diameter to less than one megaton of TNT (4 PJ) equivalent. Joe-4 yielded 400 kilotons of TNT (1.7 PJ). In comparison, a ""true"" hydrogen bomb can produce up to 97% of its yield from fusion, and its explosive yield is limited only by device size. == Maintenance of gas-boosted nuclear weapons ==
Tritium is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 12.355 years. Its main decay product is helium-3, which is among the nuclides with the largest cross-section for neutron capture. Therefore, periodically the weapon must have its helium waste flushed out and its tritium supply recharged. This is because any helium-3 in the weapon's tritium supply would act as a poison during the weapon's detonation, absorbing neutrons meant to collide with the nuclei of its fission fuel. Tritium is relatively expensive to produce because each triton - the tritium nucleus - requires production of at least one free neutron, which is used to irradiate a feedstock material (lithium-6, deuterium, or helium-3). Because of losses and inefficiencies, the number of free neutrons needed is closer to two for each triton. Furthermore, because tritium decays, there are losses during collection, storage, and transport from the production facility to the weapons in the field, and tritium supplies must be replenished periodically. Other ways of producing tritium include the operation of a breeder reactor or a particle accelerator (with a spallation target). == See also ==
History of the Teller–Ulam design
Nuclear weapon design
Thermonuclear weapon


== References ==",396
1697,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Was_I_Drinking,What Was I Drinking,"""What Was I Drinking"" is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian country artist Tebey. He co-wrote the track with Danick Dupelle and Jimmy Thow, and co-produced it with Dupelle. It was intended to be the lead single off Tebey's album Tulum, but the album release did not occur. == Background ==
Tebey wrote the song with his frequent collaborators Jimmy Thow and Danick Dupelle while in Mexico, with the title ""What Was I Drinking"" being partly inspired by a night out the three had during the trip. The three went out for several drinks one night and subsequently all woke up feeling ""violently ill"", with Thow remarking to Tebey ""what were we drinking"". Tebey stated that the track sounded more like country music than his recent contemporary-influenced singles. The track was released ahead of his appearance at the 2022 C2C: Country to Country festival in the United Kingdom. == Critical reception ==
Top Country named the song their ""Pick of the Week"" for February 18, 2022, citing it as the ""perfect song to get you in the mood"" for the Family Day long weekend. == Accolades ==


== Commercial performance ==
""What Was I Drinking"" reached a peak of number 14 on the Billboard Canada Country chart. It debuted as the most added song at all formats of Canadian radio according to Mediabase, ahead of Ed Sheeran's The Joker and the Queen. == Music video ==
The official lyric video for ""What Was I Drinking"" was directed by Brent Hallman and premiered on April 7, 2020. It features an animated stick figure of Tebey acting out the story of the song. Tebey also released an acoustic performance video on April 28, 2022. It was recorded in Nashville and features him on vocals alongside Danick Dupelle, Mike Melancon, and Stephan LaPlante as a supporting band.",396
1698,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Was_I_Drinking,What Was I Drinking,"Tebey also released an acoustic performance video on April 28, 2022. It was recorded in Nashville and features him on vocals alongside Danick Dupelle, Mike Melancon, and Stephan LaPlante as a supporting band. == Charts ==


== References ==",54
1699,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maria-sama_ga_Miteru_episodes,List of Maria-sama ga Miteru episodes,"Maria-sama ga Miteru is an anime television series adapted from the light novel series of the same title by Oyuki Konno and Reine Hibiki. It was broadcast in Japan between January 7 and March 31, 2004, on TV Tokyo. Produced by Studio Deen and directed by Yukihiro Matsushita, the screenplay was written by Reiko Yoshida, and Akira Matsushima based the character design used in the anime on Reine Hibiki's original designs. The art director for the series is Nobuto Sakamoto. The sound director is Yoshikazu Iwanami, and the soundtrack is composed by Mikiya Katakura. The series was later released by Geneon to seven VHS and DVD compilation volumes from April to October 2004. The story follows the lives of a group of teenage girls attending Lillian Catholic school for girls in Tokyo, Japan. A common theme throughout the series revolves around the lives and close relationships of the school's student council known as the Yamayuri Council. These relationships give off a subtle yuri feel which is revealed through the series' character-driven plotline. The first season covered the story from the original light novels up to the sixth volume. Most of the production staff would return to produce two additional television series and an original video animation (OVA) series. The 13-episode second season, titled Maria-sama ga Miteru: Printemps (マリア様がみてる〜春〜, Maria-sama ga Miteru ~Haru~), aired between July 4 and September 26, 2004, on TV Tokyo. The series was later released by Geneon to six VHS and DVD compilation volumes from October 2004 to April 2005. It covered the story from the original light novels up to the eleventh volume.",371
1700,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maria-sama_ga_Miteru_episodes,List of Maria-sama ga Miteru episodes,"The series was later released by Geneon to six VHS and DVD compilation volumes from October 2004 to April 2005. It covered the story from the original light novels up to the eleventh volume. The third season, a five-episode OVA series titled Maria-sama ga Miteru, was released on DVD from November 29, 2006, to July 25, 2007; each episode is approximately 50 minutes long. It covered the story from the original light novels up to the seventeenth volume. The 13-episode fourth season, again titled Maria-sama ga Miteru, aired between January 3 and March 28, 2009, on AT-X. The series was released by Geneon to six DVD compilation volumes from March to August 2009. The fourth season is directed by Toshiyuki Katō and the art director is Kazuhiro Itō. Nozomi Entertainment, the licensing branch of Right Stuf Inc., licensed the three television series and the OVA series under the title Maria Watches Over Us for North American distribution. The four series were released as DVD box sets with English subtitles as follows: July 29, 2008 for season one, November 25, 2008 for season two, March 24, 2009 for season three, and July 6, 2010, for season four. Maiden Japan licensed the three television series and the OVA series after Nozomi Entertainment's license to the franchise had expired. A set of 29 omake episodes, titled Maria-sama ni wa Naisho (マリア様にはないしょ), were released with the DVDs for each of the four seasons. These one- to two-minute long sequences are parodies, featuring super deformed characters performing fake 'outtakes' from the 'filming' of Maria-sama ga Miteru, including the special participation of Yukihiro Matsushita as the voice of the director.",384
1701,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maria-sama_ga_Miteru_episodes,List of Maria-sama ga Miteru episodes,"A set of 29 omake episodes, titled Maria-sama ni wa Naisho (マリア様にはないしょ), were released with the DVDs for each of the four seasons. These one- to two-minute long sequences are parodies, featuring super deformed characters performing fake 'outtakes' from the 'filming' of Maria-sama ga Miteru, including the special participation of Yukihiro Matsushita as the voice of the director. == Series overview ==


== Maria-sama ga Miteru (2004) ==


=== Maria-sama ni wa Naisho (2004) ===


== Maria-sama ga Miteru: Printemps (2004) ==


=== Maria-sama ni wa Naisho (2004-2005) ===


== Maria-sama ga Miteru (2006-2007) ==


=== Maria-sama ni wa Naisho (2006-2007) ===


== Maria-sama ga Miteru (2009) ==


=== Maria-sama ni wa Naisho (2009) ===


== Notes and references ==",239
1702,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_10/4,Irwin 10/4,"The Irwin 10/4 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Ted Irwin and Walter Scott as a cruiser and first built in 1975. Unconventionally, the boat's designation indicates its beam of 10 ft 4 in (3.15 m), rather than its length overall. == Production ==
The design was built by Irwin Yachts in the United States, from 1975 until 1982, but it is now out of production. == Design ==
The Irwin 10/4 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It is a cutter rigged sloop, with a raked stem with a bowsprit, an angled transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed long keel, with a cutaway forefoot and a centerboard. It displaces 7,000 lb (3,175 kg) and carries 2,000 lb (907 kg) of ballast. The boat has a draft of 6.67 ft (2.03 m) with the centerboard extended and 2.75 ft (0.84 m) with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, or ground transportation on a trailer. The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar diesel engine of 8 hp (6 kW) or a Universal Atomic 2 gasoline engine for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds 20 U.S. gallons (76 L; 17 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 45 U.S. gallons (170 L; 37 imp gal). The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double ""V""-berth in the bow cabin and a U-shaped settee in the main cabin that can be combined with a drop-dinette table to become a second double berth. The galley is located on the starboard side just forward of the companionway ladder.",389
1703,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_10/4,Irwin 10/4,"The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double ""V""-berth in the bow cabin and a U-shaped settee in the main cabin that can be combined with a drop-dinette table to become a second double berth. The galley is located on the starboard side just forward of the companionway ladder. The galley is L-shaped and is equipped with a two-burner stove and a sink. The icebox is accessible from both the galley and the cockpit. The enclosed head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the port side. Cabin headroom is 68 in (173 cm). The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 234 and a hull speed of 6.3 kn (11.7 km/h). == Operational history ==
The boat is supported by an active class club, the Irwin Yacht Owners. In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, ""best features: Her layout below provides a feeling of spaciousness rare in a 25-footer. Her heavy displacement and wide beam makes her stable in a breeze. The icebox, on the port side, is accessible both from the cockpit (so those on deck don't have to bother the cook to get a cold drink) and also from below deck. Worst features: In light air she's slow. There was one of these in our home harbor, and I remember literally running rings around her in four or five knots with our (then) South Coast 23. Over 10 knots of breeze, she peps up."" == See also ==
List of sailing boat types


== References ==


== External links ==
Photo of a Irwin 10/4
Video of an Irwin 10/4 sailing",354
1704,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton_Developmental_Center,Templeton Developmental Center,"The Templeton Developmental Center was a state-run facility for mentally disabled people located in Templeton, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Founded as the Templeton Farm Colony in 1899 through the efforts of Walter E. Fernald, superintendent of what is now called the Fernald School in Waltham, Massachusetts, it was considered an innovative and progressive facility for managing the state's developmentally disabled population at the time. The large facility was closed in 2015, with some intermediate care facilities remaining open on the campus. The property and some of the buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. == History ==
The Templeton Farm Colony was established in 1899, when the state purchased 1,600 acres (650 ha) of farmland west of the village of Baldwinville in rural Templeton. The original 18th and 19th-century farmsteads of this large parcel were adapted by the state into four distinct ""colonies"", which operated independently of each other under the management of a single administrator. Additions were made to existing farm structures, and new dormitory and service facilities were constructed over a period extending mainly through the 1920s. The original parcel was enlarged by the purchase of another 1,000 acres (400 ha) in the 1910s and 1920s. The patient population of the colony was engaged in farming, as well as construction and maintenance of the facilities. It received national and international recognition for its innovative approach to providing a productive working environment for developmentally disabled boys and men. The state began to phase out farming activity at the colony in the 1970s. Changing trends, primarily that of preferring smaller-scale local settings for developmentally disabled people, have led to a decline the population. Following calls to close the facility, it was largely shuttered in 2015. Most of the property is now managed by the state's department for asset and property management; a smaller resident treatment facility continues to operate on the grounds.",395
1705,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton_Developmental_Center,Templeton Developmental Center,"Following calls to close the facility, it was largely shuttered in 2015. Most of the property is now managed by the state's department for asset and property management; a smaller resident treatment facility continues to operate on the grounds. == See also ==
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts


== References ==",66
1706,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schneider_(opera_director),Martin Schneider (opera director),"Martin Schneider (5 March 1938 – 22 January 2021) was a German opera director and former Hochschullehrer. == Life ==
Born in Merseburg, Schneider studied music education, Germanistik and musicology as well as violin, piano and singing at the Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. His teachers included the musicologist Walther Siegmund-Schultze and the music historian Max Schneider. Schneider completed his studies with a diploma and worked as an editorial assistant at the Rundfunk der DDR. In 1962, Schneider moved to the Komische Oper Berlin as assistant director and Abendspielleiter. From 1970, he became Spielleiter at the Komische Oper Berlin and worked under Walter Felsenstein, Götz Friedrich and Horst Bonnet, among others. From 1974 onwards, Martin Schneider was ""1st Spielleiter"" of the Opernhaus Halle, of which he became director in 1978. Since 1970, guest productions have taken him to other houses such as the Hans Otto Theater in Potsdam, the Nationale Opera en Ballet Amsterdam and the Staatstheater Cottbus as well as to Deutscher Fernsehfunk. Since 1980, Schneider has been active as a freelancer, director and university lecturer, including teaching assignments at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig and at the Berlin University of the Arts. Since 1982, he had worked at the Hochschule für Musik ""Hanns Eisler"" Berlin, first as Oberassistent and from 1986 as lecturer for ""scenic teaching"" in the vocal department. From 1992 to 2003, he was professor and ""scenic director"" of the Music Theatre. From 2003 until 2006, Martin Schneider was lecturer at the Hochschule für Musik ""Hanns Eisler"" Berlin.",391
1707,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schneider_(opera_director),Martin Schneider (opera director),"From 1992 to 2003, he was professor and ""scenic director"" of the Music Theatre. From 2003 until 2006, Martin Schneider was lecturer at the Hochschule für Musik ""Hanns Eisler"" Berlin. Schneider is Christoph Schneider's father, the drummer of the rock band Rammstein, and by Constanze Schneider, a designer and costume designer. Together with his wife Antje Schneider, he undertook reading tours with literary-musical programmes. Schneider died at the age of 82. == Further reading ==
Axel Schniederjürgen (ed. ): Kürschners Musiker-Handbuch. 5th edition, K. G. Saur Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-598-24212-3, p. 418. == References ==


== External links ==",173
1708,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Stevenson,Dominique Stevenson,"Antone Dominique Stevenson (born December 28, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills and Washington Redskins. He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers and was selected by the Bills in the seventh round of the 2002 NFL draft. == Early life ==
Stevenson attended and played high school football at Gaffney High School. == College career ==
Stevenson attended and played college football at the University of Tennessee. In the 2000 season, he appeared in 11 games. In the Florida game, he recorded an interception. In the 2001 season, he appeared in 11 games. In the victory over Notre Dame, he recorded an interception. == Professional career ==
Stevenson was selected by the Buffalo Bills with the 260th overall pick in the seventh round of the 2002 NFL draft. Stevenson was a linebacker for the Buffalo Bills from 2002 to 2003 and for the Washington Redskins in 2004. In the 2002 season, he appeared in four games. In the 2003 season, he appeared in all 16 games. In the 2004 season, his last in the NFL, he appeared in one game. == Coaching career ==

He had an internship as Linebacker Coach in 2008 at Southern Methodist University. He then moved to Louisiana State University first as Assistant to Linebacker Coach in 2009 and then as Assistant to Secondary Coach in 2010. He then moved to Alabama State University as Safeties Coach 2011–2012, and then as Alabama State University Linebacker and Assistant Special Team Coach 2013–2014. He was selected and attended the 2013 NFL Coaches Academy and became NFL Liaison. == References ==


== External links ==
Alabama State Hornets coaching bio
Tennessee Volunteers bio",351
1709,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wallace_Roney_Quintet,The Wallace Roney Quintet,"The Wallace Roney Quintet is an album by American jazz trumpeter Wallace Roney, recorded in 1995 and released on the Warner Bros. label. == Reception ==

The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated, ""Wallace Roney began to break free of the frequent claim that he was overly imitating Miles Davis. ... the trumpeter encouraged his band to contribute pieces for this recording; the sideman are responsible for six of the ten pieces, and the performances indicate this is a true band and not just a showboat leader with a supporting cast"". In the Los Angeles Times Don Heckman wrote, ""Roney’s recording, at first blush, appears to be a further extension of his reworking of the Davis approach of the ‘60s and ‘70s. But a closer listen reveals that Roney is doing a lot of reinventing of his own as well. ... the music has the kind of crisp, intuitive interplay that emerges too rarely in studio-only sessions. Roney is at the top of his form, urgently rushing from rapid-fire, cutting-edge segments to quiet, lyrical passages, continuously pushing and stretching to shape a familiar sound into his own distinctive expression. And the group ... seems as eager as Roney is to move jazz into the future without abandoning its connection with the past"". == Track listing ==
""Spyra"" (Antoine Roney) – 7:45
""Astral Radium"" (Carlos McKinney) – 6:12
""G.D.D.""",319
1710,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wallace_Roney_Quintet,The Wallace Roney Quintet,"And the group ... seems as eager as Roney is to move jazz into the future without abandoning its connection with the past"". == Track listing ==
""Spyra"" (Antoine Roney) – 7:45
""Astral Radium"" (Carlos McKinney) – 6:12
""G.D.D."" (Clarence Seay) – 7:39
""Night and Day"" (Cole Porter) – 8:17
""Nightrance"" (Carlos McKinney) – 4:40
""Ultra-Axis"" (Antoine Roney) – 9:12
""Clowns"" (Anthony Wonsey) – 6:59
""High Stakes"" (Seay) – 4:51
""Geri"" (Wallace Roney) – 9:03
""Northern Lights"" (Wallace Roney) – 5:52


== Personnel ==
Wallace Roney − trumpet
Antoine Roney − tenor saxophone
Carlos McKinney − piano, arranger
Clarence Seay − double bass
Eric Allen − drums


== References ==",238
1711,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"Sword of Mana, originally released in Japan as Shin'yaku: Seiken Densetsu (新約(しんやく) 聖剣伝説(せいけんでんせつ); lit. A New Testament: The Legend of the Sacred Sword), is a 2003 action role-playing game developed by Square Enix and Brownie Brown and published by Square Enix and Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance. It is an enhanced remake of the first game in the Mana series, the Game Boy game Seiken Densetsu: Final Fantasy Gaiden, which was released as Final Fantasy Adventure in North America and as Mystic Quest in Europe. Sword of Mana was the fifth release in the series. Set in a high fantasy universe, the game follows an unnamed hero and heroine as they seek to defeat the Dark Lord and defend the Mana Tree from enemies who wish to misuse its power. While incorporating gameplay elements from the original game and generally following the same plot, Sword of Mana has new gameplay mechanics and a much more involved story. It removes elements of the Final Fantasy series present in the original game as a marketing ploy, while adding in gameplay elements and artistic styles from later games in the series. The plot is modified to allow the player to follow the parallel stories of either the hero or the heroine, and the backstory and dialogue is expanded from the original. Sword of Mana was produced by series creator Koichi Ishii, directed by Takeo Oin, and largely developed by employees of Brownie Brown who had previously worked on the series for Square. The game received weakly positive reviews from critics. Reviewers praised the graphics of the game, as well as its enhancements to the original version. They were generally dismissive of the plot, even with enhancements, and disliked elements of the gameplay, especially the computer-controlled ally. Critics recommended the game mainly to fans of the genre or the series.",392
1712,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"They were generally dismissive of the plot, even with enhancements, and disliked elements of the gameplay, especially the computer-controlled ally. Critics recommended the game mainly to fans of the genre or the series. Final Fantasy Adventure received a second remake in 2016, Adventures of Mana. == Gameplay ==

The gameplay of Sword of Mana is an expanded and modified version of the gameplay of the action role-playing game Final Fantasy Adventure, with elements added from later games in the Mana series. Like previous games in the series, Sword of Mana displays a top-down perspective, in which the player characters navigate the terrain and fight off hostile creatures. Unlike the original game, the terrain is in color, is not composed of square tiles, and the player is not restricted to moving only in the cardinal directions. At the beginning of the game the player chooses to follow the story of either the unnamed hero or heroine, and controls them thereafter. The player is often joined by either the unchosen protagonist or by temporary companions, and at any point during battles can choose to take direct control of the other party member instead of their chosen character. The non-selected character is controlled via artificial intelligence. Unlike prior games in the series, Sword of Mana does not have a direct multiplayer component. Instead, players can connect their Game Boy Advances together via a Link Cable to give their characters powerful attacks to be used at a later time, known as the ""Amigo"" system. The original game featured no multiplayer capabilities. The two main characters have different capabilities. Both are capable of using weapons and magic, but the hero is stronger with melee weapons and the heroine is stronger with ranged magical attacks. Weapons have three attributes: slash, jab, and bash; and different attributes cause more or less damage to different enemies. Magical spells can cause damage or defend the protagonists, and are affected by the weapon the character is holding. Combat takes place in real-time.",388
1713,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"Magical spells can cause damage or defend the protagonists, and are affected by the weapon the character is holding. Combat takes place in real-time. Located at the bottom of the screen is an overdrive gauge that increases by one point at each hit given to an enemy. When that gauge is full, the player can release a powerful attack that will deplete the gauge completely if the attack lands. Upon collecting enough experience points in battle, each character increases in level and improves in areas such as strength and evasion. The player can rest in towns, where they can regain hit points or purchase restorative items and equipment. Options such as changing equipment, casting spells, or checking status are performed by cycling through the game's Ring Commands, a circular menu which hovers over the currently controlled party member. The Ring Command menu, which lets the player pause the game in combat to select different weapons, spells, and items, was not present in the original game, but was present in the sequels Secret of Mana and Trials of Mana. A version of the day-and-night system introduced in Trials of Mana was added to the game, whereby some enemies are only present at different times of day, which changes whenever the player enters a new area. Much like Legend of Mana, players can forge weapons and plant produce in an orchard in the game's ""Hot House"" feature. == Plot ==
Sword of Mana has a similar story to Final Fantasy Adventure with additional details and dialogue added. The player has the choice to follow the story of either the hero or the heroine, who are named by the player, instead of only the hero as in the original game. The two stories parallel each other, and the two protagonists are often together. The hero's story begins with a flashback dream of the death of his parents at the hands of the Dark Lord, the ruler of the nation of Granz.",380
1714,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"The two stories parallel each other, and the two protagonists are often together. The hero's story begins with a flashback dream of the death of his parents at the hands of the Dark Lord, the ruler of the nation of Granz. Upon waking, the hero, a gladiator-slave in Granz, attempts to escape before being confronted by the Dark Lord and thrown off of a bridge. After being fished out of a lake, the hero is advised to head to the city of Topple. The heroine's story also begins with a flashback dream of the Dark Lord and his assistant, Julius, killing her stepmother and destroying her village. Upon awaking, she is advised by the knight Bogard to head to Topple, while he journeys to the city of Wendell. The hero and heroine meet in Topple, and agree to journey together. They head toward Wendell, and along the way discover that women of the Mana tribe, which the heroine belongs to, are being kidnapped by vampires. The heroine is kidnapped, and is rescued by the hero and an unnamed man; they discover that the kidnappings are to keep the woman safe from the Dark Lord and Julius, who are killing them all in part because the tribe was unable to save the Dark Lord's mother from a terrible fate. In Wendell, the two protagonists learn that Bogard and several other knights were instrumental in overthrowing the Vandole Empire twenty years prior, which had been abusing Mana, the source of magic. The hero states his intention to find the legendary Mana Sword in order to avenge his parents and the heroine reveals she has a pendant from her stepmother that is the key to the Mana Tree, the source of Mana. The unnamed man then reveals himself to be Julius and kidnaps the heroine for the pendant; during a failed rescue attempt the hero falls from an airship along with the pendant.",386
1715,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"The hero states his intention to find the legendary Mana Sword in order to avenge his parents and the heroine reveals she has a pendant from her stepmother that is the key to the Mana Tree, the source of Mana. The unnamed man then reveals himself to be Julius and kidnaps the heroine for the pendant; during a failed rescue attempt the hero falls from an airship along with the pendant. After a side story resulting in the hero and heroine killing the Dark Lord's mother, who had been turned into a monster, the pendant is stolen and given to the Dark Lord. The protagonists chase after him. After the two defeat the Dark Lord, Julius reveals himself to be the last survivor of the Vandole Empire. Once gaining the pendant he mind controlled the heroine to use the pendant to give him control of the Mana Tree, which Vandole had attempted to do prior to being overthrown. Julius defeats the hero and heroine, and heads off to the Mana Tree. The hero and heroine split up to find the Mana Sword. After the hero passes trials to prove himself worthy of the sword, which first appears as a rusty blade, the two join forces to storm the Mana Tree and defeat Julius. They do so, but the tree is killed in the process; prior to death, the tree reveals that she was the heroine's mother, and asks the heroine to replace her as the next Mana Tree. The heroine agrees, and the two protagonists part ways. == Development ==


=== Origin ===
After the release of the previous game in the Mana series, 1999's Legend of Mana, several members of the development team for the game left Square to form a new development studio, Brownie Brown. These included character designer Kameoka Shinichi and lead artist Kouji Tsuda, as well as several other writers and artists.",372
1716,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"== Development ==


=== Origin ===
After the release of the previous game in the Mana series, 1999's Legend of Mana, several members of the development team for the game left Square to form a new development studio, Brownie Brown. These included character designer Kameoka Shinichi and lead artist Kouji Tsuda, as well as several other writers and artists. The crew that stayed was merged with those behind Parasite Eve II, Brave Fencer Musashi and Chrono Cross to make Final Fantasy XI. Square, in turn, outsourced development of the fifth game in the Mana series to Brownie Brown. The producer for the game was Square's Koichi Ishii, who had directed or designed the previous games in the series. Ishii had served as the director for the original game in the series, Final Fantasy Adventure, of which Sword of Mana is a remake. === Game design ===
The remake, in addition to adding enhanced graphics to the original Game Boy title, sought to add elements present in later games in the series, such as the Ring Command menu system, and to expand the game's storyline. It also removed elements from the Final Fantasy series, which had been placed in the original game as a part of the marketing for the game before its sequels moved to be a distinct series. The ability to play as the heroine was added, and an element of multiplayer features that the series had become known for was added by allowing two players to link their Game Boy Advances together to trade items. === Character design ===
The hero was designed to show a lot of skin in order to convey his slave status. To help the character stand out when converted to pixel art design, cross patterns were added to the back of his gloves and his shoulder pads. For the heroine, her design was guided to make her look both like a warrior and a princess.",376
1717,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"To help the character stand out when converted to pixel art design, cross patterns were added to the back of his gloves and his shoulder pads. For the heroine, her design was guided to make her look both like a warrior and a princess. Bogard, who in Final Fantasy Adventure has a ""gentlemanly"" look was made to look more like a ruffian or hermit. The Eight Mana Spirits were designed to look like three-dimensional characters from a storybook. In order to hide the Dark Lord’s identity, a mask was designed so that this aspect of the plot could remain hidden until later on in the game. Game illustrator Shinichi Kameoka stated that he was told to design Julius to look like a neutral character. Kameoka stated he also tried to make Julius look “like a girl”. == Release ==
Square announced in August 2002 that a Mana game for the Game Boy Advance was under development, and in early 2003 announced that the game was a remake of Final Fantasy Adventure and would be released in Japan later that year under the name Shinyaku Seiken Densetsu. On April 24, 2003, Square Enix, formed from the merger of Square and Enix during the game's development, announced that Sword of Mana would have North American and European releases as well. While Legend of Mana had been released worldwide, Trials of Mana had only been released in Japan. In July 2003, IGN listed the game as one of the top ten most anticipated Game Boy Advance games of 2003. Sword of Mana was released in Japan on August 29, 2003, in North America on December 1, and in Europe on March 18, 2004. In Japan, a special edition ""Mana Blue""-colored Game Boy Advance SP was released on the same date as the game, packaged with Sword of Mana and a carrying case.",374
1718,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"Sword of Mana was released in Japan on August 29, 2003, in North America on December 1, and in Europe on March 18, 2004. In Japan, a special edition ""Mana Blue""-colored Game Boy Advance SP was released on the same date as the game, packaged with Sword of Mana and a carrying case. Those who purchased the game's soundtrack and strategy guide between August 27 and September 30, 2003, were given the opportunity to win a Cactus character cushion and a cellphone strap. === Music ===

The score for Sword of Mana was composed by Kenji Ito, the composer for the original Final Fantasy Adventure. The music includes reworked tracks from the original game as well as new material. Ito's music is mainly inspired by images from the game rather than outside influences; however, he never played either the original game or the remake. The 2003 Sword of Mana Premium Soundtrack album collects 47 tracks of music from the game. The two-disc album contains over an hour and a half of music and was published by DigiCube, with a 2004 reprint by Square Enix. The first disc contains music directly from the game, while the second disc features seven piano arrangements by Ito of songs from the soundtrack. The first edition of the soundtrack included a bonus disc, containing an orchestral arrangement of ""Rising Sun ~ Endless Battlefield"". The album reached position #118 on the Japan Oricon charts, and stayed on the charts for only one week. Music from the soundtrack has been arranged for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing. Additionally, KMP Music Publishing has published a book of sheet music for the piano tracks included in the album. == Reception ==

Sword of Mana sold over 277,000 copies in Japan in 2003. It received positive reviews from critics.",368
1719,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"== Reception ==

Sword of Mana sold over 277,000 copies in Japan in 2003. It received positive reviews from critics. The game's presentation was praised, especially its graphics; Brad Shoemaker of GameSpot praised the ""lush, colorful backgrounds"" and animation quality, which was seconded by the reviewer for GamePro. Game Informer's Justin Leeper also felt that the graphics were beautiful, and Shane Bettenhausen of Electronic Gaming Monthly said it was ""one of the most stunning games on [the] GBA"". Kevin Gifford of 1UP.com also praised the graphics in relation to other Game Boy Advance games, while Darryl Vassar of GameSpy said that it would have been the best-looking Game Boy Advance game if were not for what he felt was poor animation quality. Reaction to the music was more mixed; while the reviews for Game Informer and GamePro praised it, Shoemaker of GameSpot termed the music ""mostly bland"" and Craig Harris of IGN and GameSpy's Vassar said it was nice but repetitive. Reviewers also noted technical problems with the presentation: both the GameSpot and IGN reviews noted graphical glitches in the game as marring the presentation. The game's plot was widely dismissed; IGN's Harris termed it ""a little on the basic side"" and ""borderline silly"", which 1UP.com's Gifford amended to just ""silly"", with ""needlessly-long dialogue"". Vassar of GameSpy felt that the added dialogue simply unjustly inflated a simple story. Shoemaker of GameSpot called it ""quaintly simplistic"", while the Electronic Gaming Monthly review said it was one of the biggest problems with the game. Elements of the gameplay were also poorly received.",362
1720,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"Shoemaker of GameSpot called it ""quaintly simplistic"", while the Electronic Gaming Monthly review said it was one of the biggest problems with the game. Elements of the gameplay were also poorly received. The computer-controlled companion was almost universally derided: Bettenhausen of Electronic Gaming Monthly said they were ""nearly useless"", as did Gifford of 1UP.com, Shoemaker of GameSpot called them ""just plain dumb"", and IGN's Harris said it was ""the absolute pits"" and ""definitely the weakest aspect"" of the game. The GamePro, GameSpot, and GameSpy reviews found issues with the combat mechanics, and the GameSpot and IGN reviewers felt the game was too easy. 1UP.com's Gifford felt that the boss battles were too easy, and that the weapon-switching system was needlessly complicated. IGN's Harris and Game Informer's Leeper found the day/night system to be odd and unnecessary, and Harris additionally felt that the multiplayer system was underwhelming. Shoemaker of GameSpot concluded that the game was ""pretty good"", and recommended it for fans of the genre, while Leeper of Game Informer and Bettenhausen of Electronic Gaming Monthly said that it was ""decent"" and ""worth a look for fans"" of the series. The Japanese magazine Famitsu said that it was a good update to Final Fantasy Adventure without innovating the gameplay much beyond the original game. === Legacy ===
Sword of Mana was adapted into manga form by author Shiro Amano and published by Enterbrain on February 25, 2004. Two novels based on the game were written by Matsui Oohama with illustrations by Yumiko Murakami and were also published by Enterbrain on February 27, 2004. Square Enix also produced a book of yonkoma comics based on the game on January 16, 2004.",385
1721,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Mana,Sword of Mana,"Two novels based on the game were written by Matsui Oohama with illustrations by Yumiko Murakami and were also published by Enterbrain on February 27, 2004. Square Enix also produced a book of yonkoma comics based on the game on January 16, 2004. Final Fantasy Adventure received a second remake in 2016, Adventures of Mana. == References ==


== External links ==
Official website (archived)",88
1722,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fooblitzky,Fooblitzky,"Fooblitzky is a board game-style video game published by Infocom in 1985 and designed by a team which included interactive fiction authors Marc Blank and Michael Berlyn. It is unique among Infocom titles for not being interactive fiction and for being the first to incorporate graphics beyond ASCII characters. Unlike most Infocom games, it was only released for the Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, and IBM PC compatibles. == Gameplay ==
Infocom marketed Fooblitzky as a ""Graphic Strategy Game"", and gameplay was compared to that of Clue and Mastermind. Two to four players travel around the virtual city of Fooblitzky, spending ""foobles"" and attempt to deduce what four objects are needed to win the game (and then obtain them). Players buy objects in stores and can visit City Hall to have their possessions evaluated. Much in the same style as Mastermind, the player is told how many of their objects are correct, but not which ones. == Release ==
Each box contained four sets of laminated game boards and erasable markers which could be used to track the progress of a game. Two sets of documentation were also included: a set of ""quick-start"" guidelines (""The Bare Essentials"") and a more detailed set (""Official Ordinances""). == Reception ==
As a test, for the first six months, Fooblitzky was only advertised to those on Infocom's mailing list, although others could order it from the company. It sold very poorly; Infocom sold only 8,225 copies through 1986, the fewest of the five titles introduced in 1985, and from 1987 to 1989, the number of copies returned exceeded those sold. Computer Gaming World called Fooblitzky ""a fun way to spend time with a few friends"", stating that the advertising comparing it to Mastermind and Clue was correct.",383
1723,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fooblitzky,Fooblitzky,"It sold very poorly; Infocom sold only 8,225 copies through 1986, the fewest of the five titles introduced in 1985, and from 1987 to 1989, the number of copies returned exceeded those sold. Computer Gaming World called Fooblitzky ""a fun way to spend time with a few friends"", stating that the advertising comparing it to Mastermind and Clue was correct. It noted that the game began as an Infocom project to see if graphical games could be written for easy porting between computers like the company's text adventures, and criticized the Atari version's resulting graphics as ""jerky and slow"". COMPUTE! stated ""probably no game on the computer software market today gives one the feel of playing a board game as much as does Fooblitzky"", adding that the principles Fooblitzky used were the same ones which made Monopoly popular. Cautioning that because it was so different from other computer games ""it probably isn't for everyone's tastes"", the magazine recommended Fooblitzky for those seeking a game for families to enjoy. == Legacy ==
In Zork Zero, one of the possible magic words needed to win the game is fublitskee. == References ==


== External links ==
Fooblitzky can be played for free in the browser at the Internet Archive
Infocom-if.org's entry for Fooblitzky",283
1724,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayuki_Chano,Takayuki Chano,"Takayuki Chano (茶野 隆行, Chano Takayuki; born 23 November 1976) is a former Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team. == Club career ==
Chano was born in Ichikawa on 23 November 1976. After graduating from high school, he joined his local club JEF United Ichihara (later JEF United Chiba) in 1995. He played many matches as center back from 1998. The club won second place in the 1998 Emperor's Cup. The club also won third place in the 2001 and 2003 J1 League. He moved to Júbilo Iwata with teammate Shinji Murai in 2005. He played many matches as center back with Japan national team player Makoto Tanaka. He left the club with Murai at the end of the 2009 season for a generational change and he returned to JEF United Chiba with Murai in 2010. He retired at the end of the 2011 season. == National team career ==
On 25 April 2004, Chano debuted for Japan national team against Hungary. In July, he was elected Japan for 2004 Asian Cup. At this tournament, although he did not play in the match, Japan won the champions. He also played at 2005 Confederations Cup. He played 7 games for Japan until 2005. == Club statistics ==


== National team statistics ==


== National team career statistics ==


=== Appearances in major competitions ===


=== Squads ===
2004 Asian Cup


== Honors and awards ==


=== Team honors ===
AFC Asian Cup Champions: 2004


== References ==


== External links ==
Takayuki Chano – FIFA competition record (archived)
Takayuki Chano at National-Football-Teams.com
Japan National Football Team Database
Takayuki Chano at J.League (archive) (in Japanese)",394
1725,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Munitions_Board,Imperial Munitions Board,"The Imperial Munitions Board (IMB) was the Canadian branch of the British Ministry of Munitions, set up in Canada under the chairmanship of Joseph Wesley Flavelle. It was formed by the British War Cabinet to alleviate the Shell Crisis of 1915 during the First World War. The Board was mandated to arrange for the manufacture of war materials in Canada on behalf of the British government. It was the general and exclusive purchasing agent on behalf of the War Office, the Admiralty, the British Timber Controller, the Department of Aeronautics and the Ministry of Munitions, and also acted as an agent for the United States Ordnance Department. == History and organization ==

Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, the War Office approached the Canadian Department of Militia and Defence as to the possibility of supplying shells. Its Minister, Sam Hughes, appointed a Shell Committee in September 1914 to act on the War Office's behalf. The following were its members:

When the contracts became mired in political patronage that led to profiteering, David Lloyd George sent Lord Rhondda to Canada to investigate. Lionel Hitchens and R.H. Brand then came over and approached Joseph Wesley Flavelle to help form the IMB, and this move received the approval of Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden. In December 1915, the following were appointed:

As Chairman, Flavelle had full administrative and executive authority. The Board operated through twenty departments, of which the most important were Purchasing and Steel, Shipbuilding, Explosives, Forging, Aviation, Timber, Fuze and Engineering. As certain shell manufacture contracts had been granted to persons that did not even have workshops, their holders were given deadlines to either start manufacturing them or forfeit the contracts. This led to political controversy later on, as the losers started to falsely accuse Flavelle of profiteering as well, because of his connection to the meat packing business.",391
1726,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Munitions_Board,Imperial Munitions Board,"As certain shell manufacture contracts had been granted to persons that did not even have workshops, their holders were given deadlines to either start manufacturing them or forfeit the contracts. This led to political controversy later on, as the losers started to falsely accuse Flavelle of profiteering as well, because of his connection to the meat packing business. == Scope ==
In a 1917 address, Carnegie reported that the Board was then dealing with 650 factories in 144 towns, stretching from Halifax to Victoria. By 1918, the extent of its acquisition of lumber required the operation of 67 logging camps in British Columbia. The British Government was responsible for all its expenditure. The British War Cabinet also noted the extent of Canada's war production in 1918:

15 per cent of the total expenditure of the Ministry of Munitions in the last six months of the year was incurred in that country. She has manufactured nearly every type of shell from the 18-pounder to the 9.2-inch. In the case of the 18-pdr., no less than 55 per cent of the output of shrapnel shells in the last six months came from Canada, and most of these were complete rounds of ammunition, which went direct to France. Canada also contributed 42 per cent of the total 4.5 shells, 27 per cent of the 6-inch shells, 20 per cent of the 60-pdr. H.E. shells, 15 per cent of the 8-inch and 16 per cent of the 9.2-inch. In addition Canada has supplied shell forgings, ammunition components, propel[l]ants, acetone, T.N.T., aluminum, nickel, aeroplane parts, agricultural machinery and timber, beside quantities of railway materials, including no less than 450 miles of rails torn up from Canadian railways, which were shipped direct to France.",371
1727,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Munitions_Board,Imperial Munitions Board,"shells, 15 per cent of the 8-inch and 16 per cent of the 9.2-inch. In addition Canada has supplied shell forgings, ammunition components, propel[l]ants, acetone, T.N.T., aluminum, nickel, aeroplane parts, agricultural machinery and timber, beside quantities of railway materials, including no less than 450 miles of rails torn up from Canadian railways, which were shipped direct to France. Because the private sector was unwilling or unable to operate in certain fields, the Board established seven ""National plants"" for the production of explosives and propellants, and one for the manufacture of airplanes. The Board also oversaw the production of ships and aircraft. It also formed several subsidiaries to perform several of the manufacturing functions, which were spread across Canada. These included:

When the Montreal Gazette profiled the War Toronto on its first visit to Montreal, on April 30, 1919, they described her as the last of 46 vessels built for the Imperial Munitions Board. The IMB was dissolved in 1919. The process began immediately after the Armistice, when the Ministry of Munitions directed that it would be implemented through the following stages:

Production of all shells and explosives would cease immediately. Gradually cease the production of items no longer required by the Government but which may be useful elsewhere (ie, metals and other materials). Maintain contracts for articles still likely to be required (ie, commercial lumber and ships). == Impact ==
When contracting was transferred from the Shell Committee to the IMB, Flavelle decided that fair wage clauses would not be inserted into future contracts that were granted, although British and Canadian authorities did not object to continuing the prior practice.",346
1728,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Munitions_Board,Imperial Munitions Board,"Maintain contracts for articles still likely to be required (ie, commercial lumber and ships). == Impact ==
When contracting was transferred from the Shell Committee to the IMB, Flavelle decided that fair wage clauses would not be inserted into future contracts that were granted, although British and Canadian authorities did not object to continuing the prior practice. As the IMB was a British agency, its activities with respect to labour relations did not fall under federal jurisdiction until the passage of an order in council in March 1916 that extended the application of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907, but Flavelle's opposition continued. This had the effect of disrupting relations with the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, which would lead to the outbreak of strikes in 1918 and massive labour confrontations in 1919. == Further reading ==


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==
""Imperial Munitions Board"". Canadian Encyclopedia. Fiennes-Clinton, Richard (7 April 2015). ""#51: Toronto & The First World War, Part IV - Production"". Toronto: Then and Now. ""Album of portraits of employees and directors of the Energite Explosives Company and exterior and interior views of the architecture and operations of Energite Explosives Plant No. 3, the Shell Loading Plant, Renfrew, Ontario"". Canadian Centre for Architecture.",275
1729,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josu_Muguruza,Josu Muguruza,"Josu Muguruza (1958 – 20 November 1989) was a Basque journalist and politician who was assassinated in Madrid on 20 November 1989. Muguruza was among the leaders of Herri Batasuna, a Basque nationalist political party. He was about to serve at the Spanish Parliament for the party when he was killed. == Biography ==
Muguruza was born in Bilbao in 1958. He received a bachelor's degree in information sciences. He was a journalist by profession and worked as an editor-in-chief of Egin newspaper. Muguruza was a member of the Herri Batasuna and was part of the moderate group within the party who supported the peace talks between the Government of Spain and ETA. He was elected as a deputy from the Herri Batasuna in the 1989 general elections. Muguruza had a daughter, Ane, born two weeks after the murder of her father. === Assassination ===
Muguruza was assassinated in Madrid on 20 November 1989 before he received his certificate of election. He was dining at a restaurant of Hotel Alcalá. The perpetrators were the members of an anti-ETA group known as GAL. Ricardo Sáenz Ynestrillas, a member of the neo-fascist group, Spanish Social Movement (Movimiento Social Espanol), was arrested and tried for his alleged involvement in the killing of Muguruza, but soon released due to the lack of evidence. Later seven individuals, including a former police officer, Ángel Duce Hernández, were arrested in late July 1990. Of them, Duce and Ricardo Saenz de Ynestrillas were the members of a right-wing group called National Anti-Terrorist Group of Spain and were put trial for killing Muguruza.",377
1730,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josu_Muguruza,Josu Muguruza,"Later seven individuals, including a former police officer, Ángel Duce Hernández, were arrested in late July 1990. Of them, Duce and Ricardo Saenz de Ynestrillas were the members of a right-wing group called National Anti-Terrorist Group of Spain and were put trial for killing Muguruza. Duce confessed in the trial that he and two other men murdered Muguruza for political reasons, but claimed that Ynestrillas was not involved in the attack. Duce was sentenced to 100 years for the murder of Muguruza. Duce was killed in a traffic accident in Alcorcón in August 1997 while he was using a six-day prison permit. === Funeral and legacy ===
A funeral ceremony was held for Muguruza in Bilbao on 23 November 1989. A monumental sculpture was erected in his honor in Bilbao. The day, 20 November, Muguruza was assassinated has been commemorated by the Basque people since on the same day another Herri Batasuna leader Santiago Brouard was assassinated in 1984. == References ==",231
1731,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Hurley,Charles A. Hurley,"Charles A. Hurley, commonly known as Chuck Hurley, is an American road safety campaigner. He was the Mothers Against Drunk Driving CEO from 2005 to 2010. == Early career ==
Hurley has a BA in Political Science from Dickinson College (1967). He was a US naval intelligence officer in Taipei, Taiwan, working as a Sino-Soviet analyst (1968–1970), then was the special assistant to the mayor of Wilmington, Delaware (1970–1971). He worked for the Republican politician William A. Steiger as his legislative assistant then director from 1971 to 1977. == Road safety ==
He was with the National Safety Council for around 20 years from 1977, and was senior vice-president of communications for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety from 1989 to 1996. He helped introduce the Click It or Ticket campaign in North Carolina when he was executive director of the Air Bag and Seat Belt Safety Campaign. === MADD ===
He volunteered with MADD since 1980. When he became CEO of MADD in March 2005 (a position, which, according to its 990 form, did not exist in 2003), his aim was to reduce turnover in the organisation. One of his proposals was for all people convicted of a DUI to be made to use an ignition interlock device. Hurley was considered for nomination in April 2009 by President Obama to run the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), but Hurley withdrew his name. He retired in June 2010 and was replaced as CEO by Kimberly Earle. In his last year with MADD he was paid $248,082 and was further compensated $18,213 for ""other compensation from the organization and related organizations."" From 2005 to 2009 Hurley was compensated $1,182,803 not including other benefits such as expense accounts or pension contributions. == References ==


== External links ==
Debate with Hurley about drinking age, Mar 6, 2008 at Dickinson College, Clarke Forum for Contemporary Issues",397
1732,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryse_Joissains,Maryse Joissains,"Maryse Joissains-Masini (French pronunciation: [maʁiz ʒwasɛ̃ mazini]; born 15 August 1942), also known as Maryse Charton, was the mayor of Aix-en-Provence from 2001 to 2021. She was also a member of the National Assembly of France. in which she represented the Bouches-du-Rhône department, and is a member of The Republicans party. == Biography ==


=== Early life ===

Maryse Charton was born 15 August 1942 in Toulon, France. Her parents were both Communists, and her father was Maurice Thorez's bodyguard. She worked for the Social Security in France and volunteered as a young communist. She then received a BA degree from the University of the South, Toulon-Var followed by a master's degree and a PhD from Aix-Marseille University. === Career ===
She subsequently taught criminology and private law at Aix-Marseille University. In 1968, she married Alain Joissains. In 1970, she started her career as a lawyer. She worked in the cases of the Infected blood scandal and the use of asbestos. It was also then that she became a follower of Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber and joined the Radical Party. From 1983 to 1989, she was a member of the regional council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. She has been the Mayor of Aix-en-Provence since 2001. She signed a law criminalizing drunkenness in public, a move aimed at the area's homeless people. In 2009, her re-election was invalidated by a former councilor, Stéphane Salord, under the assumption that allegations spread about her opponent François-Xavier de Peretti were too personal and violent. Nevertheless, she was re–elected.",399
1733,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryse_Joissains,Maryse Joissains,"In 2009, her re-election was invalidated by a former councilor, Stéphane Salord, under the assumption that allegations spread about her opponent François-Xavier de Peretti were too personal and violent. Nevertheless, she was re–elected. In June 2011, she voted against same-sex marriage. She has been accused of not attending the sessions in the National Assembly of France. However, she responded by saying she was in attendance once a month. She is among the French politicians who hold the most elected positions at different levels of government. She is a recipient of the Legion of Honour. Shortly after François Hollande was elected president in 2012, she suggested that he might be ""illegitimate"", arguing that the entire French media and labor unions supported him and unfairly criticized Nicolas Sarkozy's tenure, and she asked the Constitutional Council of France to annul the election results; however, she was rebuffed. === Personal life ===
Her former husband, Alain Joissains, was the mayor of Aix-en-Provence from 1978 to 1983. Now divorced, their daughter Sophie Joissains was a member of the French Senate and mayor of Aix-en-Provence since 2021. == References ==


== External links ==

Official website",261
1734,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Against_Abduction,Action Against Abduction,"Action Against Abduction, formerly known as Parents and Abducted Children Together (PACT), is an international non-profit organisation which specialises in fighting international child abduction and in helping law enforcement agencies find missing children. == Establishment and overview ==
Action Against Abduction was established as PACT by Catherine Meyer in 1999. 10 October 2007, PACT and the National Missing Persons Bureau launched Missing Children TV, a TV channel showing photographs and information on some of the 100,000 children that go missing every year. Electronics Health Media (EHM) screened the channel in various hospital waiting rooms around the country. In 2012, PACT helped produce a website called ""Missingkids"", allowing law enforcement to disseminate photographs and descriptions of missing children alongside details of the circumstances of their disappearance. In 2014, PACT produced the British Child Abduction Hub, an information repository allowing for information related to child abduction to be spread publicly via a ""Child Rescue Alert"", similar in concept to the American Amber alert. The organization's name was changed to Action Against Abduction in 2015. == Partnerships ==
Over the years, PACT has partnered with various organizations to raise public awareness of the plight of missing and abducted children. British grocery chain Tesco has partnered with PACT since 2000 by displaying posters of missing children in select stores. In 2006, engineering and management services corporation Emcor partnered with PACT by placing posters of missing children in the rear windows of some of their vehicles. In March 2009, Emcor announced that four children featured on their posters had been found. == Documentary and research papers ==
PACT has produced a documentary entitled Victims of Another War that examines the damaging impact on three adults of their abduction as children. PACT has also produced a number of reports and research papers dealing with abduction and child protection services:

Every Five Minutes (2005), which examined available data to try to establish the number of missing children in the UK.",391
1735,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Against_Abduction,Action Against Abduction,"== Documentary and research papers ==
PACT has produced a documentary entitled Victims of Another War that examines the damaging impact on three adults of their abduction as children. PACT has also produced a number of reports and research papers dealing with abduction and child protection services:

Every Five Minutes (2005), which examined available data to try to establish the number of missing children in the UK. A Postcode Lottery (2006), which discussed the services rendered by various child protection agencies in the UK. Beyond Every Five Minutes (2007). Taken (2013), which examined the extent of child abduction in the UK. In February 2015, PACT released a report examining the number of child abductions and kidnappings reported to police in England, Wales and Northern Ireland from 2012 to 2014. == Financial controversy ==
In May 2011, PACT's finances were called into question by the Mandrake gossip column of the Daily Telegraph. PACT replied to these accusations in a letter to the Telegraph. == See also ==
International child abduction in the United States
Hague Abduction Convention


== References ==


== External links ==
UK Charity Commission entry for PACT, with Financial Statements
Hague Permanent Bureau
Parental Alienation-Parenting Association (Pa-Pa) Archived 2010-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
Find Madeleine: Missing Children Organisations Archived 2010-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
US Department of State Helpful Links Archived 2010-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
Review of Children Missing from Education (Scotland) Services",321
1736,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbyville,_Illinois","Shelbyville, Illinois","Shelbyville is a city in and the county seat of Shelby County, Illinois, United States, along the Kaskaskia River. As of the 2020 census, the population was at 4,674. HSHS Good Shepherd Hospital, located in town, is the county's only hospital. Shelbyville is also home to Chautauqua Auditorium. == History ==
Shelbyville was founded in 1827 and named in honor of Isaac Shelby, hero of the Revolutionary War and Governor of Kentucky. The history of Shelbyville begins with Barnett Bone, a Tennessean who, in 1835, built a log cabin along the Kaskaskia River. His cabin eventually became the county courthouse. The first businesses were blacksmith shops, a general store and stage coach stop, and a grist mill. Shelbyville is the home of Josephine Garis Cochran who invented one of the first mechanical dishwashers ever built in 1886. It was exhibited at the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exposition, where it won ""the highest award."" Another Shelbyville invention, the first commercial pick-up baler, was designed and developed by Raymore McDonald, as conceived and financed by Horace M. Tallman and his two sons, Leslie and Gentry. These balers were marketed for many years by the Ann Arbor Machine Company of Shelbyville. This concept of field processing of farm forages made a significant contribution to the efficiency and economy of harvesting in the world's agriculture. This basic field pick-up mechanism has been used in over 15 million balers. The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers designated Shelbyville as an historical landmark of agricultural engineering, of which there are only 47 in the entire United States. Mr. Tallman's home has been restored and is on the National Register of Historic Places. Located on West Main Street, the Tallman home is currently part of the Shelby Inn.",386
1737,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbyville,_Illinois","Shelbyville, Illinois","Mr. Tallman's home has been restored and is on the National Register of Historic Places. Located on West Main Street, the Tallman home is currently part of the Shelby Inn. == Geography ==

According to the 2010 census, Shelbyville has a total area of 4.016 square miles (10.40 km2), of which 3.83 square miles (9.92 km2), or 95.37%, is land and 0.186 square miles (0.48 km2), or 4.63%, is water. The terminal moraine of the Wisconsin Glacier is located near Shelbyville. This is referred to as the Shelbyville Moraine. === Lake Shelbyville Dam ===
The Kaskaskia River has been dammed where it breaches the Shelbyville Moraine, forming Lake Shelbyville. The Army Corps of Engineers broke ground on the dam in 1963, and construction was completed in the early summer of 1970. === Climate ===


== Demographics ==

As of the census of 2010, there were 4,700 people, 2,093 households, and 1,345(?) families residing in the city. The population density was 1,205.13 inhabitants per square mile (465.30/km2). There were 2,308 housing units at an average density of 619.9(?) per square mile (239.1/km2)(?). The racial makeup of the city was 98.26% White, 0.34% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.34% of the population.",359
1738,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbyville,_Illinois","Shelbyville, Illinois","The racial makeup of the city was 98.26% White, 0.34% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.34% of the population. There were 2,093 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.89. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,458, and the median income for a family was $39,205. Males had a median income of $31,477 versus $18,710 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,596. About 6.2% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.",384
1739,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbyville,_Illinois","Shelbyville, Illinois","The per capita income for the city was $17,596. About 6.2% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. == Education ==
Shelbyville is home to Shelbyville Community Unit School District 4 which also includes Shelbyville High School and was once home to Sparks College, a business trade school founded in 1908 and closed in 2009. == Notable people ==

George A.",111
1740,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbyville,_Illinois","Shelbyville, Illinois","== Education ==
Shelbyville is home to Shelbyville Community Unit School District 4 which also includes Shelbyville High School and was once home to Sparks College, a business trade school founded in 1908 and closed in 2009. == Notable people ==

George A. Bowman  (1890–1957), Wisconsin State Assembly member
Orval Caldwell (1895–1972), painter and one-time president of the Art Institute of Chicago
Monte Cater (born 1949), former head coach of Shepherd Rams football team, West Virginia Sports Hall of Fame, born in Shelbyville
George D. Chafee (1839–1927), Illinois state legislator and lawyer
Josephine Cochran (1839–1913), invented and patented the dishwasher (1886)
Augusta Cottlow (1878–1954), concert pianist
Jesse Monroe Donaldson (1895–1970), served as Postmaster General of the United States (1947–1953)
Howland J. Hamlin  (1850–1909), served as Illinois Attorney General (1901–1905)
Samuel Wheeler Moulton (1821–1905), Illinois politician, Congressman, considered the father of public education in Illinois, lived in Shelbyville (1849–1905)
Robert Marshall Root (1863–1937), noted Midwestern tonalist and impressionist painter
Anthony Thornton (1814–1904), state representative (1851–1852), Congressman (1865–1867) and Supreme Court of Illinois justice (1870–1873); debated Abraham Lincoln in Shelbyville (1856)


== References ==


== External links ==
https://web.archive.org/web/20060715004624/http://www.mvs.usace.army.mil/Shelbyville/lakeshelbyville.htm
http://www.lakeshelbyville.com",406
1741,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Glasgow is the most populous city in Scotland, located on the banks of the River Clyde in west central Scotland. It is the third-most populous city in the United Kingdom and the 27th-most populous city in Europe, and comprises 23 wards which represent the areas within the city boundaries. Glasgow is a leading city in Scotland for university education and research, finance, industry, commerce,  shopping, culture and fashion, and was commonly referred to as the ""second city of the British Empire"" for much of the Victorian and Edwardian eras. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 
632,350. More than 1,000,000 people live in the Greater Glasgow urban area, while the wider Glasgow City Region is home to more than 1,800,000 people  around a third of Scotland's population. The city has a population density of 3,562 people per km2, much higher than the average of 70/km2 for Scotland as a whole. Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement close to Glasgow Cathedral and descending to the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Scotland, and the tenth-largest by tonnage in Britain. Expanding from the medieval bishopric and episcopal burgh (subsequently royal burgh), and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow in the 15th century, it became a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment in the 18th century. Glasgow became a county in 1893, the city having previously been in the historic county of Lanarkshire, and later growing to also include settlements that were once part of Renfrewshire and Dunbartonshire. It is now one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland, and is administered by Glasgow City Council. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Glasgow's population grew rapidly, reaching 1,034,174 people in the census of 1921.",383
1742,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"It is now one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland, and is administered by Glasgow City Council. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Glasgow's population grew rapidly, reaching 1,034,174 people in the census of 1921. The population continued to be over 1 million from then until 1965 (the peak being 1,127,825 in 1938). Up until 1911 the historic area of the city was 12,975 acres. In the major boundary extensions of 1912, 1926, 1931 and 1936 the city has trebled in size to 39,725 acres. The population was greatly reduced following comprehensive urban renewal projects in the 1960s which resulted in large-scale relocation of people to designated new towns, such as Cumbernauld, Livingston, East Kilbride and peripheral suburbs. Glasgow's major cultural institutions enjoy international reputations. They include the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, the Burrell Collection, Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, the Royal Scottish National Orchestra, the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Scottish Ballet, the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, the Citizens Theatre and Scottish Opera. The city was the European Capital of Culture in 1990 and is notable for its architecture, culture, media, music scene, sports clubs and transport connections. It is the fifth-most-visited city in the United Kingdom. The city is also well known in the sporting world for association football, particularly for the Old Firm rivalry. == Etymology and heraldry ==

The name Glasgow is Brittonic in origin. The first element glas, meaning ""grey-green, grey-blue"" both in Brittonic, Scottish Gaelic and modern day Welsh and the second *cöü, ""hollow"" (cf. Welsh glas-cau), giving a meaning of ""green-hollow"".",370
1743,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The first element glas, meaning ""grey-green, grey-blue"" both in Brittonic, Scottish Gaelic and modern day Welsh and the second *cöü, ""hollow"" (cf. Welsh glas-cau), giving a meaning of ""green-hollow"". It is often said that the name means ""dear green place"" or that ""dear green place"" is a translation from Gaelic Glas Caomh. ""The dear green place"" remains an affectionate way of referring to the city. The modern Gaelic is Glaschu and derived from the same roots as the Brittonic. The settlement may have an earlier Brittonic name, Cathures; the modern name appears for the first time in the Gaelic period (1116), as Glasgu. It is also recorded that the king of Strathclyde, Rhydderch Hael, welcomed Saint Kentigern (also known as Saint Mungo), and procured his consecration as bishop about 540. For some thirteen years Kentigern laboured in the region, building his church at the Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, and making many converts. A large community developed around him and became known as Glasgu. The coat of arms of the City of Glasgow was granted to the royal burgh by the Lord Lyon on 25 October 1866. It incorporates a number of symbols and emblems associated with the life of Glasgow's patron saint, Mungo, which had been used on official seals prior to that date.",315
1744,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The coat of arms of the City of Glasgow was granted to the royal burgh by the Lord Lyon on 25 October 1866. It incorporates a number of symbols and emblems associated with the life of Glasgow's patron saint, Mungo, which had been used on official seals prior to that date. The emblems represent miracles supposed to have been performed by Mungo and are listed in the traditional rhyme:

Here's the bird that never flew
Here's the tree that never grew
Here's the bell that never rang
Here's the fish that never swam
St Mungo is also said to have preached a sermon containing the words Lord, Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word and the praising of thy name. This was abbreviated to ""Let Glasgow Flourish"" and adopted as the city's motto. In 1450, John Stewart, the first Lord Provost of Glasgow, left an endowment so that a ""St Mungo's Bell"" could be made and tolled throughout the city so that the citizens would pray for his soul. A new bell was purchased by the magistrates in 1641 and that bell is still on display in the People's Palace Museum, near Glasgow Green. The supporters are two salmon bearing rings, and the crest is a half-length figure of Saint Mungo. He wears a bishop's mitre and liturgical vestments and has his hand raised in ""the act of benediction"". The original 1866 grant placed the crest atop a helm, but this was removed in subsequent grants. The current version (1996) has a gold mural crown between the shield and the crest. This form of coronet, resembling an embattled city wall, was allowed to the four area councils with city status. The arms were re-matriculated by the City of Glasgow District Council on 6 February 1975, and by the present area council on 25 March 1996.",392
1745,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"This form of coronet, resembling an embattled city wall, was allowed to the four area councils with city status. The arms were re-matriculated by the City of Glasgow District Council on 6 February 1975, and by the present area council on 25 March 1996. The only change made on each occasion was in the type of coronet over the arms. == History ==


=== Early history ===

The area around Glasgow has hosted communities for millennia, with the River Clyde providing a natural location for fishing. The Romans later built outposts in the area and, to protect Roman Britannia from the Brittonic speaking (Celtic) Caledonians, constructed the Antonine Wall. Items from the wall, such as altars from Roman forts of Balmuildy, are now located at the Hunterian Museum. Glasgow itself was reputed to have been founded by the Christian missionary Saint Mungo in the 6th century. He established a church on the Molendinar Burn, where the present Glasgow Cathedral stands, and in the following years Glasgow became a religious centre. Glasgow grew over the following centuries as part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Kingdom of Scotland. The Glasgow Fair reportedly began in 1190. A bridge over the River Clyde was recorded from around 1285, where Victoria Bridge now stands. As the lowest bridging point on the Clyde it was an important crossing. The area around the bridge became known as Briggait. The founding of the University of Glasgow adjoining the cathedral in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the town's religious and educational status and landed wealth.",341
1746,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The area around the bridge became known as Briggait. The founding of the University of Glasgow adjoining the cathedral in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the town's religious and educational status and landed wealth. By the fifteenth century the urban area stretched from the area around the cathedral and university in the north down to the bridge and the banks of the Clyde in the south along High Street, Saltmarket and Bridgegate, crossing an east–west route at Glasgow Cross which became the commercial centre of the city. === Scottish Reformation ===
Following the European Protestant Reformation and with the encouragement of the Convention of Royal Burghs, the 14 incorporated trade crafts federated as the Glasgow Trades House in 1605 to match the power and influence in the town council of the earlier Merchants' Guilds who established their Merchants House in the same year. Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. Daniel Defoe visited the city in the early 18th century and famously opined in his book A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, that Glasgow was ""the cleanest and beautifullest, and best built city in Britain, London excepted"". At that time the city's population was about 12,000, and the city was yet to undergo the massive expansionary changes to its economy and urban fabric, brought about by the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution. === Economic growth ===

Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe and the Mediterranean. Trade greatly expanded and, starting in 1668, the city's magistrates created a new town and deep water port at Port Glasgow about 20 mi (32 km) down the River Clyde, as the river from the city to that point was then too shallow for seagoing merchant ships.",383
1747,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"=== Economic growth ===

Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe and the Mediterranean. Trade greatly expanded and, starting in 1668, the city's magistrates created a new town and deep water port at Port Glasgow about 20 mi (32 km) down the River Clyde, as the river from the city to that point was then too shallow for seagoing merchant ships. After the Acts of Union in 1707, Scotland gained further access to the vast markets of the new British Empire, and Glasgow became prominent as a hub of international trade to and from the Americas, especially in sugar, tobacco, cotton, and manufactured goods, to be followed by trade with India and Asia. The city prospered from its involvement in the triangular trade and the Atlantic slave trade that the former depended upon. Glasgow merchants dealt in slave-produced cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton. From 1717 to 1766, Scottish slave ships mainly operating out of Glasgow's early satellite ports of Greenock and Port Glasgow transported approximately 3,000 enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas (out of a total number of 5,000 slaves carried by ships from Scotland). By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on the River Clyde, with more than 47,000,000 lb (21,000 t) of tobacco being imported each year at its peak, to be re-exported to England and Europe, most notably France. From the second half of the 1700s,  and onwards, textile manufacturing and exporting dominated trade in Glasgow and its surrounding counties on a par with Manchester. Local coalfields provided the energy to support mechanisation and expansion. Glasgow’s connected chemical industry achieved world-status.",364
1748,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Local coalfields provided the energy to support mechanisation and expansion. Glasgow’s connected chemical industry achieved world-status. In  1801 the discovery of ironstone within the vast coalfields to the east of the city started iron manufacturing and exporting, helped by the invention in 1828 of hot-blast furnaces, to be followed by the creation of steel-making. The new sciences and inventions, much coming from its universities and technical colleges , opened all branches of engineering. Glasgow and the Clyde became the undisputed world centre of shipbuilding. Its port increased to 12 miles of quays and docks and 500 miles of railway. Dozens of new shipping companies were formed, including Cunard, Allan, British India, Union-Castle, City Line, Clan Line and others. And Glasgow became the largest centre of locomotive building in Europe. Commerce and banking flourished. From the mid-eighteenth century the city began expanding westwards from its medieval core at Glasgow Cross, with a grid-iron street plan starting from the 1770s and eventually reaching George Square to accommodate much of the growth (with that expansion much later becoming known in the 1980s onwards as the Merchant City. The largest growth in the city centre area, building on the wealth of trading internationally, was the next expansion being the grid-iron streets west of Buchanan Street riding up and over Blythswood Hill from 1800 onwards. The opening of the Monkland Canal and basin linking to the Forth and Clyde Canal at Port Dundas in 1795, also facilitated access to the extensive iron-ore and coal mines in Lanarkshire. After extensive river engineering projects to dredge and deepen the River Clyde as far as Glasgow, shipbuilding became a major industry on the upper stretches of the river, pioneered by industrialists such as Robert Napier, John Elder, George Thomson, Sir William Pearce and Sir Alfred Yarrow.",387
1749,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The opening of the Monkland Canal and basin linking to the Forth and Clyde Canal at Port Dundas in 1795, also facilitated access to the extensive iron-ore and coal mines in Lanarkshire. After extensive river engineering projects to dredge and deepen the River Clyde as far as Glasgow, shipbuilding became a major industry on the upper stretches of the river, pioneered by industrialists such as Robert Napier, John Elder, George Thomson, Sir William Pearce and Sir Alfred Yarrow. The River Clyde also became an important source of inspiration for artists, such as John Atkinson Grimshaw, John Knox, James Kay, Sir Muirhead Bone, Robert Eadie and L.S. Lowry, willing to depict the new industrial era and the modern world, as did Stanley Spencer downriver at Port Glasgow. === Population growth ===

With the population growing, the first scheme to provide a public water supply was by the Glasgow Company in 1806. A second company was formed in 1812, and the two merged in 1838, but there was some dissatisfaction with the quality of the water supplied. The Gorbals Gravitation Water Company began supplying water to residents living to the south of the River Clyde in 1846, obtained from reservoirs, which gave 75,000 people a constant water supply, but others were not so fortunate, and some 4,000 died in an outbreak of cholera in 1848/1849. This led to the development of the Glasgow Corporation Water Works, with a project to raise the level of Loch Katrine and to convey clean water by gravity along a 26-mile (42-kilometre) aqueduct to a holding reservoir at Milngavie, and then by pipes into the city. The project cost £980,000 and was opened by Queen Victoria in 1859. In the early 19th century an eighth of the people lived in single-room accommodation.",387
1750,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The project cost £980,000 and was opened by Queen Victoria in 1859. In the early 19th century an eighth of the people lived in single-room accommodation. The engineer for the project was John Frederick Bateman, while James Morris Gale became the resident engineer for the city section of the project, and subsequently became engineer in chief for Glasgow Water Commissioners. He oversaw several improvements during his tenure, including a second aqueduct and further raising of water levels in Loch Katrine. Additional supplies were provided by Loch Arklet in 1902, by impounding the water and creating a tunnel to allow water to flow into Loch Katrine. A similar scheme to create a reservoir in Glen Finglas was authorised in 1903, but was deferred, and was not completed until 1965. Following the 2002 Glasgow floods, the waterborne parasite cryptosporidium was found in the reservoir at Milngavie, and so the new Milngavie water treatment works was built. It was opened by Queen Elizabeth in 2007, and won the 2007 Utility Industry Achievement Award, having been completed ahead of its time schedule and for £10 million below its budgeted cost. Good health requires both clean water and effective removal of sewage. The Caledonian Railway rebuilt many of the sewers, as part of a deal to allow them to tunnel under the city, and sewage treatment works were opened at Dalmarnoch in 1894, Dalmuir in 1904 and Shieldhall in 1910. The works experimented to find better ways to treat sewage, and a number of experimental filters were constructed, until a full activated sludge plant was built between 1962 and 1968 at a cost of £4 million. Treated sludge was dumped at sea, and Glasgow Corporation owned six sludge ships between 1904 and 1998, when the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive ended the practice.",371
1751,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The works experimented to find better ways to treat sewage, and a number of experimental filters were constructed, until a full activated sludge plant was built between 1962 and 1968 at a cost of £4 million. Treated sludge was dumped at sea, and Glasgow Corporation owned six sludge ships between 1904 and 1998, when the EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive ended the practice. The sewerage infrastructure was improved significantly in 2017, with the completion of a tunnel three miles (five kilometres) long, which provides 20 million imperial gallons (90 megalitres) of storm water storage. It will reduce the risk of flooding and the likelihood that sewage will overflow into the Clyde during storms. Since 2002, clean water provision and sewerage have been the responsibility of Scottish Water. Glasgow's population had surpassed that of Edinburgh by 1821. The development of civic institutions included the City of Glasgow Police in 1800, one of the first municipal police forces in the world. Despite the crisis caused by the City of Glasgow Bank's collapse in 1878, growth continued and by the end of the 19th century it was one of the cities known as the ""Second City of the Empire"" and was producing more than half Britain's tonnage of shipping and a quarter of all locomotives in the world. In addition to its pre-eminence in shipbuilding, engineering, industrial machinery, bridge building, chemicals, explosives, coal and oil industries it developed as a major centre in textiles, garment-making, carpet manufacturing, leather processing, furniture-making, pottery, food and drink, cigarette making, printing and publishing. Shipping, banking, insurance and professional services expanded at the same time. Glasgow became one of the first cities in Europe to reach a population of one million. The city's new trades and sciences attracted new residents from across the Lowlands and the Highlands of Scotland, from Ireland and other parts of Britain and from Continental Europe.",389
1752,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Glasgow became one of the first cities in Europe to reach a population of one million. The city's new trades and sciences attracted new residents from across the Lowlands and the Highlands of Scotland, from Ireland and other parts of Britain and from Continental Europe. During this period, the construction of many of the city's greatest architectural masterpieces and most ambitious civil engineering projects, such as the Milngavie water treatment works, Glasgow Subway, Glasgow Corporation Tramways, City Chambers, Mitchell Library and Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum were being funded by its wealth. The city also held a series of International Exhibitions at Kelvingrove Park, in 1888, 1901 and 1911, with Britain's last major International Exhibition, the Empire Exhibition, being subsequently held in 1938 at Bellahouston Park, which drew 13 million visitors. === War years and regeneration ===

During the First World War, Glasgow raised 28 new battalions of men. By the end of the conflict, approximately 18,000 Glaswegian soldiers had been lost. As so many men left their jobs to join up, women were employed in shipyards, munitions factories and other industries and contributed a vital service to the war effort. In 1917, this was acknowledged publicly when King George V presented an OBE to a munitions worker, Lizzie Robertson, who was cheered by many other female munitions workers, during a ceremony held in Ibrox Stadium. Women from the city also served with the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service; for example, Louisa Jordan, a nurse from Maryhill who was posted to Serbia, and Norah Neilson Gray from Hillhead who served as an orderly in Royaumont.",343
1753,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"In 1917, this was acknowledged publicly when King George V presented an OBE to a munitions worker, Lizzie Robertson, who was cheered by many other female munitions workers, during a ceremony held in Ibrox Stadium. Women from the city also served with the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service; for example, Louisa Jordan, a nurse from Maryhill who was posted to Serbia, and Norah Neilson Gray from Hillhead who served as an orderly in Royaumont. Victoria Crosses were awarded to several Glaswegian men during World War One: Private Henry May, Sergeant Robert Downie, Sergeant John Meikle, drummer Walter Potter Ritchie, Company Serjeant Major John Kendrick Skinner, Doctor Harry Ranken, Sergeant James Youill Turnbull and Lieutenant Donald MacKintosh. The 20th century witnessed both decline and renewal in the city. After World War I, the city suffered from the impact of the Post–World War I recession and from the later Great Depression, this also led to a rise of radical socialism and the ""Red Clydeside"" movement. The city had recovered by the outbreak of World War II. The city saw aerial bombardment by the Luftwaffe during the Clydebank Blitz, during the war, then grew through the post-war boom that lasted through the 1950s. By the 1960s, growth of industry in countries like Japan and West Germany, weakened the once pre-eminent position of many of the city's industries. As a result of this, Glasgow entered a lengthy period of relative economic decline and rapid de-industrialisation, leading to high unemployment, urban decay, population decline, welfare dependency and poor health for the city's inhabitants. There were active attempts at regeneration of the city, when the Glasgow Corporation published its controversial Bruce Report, which set out a comprehensive series of initiatives aimed at turning round the decline of the city.",382
1754,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"As a result of this, Glasgow entered a lengthy period of relative economic decline and rapid de-industrialisation, leading to high unemployment, urban decay, population decline, welfare dependency and poor health for the city's inhabitants. There were active attempts at regeneration of the city, when the Glasgow Corporation published its controversial Bruce Report, which set out a comprehensive series of initiatives aimed at turning round the decline of the city. The report led to a huge and radical programme of rebuilding and regeneration efforts that started in the mid-1950s and lasted into the late 1970s. This involved the mass demolition of the city's infamous slums and their replacement with large suburban housing estates and tower blocks. The city invested heavily in roads infrastructure, with an extensive system of arterial roads and motorways that bisected the central area. There are also accusations that the Scottish Office had deliberately attempted to undermine Glasgow's economic and politonald MacKintoshical influence in post-war Scotland by diverting inward investment in new industries to other regions during the Silicon Glen boom and creating the new towns of Cumbernauld, Glenrothes, Irvine, Livingston and East Kilbride, dispersed across the Scottish Lowlands to halve the city's population base. By the late 1980s, there had been a significant resurgence in Glasgow's economic fortunes. The ""Glasgow's miles better"" campaign, launched in 1983, and opening of the Burrell Collection in 1983 and Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in 1985 facilitated Glasgow's new role as a European centre for business services and finance and promoted an increase in tourism and inward investment. The latter continues to be bolstered by the legacy of the city's Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988, its status as European Capital of Culture in 1990, and concerted attempts to diversify the city's economy. However, it is the industrial heritage that serves as key tourism enabler.",376
1755,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The latter continues to be bolstered by the legacy of the city's Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988, its status as European Capital of Culture in 1990, and concerted attempts to diversify the city's economy. However, it is the industrial heritage that serves as key tourism enabler. Wider economic revival has persisted and the ongoing regeneration of inner-city areas, including the large-scale Clyde Waterfront Regeneration, has led to more affluent people moving back to live in the centre of Glasgow, fuelling allegations of gentrification. In 2008, the city was listed by Lonely Planet as one of the world's top 10 tourist cities. === Recent and contemporary history ===
In 2007, the city's primary airport was the target of a terrorist attack when a Jeep Cherokee filled with propane gas cylinders and petrol cans was driven at considerable speed into the entrance of the main terminal building. This was the first time that a terrorist attack had targeted Scotland specifically, and was the second terrorist attack to occur in Scotland following the explosion of Pan Am Flight 103 over the town of Lockerbie in the Scottish Borders in December 1988. Immediately following the incident, a close link was established between the attack in Glasgow and an attack in London the previous day. One of the perpetrators of the attack, Kafeel Ahmed, was the only reported casualty, with a following five people sustaining injuries from the attack. In 2008 the city was ranked at 43 for Personal Safety in the Mercer index of top 50 safest cities in the world. The Mercer report was specifically looking at Quality of Living, yet by 2011 within Glasgow, certain areas were (still) ""failing to meet the Scottish Air Quality Objective levels for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10)"". The city hosted the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) at its main events venue, the SEC Centre. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games, and will host the 2026 edition of the games.",394
1756,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The city hosted the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) at its main events venue, the SEC Centre. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games, and will host the 2026 edition of the games. Glasgow also hosted the first European Championships in 2018, was one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2020, and will be a host city of the UEFA Euro 2028. The UK's first official consumption room, the Thistle, for illegal drugs including heroin and cocaine was set to open on 21 October 2024, however this was delayed, eventually opening on 13 January 2025. == Government and politics ==


=== Government ===

Although Glasgow Corporation had been a pioneer in the municipal socialist movement from the late-nineteenth century, since the Representation of the People Act 1918, Glasgow increasingly supported left-wing ideas and politics at a national level. The city council was controlled by the Labour Party for more than thirty years, since the decline of the Progressives. Since 2007, when local government elections in Scotland began to use the single transferable vote rather than the first-past-the-post system, the dominance of the Labour Party within the city started to decline. As a result of the 2017 United Kingdom local elections, the SNP was able to form a minority administration ending Labour's thirty-seven years of uninterrupted control. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the German Revolution of 1918–19, the city's frequent strikes and militant organisations caused serious alarm at Westminster. A huge demonstration in the city's George Square on 31 January 1919 ended in violence, known as the Battle of George Square, and the Riot Act was read. The Sheriff of Lanarkshire called for military aid and 10,000 troops were deployed. Industrial action at the shipyards gave rise to the ""Red Clydeside"" epithet. During the 1930s, Glasgow was the main base of the Independent Labour Party.",386
1757,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Industrial action at the shipyards gave rise to the ""Red Clydeside"" epithet. During the 1930s, Glasgow was the main base of the Independent Labour Party. Towards the end of the twentieth century, it became a centre of the struggle against the poll tax; which was introduced in Scotland a whole year before the rest of the United Kingdom and also served as the main base of the Scottish Socialist Party, another left-wing political party in Scotland. The city has not had a Conservative MP since the 1982 Hillhead by-election, when the SDP took the seat, which was in Glasgow's most affluent area. The fortunes of the Conservative Party continued to decline into the twenty-first century, winning only one of the 79 councillors on Glasgow City Council in 2012, despite having been the controlling party (as the Progressives) from 1969 to 1972 when Sir Donald Liddle was the last non-Labour Lord Provost. === Politics ===

Glasgow is represented in both the House of Commons in London, and the Scottish Parliament in Holyrood, Edinburgh. At Westminster, it is represented by seven Members of Parliament (MPs), all elected at least once every five years to represent individual constituencies, using the first-past-the-post system of voting. In Holyrood, Glasgow is represented by sixteen Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), of whom nine are elected to represent individual constituencies once every four years using first-past-the-post, and seven are elected as additional regional members, by proportional representation. Since the 2021 Scottish Parliament election, Glasgow is represented at Holyrood by 9 Scottish National Party MSPs, 4 Labour MSPs, 2 Conservative MSPs and 1 Scottish Green MSP. In the European Parliament, the city formed part of the Scotland constituency, which elected six Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) prior to Brexit.",386
1758,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Since the 2021 Scottish Parliament election, Glasgow is represented at Holyrood by 9 Scottish National Party MSPs, 4 Labour MSPs, 2 Conservative MSPs and 1 Scottish Green MSP. In the European Parliament, the city formed part of the Scotland constituency, which elected six Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) prior to Brexit. Since Glasgow is covered and operates under two separate central governments, the Scottish Government and the UK Government, they determine various matters that Glasgow City Council is not responsible for. The Glasgow electoral region of the Scottish Parliament covers the Glasgow City council area, a north-western part of South Lanarkshire and a small eastern portion of Renfrewshire. It elects nine of the parliament's 73 first past the post constituency members and seven of the 56 additional members. Both kinds of member are known as Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs). The system of election is designed to produce a form of proportional representation. The first past the post seats were created in 1999 with the names and boundaries of then existing Westminster (House of Commons) constituencies. In 2005, the number of Westminster Members of Parliament (MPs) representing Scotland was cut to 59, with new constituencies being formed, while the existing number of MSPs was retained at Holyrood. In the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, the boundaries of the Glasgow region were redrawn. In the Scottish independence referendum, Glasgow voted ""Yes"" by a margin of 53.5% to 46.5%. In the Brexit referendum, results varied from constituency to constituency. Glasgow North recorded the biggest remain vote with 78% opting to stay in the EU whilst in Glasgow East this figure dropped to 56%. The city as a whole voted to remain in the EU, by 66.6% to 33.3%.",364
1759,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Glasgow North recorded the biggest remain vote with 78% opting to stay in the EU whilst in Glasgow East this figure dropped to 56%. The city as a whole voted to remain in the EU, by 66.6% to 33.3%. Following the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, in which 53.49% of the electorate of Glasgow voted in favour of Scottish independence; the SNP won every seat in the city at the 2015 general election, including a record-breaking 39.3% swing from Labour to SNP in the Glasgow North East constituency. At the 2017 snap general election, Glasgow was represented by 6 Scottish National Party MPs and 1 Labour MP; the Glasgow North East constituency which had a record 39.3% swing from Labour to SNP at the previous general election, was regained by Paul Sweeney of the Scottish Labour Party, who narrowly defeated sitting SNP MP Anne McLaughlin by 242 votes. == Geography and climate ==

Glasgow is located on the banks of the River Clyde, in West Central Scotland. Another important river is the Kelvin, a tributary of the River Clyde, whose name was used in creating the title of Baron Kelvin the renowned physicist for whom the SI unit of temperature, Kelvin, is named. The burgh of Glasgow was historically in Lanarkshire, but close to the border with Renfrewshire. When elected county councils were established in 1890, Glasgow was deemed capable of running its own affairs and so was excluded from the administrative area of Lanarkshire County Council, whilst remaining part of Lanarkshire for lieutenancy and judicial purposes. The burgh was substantially enlarged in 1891 to take in areas from both Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire where the urban area had grown beyond the old burgh boundary. In 1893, the burgh became its own county for lieutenancy and judicial purposes too, being made a county of itself.",381
1760,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The burgh was substantially enlarged in 1891 to take in areas from both Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire where the urban area had grown beyond the old burgh boundary. In 1893, the burgh became its own county for lieutenancy and judicial purposes too, being made a county of itself. From 1975 to 1996 the city was part of Strathclyde Region, with the city's council becoming a lower-tier district council. Strathclyde was abolished in 1996, since when the city has again been responsible for all aspects of local government, being one of the 32 council areas in Scotland. Like much of lowland Britain, Glasgow's climate is oceanic (Köppen Cfb). Although Glasgow's latitude is similar to that of Moscow, the climate is strongly influenced by proximity to the Celtic Sea and the warm water of the North Atlantic Drift. Glasgow is the rainiest city in the UK, with an average of more than 170 days of rain a year. The coldest month on record since the data series began is December 2010, during a severe cold wave affecting the British Isles. Even then, the December high was above freezing at 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) with a low of −4.4 °C (24.1 °F). This still ensured Glasgow's coldest month of 2010 remained milder than the isotherm of −3 °C (27 °F) normally used to determine continental climate normals. The warmest day in Glasgow was recorded in 2018, when temperatures reached 31.9 °C (89.4 °F). == Demography ==


=== Population ===

In the 1950s, the population of the City of Glasgow area was some 1,089,000. Glasgow's inner-city areas were still densely populated.",372
1761,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"== Demography ==


=== Population ===

In the 1950s, the population of the City of Glasgow area was some 1,089,000. Glasgow's inner-city areas were still densely populated. After the 1960s, the clearances of poverty-stricken inner city areas like the Gorbals and relocation to ""new towns"" such as East Kilbride and Cumbernauld led to population decline. The urban area continues to expand beyond the city council boundaries into surrounding suburban areas, encompassing around 400 sq mi (1,040 km2) of all adjoining suburbs, if commuter towns and villages are included. There are two distinct definitions for the population of Glasgow: the Glasgow City Council Area which lost the districts of Rutherglen and Cambuslang to South Lanarkshire in 1996, and the Greater Glasgow Urban Area which includes the conurbation around the city (however in the 2016 definitions the aforementioned Rutherglen and Cambuslang were included along with the likes of Paisley, Clydebank, Newton Mearns, Bearsden and Stepps but not others with no continuity of populated postcodes – although in some cases the gap is small – the excluded nearby settlements including Barrhead, Erskine and Kirkintilloch plus a large swathe of Lanarkshire which had been considered contiguous with Glasgow in previous definitions: the 'settlements' named Coatbridge & Airdrie, Hamilton and Motherwell & Wishaw, each containing a number of distinct smaller localities). Glasgow's population influx in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was related to economic expansion as well as internally generated growth with the vast majority of newcomers to the city from outside Scotland being from Ireland, especially the north western counties of Donegal, Fermanagh, Tyrone and Londonderry.",368
1762,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"There are two distinct definitions for the population of Glasgow: the Glasgow City Council Area which lost the districts of Rutherglen and Cambuslang to South Lanarkshire in 1996, and the Greater Glasgow Urban Area which includes the conurbation around the city (however in the 2016 definitions the aforementioned Rutherglen and Cambuslang were included along with the likes of Paisley, Clydebank, Newton Mearns, Bearsden and Stepps but not others with no continuity of populated postcodes – although in some cases the gap is small – the excluded nearby settlements including Barrhead, Erskine and Kirkintilloch plus a large swathe of Lanarkshire which had been considered contiguous with Glasgow in previous definitions: the 'settlements' named Coatbridge & Airdrie, Hamilton and Motherwell & Wishaw, each containing a number of distinct smaller localities). Glasgow's population influx in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was related to economic expansion as well as internally generated growth with the vast majority of newcomers to the city from outside Scotland being from Ireland, especially the north western counties of Donegal, Fermanagh, Tyrone and Londonderry. In the 1881 UK Census, 83% of the population was born in Scotland, 13% in Ireland, 3% in England and 1% elsewhere. By 1911, the city was no longer gaining population by migration. The demographic percentages in the 1951 UK census were: born in Scotland 93%, Ireland 3%, England 3% and elsewhere 1%. In the early twentieth century, many Lithuanian refugees began to settle in Glasgow and at its height in the 1950s; there were around 10,000 in the Glasgow area. Many Italian Scots also settled in Glasgow, originating from provinces like Frosinone in Lazio and Lucca in north-west Tuscany at this time, many originally working as ""Hokey Pokey"" men.",390
1763,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"In the early twentieth century, many Lithuanian refugees began to settle in Glasgow and at its height in the 1950s; there were around 10,000 in the Glasgow area. Many Italian Scots also settled in Glasgow, originating from provinces like Frosinone in Lazio and Lucca in north-west Tuscany at this time, many originally working as ""Hokey Pokey"" men. === Languages ===
The 2022 Scottish Census reported that out of 603,199 residents aged three and over, 170,403 (28.2%) considered themselves able to speak or read the Scots language. === Ethnicity ===

In the 1960s and 1970s, many Asians also settled in Glasgow, mainly in the Pollokshields area. These number 30,000 Pakistanis, 15,000 Indians and 3,000 Bangladeshis as well as Chinese people, many of whom settled in the Garnethill area of the city. The city is also home to some 8,406 (1.42%) Poles. Since 2000, the UK government has pursued a policy of dispersal of asylum seekers to ease pressure on social housing in the London area. In 2023, 88% of the near 5,100 asylum seekers in the whole of Scotland were living in Glasgow. Since the United Kingdom Census 2001 the population decline has been reversed. The population was static for a time; but due to migration from other parts of Scotland as well as immigration from overseas, the population has begun to grow. The population of the city council area was 593,245 in 2011 and around 2,300,000 people live in the Glasgow travel to work area. This area is defined as consisting of more than 10% of residents travelling into Glasgow to work and is without fixed boundaries. The population density of London following the 2011 census was recorded as 5,200 people per square kilometre, while 3,395 people per square kilometre were registered in Glasgow.",392
1764,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"This area is defined as consisting of more than 10% of residents travelling into Glasgow to work and is without fixed boundaries. The population density of London following the 2011 census was recorded as 5,200 people per square kilometre, while 3,395 people per square kilometre were registered in Glasgow. In 1931, the population density was 16,166/sq mi (6,242/km2), highlighting the ""clearances"" into the suburbs and new towns that were built to reduce the size of one of Europe's most densely populated cities. In 2005, Glasgow had the lowest life expectancy of any UK city at 72.9 years. Much was made of this during the 2008 Glasgow East by-election. In 2008, a World Health Organization report about health inequalities revealed that male life expectancy varied from 54 years in Calton to 82 years in nearby Lenzie, East Dunbartonshire. === Religion ===
Glasgow is a city of significant religious diversity. As per the 2022 census, the largest group with 43% has no religion followed by the Roman Catholic Church which represents nearly 21% of the population. The following table shows the religion of respondents in the 2001, 2011 and 2022 censuses in Glasgow. There are 147 congregations in the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Glasgow (of which 104 are within the city boundaries, the other 43 being in adjacent areas). Within the city boundaries there are 65 parishes of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Glasgow and four parishes of the Diocese of Motherwell. The city has four Christian cathedrals: Glasgow Cathedral, of the Church of Scotland; St Andrew's Cathedral, of the Roman Catholic Church; St Mary's Cathedral, of the Scottish Episcopal Church, and St Luke's Cathedral, of the Greek Orthodox Church. The Baptist Church and Salvation Army are well represented. Much of the city's Roman Catholic population are those of Irish ancestry.",384
1765,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The Baptist Church and Salvation Army are well represented. Much of the city's Roman Catholic population are those of Irish ancestry. Biblical unitarians are represented by three Christadelphian ecclesias, referred to geographically, as ""South"", ""Central"" and ""Kelvin"". The Sikh community is served by four Gurdwaras. Two are situated in the West End (Central Gurdwara Singh Sabha in Sandyford and Guru Nanak Sikh Temple in Kelvinbridge) and two in the Southside area of Pollokshields (Guru Granth Sahib Gurdwara and Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Gurdwara). In 2013, Scotland's first purpose-built Gurdwara opened in a massive opening ceremony. Built at a cost of £3.8M, it can hold 1,500 worshippers. Central Gurdwara is currently constructing a new building in the city. There are almost 10,000 Sikhs in Scotland and the majority live in Glasgow. Glasgow Central Mosque in the Gorbals district is the largest mosque in Scotland and, along with twelve other mosques in the city, caters for the city's Muslim population, estimated to number 33,000. Glasgow also has a Hindu mandir. Glasgow has seven synagogues, including the Romanesque-revival Garnethill Synagogue in the city centre. Glasgow currently has the seventh largest Jewish population in the United Kingdom after London, Manchester, Leeds, Gateshead, Brighton and Bournemouth but once had a Jewish population second only to London, estimated at 20,000 in the Gorbals alone. In 1993, the St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art opened in Glasgow. It is believed to be the only public museum to examine all the world's major religious faiths.",366
1766,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"In 1993, the St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art opened in Glasgow. It is believed to be the only public museum to examine all the world's major religious faiths. == Areas and suburbs ==


=== City centre ===

The city centre is bounded by High Street at Glasgow Cross the historic centre of civic life, up to Glasgow Cathedral at Castle Street; Saltmarket including Glasgow Green and St Andrew's Square to the east; Clyde Street and Broomielaw (along the River Clyde) to the south; and Charing Cross and Elmbank Street, beyond Blythswood Square to the west. The northern boundary (from east to west) follows Cathedral Street to North Hanover Street and George Square. The city centre is based on a grid system of streets on the north bank of the River Clyde. The heart of the city is George Square, site of many of Glasgow's public statues and the elaborate Victorian Glasgow City Chambers, headquarters of Glasgow City Council. Most offices, and the largest offices and international headquarters, are in the distinctive streets immediately west of Buchanan Street, starting around 1800 as townhouses, in the architecturally important streets embracing Blythswood Hill, Blythswood Holm further down and now including the Broomielaw next to the Clyde. To the south and west are the shopping precincts of Argyle Street, Sauchiehall Street and Buchanan Street, the last featuring more upmarket retailers and winner of the Academy of Urbanism ""Great Street Award"" 2008. The collection of shops around these streets accumulate to become known as ""The Style Mile"". The main shopping areas include Buchanan Street, Buchanan Galleries, linking Buchanan Street and Sauchiehall Street, and the St. Enoch Centre linking Argyle Street and St Enoch Square, with the up-market Princes Square, which specifically features shops such as Ted Baker, Radley and Kurt Geiger.",391
1767,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The collection of shops around these streets accumulate to become known as ""The Style Mile"". The main shopping areas include Buchanan Street, Buchanan Galleries, linking Buchanan Street and Sauchiehall Street, and the St. Enoch Centre linking Argyle Street and St Enoch Square, with the up-market Princes Square, which specifically features shops such as Ted Baker, Radley and Kurt Geiger. Buchanan Galleries and other city centre locales were chosen as locations for the 2013 film Under the Skin directed by Jonathan Glazer. Although the Glasgow scenes were shot with hidden cameras, star Scarlett Johansson was spotted around town. The Italian Centre in Ingram Street also specialises in designer labels. Glasgow's retail portfolio forms the UK's second largest and most economically important retail sector after Central London. The city centre is home to most of Glasgow's main cultural venues: the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Glasgow City Hall, Theatre Royal (performing home of Scottish Opera and Scottish Ballet), the Pavilion Theatre, the King's Theatre, Glasgow Film Theatre, Tron Theatre, Gallery of Modern Art (GoMA), Mitchell Library and Theatre, the Centre for Contemporary Arts, McLellan Galleries and the Lighthouse Museum of Architecture. The world's tallest cinema, the eighteen-screen Cineworld, is situated on Renfrew Street. The city centre is also home to four of Glasgow's higher education institutions: the University of Strathclyde, the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Glasgow School of Art and Glasgow Caledonian University, and to the largest college in Britain – the City of Glasgow College in Cathedral Street. === Merchant City ===

The Merchant City  is the commercial and part-residential district of the Merchant City, a name coined by the historian Charles Oakley in the 1960s.",365
1768,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The city centre is also home to four of Glasgow's higher education institutions: the University of Strathclyde, the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Glasgow School of Art and Glasgow Caledonian University, and to the largest college in Britain – the City of Glasgow College in Cathedral Street. === Merchant City ===

The Merchant City  is the commercial and part-residential district of the Merchant City, a name coined by the historian Charles Oakley in the 1960s. This had started as a residential district of the wealthy city merchants involved in international trade and the textile industries in the 18th and early 19th centuries, with their warehouses nearby, including the Tobacco Lords from whom many of the streets take their name. With its mercantile wealth, and continuing growth even before the Industrial Revolution, the city expanded by creating the New Town around George Square, soon followed by the New Town of Blythswood on Blythswood Hill which includes Blythswood Square. The original medieval centre around Glasgow Cross and the High Street was left behind. Glasgow Cross, situated at the junction of High Street, leading up to Glasgow Cathedral, Gallowgate, Trongate and Saltmarket was the original centre of the city, symbolised by its Mercat cross. Glasgow Cross encompasses the Tolbooth Steeple, all that remains of the original Glasgow Tolbooth, which was demolished in 1921. Moving northward up High Street towards Rottenrow and Townhead lies the 15th century Glasgow Cathedral and the Provand's Lordship. Due to growing industrial pollution levels in the mid-to-late 19th century, the area fell out of favour with residents. From the 1980s onwards, the Merchant City has been rejuvenated with luxury city centre flats and warehouse conversions. This regeneration has supported an increasing number of cafés and restaurants.",378
1769,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"From the 1980s onwards, the Merchant City has been rejuvenated with luxury city centre flats and warehouse conversions. This regeneration has supported an increasing number of cafés and restaurants. The area is also home to a number of high end boutique style shops and some of Glasgow's most upmarket stores. The Merchant City is one centre of Glasgow's growing ""cultural quarter"", based on King Street, the Saltmarket and Trongate, and at the heart of the annual Merchant City Festival. The area has supported a growth in art galleries, the origins of which can be found in the late 1980s when it attracted artist-led organisations that could afford the cheap rents required to operate in vacant manufacturing or retail spaces. The artistic and cultural potential of the Merchant City as a ""cultural quarter"" was harnessed by independent arts organisations and Glasgow City Council, and the recent development of Trongate 103, which houses galleries, workshops, artist studios and production spaces, is considered a major outcome of the continued partnership between both. The area also contains a number of theatres and concert venues, including the Tron Theatre, the Old Fruitmarket, the Trades Hall, St. Andrew's in the Square, Merchant Square, and the City Halls. === West End ===

Glasgow's West End grew firstly to and around Blythswood Square and Garnethill, extending then to Woodlands Hill and Great Western Road. It is a district of elegant townhouses and tenements with cafés, tea rooms, bars, boutiques, upmarket hotels, clubs and restaurants in the hinterland of Kelvingrove Park, the University of Glasgow, Glasgow Botanic Gardens and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, focused especially on the area's main thoroughfares of Argyle Street (Finnieston), Great Western Road and Byres Road. The area is popular with tourists and students.",385
1770,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"It is a district of elegant townhouses and tenements with cafés, tea rooms, bars, boutiques, upmarket hotels, clubs and restaurants in the hinterland of Kelvingrove Park, the University of Glasgow, Glasgow Botanic Gardens and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, focused especially on the area's main thoroughfares of Argyle Street (Finnieston), Great Western Road and Byres Road. The area is popular with tourists and students. The West End includes residential areas of Hillhead, Dowanhill, Kelvingrove, Kelvinside, Hyndland, Broomhill, Scotstoun, Jordanhill, Kelvindale, Anniesland
and Partick. The name is also increasingly being used to refer to any area to the west of Charing Cross. The West End is bisected by the River Kelvin, which flows from the Campsie Fells in the north and confluences with the River Clyde at Yorkhill Quay. The spire of Sir George Gilbert Scott's Glasgow University main building (the second largest Gothic Revival building in Great Britain) is a major landmark, and can be seen from miles around, sitting atop Gilmorehill. The university itself is the fourth oldest in the English-speaking world. Much of the city's student population is based in the West End, adding to its cultural vibrancy. The area is also home to the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Kelvin Hall museums and research facilities, stores, and community sport in Yorkhill. Adjacent to the Kelvin Hall was the Museum of Transport, which reopened in 2011 as the Riverside Museum after moving to a new location on a former dockland site at Glasgow Harbour in Partick where the River Kelvin flows into the Clyde. The new building is built to a design by Zaha Hadid. The West End Festival, one of Glasgow's largest festivals, is held annually in June.",400
1771,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The new building is built to a design by Zaha Hadid. The West End Festival, one of Glasgow's largest festivals, is held annually in June. Glasgow is the home of the SEC Centre, Great Britain's largest exhibition and conference centre. On 30 September 2013, a major expansion of the SECC facilities at the former Queen's Dock by Foster and Partners officially opened – the 13,000-seat Hydro arena. Adjacent to the SECC at Queen's Dock is the Clydeside Distillery, a Scotch whisky distillery that opened in 2017 in the former dock pump house. === East End ===

The East End extends from Glasgow Cross in the City Centre to the boundary with North and South Lanarkshire. It is home to the Glasgow Barrowland market, popularly known as ""The Barras"", Barrowland Ballroom, Glasgow Green, and Celtic Park, home of Celtic FC. Many of the original sandstone tenements remain in this district. The East End was once a major industrial centre, home to Sir William Arrol & Co., James Templeton & Co and William Beardmore and Company. A notable local employer continues to be the Wellpark Brewery, home of Tennent's Lager. The Glasgow Necropolis Garden Cemetery was created by the Merchants House on a hill above the cathedral in 1831. Routes curve through the landscape uphill to the 21.3-metre-high (70 ft) statue of John Knox at the summit. There are two late 18th century tenements in Gallowgate. Dating from 1771 and 1780, both have been well restored. The construction of Charlotte Street was financed by David Dale, whose former scale can be gauged by the one remaining house, now run by the National Trust for Scotland. Further along Charlotte Street there stands a modern Gillespie, Kidd & Coia building of some note. Once a school, it has been converted into offices.",392
1772,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Further along Charlotte Street there stands a modern Gillespie, Kidd & Coia building of some note. Once a school, it has been converted into offices. Surrounding these buildings are a series of innovative housing developments conceived as ""Homes for the Future"", part of a project during the city's year as UK City of Architecture and Design in 1999. East of Glasgow Cross is St Andrew's in the Square, the oldest post-Reformation church in Scotland, built in 1739–1757 and displaying a Presbyterian grandeur befitting the church of the city's wealthy tobacco merchants. Also close by is the more modest Episcopalian St Andrew's-by-the-Green, the oldest Episcopal church in Scotland. The Episcopalian St Andrew's was also known as the ""Whistlin' Kirk"" due to it being the first church after the Reformation to own an organ. Overlooking Glasgow Green is the façade of Templeton On The Green, featuring vibrant polychromatic brickwork intended to evoke the Doge's Palace in Venice. The extensive Tollcross Park was originally developed from the estate of James Dunlop, the owner of a local steelworks. His large baronial mansion was built in 1848 by David Bryce, which later housed the city's Children's Museum until the 1980s. Today, the mansion is a sheltered housing complex. The new Scottish National Indoor Sports Arena, a modern replacement for the Kelvin Hall, is in Dalmarnock. The area was the site of the Athletes' Village for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, located adjacent to the new indoor sports arena. The East End Healthy Living Centre (EEHLC) was established in mid-2005 at Crownpoint Road with Lottery Funding and City grants to serve community needs in the area. Now called the Glasgow Club Crownpoint Sports Complex, the centre provides service such as sports facilities, health advice, stress management, leisure and vocational classes.",394
1773,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The East End Healthy Living Centre (EEHLC) was established in mid-2005 at Crownpoint Road with Lottery Funding and City grants to serve community needs in the area. Now called the Glasgow Club Crownpoint Sports Complex, the centre provides service such as sports facilities, health advice, stress management, leisure and vocational classes. To the north of the East End lie the two large gasometers of Provan Gas Works, which stand overlooking Alexandra Park and a major interchange between the M8 and M80 motorways. === South Side ===

Glasgow's South Side sprawls out south of the Clyde. The adjoining urban area includes some of Greater Glasgow's most affluent suburban towns, such as Newton Mearns, Clarkston, and Giffnock, all of which are in East Renfrewshire, as well as Thorntonhall in South Lanarkshire. Newlands and Dumbreck are examples of high-value residential districts within the city boundaries. There are many areas containing a high concentration of sandstone tenements like Shawlands, which is considered the ""Heart of the Southside"", with other examples being Battlefield, Govanhill and Mount Florida. The large suburb of Pollokshields comprises both a quiet western part with undulating tree-lined boulevards lined with expensive villas, and a busier eastern part with a high-density grid of tenements and small shops. The south side also includes some post-war housing estates of various sizes such as Toryglen, Pollok, Castlemilk and Arden. The towns of Cambuslang and Rutherglen were included in the City of Glasgow district from 1975 to 1996, but are now in the South Lanarkshire council area.",351
1774,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The south side also includes some post-war housing estates of various sizes such as Toryglen, Pollok, Castlemilk and Arden. The towns of Cambuslang and Rutherglen were included in the City of Glasgow district from 1975 to 1996, but are now in the South Lanarkshire council area. Although predominantly residential, the area does have several notable public buildings including, Charles Rennie Mackintosh's Scotland Street School Museum and House for an Art Lover; the Burrell Collection in Pollok Country Park; Alexander ""Greek"" Thomson's Holmwood House villa; the National Football Stadium Hampden Park in Mount Florida (home of Queens Park FC) and Ibrox Stadium (home of Rangers FC). The former docklands site at Pacific Quay on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite the SECC, is the site of the Glasgow Science Centre and the headquarters of BBC Scotland and STV Group (owner of STV), in a new purpose-built digital media campus. In addition, several new bridges spanning the River Clyde have been built, including the Clyde Arc known by locals as the Squinty Bridge at Pacific Quay and others at Tradeston and Springfield Quay. The South Side also includes many public parks, including Linn Park, Queen's Park, and Bellahouston Park and several golf clubs, including the championship course at Haggs Castle. The South Side is also home to the large Pollok Country Park, which was awarded the accolade of Europe's Best Park 2008. The southside also directly borders Rouken Glen Park in neighbouring Giffnock. Pollok Park is Glasgow's largest park and until the early 2000s was the only country park in the city's boundary. In the early 2000s the Dams to Darnley Country Park was designated, although half of the park is in East Renfrewshire. As of 2021 the facilities at the still new park are quite lacking.",398
1775,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"In the early 2000s the Dams to Darnley Country Park was designated, although half of the park is in East Renfrewshire. As of 2021 the facilities at the still new park are quite lacking. Govan is a district and former burgh in the south-western part of the city. It is situated on the south bank of the River Clyde, opposite Partick. It was an administratively independent Police Burgh from 1864 until it was incorporated into the expanding city of Glasgow in 1912. Govan has a legacy as an engineering and shipbuilding centre of international repute and is home to one of two BAE Systems Surface Ships shipyards on the River Clyde and the precision engineering firm, Thales Optronics. It is also home to the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, one of the largest hospitals in the country, and the maintenance depot for the Glasgow Subway system. The wider Govan area includes the districts of Ibrox, Cessnock, Kinning Park and Kingston. === North Glasgow ===

North Glasgow extends out from the north of the city centre towards the affluent suburbs of Bearsden, Milngavie and Bishopbriggs in East Dunbartonshire and Clydebank in West Dunbartonshire. The area also contains some of the city's poorest residential areas. This has led to large-scale redevelopment of much of the poorer housing stock in north Glasgow, and the wider regeneration of many areas, such as Ruchill, which have been transformed; many run-down tenements have now been refurbished or replaced by modern housing estates. Much of the housing stock in north Glasgow is rented social housing, with a high proportion of high-rise tower blocks, managed by the North Glasgow Housing Association trading as NG Homes and Glasgow Housing Association. Maryhill consists of well maintained traditional sandstone tenements.",374
1776,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Much of the housing stock in north Glasgow is rented social housing, with a high proportion of high-rise tower blocks, managed by the North Glasgow Housing Association trading as NG Homes and Glasgow Housing Association. Maryhill consists of well maintained traditional sandstone tenements. Although historically a working class area, its borders with the upmarket West End of the city mean that it is relatively wealthy compared to the rest of the north of the city, containing affluent areas such as Maryhill Park and North Kelvinside. Maryhill is also the location of Firhill Stadium, home of Partick Thistle F.C. since 1909. The junior team, Maryhill F.C. are also located in this part of north Glasgow. The Forth and Clyde Canal passes through this part of the city, and at one stage formed a vital part of the local economy. It was for many years polluted and largely unused after the decline of heavy industry, but recent efforts to regenerate and re-open the canal to navigation have seen it rejuvenated, including art campuses at Port Dundas. Sighthill was home to Scotland's largest asylum seeker community but the area is now regenerated as part of the Youth Olympic Games bid. A huge part of the economic life of Glasgow was once located in Springburn, where the Saracen Foundry, engineering works of firms like Charles Tennant and locomotive workshops employed many Glaswegians. Glasgow dominated this type of manufacturing, with 25% of all the world's locomotives being built in the area at one stage. It was home to the headquarters of the North British Locomotive Company. Today part of the Glasgow Works continues in use as a railway maintenance facility, all that is left of the industry in Springburn. It is proposed for closure in 2019. Riddrie in the north east was intensively developed in the 1920s and retains several listed developments in the Art Deco style.",388
1777,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"It is proposed for closure in 2019. Riddrie in the north east was intensively developed in the 1920s and retains several listed developments in the Art Deco style. == Culture ==

The city has many amenities for a wide range of cultural activities, from curling to opera and ballet and from football to art appreciation; it also has a large selection of museums and art galleries noted in the following section. Many of the city's cultural sites were celebrated in 1990 when Glasgow was designated European Capital of Culture. The city's principal municipal library, the Mitchell Library, has grown into one of the largest public reference libraries in Europe, currently housing some 1.3 million books, an extensive collection of newspapers and thousands of photographs and maps. Of academic libraries, Glasgow University Library started in the 15th century and is one of the oldest and largest libraries in Europe, with unique and distinctive collections of international status. Most of Scotland's national arts organisations are based in Glasgow, including Scottish Opera, Scottish Ballet, National Theatre of Scotland, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra and Scottish Youth Theatre. Glasgow has its own ""Poet Laureate"", a post created in 1999 for Edwin Morgan and occupied by Liz Lochhead from 2005 until 2011, when she stood down to take up the position of Scots Makar. Jim Carruth was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate for Glasgow in 2014 as part of the 2014 Commonwealth Games legacy. In 2013, PETA declared Glasgow to be the most vegan-friendly city in the UK. === Recreation ===

Glasgow is home to major theatres including the Theatre Royal, the King's Theatre, Pavilion Theatre and the Citizens Theatre and home to many museums and art galleries, the largest and most famous being the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Burrell Collection, and the Gallery of Modern Art (GoMA).",387
1778,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"In 2013, PETA declared Glasgow to be the most vegan-friendly city in the UK. === Recreation ===

Glasgow is home to major theatres including the Theatre Royal, the King's Theatre, Pavilion Theatre and the Citizens Theatre and home to many museums and art galleries, the largest and most famous being the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Burrell Collection, and the Gallery of Modern Art (GoMA). Most of the museums and galleries in Glasgow are publicly owned and free to enter. The city has hosted many exhibitions over the years from the 1888 International Exhibition and 1901 International Exhibition to the Empire Exhibition 1938, including more recently The Glasgow Garden Festival in 1988, being the UK City of Architecture 1999, European Capital of Culture 1990, National City of Sport 1995–1999 and European Capital of Sport 2003. Glasgow has also hosted the National Mòd no less than twelve times since 1895. In addition, unlike the older and larger Edinburgh Festival (where all Edinburgh's main festivals occur in the last three weeks of August), Glasgow's festivals fill the calendar. Festivals include the Glasgow International Comedy Festival, Glasgow International Festival of Visual Art, Glasgow International Jazz Festival, Celtic Connections, Glasgow Fair, Glasgow Film Festival, West End Festival, Merchant City Festival, Glasgay, and the World Pipe Band Championships. === Music scene ===

The city is home to numerous orchestras, ensembles and bands including those of Scottish Opera, Scottish Ballet, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra and related to the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland and the Universities and Colleges. Choirs of all type are well supported. Glasgow has many live music venues, pubs, and clubs.",358
1779,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Choirs of all type are well supported. Glasgow has many live music venues, pubs, and clubs. Some of the city's more well-known venues include the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, The OVO Hydro, the SECC, Glasgow Cathouse, The Art School, King Tut's Wah Wah Hut (where Oasis were spotted and signed by Glaswegian record mogul Alan McGee), the Queen Margaret Union (who have Kurt Cobain's footprint locked in a safe), the Barrowland, a ballroom converted into a live music venue as well as The Garage, which is the largest nightclub in Scotland. More recent mid-sized venues include ABC, destroyed in the art school fire of 15 June 2018, and the O2 Academy, which play host to a similar range of acts. There are also a large number of smaller venues and bars, which host many local and touring musicians, including Stereo, 13th Note and Nice N Sleazy. Most recent recipient of the SLTN Music Pub of the Year award was Bar Bloc, awarded in November 2011. In 2010, Glasgow was named the UK's fourth ""most musical"" city by PRS for Music. Glasgow is also the ""most mentioned city in the UK"" in song titles, outside London according, to a chart produced by PRS for music, with 119, ahead of closest rivals Edinburgh who received 95 mentions. Since the 1980s, the success of bands such as The Blue Nile, Gun, Simple Minds, Del Amitri, Texas, Hipsway, Love & Money, Idlewild, Deacon Blue, Orange Juice, Lloyd Cole and the Commotions, Teenage Fanclub, Belle and Sebastian, Camera Obscura, Franz Ferdinand, Mogwai, Travis, and Primal Scream has significantly boosted the profile of the Glasgow music scene, prompting Time magazine to liken Glasgow to Detroit during its 1960s Motown heyday.",386
1780,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Glasgow is also the ""most mentioned city in the UK"" in song titles, outside London according, to a chart produced by PRS for music, with 119, ahead of closest rivals Edinburgh who received 95 mentions. Since the 1980s, the success of bands such as The Blue Nile, Gun, Simple Minds, Del Amitri, Texas, Hipsway, Love & Money, Idlewild, Deacon Blue, Orange Juice, Lloyd Cole and the Commotions, Teenage Fanclub, Belle and Sebastian, Camera Obscura, Franz Ferdinand, Mogwai, Travis, and Primal Scream has significantly boosted the profile of the Glasgow music scene, prompting Time magazine to liken Glasgow to Detroit during its 1960s Motown heyday. Artists to achieve success from Glasgow during the 2000s and 2010s include The Fratellis, Chvrches, Rustie, Vukovi, Glasvegas and Twin Atlantic. The city of Glasgow was appointed a UNESCO City of Music on 20 August 2008 as part of the Creative Cities Network. Glasgow's contemporary dance music scene has been spearheaded by Slam, and their record label Soma Quality Recordings, with their Pressure club nights attracting DJs and clubbers from around the world; these nights were hosted by The Arches but moved to Sub Club after the closure of the former in 2015, also taking place at the SWG3 arts venue. The Sub Club has regularly been nominated as one of the best clubs in the world. The MOBO Awards were held at the SECC on 30 September 2009, making Glasgow the first city outside London to host the event since its launch in 1995. On 9 November 2014, Glasgow hosted the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards at The OVO Hydro, it was the second time Scotland hosted the show since 2003 in Edinburgh and overall the fifth time that the United Kingdom has hosted the show since 2011 in Belfast, Northern Ireland.",384
1781,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The MOBO Awards were held at the SECC on 30 September 2009, making Glasgow the first city outside London to host the event since its launch in 1995. On 9 November 2014, Glasgow hosted the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards at The OVO Hydro, it was the second time Scotland hosted the show since 2003 in Edinburgh and overall the fifth time that the United Kingdom has hosted the show since 2011 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The event was hosted by Nicki Minaj and featured performances from Ariana Grande, Enrique Iglesias, Ed Sheeran, U2 and Slash. === Media ===

There has been a considerable number of films made about Glasgow or in Glasgow. Both BBC Scotland and STV have their headquarters in Glasgow. Television programs filmed in Glasgow include Rab C. Nesbitt, Taggart, Tutti Frutti, High Times, River City, City Lights, Chewin' the Fat, Still Game, Limmy's Show and Lovesick. Most recently, the long-running series Question Time and the early-evening quiz programme Eggheads moved its production base to the city. Most National Lottery game shows are also filmed in Glasgow. Children's game show Copycats is filmed there, and the Irish/UK programme Mrs. Brown's Boys is filmed at BBC Scotland. The Scottish press publishes various newspapers in the city such as The Evening Times, The Herald, The Sunday Herald, the Sunday Mail and the Daily Record. Scottish editions of Trinity Mirror and News International titles are printed in the city. STV Group is a Glasgow-based media conglomerate with interests in television, and publishing advertising. STV Group owns and operates both Scottish ITV franchises (Central Scotland and Grampian), both branded STV. Glasgow also had its own television channel, STV Glasgow, which launched in June 2014, which also shows some of Glasgow's own programs filmed at the STV headquarters in Glasgow.",391
1782,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"STV Group owns and operates both Scottish ITV franchises (Central Scotland and Grampian), both branded STV. Glasgow also had its own television channel, STV Glasgow, which launched in June 2014, which also shows some of Glasgow's own programs filmed at the STV headquarters in Glasgow. Shows included The Riverside Show, Scottish Kitchen, City Safari, Football Show and Live at Five. STV Glasgow merged with STV Edinburgh to form STV2 in April 2017 which eventually closed in June 2018. Various radio stations are also located in Glasgow. BBC Radio Scotland, the national radio broadcaster for Scotland, is located in the BBC's Glasgow headquarters alongside its Gaelic-language sister station, which is also based in Stornoway. Bauer Radio owns the principal commercial radio stations in Glasgow: Clyde 1 and Greatest Hits Radio Glasgow & The West, which can reach more than 2.3 million listeners. In 2004, STV Group plc (then known as SMG plc) sold its 27.8% stake in Scottish Radio Holdings to the broadcasting group EMAP for £90.5 million. Other stations broadcasting from Glasgow include Smooth Scotland, Heart Scotland, which are owned by Global. Global Radio's Central Scotland radio station Capital Scotland also broadcasts from studios in Glasgow. Nation Radio Scotland, owned by Nation Broadcasting, also broadcasts from the city. The city has a strong community radio sector, including Celtic Music Radio, Subcity Radio, Radio Magnetic, Sunny Govan Radio, AWAZ FM and Insight Radio. === Language ===
Glasgow is Scotland's main locus of Gaelic language use outside the Highlands and Islands. In 2011, 5,878 residents of the city over age 3 spoke Gaelic, amounting to 1.0% of the population. Of Scotland's 25 largest cities and towns, only Inverness, the unofficial capital of the Highlands, has a higher percentage of Gaelic speakers.",386
1783,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"In 2011, 5,878 residents of the city over age 3 spoke Gaelic, amounting to 1.0% of the population. Of Scotland's 25 largest cities and towns, only Inverness, the unofficial capital of the Highlands, has a higher percentage of Gaelic speakers. In the Greater Glasgow area there were 8,899 Gaelic-speakers, amounting to 0.8% of the population. Both the Gaelic language television station BBC Alba and the Gaelic language radio station BBC Radio nan Gàidheal have studios in Glasgow, their only locations outside the Highlands and Islands. The 2022 Scottish Census reported that out of 603,203 residents aged three and over, 10,989 (1.8%) considered themselves able to speak or read Gaelic. === Architecture ===

Very little of medieval Glasgow remains; the two main landmarks from this period being the 15th-century Provand's Lordship and 13th-century St. Mungo's Cathedral, although the original medieval street plan (along with many of the street names) on the eastern side of the city centre has largely survived intact. Also in the 15th century began the building of Cathcart Castle, completed c. 1450 with a view over the landscape in all directions. It was at this castle Mary Queen of Scots supposedly spent the night before her defeat at the Battle of Langside in May 1568. The castle was demolished in 1980 for safety reasons. The vast majority of the central city area as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has a heritage of Victorian architecture: the Glasgow City Chambers designed by William Young; the main building of the University of Glasgow, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott; and the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, designed by Sir John W. Simpson, are notable examples.",378
1784,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The vast majority of the central city area as seen today dates from the 19th century. As a result, Glasgow has a heritage of Victorian architecture: the Glasgow City Chambers designed by William Young; the main building of the University of Glasgow, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott; and the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, designed by Sir John W. Simpson, are notable examples. The city is notable for architecture designed by the Glasgow School, the most notable exponent of that style being Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Mackintosh was an architect and designer in the Arts and Crafts Movement and the main exponent of Art Nouveau in the United Kingdom, designing numerous noted Glasgow buildings such as the Glasgow School of Art, Willow Tearooms and the Scotland Street School Museum. A hidden gem of Glasgow, also designed by Mackintosh, is the Queen's Cross Church, the only church by the renowned artist to be built. Another architect who has had an enduring impact on the city's appearance is Alexander Thomson, with notable examples including the Holmwood House villa, and likewise Sir John James Burnet, awarded the R.I.B.A. 's Royal Gold Medal for his lifetime's service to architecture. The buildings reflect the wealth and self-confidence of the residents of the ""Second City of the Empire"". Glasgow generated immense wealth from trade and the industries that developed from the Industrial Revolution. The shipyards, marine engineering, steel making, and heavy industry all contributed to the growth of the city. Many of the city's buildings were built with red or blond sandstone, but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the furnaces, until the Clean Air Act was introduced in 1956. There are more than 1,800 listed buildings in the city, of architectural and historical importance, and 23 Conservation Areas extending over 1,471 hectares (3,630 acres).",390
1785,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Many of the city's buildings were built with red or blond sandstone, but during the industrial era those colours disappeared under a pervasive black layer of soot and pollutants from the furnaces, until the Clean Air Act was introduced in 1956. There are more than 1,800 listed buildings in the city, of architectural and historical importance, and 23 Conservation Areas extending over 1,471 hectares (3,630 acres). Such areas include the Central Area, Dennistoun, the West End, Pollokshields – the first major planned garden suburb in Britain – Newlands and the village of Carmunnock. Modern buildings in Glasgow include the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, and along the banks of the Clyde are the Glasgow Science Centre, The OVO Hydro and the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, whose Clyde Auditorium was designed by Sir Norman Foster, and is colloquially known as the ""Armadillo"". In 2004 Zaha Hadid won a competition to design the new Museum of Transport. Hadid's museum opened on the waterfront in 2011 and has been renamed the Riverside Museum to reflect the change in location and to celebrate Glasgow's rich industrial heritage stemming from the Clyde. Glasgow's historical and modern architectural traditions were celebrated in 1999 when the city was designated UK City of Architecture and Design, winning the accolade over Liverpool and Edinburgh. == Economy ==

Glasgow has the largest economy in Scotland and is at the hub of the metropolitan area of West Central Scotland. The city itself sustains more than 410,000 jobs in more than 12,000 companies. More than 153,000 jobs were created in the city between 2000 and 2005 – a growth rate of 32%. Glasgow's annual economic growth rate of 4.4% is now second only to that of London.",357
1786,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"More than 153,000 jobs were created in the city between 2000 and 2005 – a growth rate of 32%. Glasgow's annual economic growth rate of 4.4% is now second only to that of London. In 2005, more than 17,000 new jobs were created, and 2006 saw private-sector investment in the city reaching £4.2 billion, an increase of 22% in a single year. 55% of the residents in the Greater Glasgow area commute to the city every day. Once dominant export orientated manufacturing industries such as passenger and cargo shipbuilding and other heavy engineering have been gradually replaced in importance by more diversified forms of economic activity, although major manufacturing firms continue to be headquartered in the city, such as Aggreko, Weir Group, Clyde Blowers, Howden, Linn Products, Firebrand Games, William Grant & Sons, Whyte and Mackay, The Edrington Group, British Polar Engines and Albion Motors. Naval shipbuilding and the defence industry continue to be significant, with companies such as BAE Systems, the Thales Group and others. In 2023, major industries in the Glasgow City Region contributing to the economy of the city were public administration, education & health, distribution, hotels & restaurants, banking, finance and insurance services and transport and communication. == Transport ==


=== Public transport ===
Glasgow has a large urban transport system, mostly managed by the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT). The city has many bus services; since bus deregulation almost all are provided by private operators, though SPT part-funds some services. The principal bus operators within the city are: First Glasgow, McGill's Bus Services, Stagecoach West Scotland and West Coast Motors. The main bus terminal in the city is Buchanan bus station. Glasgow has the most extensive urban rail network in the UK outside London, with rail services travelling to a large part of the West of Scotland.",393
1787,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The main bus terminal in the city is Buchanan bus station. Glasgow has the most extensive urban rail network in the UK outside London, with rail services travelling to a large part of the West of Scotland. Most lines were electrified under British Rail. All trains running within Scotland, including the local Glasgow trains, are operated by ScotRail, which is owned by the Scottish Government. Central station and Queen Street station are the two main railway terminals. Glasgow Central is the terminus of the 642 km (399 mi) long West Coast Main Line from London Euston, as well as TransPennine Express services from Manchester and CrossCountry services from Birmingham, Bristol, Plymouth and various other destinations in England. Glasgow Central is also the terminus for suburban services on the south side of Glasgow, Ayrshire and Inverclyde, as well as being served by the cross city link from Dalmuir to Motherwell. Most other services within Scotland – the main line to Edinburgh, plus services to Aberdeen, Dundee, Inverness and the Western Highlands – operate from Queen Street station. The city's suburban network is almost completely divided by the River Clyde. Over the years there have been proposed initiatives such as Crossrail to better connect the suburban network. The city is linked to Edinburgh by four direct railway links. In addition to the suburban rail network, SPT operates the Glasgow Subway. The Subway is the United Kingdom's only completely underground metro system and is  the world's third oldest underground railway after the London Underground and the Budapest Metro. Both railway and subway stations have a number of park and ride facilities. As part of the wider regeneration along the banks of the River Clyde, a bus rapid transit system called Clyde Fastlink is operational between Glasgow City Centre to the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital.",361
1788,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Both railway and subway stations have a number of park and ride facilities. As part of the wider regeneration along the banks of the River Clyde, a bus rapid transit system called Clyde Fastlink is operational between Glasgow City Centre to the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital. === Roads ===
 The main M8 motorway passes around the city centre and connects with the M77, M74, M73 and M80 motorways, all of which pass within the city's boundaries. The A82 connects Glasgow to Argyll and the western Highlands. The M74 runs directly south towards Carlisle. Other strategic roads in the city include the East End Regeneration Route, which provides easier access to areas of the East End, linking the M8 to the extended M74. === Shipping ===
Global-ship-management is carried out by maritime and logistics firms in Glasgow, in client companies employing more than 100,000 seafarers. This reflects maritime skills over many decades and the training and education of deck officers and marine engineers from around the world at the City of Glasgow College, Riverside Campus, from which graduate over one third of all such graduates in the United Kingdom. The main operational dock for bulk cargoes within Glasgow operated by Clydeport is the King George V Dock, near Braehead. This was the busiest and most important dock in the UK throughout WWII. Since the advent in the 1960s of containerisation, most other facilities, such as Greenock Container Terminal and Hunterston Terminal, are located in the deep waters of the Firth of Clyde, which together handle some 7.5 million tonnes of cargo each year. Longer distant commercial sea shipping from Glasgow occurs regularly to many European destinations, including Mediterranean and Baltic ports via passage through the Sea of the Hebrides. Leisure and tourist sailing is important, at marinas and towns of the Clyde, including the PS Waverley, the world's last operational seagoing paddle-steamer.",394
1789,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Longer distant commercial sea shipping from Glasgow occurs regularly to many European destinations, including Mediterranean and Baltic ports via passage through the Sea of the Hebrides. Leisure and tourist sailing is important, at marinas and towns of the Clyde, including the PS Waverley, the world's last operational seagoing paddle-steamer. === Airports ===

There are three international airports within 45 minutes travel of the city centre, as well as a centrally located seaplane terminal. Two airports are dedicated to Glasgow, and Edinburgh Airport, situated on the west side of Edinburgh, is not far from Glasgow. These airports are Glasgow Airport (GLA) (eight mi or thirteen km west of the city centre) in Renfrewshire, Glasgow Prestwick Airport (PIK) (30 mi or 50 km southwest) in South Ayrshire, Edinburgh Airport (EDI), (34 mi or 55 km east) in Edinburgh and Glasgow Seaplane Terminal, by the Glasgow Science Centre on the River Clyde. There are also several smaller, domestic and private airports around the city. There is a heliport, Glasgow City Heliport, located at Stobcross Quay on the banks of the Clyde. All of the international airports are easily accessible by public transport, with Glasgow Airport and Edinburgh Airport directly linked by bus routes from the main bus station and a direct rail connection to Glasgow Prestwick Airport from Glasgow Central Station. A series of proposals to provide a direct rail link to Glasgow International Airport have ended unsuccessfully, beginning with the Glasgow Airport Rail Link in 2009. As of 2019, local authorities have approved plans for a ""Glasgow Metro"", including a connection to the International Airport. == Housing ==

Glasgow is known for its tenements; the red and blond sandstone buildings are some of the most recognisable features of the city.",375
1790,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"As of 2019, local authorities have approved plans for a ""Glasgow Metro"", including a connection to the International Airport. == Housing ==

Glasgow is known for its tenements; the red and blond sandstone buildings are some of the most recognisable features of the city. These were the most popular form of housing in 19th- and 20th-century Glasgow, and remain the most common form of dwelling in Glasgow today. Tenements are commonly bought by a wide range of social types and are favoured for their large rooms, high ceilings and original period features. The Hyndland area of Glasgow became the first tenement conservation area in the UK and includes some tenement houses with as many as six bedrooms. Like many cities in the UK, Glasgow witnessed the construction of high-rise housing in tower blocks in the 1960s, along with large overspill estates on the periphery of the city, in areas like Pollok, Nitshill, Castlemilk, Easterhouse, Milton and Drumchapel. These were built to replace the decaying inner-city tenement buildings originally built for workers who migrated from the surrounding countryside, the Highlands, and the rest of the United Kingdom, particularly Ireland, to feed the local demand for labour. The massive demand at that time outstripped the pace of new building, and many originally fine tenements often became overcrowded and unsanitary. Many degenerated into infamous slums, such as the Gorbals. Efforts to improve this housing situation, most successfully with the City Improvement Trust in the late 19th century, cleared the slums of the old town areas such as the Trongate, High Street and Glasgow Cross. Subsequent urban renewal initiatives, such as those motivated by the Bruce Report, entailed the comprehensive demolition of slum tenement areas, the development of new towns on the periphery of the city, and the construction of tower blocks.",390
1791,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Efforts to improve this housing situation, most successfully with the City Improvement Trust in the late 19th century, cleared the slums of the old town areas such as the Trongate, High Street and Glasgow Cross. Subsequent urban renewal initiatives, such as those motivated by the Bruce Report, entailed the comprehensive demolition of slum tenement areas, the development of new towns on the periphery of the city, and the construction of tower blocks. The policy of tenement demolition is now considered to have been short-sighted, wasteful and largely unsuccessful. Many of Glasgow's worst tenements were refurbished into desirable accommodation in the 1970s and 1980s and the policy of demolition is considered to have destroyed many fine examples of a ""universally admired architectural"" style. The Glasgow Housing Association took ownership of the housing stock from the city council on 7 March 2003, and has begun a £96 million clearance and demolition programme to clear and demolish many of the high-rise flats. == Healthcare ==

Medical care in and around Glasgow is provided by NHS Scotland and is directly administered by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. Major hospitals, including those with Accident & Emergency provision, are: the Western Infirmary, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow Royal Infirmary and the Dental Hospital in the city Centre, Stobhill Hospital in the North and the Victoria Infirmary and Queen Elizabeth University Hospital in the South Side. Gartnavel Royal Hospital and The Priory are the two major psychiatric hospitals based in Glasgow. The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (QEUH) Campus is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan in the south-west of Glasgow. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015.",365
1792,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital (QEUH) Campus is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan in the south-west of Glasgow. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a newly built 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major A&E departments, one for adults and one for children in addition to buildings retained from the former hospital. The QEUH is the Regional Major Trauma Centre for the west of Scotland and is also the largest hospital campus in Europe. There is also an emergency telephone service provided by NHS 24 and 24-hour access to general practitioners through out-of-hours centres. Paramedic services are provided by the Scottish Ambulance Service and supported by voluntary bodies like the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association. A strong teaching tradition is maintained between the city's main hospitals and the University of Glasgow Medical School. All pharmacies provide a wide range of services including minor ailment advice, emergency hormonal contraception and public health advice; some provide oxygen and needle exchange. There are private clinics and hospitals at the Nuffield in the west end and Ross Hall in the south side of the city. == Education ==

Glasgow is a major centre of higher and academic research, with the following universities and colleges within 10 mi (16 km) of the city centre:

University of Glasgow
University of Strathclyde
Glasgow Caledonian University
University of the West of Scotland
The Glasgow School of Art
Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
City of Glasgow College
Glasgow Clyde College
Glasgow Kelvin College
West College Scotland
In 2011 Glasgow had 53,470 full-time students aged 18–74 resident in the city during term time, more than any other city in Scotland and the fifth-highest number in the United Kingdom outside London.",399
1793,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"There are private clinics and hospitals at the Nuffield in the west end and Ross Hall in the south side of the city. == Education ==

Glasgow is a major centre of higher and academic research, with the following universities and colleges within 10 mi (16 km) of the city centre:

University of Glasgow
University of Strathclyde
Glasgow Caledonian University
University of the West of Scotland
The Glasgow School of Art
Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
City of Glasgow College
Glasgow Clyde College
Glasgow Kelvin College
West College Scotland
In 2011 Glasgow had 53,470 full-time students aged 18–74 resident in the city during term time, more than any other city in Scotland and the fifth-highest number in the United Kingdom outside London. The majority of those who live away from home reside in Shawlands, Dennistoun and the West End of the city. The City Council operates 29 secondary schools, 149 primary schools and three specialist schools – the Dance School of Scotland, Glasgow School of Sport and the Glasgow Gaelic School (Sgoil Ghàidhlig Ghlaschu), the only secondary school in Scotland to teach exclusively in Gaelic. Outdoor Education facilities are provided by the city council at the Blairvadach Centre, near Helensburgh. Jordanhill School is operated directly by the Scottish Government. Glasgow also has a number of Independent schools, including The High School of Glasgow, founded in 1124 and the oldest school in Scotland; Hutchesons' Grammar School, founded in 1639 and one of the oldest school institutions in Scotland; and others such as Craigholme School (closed 2020), Glasgow Academy, Kelvinside Academy and St. Aloysius' College. Glasgow is part of the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities.",375
1794,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Glasgow also has a number of Independent schools, including The High School of Glasgow, founded in 1124 and the oldest school in Scotland; Hutchesons' Grammar School, founded in 1639 and one of the oldest school institutions in Scotland; and others such as Craigholme School (closed 2020), Glasgow Academy, Kelvinside Academy and St. Aloysius' College. Glasgow is part of the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities. == Sport ==


=== Football ===

The world's first international football match was held in 1872 at the West of Scotland Cricket Club's Hamilton Crescent ground in the Partick area of the city. The match, between Scotland and England finished 0–0. Glasgow was the first city (since joined by Liverpool in 1985, Madrid in 1986, 2014, 2016 and 2018, Milan in 1994 and London in 2019, 2025) to have had two football teams in European finals in the same season: in 1967, Celtic competed in and won the European Cup final, with rivals Rangers competing in the Cup Winners' Cup final. Rangers were the first football club from the United Kingdom to reach a European final, doing so in 1961. Celtic were the first non-Latin club to win the European Cup, under the management of Jock Stein in 1967, before Manchester United the following year. Celtic also went on to reach another European Cup Final in 1970, losing to Feyenoord, and also the final of the UEFA Cup in 2003, where they lost an enthralling match which finished 3–2 to Portuguese club Porto. Rangers also reached the final of the same competition in 2008 and 2022, where they lost to Zenit Saint Petersburg of Russia, and Eintracht Frankfurt of Germany.",353
1795,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Celtic also went on to reach another European Cup Final in 1970, losing to Feyenoord, and also the final of the UEFA Cup in 2003, where they lost an enthralling match which finished 3–2 to Portuguese club Porto. Rangers also reached the final of the same competition in 2008 and 2022, where they lost to Zenit Saint Petersburg of Russia, and Eintracht Frankfurt of Germany. Hampden Park, which is Scotland's national football stadium, holds the European record for attendance at a football match: 149,547 saw Scotland beat England 3–1 in 1937, in the days before leading British stadia became all-seated. Hampden Park has hosted the final of the UEFA Champions League on three occasions, most recently in 2002 and hosted the UEFA Cup Final in 2007. Celtic Park (60,411 seats) is located in the east end of Glasgow, and Ibrox Stadium (51,700 seats) on the south side. Glasgow has four professional football clubs, who all play in the SPFL: Celtic, Rangers, Partick Thistle, and Queen's Park (after their move from amateur status in November 2019). Prior to this, Glasgow had two other professional teams: Clyde (now playing in Hamilton) and Third Lanark (liquidated in 1967), plus four others active in the league in the 19th century: Thistle, Cowlairs, Northern and Linthouse. There are a number of West of Scotland Football League clubs within the city as well, such as Pollok, Maryhill, Benburb, Ashfield, Glasgow Perthshire F.C., Glasgow United (formerly Shettleston Juniors), and Petershill, plus numerous amateur teams. The history of football in the city, as well as the status of the Old Firm, attracts many visitors to football matches in the city throughout the season.",380
1796,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"There are a number of West of Scotland Football League clubs within the city as well, such as Pollok, Maryhill, Benburb, Ashfield, Glasgow Perthshire F.C., Glasgow United (formerly Shettleston Juniors), and Petershill, plus numerous amateur teams. The history of football in the city, as well as the status of the Old Firm, attracts many visitors to football matches in the city throughout the season. The Scottish Football Association, the national governing body, and the Scottish Football Museum are based in Glasgow, as are the Scottish Professional Football League, Scottish Junior Football Association and Scottish Amateur Football Association. The Glasgow Cup was a once popular tournament, which was competed for by Rangers, Celtic, Clyde, Partick Thistle and Queen's Park. The competition is now played for by the youth sides of the five teams. Glasgow is also home to six women's football teams. Currently, Glasgow City are the champions of the Scottish Women's Premier League. Other local teams include Glasgow Girls and the women's sections of the men's clubs: Celtic and Rangers play in the top division. === Rugby union ===
Glasgow has a professional rugby union club, the Glasgow Warriors, which plays in the European Rugby Champions Cup and United Rugby Championship alongside teams from Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Italy and South Africa. The Warriors current home is Scotstoun Stadium and has been since 2012, previously they played at Firhill Stadium. They have won the Melrose 7s in both 2014 and 2015 and were also crowned champions of the Pro12 (later rebranded as the United Rugby Championship) at the end of the 2014/15 season after beating Irish side Munster in Belfast. Warriors won URC in the 2023/24 season after defeating South African team Bulls in the Grand Final in Pretoria.",367
1797,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"They have won the Melrose 7s in both 2014 and 2015 and were also crowned champions of the Pro12 (later rebranded as the United Rugby Championship) at the end of the 2014/15 season after beating Irish side Munster in Belfast. Warriors won URC in the 2023/24 season after defeating South African team Bulls in the Grand Final in Pretoria. In the Scottish League, Glasgow Hawks RFC was formed in 1997 by the merger of two of Glasgow's oldest clubs: Glasgow Academicals and Glasgow High Kelvinside (GHK). Despite the merger, the second division teams of Glasgow Academicals and Glasgow High Kelvinside re-entered the Scottish rugby league in 1998. Another of the Glasgow area's most prominent clubs Glasgow Hutchesons Aloysians RFC (GHA) has its roots in the south of the city (nowadays technically they are based just outside the city in the suburb of Giffnock in East Renfrewshire). GHA was formed in 2002 with the merger of two of Glasgow's leading clubs at the time, Glasgow Southern RFC and Hutchesons Aloysians RFC. Cartha Queen's Park play at Dumbreck, within the city. Glasgow was also home to one of the oldest rugby clubs in the country, West of Scotland F.C., which was formed in 1865 and was a founding member of the Scottish Rugby Union. The club was originally based in Partick at Hamilton Crescent but is now based outside the city, at Milngavie in East Dunbartonshire. === Other sports ===

The Easterhouse Panthers based in the East End of Glasgow are a rugby league team who play in the Rugby League Conference Scotland Division. From 1966 to 1986, the Glasgow Dynamos played at Crossmyloof Ice Rink.",364
1798,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"=== Other sports ===

The Easterhouse Panthers based in the East End of Glasgow are a rugby league team who play in the Rugby League Conference Scotland Division. From 1966 to 1986, the Glasgow Dynamos played at Crossmyloof Ice Rink. Since October 2010 a team called the Glasgow Clan based in the nearby Braehead Arena in Renfrewshire has played in the professional Elite Ice Hockey League alongside two other Scottish teams, the Fife Flyers and the Dundee Stars. The Arlington Baths Club was founded in 1870. It is situated in the Woodlands area of the city and is still in use today. It is believed the club's first Baths Master William Wilson invented water polo at the club. The Arlington inspired other Swimming Clubs and the Western Baths, which opened in 1876, is also still in existence in nearby Hillhead. Glasgow hosts Scotland's only professional basketball team, the Caledonia Gladiators, who compete in the British Basketball League. Previously based in Renfrewshire's Braehead Arena and the 1,200-seat Kelvin Hall, the team has been based at the Emirates Arena since the 2012/13 season. Major international sporting arenas include the Kelvin Hall and Scotstoun Sports Centre. In 2003 the National Academy for Badminton was completed in Scotstoun. In 2003, Glasgow was also given the title of European Capital of Sport. Glasgow is also host to many cricket clubs including Clydesdale Cricket Club who have been title winners for the Scottish Cup many times. This club also acted as a neutral venue for a One Day International match between India and Pakistan in 2007, but due to bad weather it was called off. Smaller sporting facilities include an abundance of outdoor playing fields, as well as golf clubs such as Haggs Castle and artificial ski slopes.",369
1799,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"This club also acted as a neutral venue for a One Day International match between India and Pakistan in 2007, but due to bad weather it was called off. Smaller sporting facilities include an abundance of outdoor playing fields, as well as golf clubs such as Haggs Castle and artificial ski slopes. Between 1998 and 2004, the Scottish Claymores American football team played some or all of their home games each season at Hampden Park and the venue also hosted World Bowl XI. Glasgow Green and the Gorbals are home to a number of rowing clubs, some with open membership the rest belonging to universities or schools. Historically, rowing races on the River Clyde here attracted huge crowds of spectators to watch regattas in the late 19th century and early 20th century; before football caught the public imagination. Two of Glasgow's rowing clubs separately claim that it was their members who were among the founders of Rangers Football Club. Motorcycle speedway racing was first introduced to Glasgow in 1928 and is currently staged at Ashfield Stadium in the North of the city. The home club, Glasgow Tigers, compete in the SGB Championship, the second tier of motorcycle speedway in Britain. Glasgow is also one of five places in Scotland that hosts the final of the Scottish Cup of Shinty, better known as the Camanachd Cup. This is usually held at Old Anniesland. Once home to numerous Shinty clubs, there is now only one senior club in Glasgow, Glasgow Mid-Argyll. === Sporting events host city ===

Glasgow bid to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics but lost to Buenos Aires in the 4 July 2013 vote. Glasgow was the host of the 2018 European Sports Championships along with Berlin (hosts of the 2018 European Athletics Championships). In August 2023, the city hosted the inaugural UCI Cycling World Championships.",376
1800,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"Glasgow was the host of the 2018 European Sports Championships along with Berlin (hosts of the 2018 European Athletics Championships). In August 2023, the city hosted the inaugural UCI Cycling World Championships. Glasgow played host to five venues for the event, whilst some events were held in Dumfries & Galloway (para-cycling road) and Stirling (time trial). On 9 November 2007, Glasgow was selected to be the host city of the 2014 Commonwealth Games. The games were held at a number of existing and newly constructed sporting venues across the city, including a refurbished Hampden Park, Kelvingrove Park, Kelvin Hall, and the OVO Hydro at the SECC. The opening ceremony was held at Celtic Park. 2014 was the third time the Games have been held in Scotland. On 17 September 2024, Glasgow was chosen as host for the 2026 Commonwealth Games, due to Victoria (the original host) pulling out due to unexpected cost increases. Glasgow was the Scottish host city for the pan–European UEFA Euro 2020 tournament, with the group of 16 matches being played at the city's Hampden Park. In 2023, Scotland, along with England, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland and Wales, were confirmed hosts for the UEFA Euro 2028 tournament, again with Hampden Stadium being the selected Scottish stadium to host matches. == Major incidents and tragedies ==

5 April 1902 – 1902 Ibrox disaster – 25 spectators died and more than 500 were injured when a new wooden stand at the Ibrox Park stadium collapsed during an England–Scotland match. 1960s/1970s – Many perished at three major blazes: the Cheapside Street whisky bond fire in Cheapside Street, Anderston (1960, 19 killed); the James Watt Street fire (1968, 22 killed); and the Kilbirnie Street fire (1972, seven killed).",380
1801,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"== Major incidents and tragedies ==

5 April 1902 – 1902 Ibrox disaster – 25 spectators died and more than 500 were injured when a new wooden stand at the Ibrox Park stadium collapsed during an England–Scotland match. 1960s/1970s – Many perished at three major blazes: the Cheapside Street whisky bond fire in Cheapside Street, Anderston (1960, 19 killed); the James Watt Street fire (1968, 22 killed); and the Kilbirnie Street fire (1972, seven killed). 2 January 1971 – 1971 Ibrox disaster – 66 people were killed in a crush, as supporters attempted to vacate the stadium. 11 May 2004 – Stockline Plastics factory explosion – The ICL Plastics factory (commonly referred to as Stockline Plastics factory), in the Woodside district of Glasgow, exploded. Nine people were killed, including two company directors, and 33 injured – 15 seriously. The four-storey building was largely destroyed. 30 June 2007 – 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack – Two jihadist terrorists – Bilal Abdullah and Kafeel Ahmed – deliberately drove a Jeep Cherokee SUV loaded with propane cylinders into the glass doors of a crowded terminal at Glasgow International Airport in an attempted suicide attack. A concrete security pillar blocked the car from entering the terminal. The two perpetrators were both apprehended; Ahmed died of burn wounds sustained in the attack, while Abdullah was convicted in Woolwich Crown Court of conspiracy to murder through terrorism and was sentenced to at least 32 years' imprisonment. The perpetrators were also linked to a failed car bombing in London the previous day. Ahmed's brother Sabeel Ahmed pleaded guilty to failing to disclose information about an act of terrorism and was deported.",346
1802,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"The perpetrators were also linked to a failed car bombing in London the previous day. Ahmed's brother Sabeel Ahmed pleaded guilty to failing to disclose information about an act of terrorism and was deported. 29 November 2013 – 2013 Glasgow helicopter crash – A Eurocopter EC135-T2+ police helicopter (operated by Bond Air Services for Police Scotland) crashed on top of The Clutha Vaults Bar in Glasgow City Centre, killing all aboard the helicopter (the pilot and two crew members) and seven people in the pub. The cause of the crash was fuel starvation due to pilot error. 23 May 2014 – Glasgow School of Art blaze – A fire tore through the historic and world-renowned Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh building, that was designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Around a tenth of the structure and 30% of its contents were destroyed, including the prized Mackintosh Library. There were no deaths but a few were treated for minor smoke inhalation. The Scottish Fire and Rescue were praised for their quick response and plan to effectively tackle the fire. It was later found after a fire investigation that gases inside a projector had overheated and ignited. 22 December 2014 – 2014 Glasgow bin lorry crash – Six people were killed and many were seriously injured when a bin lorry careened out of control and collided with pedestrians, vehicles, and buildings, on Queen Street, Glasgow, before crashing into the Millennium Hotel. The subsequent fatal accident inquiry established that the driver had suffered a ""neurocardiogenic syncope"" (fainting) episode that caused him to lose control of his vehicle. 29 December 2014 – first Ebola virus case in Scotland – Pauline Cafferkey, a nurse returning to Glasgow from Kerry Town treatment centre, Sierra Leone, West Africa where she had been a volunteer caring for patients infected with the Ebola virus was taken into isolation after testing positive for the virus. She was not diagnosed before leaving Sierra Leone.",390
1803,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,Glasgow,"29 December 2014 – first Ebola virus case in Scotland – Pauline Cafferkey, a nurse returning to Glasgow from Kerry Town treatment centre, Sierra Leone, West Africa where she had been a volunteer caring for patients infected with the Ebola virus was taken into isolation after testing positive for the virus. She was not diagnosed before leaving Sierra Leone. 15 June 2018 – A fire once again broke out in the partially restored Glasgow School of Art, causing extensive damage. The school was widely criticised for failing to install an effective modern sprinkler system in a timely manner. Emergency services received the first call at 11:19 pm BST, and 120 firefighters and 20 fire engines were dispatched to the fire. No casualties were reported. The cause of the fire remains unknown. == Namesake area on Mars ==
There is an area on Planet Mars which NASA has named Glasgow, after Scotland's largest city. The Mars rover Curiosity, which landed on the planet in August 2012, has drilled at the site. == Twin towns – sister cities ==
Glasgow is twinned with:

From 1986 to 2022, Glasgow was also twinned with Rostov-on-Don, Russia. === Partnerships ===
The city is also in a partnership with:


== Notable people ==


== See also ==
Outline of Glasgow


== Notes ==


== References ==


=== Citations ===


=== Bibliography ===


== External links ==
""Glasgow"" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. Glasgow districts map and other Glasgow maps Archived 9 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Interactive Attractions Map of Central Glasgow Archived 14 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
TheGlasgowStory
National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive (archive films relating to Glasgow) Archived 8 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine",387
1804,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cooke,Jean Cooke,"Jean Esme Oregon Cooke RA (18 February 1927 – 6 August 2008) was an English painter of still lifes, landscapes, portraits and figures. She was a lecturer at the Royal Academy and regularly exhibited her works, including the summer Royal Academy exhibitions. She was commissioned to make portraits by Lincoln College and St Hilda's College, Oxford. Her works are in the National Gallery, Tate and the Royal Academy collections. In the early years of her marriage, she signed her works Jean Bratby. == Early life ==
Jean Esme Oregon Cooke was born on 18 February 1927 in South London to Arthur Oregon Cooke and his wife. Arthur owned a shop in Blackheath, London where he sold hardware supplies and groceries. Until she was about 6+1⁄2 years old, Cooke spent a lot of time in her father's shop. Her mother saw little value in education and kept her out of school until then. Her mother had an artistic spirit, creating ""beautiful colours to decorate the walls by subtly mixing odd touches of paint."" As a young girl she drew, painted and modeled figures and heads in plasticine. She attended Blackheath High School. == Early adulthood ==
Cooke began her art studies in 1943 at the Central School of Arts and Crafts. She studied life drawing under Bernard Meninsky, textile design, and illustration at the Central School until 1945. Cooke then studied sculpture at Goldsmiths College and pottery at Camberwell College of Arts. Interested in becoming a teacher, she enrolled in the teacher education course at Goldsmiths, which she completed in 1950. Initially, Cooke was most interested in pursuing sculpture, partly because oils were expensive and clay was free at the college. One of her works won a prize, but after suffering a biking accident where she had dislocated her thumb, she worked in pottery. In 1950 she established a pottery workshop in Sussex.",387
1805,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cooke,Jean Cooke,"One of her works won a prize, but after suffering a biking accident where she had dislocated her thumb, she worked in pottery. In 1950 she established a pottery workshop in Sussex. John Bratby, a Royal College of Art painter, and Cooke began a tempestuous dating relationship. Bratby, afraid that she might leave him, locked her in his room once during their courtship. In April 1953 they were married and she took his last name. Later that year she entered the Royal College's post graduate program. Cooke's interest in painting grew under the tutelage of Ruskin Spear, Rodrigo Moynihan, and Carel Weight. In 1964 she had her first solo exhibition at Leicester Galleries. She developed a following, including Bethel Solomons and Brinsley Ford who collected her regularly exhibited works. Bratby did not achieve the recognition that his wife received and he was upset by it, which made their relationship increasingly difficult. He often painted over or ""slashed"" her works and restricted her painting time to three morning hours. Bratby had affairs and was physically abusive and cruel. He was said, though, to have had an ""enlivening, inspiring effect"" on her artistically. == Career ==
In 1964 she began teaching students to paint at the Royal College. The following year the Royal Academy made her an associate member and in 1972 she was made a full member. She lectured at the college until 1974. During the summers she exhibited her works at the Royal Academy exhibition. The seascape at her cottage and the landscape surrounding her Edwardian mansion featured in her paintings: ""cherry trees in full bloom, long grass filled with buttercups and blue-flowering lungwort, or the dark evergreens lit by the house windows at night. Doves were favourite models and appeared frequently."" She made self-portraits, paintings of her husband; and portraits.",396
1806,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cooke,Jean Cooke,"Doves were favourite models and appeared frequently."" She made self-portraits, paintings of her husband; and portraits. She was commissioned by St Hilda's College, Oxford to paint its principal, Mary Bennett and was hired by Lincoln College to make portraits of Walter Oakeshott and Egon Wellesz. In the early 1980s she painted a full-length portrait of her next-door neighbor, the baroque cellist Richard Webb. Her works reflected sensitivity, beauty, and insight - made with a ""subtle, understated, individual sense of colour."" Piet Mondrian was one of her favourite artists. Her work has been compared to Gwen John and Paula Modersohn-Becker. Cooke made several self-portraits, like Blast Bodicea, Jamais je ne pleure et jamais je ne ris (I never cry and I never laugh), and Self-Portrait (Tate). Her self-portraits often reflected humour to counterbalance the candid and not particularly flattering works. In them she was always searching for something, ""the previously unperceived."" Cooke commented that she had different motivations, sometimes wanting to be alone, or to be acknowledge, or to show off. Blast Bodicea was made at the urging of her husband, John Bratby, who had given her a heavy brass fireman's helmet to be included in the work. Although it became too difficult to paint while wearing the helmet, there are faint traces of the helmet visible in the painting. Bratby and Cooke's relationship experienced cycles of violence throughout their marriage. Jean left their home in fear, but would return based on the advice of their mentor and family friend, Carel Weight. She began signing her works with her maiden name at Bratby's insistence. The couple had one daughter, Wendy, and three sons, Dayan, David, Jason. They were all artistic.",389
1807,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cooke,Jean Cooke,"The couple had one daughter, Wendy, and three sons, Dayan, David, Jason. They were all artistic. The family shared their time between two houses. One was a seaside cottage at Birling Gap and the other was a large, cold Edwardian manor, which had tennis courts, a swimming pool and a largely untended garden. The couple's relationship was over by the 1970s, and they divorced in 1977. Starting in 1974 Cooke held ""open studios"" for the Greenwich Festival, something she continued until 1994. Her works are at the National Gallery, Tate and the Royal Academy. == Later years ==
In 2003, her house caught fire, many of her paintings were lost, and the building was destroyed. She moved into a Charlton Village flat and continued her painting there. She died on 6 August 2008 at her second cottage at Birling Gap while looking at the sea out of her window. The cause of death was pneumonia. Andrew Lambirth wrote of her in the days following her death:

Jean Cooke was a painter of wit and subtlety, a lovely and unusual colourist who painted landscape and still-life with great but understated feeling. She was also a figure painter, and a dab hand at portraits, but her finest achievement was in the depiction of the natural world: cliffs and the sea, a mountain meadow, the effects of mist or moonlight, a collection of fruit or flowers. In recent years, Cooke's still-lifes could appear somewhat minimal and haphazard, but they were always perfectly phrased and pitched. Solitary blooms against bare canvas with a scribble of background colour, they have the compression and self-sufficiency of a poem. Friend and playwright Nell Dunn wrote that she had ""a crazy sense of humour - she sees herself as a comic character in a comic world, with the only serious thing being painting.""",386
1808,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cooke,Jean Cooke,"Solitary blooms against bare canvas with a scribble of background colour, they have the compression and self-sufficiency of a poem. Friend and playwright Nell Dunn wrote that she had ""a crazy sense of humour - she sees herself as a comic character in a comic world, with the only serious thing being painting."" == Professional organisations ==
Cooke became a Full Royal Academician in 1972, and for many years her work has appeared annually in the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition. She was on the Council of the Royal Academy in 1983 to 1985, 1992 to 94, and 2001 to 2002. In 1993 and 1994, she was a Senior hanger at the Royal Academy. From 1984 to 1986, Cooke was governor of the Central School of Art and Design. She sat on the academic board of the Blackheath School of Art from 1986 to 1988. She was a member of the Friends of Woodlands Art Gallery. == Works ==
A selection of her works include:


== Exhibitions ==
Some of her exhibitions were:

1956 - The first year her work was included in group exhibitions
1963 - Her first solo exhibition was held at the Establishment Club in London
1964 - Solo exhibition at the Leicester Galleries
1965 - Bear Lane Gallery in Oxford
1965 - Moyan Gallery, Manchester
1971 - New Grafton Gallery, London
1974 - Group exhibitions at Agnews
1976 - Dulwich Picture Gallery
1976 - ""British Painting 1952 to 1977"" at the Royal Academy
1979 - Tate Gallery
1980 - Norwich Gallery
1990 - Sir Hugh Casson Room for Friends at the Royal Academy of Arts
1996 - Along with Maggi Hambling, she contributed to ""In The Looking Glass"", an exhibition at the Usher Gallery, Lincoln, that brought together a group of contemporary self-portraits by women. == Notes ==


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Contemporary British Artists, The Artist.",400
1809,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cooke,Jean Cooke,"== Works ==
A selection of her works include:


== Exhibitions ==
Some of her exhibitions were:

1956 - The first year her work was included in group exhibitions
1963 - Her first solo exhibition was held at the Establishment Club in London
1964 - Solo exhibition at the Leicester Galleries
1965 - Bear Lane Gallery in Oxford
1965 - Moyan Gallery, Manchester
1971 - New Grafton Gallery, London
1974 - Group exhibitions at Agnews
1976 - Dulwich Picture Gallery
1976 - ""British Painting 1952 to 1977"" at the Royal Academy
1979 - Tate Gallery
1980 - Norwich Gallery
1990 - Sir Hugh Casson Room for Friends at the Royal Academy of Arts
1996 - Along with Maggi Hambling, she contributed to ""In The Looking Glass"", an exhibition at the Usher Gallery, Lincoln, that brought together a group of contemporary self-portraits by women. == Notes ==


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Contemporary British Artists, The Artist. 1980. Mary Chamot, Dennis Farr and Martin Butlin (1964). The Modern British Paintings, Drawings and Sculpture. London. {{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Seeing Ourselves: women's self-portraits. 1998. The Artist's Garden. 1989. == External links ==
17 artworks by or after Jean Cooke at the Art UK site",300
1810,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22Gz,22Gz,"Jeffrey Mark Alexander (born November 29, 1997), known professionally as 22Gz ( too-too-JEEZ), is an American rapper credited as a pioneer of the Brooklyn drill scene. 22Gz released his first major mixtape, The Blixky Tape, through Atlantic Records in 2019. == Early life ==
Jeffrey Mark Alexander was born on November 29, 1997, the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. His father died before he was born. He is of Guyanese descent. He started his entertainment career on the New York City Subway performing showtime dance routines. == Career ==
He started releasing songs on SoundCloud at the age of 17 in early 2015. After releasing the singles ""Blixky"" and ""Suburban"" in 2016, 22Gz gained a following from his YouTube videos. ""Suburban"", produced by London-based drill producer AXL Beats, was regarded as one of the first major Brooklyn drill songs to become popular. 22Gz gained attention, leading him to sign with Atlantic in 2018 and his label A&R helping him getting noticed by Kodak Black. One of his first songs released on the label, ""Spin the Block"", was a collaboration track with Kodak Black. 22Gz released his first mixtape with Atlantic, The Blixky Tape, in July 2019. His follow-up mixtape Growth & Development was released on April 10, 2020, and was co-produced by London-based drill producer Ghosty. Torsten Ingvaldsen of Hypebeast praised the mixtape, stating, 22Gz has ""riotous energy, bringing forth aggressive lyrics and militant deliveries that continue to sculpt out his fast-paced rise"". == Legal controversies ==
In 2014, he was charged with conspiracy to commit murder, however the charges were dropped.",375
1811,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22Gz,22Gz,"Torsten Ingvaldsen of Hypebeast praised the mixtape, stating, 22Gz has ""riotous energy, bringing forth aggressive lyrics and militant deliveries that continue to sculpt out his fast-paced rise"". == Legal controversies ==
In 2014, he was charged with conspiracy to commit murder, however the charges were dropped. 22Gz spent five months in jail in 2017 on second-degree murder charges related to a shooting in Miami, however these were later dropped. 22Gz recorded a Facebook Live video from an NYPD holding cell in 2018. In 2019, Alexander, along with Casanova, Pop Smoke, Sheff G, and Don Q, was removed from the Rolling Loud concert. NYPD cited ""a higher risk of violence"" if the artists were to perform. On June 12, 2022, 22Gz was arrested in New York City on attempted murder charges over a March shooting in which three people were injured. He was released on $500,000 bail four days later. == Discography ==


=== Mixtapes ===


=== Extended plays ===


=== Singles ===


==== As lead artist ====


==== As featured artist ====


=== Guest appearances ===


== References ==",251
1812,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Monaco_Grand_Prix,1931 Monaco Grand Prix,"The 1931 Monaco Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on 19 April 1931. With 16 Bugattis in a field of 23 cars, the event was close to being a single-make race. Among the 16 were four factory-team Type 51s driven by the Monegasque Louis Chiron, the Italian Achille Varzi and the French Albert Divo and Guy Bouriat. The real challenge came from the Maserati 8C 2500's driven by René Dreyfus, the Italian Luigi Fagioli and Clemente Bondietti. Rudolf Caracciola with his huge Mercedes SSKL (Super Sport Short Light-Weight) was uncompetitive as his larger car performed poorly around the tight Monaco track. The race was between the blue cars from Molsheim and the red ones from Modena. When the start flag dropped it was Rene Dreyfus in his red Maserati who led into St. Devote, only to be passed by 'Williams' on the hill to the Casino, but his lead was short-lived as the Brit was sidelined by a broken valve spring, and his race was over. Achille Varzi and Caracciola started closing on Dreyfus and Varzi managed to overtake the Frenchman on the 7th lap. Caracciola struggled with a slipping clutch that gave in on lap 53. Starting slowly, Louis Chiron eventually displayed his talents; gaining back ground with a new lap record time. He caught up with all his opponents and left them behind. Chiron, a native of Monaco, finished the race some 5 minutes ahead of Luigi Fagioli. Jean Bugatti could not control his joy and jumped over the parapet of the bleachers and fell into Louis Chiron's arms. For the Monegasque, this Monaco Grand Prix victory really confirmed his reputation.",385
1813,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Monaco_Grand_Prix,1931 Monaco Grand Prix,"Jean Bugatti could not control his joy and jumped over the parapet of the bleachers and fell into Louis Chiron's arms. For the Monegasque, this Monaco Grand Prix victory really confirmed his reputation. Louis Chiron's victory at Monaco would be the last for a Monegasque for 93 years until Charles Leclerc won the 81st edition of the event. == Entries ==


== Starting grid ==

Note: grid slots were determined by drawing lots (Birkin and Ivanowski had provisionally been due to start on the first and seventh row, respectively). == Classification ==


=== Race ===


== References ==


== External links ==",140
1814,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Stadium,Gilmore Stadium,"Gilmore Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Los Angeles, California. It was opened in May 1934 and demolished in 1952, when the land was used to build CBS Television City. The stadium held 18,000. It was located next to Gilmore Field. The stadium was located west of Curson Avenue, surrounded by Beverly Boulevard, Fairfax Avenue and Third Street. The stadium was used in a Three Stooges 1934 short Three Little Pigskins. The stadium was built by Earl Gilmore, son of Arthur F. Gilmore and president of A. F. Gilmore Oil, a California-based petroleum company which was developed after Arthur struck oil on the family property. The area was rich in petroleum, which was the source of the ""tar"" in the nearby La Brea Tar Pits. == Uses ==


=== Opening ===
The first event staged at the Stadium was a series of shows featuring prominent Hollywood actors of the day, led by Screen Actors Guild president Eddie Cantor, on the weekend of May 18–19–20, 1934. This ""Film Stars Frolic"" sought to raise money for less fortunate Hollywood actors such as extras. === Football venue ===
The Stadium was used for American football games at both the professional and collegiate level. It was the home of the Los Angeles Bulldogs, the first professional football team in Los Angeles. The Bulldogs competed as an independent team before joining the second American Football League in 1937 and winning its championship with a perfect 8–0–0 record, the first professional football team to win its championship with an unblemished record. After the collapse of the league, the Bulldogs returned to being an independent team before joining the American Professional Football Association in 1939. The Bulldogs then became charter members of the Pacific Coast Professional Football League in 1940 and played in Gilmore Stadium until 1948, when the team moved to Long Beach, California, for its (and the league's) final season.",385
1815,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Stadium,Gilmore Stadium,"After the collapse of the league, the Bulldogs returned to being an independent team before joining the American Professional Football Association in 1939. The Bulldogs then became charter members of the Pacific Coast Professional Football League in 1940 and played in Gilmore Stadium until 1948, when the team moved to Long Beach, California, for its (and the league's) final season. The Stadium was also home to the Los Angeles Mustangs of the Pacific Coast Professional Football League. Several teams in the Pacific Coast Professional Football League labeled as ""Hollywood"" also used the Stadium as their home during the early 1940s: The Stars, the Bears and the Wolves. The Stadium was home to the collegiate Loyola Marymount Lions football team and Pepperdine Waves football team. Gilmore Stadium was the site of two 1940 National Football League (NFL) Pro Bowls. ==== 1940 NFL All-Star Game (1939 season) ====
On January 14, 1940, the 1939 NFL champion Green Bay Packers met an All-Star team consisting of players from the nine other NFL clubs in the second NFL all-star game. The Packers won 16–7. ==== 1940 NFL All-Star Game (1940 season) ====
Extra seating was added to accommodate 21,000 fans for the all-star game for the 1940 NFL season. The crowd set a record as the largest to view a Los Angeles pro game. The event was held on December 29, 1940. The game pitted the 1940 NFL Champion Chicago Bears against an All-Star team from the other NFL clubs in the third NFL All-Star game. The Bears won 28–14. === Baseball venue ===

The Hollywood Stars of the Pacific Coast League played here early in the 1939 season, while awaiting completion of Gilmore Field's construction. The diamond was situated in the southwest ""corner"" of the stadium, with right field so close that baseballs hit over the fence in that area were ground-rule doubles.",393
1816,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Stadium,Gilmore Stadium,"=== Baseball venue ===

The Hollywood Stars of the Pacific Coast League played here early in the 1939 season, while awaiting completion of Gilmore Field's construction. The diamond was situated in the southwest ""corner"" of the stadium, with right field so close that baseballs hit over the fence in that area were ground-rule doubles. The stadium served as the Stars' home for a seven-game series against the Portland Beavers. The Stars won the opener on April 4, by a score of 9–5. The finale came on April 9, with the Beavers winning a doubleheader over the Stars, 8–5 and 12–8. The Stars won four games in the series; the Beavers won three. === Midget car venue ===
While the first modern-day midget car racing program took place at Hughes Stadium in Sacramento, California in June 1933, and Loyola Stadium became the starting point in Southern California in August 1933, Gilmore Stadium is often billed as the first track purposely built for the new style of racing. The track hosted midget car racing from the track's debut in May 1934 until 1950. The 1939 Turkey Night Grand Prix was held at the track. Rodger Ward drove Vic Edelbrock's midget car in a famous August 10, 1950, event at Gilmore Stadium. Ward shocked the racing world by breaking Offenhauser engine's winning streak by sweeping the events at Gilmore Stadium that night. Notable drivers that raced at the track include Bill Betteridge, Fred Friday, Walt Faulkner, Perry Grimm, Sam Hanks, Curly Mills, Danny Oakes, Roy Russing, Bob Swanson, Bill Vukovich, Rodger Ward, and Karl Young. Drivers that were killed at the track include Ed Haddad, Swede Lindskog, Speedy Lockwood, Frankie Lyons, and Chet Mortemore.",382
1817,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Stadium,Gilmore Stadium,"Notable drivers that raced at the track include Bill Betteridge, Fred Friday, Walt Faulkner, Perry Grimm, Sam Hanks, Curly Mills, Danny Oakes, Roy Russing, Bob Swanson, Bill Vukovich, Rodger Ward, and Karl Young. Drivers that were killed at the track include Ed Haddad, Swede Lindskog, Speedy Lockwood, Frankie Lyons, and Chet Mortemore. In the sixteen years of the stadium's existence, over 5 million fans attended races at the track. The stadium drew crowds over 18,000 people each race. Attendance dropped to below 9,000 at normal weekly races by the late 1940s. The attendance drop and increased demand for property in West Hollywood led to the track's sale in 1950. It was torn down in 1951. Some of its grandstand was installed at Saugus Speedway. === Other uses ===

It also hosted donkey baseball, dog shows, rodeos, and at least one cricket match. Esther Williams performed in a diving and water ballet performance. A temporary above ground pool was constructed for the event. Several professional boxing title matches were held in the stadium. U.S. President Harry S. Truman delivered his ""stiff upper lip"" speech in the stadium. Gilmore Stadium was featured in a 1934 Three Stooges short featuring a football game, and fittingly titled Three Little Pigskins. The scoreboard, with the name of the stadium, appears prominently in several shots, as does a billboard advertising Gilmore products. A sign for the nearby Fairfax Theater, across Beverly Boulevard at the north (open) end of the stadium, is also visible in the background a couple of times. On May 19, 1947, Gilmore Stadium was packed with people waiting to hear a speech by Progressive Party candidate for President Henry A. Wallace. Wallace served as vice president under FDR and was also the Secretary of Agriculture (his specialty) and Secretary of Commerce.",393
1818,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Stadium,Gilmore Stadium,"On May 19, 1947, Gilmore Stadium was packed with people waiting to hear a speech by Progressive Party candidate for President Henry A. Wallace. Wallace served as vice president under FDR and was also the Secretary of Agriculture (his specialty) and Secretary of Commerce. Also speaking at the event was actress Katharine Hepburn, whose speech stole the show. It was there on September 23, 1948, that Ronald Reagan introduced President Harry S. Truman at a campaign rally, the first time that Reagan personally met a U.S President. == References ==


== External links ==

Colorized postcard of Gilmore Stadium, Gilmore Field, Pan Pacific Auditorium and Farmers Market Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
A collection of pictures of Gilmore Stadiums various usages",158
1819,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Eurocup_Formula_Renault_2.0,2013 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0,"The 2013 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season was a multi-event motor racing championship for open wheel, formula racing cars held across Europe. The championship features drivers competing in 2 litre Formula Renault single seat race cars that conform to the technical regulations for the championship. The 2013 season is the 23rd Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 season organized by the Renault Sport and the first season with the new generation car. The season began at Ciudad del Motor de Aragón on 27 April and finished on 20 October at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. The series formed part of the World Series by Renault meetings at seven double header events. Tech 1 Racing's Pierre Gasly won the championship title after wins at Moscow, Budapest and Le Castellet. His rival Oliver Rowland had the same number of wins and fought for the title until he received a drive-through penalty, as a result of a collision with Gasly in the final race of the season. ART Junior's Esteban Ocon took wins at Le Castellet and Barcelona to finish in third position in the drivers' standings. Nyck de Vries, Ignazio D'Agosto, Luca Ghiotto and Matthieu Vaxivière were also race-winners during the season. Gasly, with the help of Egor Orudzhev and Vaxivière, accrued enough points to confirm the teams' championship title for Tech 1 Racing. == Teams and drivers ==
On 7 November 2012, twelve teams were preselected for entry into the 2013 season, with BVM Racing and Atech Reid GP on the reserve list. == Race calendar and results ==
The calendar for the 2013 season was announced on 20 October 2012, the day before the end of the 2012 season. All seven rounds formed meetings of the 2013 World Series by Renault season.",379
1820,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Eurocup_Formula_Renault_2.0,2013 Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0,"== Race calendar and results ==
The calendar for the 2013 season was announced on 20 October 2012, the day before the end of the 2012 season. All seven rounds formed meetings of the 2013 World Series by Renault season. == Championship standings ==
Points for both championships are awarded as follows:


=== Drivers' Championship ===


=== Teams' Championship ===


== References ==


== External links ==
Renault-Sport official website",90
1821,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Man_Is_Down,Tin Man Is Down,"""Tin Man Is Down"" is the first episode of the third season of the American television drama series Homeland, and the 25th episode overall. It aired on Showtime on September 29, 2013. == Plot ==
Carrie (Claire Danes) is called to testify before the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence 58 days after the attack on the CIA headquarters. Senator Lockhart (Tracy Letts) reveals a memo that offered Brody (Damian Lewis) immunity for his help in killing or capturing Nazir. Carrie indicates that she does not believe Brody is guilty or knew the bomb was in his car. The next day Lockhart questions where Carrie was the 14 hours after the attack when her statement claimed she was unconscious. Carrie invokes the Fifth Amendment. Dana (Morgan Saylor) concludes a month-long stay in the hospital after having slit her wrists in the bathtub. Jessica Brody (Morena Baccarin) struggles financially and begins interviewing for jobs. Carrie's father Frank (James Rebhorn) finds out that she has stopped taking lithium. Mira (Sarita Choudhury) returns from Mumbai, but she and Saul (Mandy Patinkin) sleep in separate bedrooms, and the status of their relationship remains unclear. The attack on Langley left a crater, and the death toll is revealed to be 219. The Iranian mastermind of the attack, Majid Javadi (""The Magician""), has not been seen in public since 1994. Six other members of the network that planned and carried out the attack on Langley have been identified and located by the CIA. After weighing his options, Saul  eventually orders their simultaneous assassination. Peter Quinn (Rupert Friend) is in Caracas, Venezuela, where he decides not to place a bomb on his target's car upon seeing a boy in the back seat.",376
1822,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Man_Is_Down,Tin Man Is Down,"After weighing his options, Saul  eventually orders their simultaneous assassination. Peter Quinn (Rupert Friend) is in Caracas, Venezuela, where he decides not to place a bomb on his target's car upon seeing a boy in the back seat. He is given the order to attempt to kill his target (codenamed ""Tin Man"") by infiltrating his compound. Quinn shoots and kills his target but accidentally kills the boy as well. Elsewhere in the world, the other five targets are also taken out. Carrie meets a redhead man while buying alcohol at a convenience store, and she sleeps with him that night. The next day, she sees the newspaper headline that an unnamed CIA officer slept with Brody. Carrie confronts Saul and accuses him of leaking the story. Saul is later called before the Intelligence Committee and asked to comment on the article. Saul does not give a name but says that the agent is bipolar and concealed it from her employers. Carrie watches Saul's testimony on live television and is distraught. == Production ==
The episode was written by co-creator Alex Gansa and co-executive producer Barbara Hall, which was Hall's first writing credit after joining the writing staff this season. It was directed by co-executive producer Lesli Linka Glatter. An unfinished version of the episode was leaked to BitTorrent on September 1, 2013, receiving over 100,000 downloads in the first few hours. Damian Lewis later blamed the leak on ""hackers"". References (homages) to the work of John le Carré feature, one in a scripted line spoken by Dar Adal (F. Murray Abraham) in a restaurant scene, saying, to Saul Berenson (Mandy Patinkin), ""We are pragmatists. We adapt. We are not the keepers of some sacred flame"", a direct interpolation of a line originally spoken by the character of Oliver Lacon, in Smiley's People.",394
1823,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Man_Is_Down,Tin Man Is Down,"We adapt. We are not the keepers of some sacred flame"", a direct interpolation of a line originally spoken by the character of Oliver Lacon, in Smiley's People. In another scene, Dana (Morgan Saylor), refers to federal agents stationed outside the Brody residence as ""Babysitters"", another Le Carre-coined term used in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy to refer to intelligence service bodyguards tasked with protecting colleagues. ""The magician"" was the nickname given to the  character Otto Leipzig in ""Smiley's People"". The final death toll of 219 differs from the 250+ bodies, laid out in rows in a large hall, in the final minutes of ""The Choice"". This is the first episode of the series not to feature Damian Lewis as Nicholas Brody or David Harewood as David Estes due to the former character now being a fugitive from justice and the latter's death in the previous season's finale. == Reception ==


=== Ratings ===
Scheduled head-to-head against the Breaking Bad series finale, the original broadcast of ""Tin Man Is Down"" had 1.88 million viewers, showing an increase over the previous season's premiere episode. == References ==


== External links ==
""Tin Man Is Down"" at Showtime
""Tin Man Is Down"" at IMDb",277
1824,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Murphy_(Cork_Gaelic_footballer),Se%C3%A1n Murphy (Cork Gaelic footballer),"Seán Murphy (born 1953) is an Irish retired Gaelic footballer, coach and selector who played for Cork Championship club Kilmurry and at inter-county level with the Cork senior football team. He usually lined out at wing-forward. == Playing career ==
Murphy first came to notice at juvenile and underage levels with the Kilmurry club. He eventually progressed to the adult team and won Cork JFC titles in 1980 and 1986, as well as numerous divisional and league titles. He also lined out with University College Cork in the Sigerson Cup and earned selection to the Muskerry team. Murphy first appeared on the inter-county scene with the Cork minor football team and was at wing-forward on the team that lost the 1971 All-Ireland minor final to Mayo. He later lined out with the under-21 team. Murphy joined the Cork senior football team's extended panel during their Munster Championship-winning season in 1974, however, he didn't break onto the team until 1976. He was a member of the team that won the 1979–80 National League title before leaving the panel in 1981. == Management career ==
Murphy was only 25 years-old when he became player-manager with Kilmurry in 1978. During his three years in charge the club secured two Mid Cork JAFC titles and the Cork JFC title. He returned as player-manager again in 1984 and the club repeated the previous feat by winning two Mid Cork titles and the Cork JFC title. Murphy became a Cork senior football team selector in October 1987 and remained in that role until June 1991. During his tenure the team won two consecutive All-Ireland SFC titles from three consecutive final appearances, as well as a National League title. Murphy later coached the Erin's Own club to their very first Cork JFC title in 1994.",372
1825,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Murphy_(Cork_Gaelic_footballer),Se%C3%A1n Murphy (Cork Gaelic footballer),"During his tenure the team won two consecutive All-Ireland SFC titles from three consecutive final appearances, as well as a National League title. Murphy later coached the Erin's Own club to their very first Cork JFC title in 1994. He later returned as a selector with Kilmurry and also had a second spell as a selector with the Cork senior football team. == Honours ==


=== Player ===
Kilmurry
Cork Junior A Football Championship: 1980, 1986
Mid Cork Junior A Football Championship: 1978, 1980, 1984, 1986
Cork
National Football League: 1979–80
Munster Under-21 Football Championship: 1974
Munster Minor Football Championship: 1971


=== Management ===
Kilmurry
Cork Junior A Football Championship: 1980, 1986
Mid Cork Junior A Football Championship: 1978, 1980, 1984, 1986
Erin's Own
Cork Junior A Football Championship: 1994
East Cork Junior A Football Championship: 1994
Cork
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship: 1989, 1990
Munster Senior Football Championship: 1988, 1989, 1990
National Football League: 1988–89


== References ==",243
1826,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew_(2024_TV_series),Curfew (2024 TV series),"Curfew is a British crime drama television series for Paramount+ UK & Ireland. It is an adaptation of the novel After Dark by Jayne Cowie. == Premise ==
Set in a society where men are restricted by a curfew from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. to prioritise women's safety, the murder of a woman outside the Women's Safety Centre shocks the community. Veteran police officer Pamela Green (Sarah Parish) suspects that a man is responsible for the crime, despite the curfew - which requires all men to be tagged and monitored during restricted hours. Partnering with her new colleague Eddie (Mitchell Robertson), Pamela faces scepticism from both the public and her superiors, who believe the curfew system makes it impossible for a man to be involved. As the investigation unfolds, Pamela must confront her own biases and navigate political pressure while seeking the truth behind the murder. == Cast ==
Sarah Parish as DI Pamela Green
Mandip Gill as Sarah
Mitchell Robertson as Eddie
Alexandra Burke as Helen Jones
Tommy McDonnell as Greg
Lucy Benjamin as DCI Sue Ferguson
Anita Dobson as Janet
Adam Korson as Ben Williams
Amy Louise Pemberton as Sian Williams
Imogen Sandhu as Cass
Bobby Brazier as James
James Craven as Max Williams
Selorm Adonu as Billy
Pearl D'souza as Sita
Alisha Bailey as Aisha
Mark Killeen as Steve
Emily Ross as Pru
Oliver Anvin-Wilson as Patrick
Larry Lamb as Rhys Holden
Raphael D’Alterio as Noah Williams
Ciarán Owens as Tom Banley
Phoebe Sparrow as Becki Sutton


== Production ==
The series was produced by Vertigo Films in association with Evolutionary Films, with Federation Studios distributing.",379
1827,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew_(2024_TV_series),Curfew (2024 TV series),"As the investigation unfolds, Pamela must confront her own biases and navigate political pressure while seeking the truth behind the murder. == Cast ==
Sarah Parish as DI Pamela Green
Mandip Gill as Sarah
Mitchell Robertson as Eddie
Alexandra Burke as Helen Jones
Tommy McDonnell as Greg
Lucy Benjamin as DCI Sue Ferguson
Anita Dobson as Janet
Adam Korson as Ben Williams
Amy Louise Pemberton as Sian Williams
Imogen Sandhu as Cass
Bobby Brazier as James
James Craven as Max Williams
Selorm Adonu as Billy
Pearl D'souza as Sita
Alisha Bailey as Aisha
Mark Killeen as Steve
Emily Ross as Pru
Oliver Anvin-Wilson as Patrick
Larry Lamb as Rhys Holden
Raphael D’Alterio as Noah Williams
Ciarán Owens as Tom Banley
Phoebe Sparrow as Becki Sutton


== Production ==
The series was produced by Vertigo Films in association with Evolutionary Films, with Federation Studios distributing. John Adams is the producer, Joasia Goldyn is the director, whilst Lydia Yeoman is lead writer alongside Jess Green and Sumerah Srivastav. Allan Niblo, Jane Moore and Nathalie Peter-Contesse are executive producers on the series for Vertigo Films. It is an adaptation of the 2022 novel After Dark by Jayne Cowie. Filming was underway in early 2024 in London. The cast is led by Sarah Parish and Mandip Gill and also includes Mitchell Robertson and Alexandra Burke. In April 2024, Anita Dobson, Lucy Benjamin, Bobby Brazier and Larry Lamb joined the cast. == Release ==
The series premiered on 10 October 2024.",360
1828,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew_(2024_TV_series),Curfew (2024 TV series),"In April 2024, Anita Dobson, Lucy Benjamin, Bobby Brazier and Larry Lamb joined the cast. == Release ==
The series premiered on 10 October 2024. === Reception ===
Writing in the Guardian, Lucy Mangan gave the series three stars out of five, saying that it was ""decent thriller fare"" but its worldbuilding was ""disappointingly sketchy"" and left ""far too many unanswered questions"", including that of male violence committed during daytime hours or in a domestic setting. The Daily Telegraph's Anita Singh gave the series two stars out of five, with much of the review being dedicated to what she saw as the series' issues with worldbuilding and thus with believability. Ed Power of the Irish Times described the series as ""a passable shoestring thriller hobbled by a lot of weird gender politics."" Power queried the lack of any reference to daytime or domestic violence, and also noted the ""superhuman levels of suspension of disbelief"" needed to accept that men were ""such a danger to society that they have to be put under house arrest each sundown"" while simultaneously ""the patriarchy has apparently been subjugated to the point where legislators can force men to remain indoors"", but ultimately he found that it was ""still refreshing to see a series use speculative fiction to explore issues around everyday misogyny"" and the question of women's nighttime safety. Reviewing the series for the i, Tilly Pearce gave the series three stars out of five, saying that it ""seems somewhat aware of its faults and the barmy premise ends up working better than it should"", but that while it had ""huge potential to say something important about violence against women and girls [...] its determination to wedge in the male point of view whataboutery"" meant that ""any feminist notions are killed off"".",367
1829,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew_(2024_TV_series),Curfew (2024 TV series),"Power queried the lack of any reference to daytime or domestic violence, and also noted the ""superhuman levels of suspension of disbelief"" needed to accept that men were ""such a danger to society that they have to be put under house arrest each sundown"" while simultaneously ""the patriarchy has apparently been subjugated to the point where legislators can force men to remain indoors"", but ultimately he found that it was ""still refreshing to see a series use speculative fiction to explore issues around everyday misogyny"" and the question of women's nighttime safety. Reviewing the series for the i, Tilly Pearce gave the series three stars out of five, saying that it ""seems somewhat aware of its faults and the barmy premise ends up working better than it should"", but that while it had ""huge potential to say something important about violence against women and girls [...] its determination to wedge in the male point of view whataboutery"" meant that ""any feminist notions are killed off"". Digital Spy's Jess Bacon said that while the series offered ""some contrived reflections and generalisations on femicide, murder and women's safety"" it also offered ""some of the boldest statements about the epidemic of violence against women."" == References ==


== Footnotes ==


== External links ==
Curfew at IMDb",264
1830,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_(macOS),Package (macOS),"In the Apple macOS operating system, a package is a file system directory that is normally displayed to the user by the Finder as if it were a single file. Such a directory may be the top-level of a directory tree of objects stored as files, or it may be other archives of files or objects for various purposes, such as installer packages, or backup archives. == Definition ==
The package is a common file system abstraction used by Apple operating systems, such as macOS and iOS. It is a directory that may contain a hierarchy of files or objects that represent a preserved, organized state. A package is displayed to users like a single file in the Finder application to avoid being changed by the user. However, the content of packages may be accessed through special keyboard and mouse combination events. For this purpose, the control-click, or right-click, menu displays a directive Show Package Contents. Some documents may be represented as packages:

Rich Text Format documents with images, which carry the .rtfd extension;
Dashboard widgets;
Partially downloaded files in Safari, which carry the .download extension;
Final Cut Pro X Camera Archives, which contain multiple QuickTime videos and carry the .fcarch extension;
project files in GarageBand, Keynote, Pages, Numbers, iMovie and Xcode;
Installer packages. The Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for a package is com.apple.package. === Bundles ===
A package that has a standardized structure for storing executable code and its associated resources, is called a bundle. == See also ==
Installer (macOS)


== References ==",334
1831,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_(band),Three (band),"Three was a post-hardcore band that released music on Dischord Records. The group was active from summer 1986 until its breakup in early 1988. The band's initial lineup included Ian MacKaye and Jeff Nelson of Minor Threat, along with Geoff Turner and Steve Niles of Gray Matter. MacKaye soon left the band and was replaced by Mark Haggerty, also from Gray Matter. Following MacKaye's departure, the group sought a new singer—auditioning Bruce Merkle of 9353—before deciding to proceed with Turner as vocalist. ""Turner's increasingly sophisticated songwriting and Nelson's powerful, precise drumming distinguished the band from Gray Matter,"" Mark Andersen and Mark Jenkins' observed in their history of the Washington, D.C. punk scene, Dance of Days. Three's song ""Swann Street"" was described by Washingtonian magazine as one of the D.C. punk scene's ""most enduring songs"" and ""an anthem of youthful confusion that still resonates."" Their sole album, Dark Days Coming was released in 1989 (after the band broke up), and remastered in 2010. The group also contributed an acoustic version of their song, ""Swann Street,"" to the State of the Union compilation that Dischord Records released in 1989. == Discography ==
Dark Days Coming (1989), Dischord


=== Compilation appearances ===
State of the Union (album) (1989) - ""Swann Street""
20 Years of Dischord (2002) - ""Domino Days""


== References ==",321
1832,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalos_(story),Omphalos (story),"""Omphalos"" is a science fantasy short story by American author Ted Chiang. It is named after the Omphalos hypothesis and a 1857 book by English naturalist Philip Henry Gosse. It was first published in Chiang's 2019 collection, Exhalation: Stories. == Plot ==
The story is told through the prayers and letters of pious archaeologist Dr. Dorothea Morrel and takes place in an alternate 20th century, where young Earth creationism and the concept of absolute space are fundamentally true. Dorothea travels from an archaeological dig in Arisona to give a public lecture on Chicagou, where she explains how dendrochronology has determined the world to be 8,912 years old as well as indicating that the first trees were created fully grown, as they have a ringless core. The museum's latest exhibit includes Atacaman mummies belonging to the first generation of humans—created as adults by God and thus lacking navels. Believing that primordial beings with apparent signs of growth would have been tantamount to deception, Dorothea is passionate that God intended humans to understand Him through science. From a meeting with her cousin, Dorothea believes that an illegal sale of museum relics is taking place. The clues lead her to a post office in San Francisco, where, to her surprise, the thief is revealed to be a teen, Wilhelmina McCullough. She is the daughter of Dr. Nathan McCullough, director of the University of Alta California. Wilhelmina explains that she did not steal out of personal gain but to strengthen people's faith before her father's recent discovery is made public. Dr. McCullough reveals to Dorothea that he reviewed a scientific paper by an astronomer who challenges the consensus that the Sun is the only star at absolute rest.",375
1833,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalos_(story),Omphalos (story),"Wilhelmina explains that she did not steal out of personal gain but to strengthen people's faith before her father's recent discovery is made public. Dr. McCullough reveals to Dorothea that he reviewed a scientific paper by an astronomer who challenges the consensus that the Sun is the only star at absolute rest. Not only does his research indicate that the Solar System moves like any other star, but that in defiance of celestial mechanics, the star 58 Eridani circles a seemingly empty spot every 24 hours, and its center is at absolute rest relative to the luminiferous aether. He reasons that God is miraculously sustaining a geocentric star system around a truly unmoving planet whose inhabitants constitute His true reason for creating the universe. This could mean that humanity is simply a test or an unintended side effect, that humanity is not part of a divine plan, and that suffering (including Dr. McCullough's son's death) is meaningless. Disturbed, Dorothea tells her cousin that she is taking a leave now that she finds her job meaningless. Weeks later, however, Dorothea plans to resume her work, realizing that doing science for its own sake is just as fulfilling—regardless of God's plan. == Reception ==
""Omphalos"" won the Locus Award for Best Novelette in 2020. It was also a finalist for the 2020 Hugo Award for Best Novelette and the Theodore Sturgeon Award. The Nation considered the basic premise—a creationist archaeologist in conflict with a creationist astronomer—to be ""hilarious"", but noted that the story is not a humorous work, and emphasized that Dorothea is an empiricist who uses the scientific method. In The Washington Post, Paul Di Filippo called the story ""masterful and striking"" and found it evocative of Philip Jose Farmer's ""Sail On! Sail On!"". == Notes ==


== References ==",392
1834,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2point4_Children_characters,List of 2point4 Children characters,"Below is a list of characters, along with descriptions, from the BBC sitcom 2point4 Children. The show aired on BBC1 between 1991 and 1999. == Main cast ==


=== Bill Porter ===
Wilhelmina ""Bill"" Porter (Belinda Lang) is wife to Ben and mother to Jenny and David. She takes a no-nonsense, forthright attitude to life and is unafraid to speak up for herself and her family. She is usually both the practical one in the family and the main disciplinarian towards her children. Although frequently frustrated by Ben's over-relaxed attitude, Bill's marriage is generally happy, and she is very protective of her children. During series 1 she and best friend Rona work at a bakery, but they resign due to sexual harassment from their boss. From series 2 onwards she runs a catering company with Rona. === Ben Porter ===
Ben Porter (Gary Olsen) is the father of the Porter family. He is a self-employed plumber and heating repair man, sometimes assisted by Christine. He is laid-back with a childish sense of humour that gets on Bill's nerves, but that David shares and enjoys. His relaxed attitude means the children see him as a soft touch compared to Bill. Ben, along with David, is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter. Although usually happy go lucky, his extended family is a touchy subject, with his mother having walked out when he was young and his father drifting in and out of his life. === Jenny Porter ===
Jenny Porter (Georgina Cates (Series 1-2) then Clare Buckfield (Series 3-8)) is the daughter of the Porter family; 14 at the start of the show, and around 19 by the end. She has typical teenage girl interests such as boys, fashion and music, but occasionally expresses oddly dark thoughts and sentiments. Halfway through the first series, Jenny becomes a vegetarian.",394
1835,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2point4_Children_characters,List of 2point4 Children characters,"She has typical teenage girl interests such as boys, fashion and music, but occasionally expresses oddly dark thoughts and sentiments. Halfway through the first series, Jenny becomes a vegetarian. She later gets a steady boyfriend, Jason, with the relationship hampered by Bill's over-protective nature. In the last series Jenny leaves for university and appears less frequently. === David Porter ===
David Porter (John Pickard) is the son of the Porter family; 11 at the start of the show, and around 16 by the end. His interests include horror movies, aliens and heavy metal, and generally anything disgusting (slime, dead rodents etc.). He frequently annoys his older sister, Jenny, but at times they bond over their parents' eccentric behaviour. Later in the show's run David gets a regular girlfriend, Maxine, who is a goth. === Rona Harris ===
Rona Harris (Julia Hills) is Bill's neighbour and best friend. She is single, childless and unashamedly promiscuous, acting as a direct contrast to Bill's more conventional family set-up. In series 1 she works with Bill at a bakery until they both resign due to sexual harassment, before later starting a catering company. In series 2 she reconnects with her ex-fiancé Gordon, whom she jilted at the altar at 17, and agrees to marry him - before jilting him for a second time. Rona later decides she wants a baby more than a man, and picks DJ Tony as a potential father, but later falls for him for real. When they struggle to have children, they consider adoption, before Rona announces she is pregnant in the final episode. === Christine Atkins ===
Christine (Kim Benson) is Ben's sarcastic and moody plumbing assistant. In the first series she works on the meat counter in a supermarket, before becoming Ben's plumbing assistant in the second series.",390
1836,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2point4_Children_characters,List of 2point4 Children characters,"=== Christine Atkins ===
Christine (Kim Benson) is Ben's sarcastic and moody plumbing assistant. In the first series she works on the meat counter in a supermarket, before becoming Ben's plumbing assistant in the second series. Despite her stroppy attitude, Christine occasionally shows a genuine fondness for Ben and the Porter family. == Recurring characters ==


=== Jake Klinger ===
Jake Klinger (Roger Lloyd-Pack) is a fellow plumber and rival of Ben, with the two frequently playing pranks on one another. He is nicknamed ""The Klingon"" due to his love of Star Trek. === Bette ===
Bill's opinionated, chain-smoking widowed mother, who lives in Suffolk. She is played by (Liz Smith). Bette frequently uses passive aggression to make Bill feel guilty about not visiting more often. She and Bill have a complex, yet ultimately loving, relationship. === Aunt Belle ===
Bette's twin sister and Bill's aunt. (Liz Smith)


=== Aunt Pearl ===
Rona's closest relative following the death of her mother when she was a teenager. She frequently shares odd stories about distant relatives and acquaintances, peppered with bizarre non-sequiturs. When Rona has to search for her birth certificate to retain her council house tenancy, Pearl confesses that she is actually her biological mother. (Barbara Lott)


=== Aunt Tina ===
Ben's older sister, played by (Patricia Brake in series 1 and Sandra Dickinson) thereafter. Having married a wealthy man, Tina has become something of a snobbish, ""Stepford wife"" figure, ashamed of her working-class roots. Tina's desire to be the perfect wife and traditional homemaker contrasts sharply with Bill's more chaotic household management and forthright attitude, and they have a fractious relationship at times.",379
1837,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2point4_Children_characters,List of 2point4 Children characters,"Having married a wealthy man, Tina has become something of a snobbish, ""Stepford wife"" figure, ashamed of her working-class roots. Tina's desire to be the perfect wife and traditional homemaker contrasts sharply with Bill's more chaotic household management and forthright attitude, and they have a fractious relationship at times. However, when she suspects husband Brian is having an affair, it is Bill that Tina chooses to confide in, admitting she wished she had her spirit. Tina has a son, Shane, who appears in series 1, but seemingly disappears afterwards. === Declan ===
Declan (Mitchell Ray) meets the Porters in series 7's last episode after he and a group of other children break into Ben's van when he and Bill drop Jenny off at university. After learning he is homeless, Bill and Ben sympathise with him. In series 8 he is portrayed by Alex Kew, and is fostered by the Porters and moves in with them. Declan's introduction was intended to prolong the series, but Gary Olsen's illness and subsequent death prevented this.",222
1838,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelia_alleniana,Aphelia alleniana,"Aphelia alleniana, the wide-striped leafroller or Allen's tortrix moth, is a species of moth in the family Tortricidae. It is native to northern North America, where it has a wide distribution across Canada, extending as far north as Alaska. In the United States, it has been recorded from Colorado, Idaho, Maine, and Montana. == Description ==


=== Adult ===
The wingspan is 21–27 mm. The forewings are light brown with fine darker brown reticulations (a net-like pattern). The hindwings are dull greyish brown. Like other tortricid moths, adults have a characteristic bell-shaped or arrowhead-shaped appearance when at rest, with wings folded rooflike over the body. === Larva ===
The larvae are light green with a dark green dorsal stripe running along the back and a yellow head. As members of the subfamily Tortricinae, the larvae feed externally on plant tissue and construct leaf rolls for shelter, a behavior that gives the species its common name. == Life cycle ==
Adults are on wing from late June to mid-July. The species is univoltine, producing one generation per year, which is typical for tortricid moths in northern latitudes with short growing seasons. The larvae mostly feed on herbaceous plants, but may also feed on deciduous and coniferous woody plants. Like other leafrollers, larvae use silk to tie or roll leaves together, creating shelters in which they feed and are protected from predators and the elements. They pass through five instars during development. The species overwinters as a third instar larva within a folded leaf. Overwintering larvae resume feeding in spring before completing their development and pupating. Pupation typically occurs within the larval shelter.",375
1839,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelia_alleniana,Aphelia alleniana,"Overwintering larvae resume feeding in spring before completing their development and pupating. Pupation typically occurs within the larval shelter. == Taxonomy ==
The species was first described by American entomologist Charles Henry Fernald in 1882 as Tortrix alleniana in his ""Synonymical Catalogue of the Described Tortricidae of North America"". It was later transferred to the genus Aphelia, a predominantly Palearctic genus established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. == Subspecies ==
Aphelia alleniana alleniana (Fernald, 1882)
Aphelia alleniana rindgeorum Obraztsov, 1959


== References ==


== External links ==
Aphelia alleniana at BugGuide",162
1840,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alassane_Diago,Alassane Diago,"Alassane Diago (born 31 March 1985) is a Senegalese movie maker. == Career ==
Alassane Diago was born on 31 March 1985 in Agnam Lidoubé, a village in northeast Senegal. He is of Fulani background. He studied Philosophy in Dakar, but his dream was to become a film director. In 2007, Diago was trained in audio-visual at the Media Centre of Dakar, after which he worked under the supervision of documentary maker Samba Félix N'diaye. He then took various internships in the Africadoc project in Saint-Louis, Senegal in 2008, 2009, and 2010. == Work ==
Diago's first feature documentary, Les Larmes de l'émigration (Tears of emigration), won a prize at the Film Festival of Tarifa in 2010, as well as winning the Audience Award for Best Documentary at the International Francophone Film Festival of Namur. Diago said of the movie: ""It’s the story of my mother who’s been waiting for my father who left 20 years ago. It’s also the story of my sister who’s been waiting for her husband who left five years ago and my niece who has never seen her father"". His camera technique captures the inner beauty and strength of the characters. == Filmography ==


== References ==",291
1841,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Transmission,Life Transmission,"Life Transmission, also known in Icelandic as Útfrymi (Ectoplasm) was a single released by Icelandic band Þeyr in 1981 through label Eskvímó. It was formed by two songs: ""Life Transmission"", which was originally conceived as a ""word sculpture"" around the phrase ""Life Transmission"", although it is the final result of automatic writing and it was also the first song in English by the band. ""Heima er Bezt"", which means ""Home is Best"", was sung in Icelandic and is loaded with the reichian ravings of a young man trying to have sex with his female partner. The tracks of this single were featured on Northern Lights Playhouse, a compilation released by label Fálkinn. The record was dedicated to Ian Curtis of Joy Division (the title itself can be referred back to the Joy Division lyric ""Radio...live transmission"" from their own debut single). == Track listing ==


== Manifesto and the Scriabin ==
On 23 April 1981 Þeyr had a promotional concert at Hótel Borg. The gig included the use of a device called Scriabin which was designed by guitarist Guðlaugur Óttarsson. Therefore, the single came along with a plastic bag and information sheets explaining Þeyr purposes and the work of this device. Here is a translation from Icelandic:
Translation to page one:

Today, 23 April, is the official publishing day for a little vinyl record of the band Þeyr. The publishing day, which is also the 1st day of summer, has a deeper meaning, as we have contemplated to introduce summer into the Icelandic music scene, through the chords and rhythms of this record: It is a document of the band’s efforts and subjects during the last four months, as well as an indication to the direction the band is aiming at.",391
1842,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Transmission,Life Transmission,"Here is a translation from Icelandic:
Translation to page one:

Today, 23 April, is the official publishing day for a little vinyl record of the band Þeyr. The publishing day, which is also the 1st day of summer, has a deeper meaning, as we have contemplated to introduce summer into the Icelandic music scene, through the chords and rhythms of this record: It is a document of the band’s efforts and subjects during the last four months, as well as an indication to the direction the band is aiming at. However, in all modesty, we want to point out the fact, that all categorization or classification of Þeyr and their subjects, is not encouraged, and indeed very doubtful, as Þeyr have emphasized to see themselves in the broadest spectrum possible, and in the widest context possible; as we trace our roots into the Rada-music of Africa - through the Russian composers of the early 19th century - up to the four guys from Liverpool. As we develop these primal elements at different speeds, one newer knows what will surface in the band’s next projects. This little record is the result of four months of Þeyr’s work: ahead are still more months and still more plans. With friendly regards and respect,
Þeyr. Translation to page two:

Here tonight, there will be conducted an extraordinary experiment in both musical and mental innovation. A specially designed machine will constantly broadcast a 13 note chord (F, D, F#, A, C#, F, A, C, E, Ab, C, Eb, G) one octave above the hearing range of the average human. Persons with extraordinary sensitive hearing do not have to worry, as the chord is very beautiful to listen to, - although dogs get tired after an hour or so.",382
1843,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Transmission,Life Transmission,"A specially designed machine will constantly broadcast a 13 note chord (F, D, F#, A, C#, F, A, C, E, Ab, C, Eb, G) one octave above the hearing range of the average human. Persons with extraordinary sensitive hearing do not have to worry, as the chord is very beautiful to listen to, - although dogs get tired after an hour or so. This chord is to be the background for the concert, and thus meant to create a unified mode among the guests - and to form an ""invisible"" connection among listeners. Because this chord and the mode of the concert as a whole can ignite a latent medium capacity in some people, we feel right to include a bag for ectoplasm with the tickets. == Credits ==
Performers:
Vocalist: Magnús Guðmundsson. Guitars: Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson and Þorsteinn Magnússon. Bass: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson. Drums: Sigtryggur Baldursson. Tracks:
1: Music: Hilmar Örn Agnarsson. Lyrics: Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson. 2: by Magnús Guðmundsson. == External links ==
Page about Þeyr
Website about the history and discography of Þeyr
Tónlist.is - Page about Þeyr. It features mp3 samples (in Icelandic). Intravenous.de - Page about Icelandic music. It includes a section for Þeyr. Official site of Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson
Page of G. K. Óttarsson at MySpace.com
Page of Þorsteinn Magnússon at MySpace.com
Official site of Sigtryggur Baldursson",388
1844,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde_Navarrette,Inde Navarrette,"Danielle Fabiola, known professionally as Inde Navarrette, (born March 3, 2001) is an American actress. She is well known for playing Sarah Cushing in Superman & Lois. == Early life ==
Navaratte was born in Tucson, Arizona to an Australian mother and a Mexican father. By the time she was 15 she had attended 11 different schools. She credits her mother's side of the family for getting her interested in the acting industry. They would regularly watch the Academy Awards. Her mother and sister would always talk about Julia Roberts and Audrey Hepburn. == Career ==
Navarrette's first big role came in the sitcom series Denton's Death Date where she played Veronica. Navarrette was then cast in season 4 of the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why as Estela. Navarrette's biggest role yet came when she got the part of Sarah in Superman & Lois. It was announced in June 2023 that Navarrette and six of her co-stars were departing the show for season four due to budget cuts but the plan is for some of them to appear as a cameo if possible. Navarratte returned to make a few minor appearances in season 4. == Filmography ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Inde Navarrette at IMDb",267
1845,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_K%C3%B6tzting,Bad K%C3%B6tzting,"Bad Kötzting (German: [baːt ˈkœtstɪŋ] ; before 2005: Kötzting; Northern Bavarian: Bad Ketzing) is a town in the district of Cham, in Bavaria, Germany, near the Czech border. It is situated in the Bavarian Forest, 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Cham. == Overview ==
Bad Kötzting has the charming character of a small town and offers quite a variety of attractions for tourists. The locals pride themselves with having one of the largest mounted religious processions in the world, the ""Kötztinger Pfingstritt"". Legend has it that in the year 1412, a man who got injured during forestry was asking for the last rites before dying in a village approximately 7 kilometres (4 miles) away from Kötzting. The local priest was unable to comply with the wishes of the man because he needed protection from bears, wolves, and other dangers luring along the way. After asking the young men of the village to protect him, they accompanied the priest to the dying man. After a safe journey, the participants vowed to repeat the ride every year. That is how it remained ever since. Every Whit Monday, the ride of over 900 horses and riders is repeated. The horses wear ornaments and the riders wear traditional Bavarian clothes. The ride starts in Kötzting and goes to the village ""Steinbühl"", where according to the legend, the man asking for anointment, was dying. Only men from the region are allowed to participate in the procession, the participating horses, however, come from all over Bavaria. The annual fair is also in town when the procession takes place. A local ""Bierzelt"" and numerous rides invite the public.",377
1846,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_K%C3%B6tzting,Bad K%C3%B6tzting,"The annual fair is also in town when the procession takes place. A local ""Bierzelt"" and numerous rides invite the public. === Gallery ===
Impressions from the Kötztinger Pfingstritt, 2001


== Administrative division ==
Bad Kötzting is divided into 51 districts:

There are nine Gemarkungen within the municipality area: Arndorf, Bad Kötzting, Gehstorf, Haus, Liebenstein, Sackenried, Traidersdorf, Weißenregen und Wettzell. == Historical events ==
1085 AD: First public recording of ""Chostingen"". 1151: Pope Eugenius III confirms privileges and rights of possession to Abbey Rott. 1204: A common court (""Schranne"") is established in Kötzting. c. 1260: Grant of Market status. 1344: Emperor Louis IV confirms the market status. c. 1425: Continuous attacks by the Hussites. 1583: Bubonic plague strikes the village and surrounding areas. 1614: Ownership of land by Abbey Rott is refuted. 1633: Thirty Years' War (1618–1648): Swedish forces burn down Kötzting. 1648: Thirty Years' War: Last attack by Swedish forces and repeated outbreak of the plague. 1770: Widespread starvation throughout the Bavarian Forest. 1805: Kötzting becomes an independent parish. 1837: As part of a rezoning measure, Kötzting becomes part of the district of Lower Bavaria. 1867: Much of the village burns down in a fire covering large parts of the town. 1953: Kötzting is granted the status of a town. 1965: A military garrison is established in Kötzting. 1972: The county of Kötzting is dissolved and the county becomes part of the county of Cham.",398
1847,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_K%C3%B6tzting,Bad K%C3%B6tzting,"1965: A military garrison is established in Kötzting. 1972: The county of Kötzting is dissolved and the county becomes part of the county of Cham. Hence, Kötzting becomes part of the district of Upper Palatinate. 1986: Recognition as Climatic Spa. 1990: Laureate in competition ""Gastliches Bayern"" (guest friendly Bavaria). 1992: Opening of the Spa Gardens ""Auwiesen"". 1994: Title of ""recreational locality"" for all parts of the town. 1995: Recognition as ""Garden Spa"" in the tradition of Father Sebastian Kneipp. 2000: Grand Opening of the Casino in Kötzting. 2002: Expansion of the Spa Gardens ""Auwiesen"". 2004: Closure of the Garrison ""Hohenbogen"". 2005: Opening of the Open-Air and Adventure Bath (""Bathing world"") AQACUR, title of Kneipp-Therapeutic Spa, and change of name to Bad Kötzting. == Mayor ==
Since 2014: Markus Hofmann (b. 1975) 


== Twin towns – sister cities ==

Bad Kötzting is a founding member of the Douzelage, a unique town twinning association of towns across the European Union, including United Kingdom. This active town twinning began in 1991 and there are regular events, such as a produce market from each of the other countries and festivals.",301
1848,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_K%C3%B6tzting,Bad K%C3%B6tzting,"1975) 


== Twin towns – sister cities ==

Bad Kötzting is a founding member of the Douzelage, a unique town twinning association of towns across the European Union, including United Kingdom. This active town twinning began in 1991 and there are regular events, such as a produce market from each of the other countries and festivals. Other members of Douzelage are:


== Notable people ==
Benedict Stattler (1728–1797), Catholic theologian of the enlightenment
Anton Schwarz (1858–1931), composer and music teacher
Helmut Brunner (politician) (born 1954), politician (CSU) and Bavarian minister
Thomas Dworzak (born 1972), photographer
Matthias Aschenbrenner (born 1972), mathematician


== See also ==
Geodetic Observatory Wettzell


== References ==",191
1849,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_of_Love_(TV_series),Labor of Love (TV series),"Labor of Love is an American dating game show that aired on Fox from May 21 to July 16, 2020. The show was hosted by Sex and the City actress Kristin Davis and starred former The Bachelor season 11 contestant Kristy Katzmann. Over eight episodes, 15 men participated in challenges and dates that tested their parenting and personal skills. Those whom Katzmann found satisfactory advanced to the following episode, and at the end of the series, she decided – with the help of Davis – whether to choose one of the men to start a family with or not. The show began production in mid-2017. The show has sparked some backlash online and has been described by some critics as ""bizarre"" and ""dangerous in gamifying and making a competition out of the creation of life."" After filming ended, Katzmann dated the winner, Kyle Klinger, for a few months, but the couple broke up and Katzmann chose to pursue in vitro fertilization on her own. On September 8, 2021, it was revealed that the series was officially cancelled. == Contestants ==
The cast consists of 15 eligible men. == Ratings ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website
Labor of Love at IMDb",248
1850,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreieck_Karlsruhe,Dreieck Karlsruhe,"The Dreieck Karlsruhe (German: Autobahndreieck Karlsruhe, abbreviated AD Karlsruhe) is a half-stack interchange in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The motorway interchange terminates the section of A8 coming from Munich to the east, by connecting with A5. A5 travels from the north at Hattenbacher Dreieck to the south at the Swiss border near Basel. == Geography ==
The motorway interchange is within the city limits of Karlsruhe. Nearby towns are Waldbronn and Ettlingen. The interchange lies 5 km southeast of the city centre of Karlsruhe. Dreieck Karlsruhe (2011)


== History ==


=== Before the Second World War ===
The motorway interchange was built together with the A8 to connect to Salzburg. The connection had to be ready before the Second World War. Construction began in 1936 and opened to traffic in 1938. === Karlsruher Dreiecksrennen ===
Between 1946 and 1951 they held motor races at the interchange, called the Karlsruher Dreiecksrennen. === Reconstruction 2011 ===
The bridgespan in the connection Stuttgart–Basel over the A 5 was newly built between August 2011 and the beginning of 2013. The old connecting bridge was torn down because of its sorry state. The new bridge was built next to the old one with an altered radius. The new connection now has two lanes instead of one. == Road layout near the interchange ==
Near the motorway interchange the A 5 as well as the A 8 have a 1x3 layout. All connections in the interchange have two lanes. The interchange is built as a half-stack interchange.",372
1851,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreieck_Karlsruhe,Dreieck Karlsruhe,"All connections in the interchange have two lanes. The interchange is built as a half-stack interchange. == Traffic near the interchange ==
Approximately 206,000 vehicles use the interchange on a daily basis, which makes it the most-used motorway interchange in Baden-Württemberg. == References ==


== External links ==",70
1852,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_%C5%A0amani%C4%87,Luka %C5%A0amani%C4%87,"Luka Šamanić (born 9 January 2000) is a Croatian professional basketball player for Zenit Saint Petersburg of the Russian VTB United League. A power forward, he was drafted 19th overall by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2019 NBA draft. A native of Zagreb, Šamanić started his youth career with the eponymous basketball club. In 2016, at age 16, he moved to Barcelona, Spain, where he joined the FC Barcelona's reserve team in the Spanish second-tier league. Šamanić has represented Croatia multiple times in FIBA events, leading his team to a gold medal at the FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship Division B in 2017, while earning most valuable player honors. == Early life ==
Šamanić was born in Zagreb, Croatia. His father, Marko Šamanić, played basketball professionally for 19 years, including in the EuroLeague, with Slovenian club Krka. Due to his father's career, Šamanić lived in a number of countries in his early life. When he was nine months old, he moved to Belgium, and he later stayed in Slovenia and Germany. Šamanić grew up playing a variety of sports, including football, handball, tennis, and was also involved in breakdancing. He did not start playing basketball, the last sport he attempted, until he was 11 years old. He credits his football experience for improving his coordination as a basketball player. == Youth career ==
Šamanić began his basketball career at the youth levels with local club Zagreb. He collected 29 points, 10 rebounds, 4 steals, and 3 blocks for Zagreb in a 22 November 2014 win over the junior team for Šanac Karlovac. On 16 November, he recorded 43 points, 8 rebounds, and 7 steals for Zagreb to help defeat Samobor, 160–21.",400
1853,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_%C5%A0amani%C4%87,Luka %C5%A0amani%C4%87,"He collected 29 points, 10 rebounds, 4 steals, and 3 blocks for Zagreb in a 22 November 2014 win over the junior team for Šanac Karlovac. On 16 November, he recorded 43 points, 8 rebounds, and 7 steals for Zagreb to help defeat Samobor, 160–21. On 3 January 2016, Šamanić led his team to a championship win against Virtus Roma in a youth tournament in Italy, for which he earned most valuable player (MVP) honors. He scored 32 points on 16 January, in a blowout 111–43 win over the Rudeš junior team. Later in the month, Šamanić dominated versus the Cedevita junior team, notching 26 points, 10 rebounds, 4 steals, and 4 blocks. He continued his success on 22 February, when he erupted for 39 points and 21 rebounds in a 160–50 win over the junior team for Sisak. On 29 May, Šamanić was named MVP of the Croatian cadet championship after his double-double of 16 points and 11 rebounds in a blowout of Cibona junior squad. In June, he attended the Adidas EuroCamp, a three-day pre-National Basketball Association (NBA) draft camp for international prospects held in Treviso, Italy. On 14 June 2016, Šamanić signed a 2-year amateur contract with Spanish club FC Barcelona, initially joining its junior ranks. On 22 December, he won the Slam Dunk Contest at a youth tournament in Tenerife. In January 2017, Šamanić played with Barcelona's junior team at the Ciutat de L'Hospitalet qualifiers for the 2016–17 Adidas Next Generation Tournament and was one year younger than most of his opponents at both events.",371
1854,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_%C5%A0amani%C4%87,Luka %C5%A0amani%C4%87,"On 22 December, he won the Slam Dunk Contest at a youth tournament in Tenerife. In January 2017, Šamanić played with Barcelona's junior team at the Ciutat de L'Hospitalet qualifiers for the 2016–17 Adidas Next Generation Tournament and was one year younger than most of his opponents at both events. In his first game at the qualifiers, on 6 January, he recorded 11 points and 5 rebounds in a 79–56 win over the Olimpija junior team. In the final tournament in May, Šamanić averaged 8.7 points, 6 rebounds, and 0.7 assists through 3 games, earning the Rising Star Trophy. Later that month, he won the Slam Dunk Contest at the EuroLeague FanZone, a three-day entertainment event at the 2017 EuroLeague Final Four. By August 2017, Šamanić was drawing attention from several NCAA Division I programs, including Florida, Gonzaga, Purdue, and Stanford. In the 2017–18 season with Barcelona's junior team, he assumed a greater role after many of its top players left. In January 2018, Šamanić joined Barcelona at the Ciutat de L'Hospitalet qualifiers for the 2017–18 Adidas Next Generation Tournament. He posted 27 points, 16 rebounds, and 3 blocks on 7 January, as his team lost to the Joventut Badalona junior team in the championship. Still, Šamanić was named L'Hospitalet tournament MVP and earned All-Tournament Team honors after averaging 23.2 points, 14.8 rebounds, 3 assists, and 2.8 blocks through 4 games. == Professional career ==


=== FC Barcelona B (2017–2018) ===
In the 2017–18 season, Šamanić competed for FC Barcelona Bàsquet B—the reserve team of FC Barcelona—in the LEB Oro, the second-tier Spanish league.",399
1855,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_%C5%A0amani%C4%87,Luka %C5%A0amani%C4%87,"Still, Šamanić was named L'Hospitalet tournament MVP and earned All-Tournament Team honors after averaging 23.2 points, 14.8 rebounds, 3 assists, and 2.8 blocks through 4 games. == Professional career ==


=== FC Barcelona B (2017–2018) ===
In the 2017–18 season, Šamanić competed for FC Barcelona Bàsquet B—the reserve team of FC Barcelona—in the LEB Oro, the second-tier Spanish league. He debuted on 1 October 2017, in a 76–69 win over Força Lleida, playing only 4 minutes. Šamanić stood out in his next game versus Cáceres, scoring 10 points in 20 minutes and performing a windmill dunk. On 4 November 2017, he scored 11 points in 19 minutes against Araberri. In his following appearance, Šamanić collected 10 points and 8 rebounds in a win over Peñas Huesca. He scored a season-high 17 points on 9 February 2018, leading his team past Palencia. Through 22 games, Šamanić averaged 5.1 points, 2 rebounds, and 0.7 assists in 12.7 minutes per game. In February 2018, he took part in a Basketball Without Borders camp in Los Angeles, joining several other international NBA prospects. === Olimpija (2018–2019) ===
On 31 May 2018, Šamanić signed a multi-year professional contract with Petrol Olimpija of the Slovenian League and ABA League. He joined Olimpija after failing to agree to terms with Croatian club Zadar. Šamanić debuted for Olimpija on 21 September in an 86–60 loss to Crvena zvezda at the 2018 ABA League Supercup, recording 2 points and 3 rebounds in 19 minutes.",392
1856,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_%C5%A0amani%C4%87,Luka %C5%A0amani%C4%87,"He joined Olimpija after failing to agree to terms with Croatian club Zadar. Šamanić debuted for Olimpija on 21 September in an 86–60 loss to Crvena zvezda at the 2018 ABA League Supercup, recording 2 points and 3 rebounds in 19 minutes. On 7 May 2019, he recorded season-high marks of 22 points and 11 rebounds in an 85–73 win over Šenčur in the Slovenian League. In late June 2019, Petrol Olimpija announced the departure of Šamanić. === San Antonio Spurs (2019–2021) ===
On 20 April 2019, Šamanić declared his entry into the 2019 NBA draft. He became one of a record-high 58 international prospects to declare entry that year. Šamanić later entered the 2019 NBA Draft Combine as one of 77 total participants. On 20 June 2019, Šamanić was the 19th pick of the 2019 NBA draft, after being selected by the San Antonio Spurs. On 1 July 2019, Šamanić officially signed with the Spurs. On 30 October 2019, Šamanić received his first assignment to the Austin Spurs, the affiliate team of the San Antonio Spurs in NBA G League. On 13 August 2020, Šamanić recorded 16 points and 6 rebounds in a 112–118 loss to the Utah Jazz, on his first NBA game as a starter. The Spurs waived Šamanić on 11 October 2021 as part of the final roster cuts before the 2021–22 NBA season. === Westchester Knicks (2021–2022) ===
On 16 October 2021, Šamanić was signed to a two-way contract by the New York Knicks. On 17 March 2022, he was waived without appearing in a game for New York.",383
1857,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_%C5%A0amani%C4%87,Luka %C5%A0amani%C4%87,"=== Westchester Knicks (2021–2022) ===
On 16 October 2021, Šamanić was signed to a two-way contract by the New York Knicks. On 17 March 2022, he was waived without appearing in a game for New York. === Maine Celtics (2022–2023) ===
On 22 September 2022, Šamanić signed with the Boston Celtics. He was waived by the Celtics on 10 October. On 24 October 2022, Šamanić joined the Maine Celtics training camp roster. === Utah Jazz (2023–2024) ===
On 28 March 2023, Šamanić signed a 10-day contract with the Utah Jazz and on 7 April, he signed a multi-year deal. === Fenerbahçe Beko (2024) ===
On 5 August 2024, Šamanić signed with Fenerbahçe Beko of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi. On 10 September 2024, the club announced that Šamanić went home to Croatia for personal reasons, four days prior to the announcement. On 13 September 2024, Fenerbahçe Beko followed up with the announcement that the club has terminated the contract of the player, by mutual consent, while still holding the rights for him for the 2024–25 Basketbol Süper Ligi season, thus ending his 40-day tenure with the club. === Cibona (2024) ===
In December 2024, Šamanić signed with Cibona of the ABA League and the Croatian League. This is the first time he will professionally play in his home country. Šamanić signed an open contract meaning he can transfer to another club for a more lucrative contract in any moment.",371
1858,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_%C5%A0amani%C4%87,Luka %C5%A0amani%C4%87,"This is the first time he will professionally play in his home country. Šamanić signed an open contract meaning he can transfer to another club for a more lucrative contract in any moment. === Baskonia (2024–2025) ===
On December 30, 2024 he signed 1+1 contract with Baskonia of the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague for the rest of the season. On October 22, 2025 Šamanić and his team terminated his contract due to personal reasons. == Career statistics ==


=== NBA ===


==== Regular season ====


== National team career ==
Šamanić represents Croatia in FIBA competition. He made his national team debut at the 2016 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship in Radom, Poland. On 16 August 2016, Šamanić recorded 17 points, 15 rebounds, 5 assists, and 9 blocks in a 74–67 victory over Sweden. In his final game at the event, he posted 24 points and 12 rebounds, shooting 4-of-9 from the three-point line, in a loss to Turkey. As Croatia finished in fourth place, Šamanić averaged 17.7 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 2.9 blocks per game, earning All-Star Five honors. In 2017, he played at the FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship Division B in Tallinn, Estonia. Šamanić led Croatia to a gold medal after recording 21 points, 8 rebounds, 4 steals, and 3 blocks in an overtime win over Great Britain. He was named tournament MVP and made the All-Star Five after averaging 13.3 points, 7.3 rebounds, 1.8 steals, and 1.6 blocks per game. Šamanić took part in the 2018 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship in Latvia.",379
1859,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_%C5%A0amani%C4%87,Luka %C5%A0amani%C4%87,"He was named tournament MVP and made the All-Star Five after averaging 13.3 points, 7.3 rebounds, 1.8 steals, and 1.6 blocks per game. Šamanić took part in the 2018 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship in Latvia. On 3 August 2018, he notched 29 points, 10 rebounds, and 4 blocks, shooting 5-of-5 from the three-point line, to help defeat Ukraine. Even though Šamanić averaged 17 points, 7.7 rebounds, and 1.8 blocks per game in the tournament, Croatia finished in 11th place. Even though being a free agent at the time, in November, 2024, Šamanić debuted for the senior national team. His first two games were against Bosnia and Herzegovina in the EuroBasket 2025 qualifiers. == Personal life ==
Aside from Croatian, Šamanić speaks English and Spanish. Off of the basketball court, he likes to play football and table tennis. Šamanić's basketball influences are former Croatian national player Toni Kukoč
and American player Kevin Durant. == References ==


== External links ==
Career statistics from NBA.com  · Basketball Reference 
Eurobasket.com profile
NBADraft.net profile",269
1860,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairing_strategy,Pairing strategy,"In a positional game, a pairing strategy is a strategy that a player can use to guarantee victory, or at least force a draw. It is based on dividing the positions on the game-board into disjoint pairs. Whenever the opponent picks a position in a pair, the player picks the other position in the same pair. == Example ==
Consider the 5-by-5 variant of Tic-tac-toe. We can create 12 pairwise-disjoint pairs of board positions, denoted by 1,...,12 below: 

Note that the central element (denoted by *) does not belong to any pair; it is not needed in this strategy. Each horizontal, vertical or diagonal line contains at least one pair. Therefore the following pairing strategy can be used to force a draw: ""whenever your opponent chooses an element of pair i, choose the other element of pair i"". At the end of the game, you have an element of each winning-line. Therefore, you guarantee that the other player cannot win. Since both players can use this strategy, the game is a draw. This example is generalized below for an arbitrary Maker-Breaker game. In such a game, the goal of Maker is to occupy an entire winning-set, while the goal of Breaker is to prevent this by owning an element in each winning-set. == Pairing strategy for Maker ==
A pairing-strategy for Maker requires a set of element-pairs such that:

All pairs are pairwise-disjoint;
Every set that contains at least one element from each pair, contains some winning-set. Whenever Breaker picks an element of a pair, Maker picks the other element of the same pair. At the end, Maker's set contains at least one element from each pair; by condition 2, he occupies an entire winning-set (this is true even when Maker plays second).",391
1861,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairing_strategy,Pairing strategy,"Whenever Breaker picks an element of a pair, Maker picks the other element of the same pair. At the end, Maker's set contains at least one element from each pair; by condition 2, he occupies an entire winning-set (this is true even when Maker plays second). As an example, consider a game-board containing all vertices in a perfect binary tree except the root. The winning-sets are all the paths from the leaf to one of the two children of the root. We can partition the elements into pairs by pairing each element with its sibling. The pairing-strategy guarantees that Maker wins even when playing second. If Maker plays first, he can win even when the game-board contains also the root: in the first step he just picks the root, and from then on plays the above pairing-strategy. == Pairing strategy for Breaker ==
A pairing-strategy for Breaker requires a set of element-pairs such that:

All pairs are pairwise-disjoint;
Every winning-set contains at least one pair. Whenever Maker picks an element of a pair, Breaker picks the other element of the same pair. At the end, Breaker has an element in each pair; by condition 2, he has an element in each winning-set. An example of such pairing-strategy for 5-by-5 tic-tac-toe is shown above. show other examples for 4x4 and 6x6 tic-tac-toe. Another simple case when Breaker has a pairing-strategy is when all  winning-sets are pairwise-disjoint and their size is at least 2. == References ==",343
1862,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"Sidney Alvin Moncrief (born September 21, 1957) is an American former professional basketball player. As an NCAA college basketball player from 1975 to 1979, Moncrief played for the University of Arkansas Razorbacks, leading them to the 1978 Final Four and a win in the NCAA Consolation Game versus #6 Notre Dame. Nicknamed Sid the Squid, Sir Sid, and El Sid, Moncrief went on to play 11 seasons in the National Basketball Association, including ten seasons with the Milwaukee Bucks. He was a five-time NBA All-Star and won the first two NBA Defensive Player of the Year awards in 1983 and 1984. He was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2019. == Early life ==
Sidney Alvin Moncrief was born on September 21, 1957, in Little Rock, Arkansas. == College career ==

Moncrief, Marvin Delph of Conway, Arkansas, and Ron Brewer of Fort Smith, Arkansas (""The Triplets""), along with head coach Eddie Sutton and assistant coach Gene Keady, resurrected the University of Arkansas basketball program in the 1970s from decades of modest success and disinterest, and helped lay the foundation for what became one of the country's premier college basketball programs through the late-1990s. Moncrief led the Razorbacks to the SWC regular season championship in 1977, 1978, and 1979, and the SWC Tournament championship in 1977 and 1979. Moncrief was also part of the 1978 Final Four run for Arkansas, that saw the Razorbacks lose to eventual champion Kentucky in the semi-finals, and then defeat Notre Dame in the last 3rd place game ever played at the NCAA Final Four. The following year, Moncrief and Arkansas lost to Larry Bird and Indiana State in the Elite Eight. Moncrief's leadership on the court and electrifying play renewed interest in the Razorback program, and ushered in a new winning tradition in Arkansas basketball.",397
1863,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"The following year, Moncrief and Arkansas lost to Larry Bird and Indiana State in the Elite Eight. Moncrief's leadership on the court and electrifying play renewed interest in the Razorback program, and ushered in a new winning tradition in Arkansas basketball. His jersey was retired not long after he graduated from school and went on to the NBA, and is one of only two, along with Corliss Williamson. Moncrief was the school's all-time leading scorer until Todd Day broke his record in 1992. At 6'4"", he still remains the schools leader in rebounds in a career with 1015. On November 10, 2014, Moncrief was inducted into the Southwest Conference Hall of Fame. After being honored decades earlier with an unofficial banner, on February 7, 2015, Moncrief was officially honored by Arkansas when his name was put on a banner that was hung in the Razorbacks’ new home, Bud Walton Arena. He was the first player in Arkansas’ program history to have his number retired. Moncrief has also been inducted into the University of Arkansas Hall of Honor. == Professional career ==


=== Milwaukee Bucks (1979–1989) ===
Although Jerry West wanted to draft him to the Los Angeles Lakers, Moncrief's NBA career started with the Milwaukee Bucks in 1979 when he was drafted 5th overall. In the final game of his rookie season, Moncrief scored 13 points, grabbed 7 rebounds, and recorded 7 assists in 107–91 victory over the Utah Jazz. During the 1980-81 NBA season, Moncrief helped the Bucks to a 60–22 record, third best in the league, while averaging 14 points, 5.1 rebounds and 3.3 assists.",353
1864,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"In the final game of his rookie season, Moncrief scored 13 points, grabbed 7 rebounds, and recorded 7 assists in 107–91 victory over the Utah Jazz. During the 1980-81 NBA season, Moncrief helped the Bucks to a 60–22 record, third best in the league, while averaging 14 points, 5.1 rebounds and 3.3 assists. Despite the strong showing in the regular season, Milwaukee lost in seven games to Philadelphia in the conference semifinals, after coach Don Nelson unsuccessfully contested Milwaukee's 99-98 Game 7 loss for two hours and sixteen minutes, while questioning whether Philadelphia got away with a 24-second violation at the end of the game. The following year, in Game 3 of their Eastern Conference Semifinals matchup, Moncrief made a running bank shot at the buzzer to beat the Philadelphia 76ers, though the Bucks lost the series in six games. On December 5, 1982, in a loss against the New Jersey Nets, Moncrief recorded a career-high 7 steals. On February 24, 1983, Moncrief scored a career-high 42 points, recorded 8 assists, and grabbed 8 rebounds in a 114–103 victory against the Houston Rockets. That postseason, Moncrief led the Bucks to a sweep of Larry Bird and the Boston Celtics in the second round, averaging 23.2 points, 6.5 rebounds, and 4 assists per game, and being on the dunking end of an alley-oop pass from Brian Winters to help put away the Game 4 win. The following round, on May 14, 1983, Moncrief scored 19 points, grabbed 10 rebounds, and recorded 4 steals in a Game 3 loss against the eventual champion 76ers. The Bucks would lose the series 4–1, but would be the only team to beat Philadelphia in any postseason game that year.",374
1865,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"The following round, on May 14, 1983, Moncrief scored 19 points, grabbed 10 rebounds, and recorded 4 steals in a Game 3 loss against the eventual champion 76ers. The Bucks would lose the series 4–1, but would be the only team to beat Philadelphia in any postseason game that year. On November 30, 1983, Moncrief scored 25 points and blocked a career-high 4 shots in a 139–122 victory against former Bucks player Alex English and the Denver Nuggets. The following month, Moncrief recorded his first career triple-double, with 16 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists in a 89–83 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. On December 5, 1984, Moncrief and teammates Terry Cummings and Paul Pressey combined for 76 points, an impressive 67% of Milwaukee's points, in a 114–99 victory against the Detroit Pistons. A win in which The Bucks were without Coach Don Nelson, Mike Dunleavy Sr, and Charles Davis, who all suffered neck and back injuries the previous Saturday night at a Baltimore airport. Despite again finding regular season success at a record of 59–23, after the Bucks eliminated the Bulls and Michael Jordan in the first round with a 3–1 series record, Moncrief and his team would be eliminated in the Eastern Conference Semifinals by Philadelphia again. On March 15, 1986, Moncrief played 48 minutes, the entire game, and scored 27 points along with recording a career-high 12 assists in a 125–116 regular season victory against Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls. That postseason, Moncrief and Milwaukee advanced past the Philadelphia 76ers in a tightly contested seven-game series. Moncrief was only able to play in three games of the series due to a heel and knee injuries but still rallied the team when he played, and the Bucks won each game he appeared, including a 113–112 victory in Game 7 at home where he scored 23 points.",396
1866,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"That postseason, Moncrief and Milwaukee advanced past the Philadelphia 76ers in a tightly contested seven-game series. Moncrief was only able to play in three games of the series due to a heel and knee injuries but still rallied the team when he played, and the Bucks won each game he appeared, including a 113–112 victory in Game 7 at home where he scored 23 points. This meant the Bucks would reach the Eastern Conference finals for a third time with Moncrief. However, yet again Milwaukee would come up short, this time losing to the Boston Celtics. During the 1987 NBA Playoffs, after advancing past the 76ers in the first round, on May 15, 1987, Moncrief scored a playoff-career high of 34 points in a Game 6 win against the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Semifinals. The performance was especially notable given he was primarily guarded by fellow defensive-great Dennis Johnson. However, the Bucks would  lose the series in 7 games. On May 24, it was announced Moncrief and teammates Jack Sikma, Randy Breuer, Paul Mokeski, Terry Cummings, and Jerry Reynolds would each be fined between $1,000 and $500 for their roles in an altercation in the game. Danny Ainge and Greg Kite of the Celtics were also fined. The altercation began when Ainge fouled Moncrief from behind during a fastbreak layup attempt, and no players were ejected or suspended. In arguably the last healthy playoff series of his career, Moncrief averaged 20.9 points and 4.4 rebounds per game. On December 23, 1988, by then frequently missing games due to knee and foot injuries, Moncrief scored 25 points, largely thanks to making 13 of 13 free throw attempts, and added 5 assists in a 113–101 victory against the Dallas Mavericks.",374
1867,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"In arguably the last healthy playoff series of his career, Moncrief averaged 20.9 points and 4.4 rebounds per game. On December 23, 1988, by then frequently missing games due to knee and foot injuries, Moncrief scored 25 points, largely thanks to making 13 of 13 free throw attempts, and added 5 assists in a 113–101 victory against the Dallas Mavericks. Moncrief would retire for the first time at the conclusion of that year's postseason, an Eastern Semifinals loss to the eventual champion Detroit Pistons. === Atlanta Hawks (1990–1991) ===
After sitting out of the NBA for one year during the 1989–1990 season, Moncrief played one season with the Atlanta Hawks before retiring at the conclusion of their postseason run. On May 2, 1991, Moncrief scored 23 points in only 22 minutes during a Game 4 victory against the Detroit Pistons, although the Hawks would go on to lose the series. The Bucks initially retired his no. 4 jersey in 1990, and rededicated it at halftime on January 19, 2008, when the Warriors, with whom he was a shooting coach, visited the Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to play the Bucks. == Legacy ==
During the 1980s, Moncrief was the leader of the Milwaukee Bucks, who had the third best winning percentage for the decade behind only the Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics. Moncrief was known for his versatility on the court, particularly given his 6′4″ stature, but was most known for his tenacious defensive plays. Although he was thought of as one of the greatest shooting guards of his time, he was never able to get to the Finals, as the Bucks frequently came up short in the Eastern Conference Finals. Moncrief was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year for the 1982–83 and 1983–84 seasons.",376
1868,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"Although he was thought of as one of the greatest shooting guards of his time, he was never able to get to the Finals, as the Bucks frequently came up short in the Eastern Conference Finals. Moncrief was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year for the 1982–83 and 1983–84 seasons. He also made the All-Star team for five consecutive years and was named to the All-NBA first team for the 1982–83 season. Moncrief averaged over 20 points per game in four seasons of his career and finished his 11-season NBA career with an average of 15.6 PPG. As of 2024, Moncrief still holds the Bucks record for career offensive rating (119.7). His career was hampered by a degenerative knee condition that affected the cartilage in both of his knees. Starting in 1986, he also frequently missed time due to a reoccurring foot injury. Among Moncrief's admirers was All-Star Michael Jordan who once described his on-court intensity to an L.A. Times reporter: ""When you play against Moncrief, you're in for a night of all-around basketball. He'll hound you everywhere you go, both ends of the court. You just expect it."" Another all-time great, Larry Bird, heralded Moncrief's ability to defend anyone, and said that “Moncrief does everything you're supposed to do on defense and doesn't take any shortcuts, plus he does it every night.”
On finding success covering the best guards and wing players on opposing teams throughout postseason games, from Jordan to Julius Erving, even though at 6’4” he was slightly smaller in many instances, Moncrief said “I just took it as a responsibility as much as it was a challenge. That was something I needed to do to help the team win games.",385
1869,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"Another all-time great, Larry Bird, heralded Moncrief's ability to defend anyone, and said that “Moncrief does everything you're supposed to do on defense and doesn't take any shortcuts, plus he does it every night.”
On finding success covering the best guards and wing players on opposing teams throughout postseason games, from Jordan to Julius Erving, even though at 6’4” he was slightly smaller in many instances, Moncrief said “I just took it as a responsibility as much as it was a challenge. That was something I needed to do to help the team win games. I'd rather just chill on defense and get back on offense, but I didn't have that luxury."" Moncrief was elected to the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 1993 and the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1998. Moncrief was finally elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2019. == NBA career statistics ==


=== Regular season ===


=== Playoffs ===


== Coaching career ==
Moncrief was the head coach at the University of Arkansas-Little Rock for one season, 1999–2000. The Trojans finished with a record of 4 wins and 24 losses. In 2006, Moncrief returned to basketball as the head coach of the Fort Worth Flyers, a professional basketball team in the NBA D-League. He rejoined the NBA in October 2007 when he became the shooting coach for the Golden State Warriors. He rejoined the CBA in January 2009 when he became the assistant coach for the Beijing Ducks. In 2011, he returned to the Milwaukee Bucks as an assistant coach. == Broadcasting career ==
It was announced in July 2013 that Moncrief would analyze and commentate Bucks games for FSN Wisconsin.",367
1870,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"In 2011, he returned to the Milwaukee Bucks as an assistant coach. == Broadcasting career ==
It was announced in July 2013 that Moncrief would analyze and commentate Bucks games for FSN Wisconsin. == Post-playing career ==


=== Books authored ===
Moncrief: My Journey to the NBA (1990, with Myra McLarey) ISBN 9780874831139
Your Passport to Becoming a Valuable Team Player: Your Travel Guide for Peak Performance at Work and Home (2012, with Kisha Wetherall) ISBN 9780983828518


== Personal life ==
Moncrief has four sons. Moncrief's son Brett was a wide receiver for Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College and Troy University. His nephew Albrey Battle played eight seasons in the Arena Football League and for the San Francisco Demons of the XFL. Upon retiring for the first time in 1989, Moncrief opened Sidney Moncrief's Buick, a car dealership in Sherwood, Arkansas. He also later owned a Ford dealership in Blytheville, Arkansas. Looking back on his career in March 2021, Moncrief said ""I have a greater appreciation for the accomplishments and the awards [now] then when I played the game of basketball. When I played the game, it was like: 'Okay. You are an All-Star. Okay, cool. You are a Defensive Player of the Year. Okay'. I never really thought about it. When you retire, and you have time to reflect upon your career, I started to have a greater appreciation for what I was able to accomplish."" On May 15, 2021, Moncrief spoke at the posthumous Hall of Fame enshrinement of his former coach Eddie Sutton.",360
1871,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Moncrief,Sidney Moncrief,"When you retire, and you have time to reflect upon your career, I started to have a greater appreciation for what I was able to accomplish."" On May 15, 2021, Moncrief spoke at the posthumous Hall of Fame enshrinement of his former coach Eddie Sutton. == See also ==
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds


== References ==


== External links ==

Moncrief One Team
NBA Legends overview
Career Statistics",104
1872,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynavi_ABC_Championship,Mynavi ABC Championship,"The Mynavi ABC Championship (マイナビABCチャンピオンシップゴルフトーナメント, Mainabi ei-bī-shī champyon gorufu tōnamento) was a professional golf tournament on the Japan Golf Tour. It was played at the ABC Golf Club in Katō, Hyōgo, usually in October or November. It was founded in 1971 as a Japan vs. United States team match (there was also individual prize money and the event counted as an official win on tour). In 1988, it became a full-field individual event. The event is sponsored by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation and Mynavi Corporation. == History ==
The tournament was founded in 1971 as the Miki Gold Cup, a nine-man team match between golfers from Japan and the United States. Results were based on the aggregate of the best seven scores from each team after 54 holes of stroke play competition; there was also a prize for the best individual score. The event was renamed as the ABC Cup in 1972. The following year, the best eight scores were used to determine the winner, and in 1975 the event was extended to 72 holes. Between 1982 and 1984 the event was titled as the Goldwin Cup (1982–83) and the Uchida Yoko Cup (1984), during which time it was contested as stroke play matches with two points were awarded for a match win and one point for a tie. The first two rounds were played as better ball pairs and the final two rounds as singles, from which the scores were used to determine the individual winner. In 1985 the event reverted to its earlier format and name. In 1988, the tournament became a regular 72 hole stroke play event on the Japan Golf Tour, since when it has always been held at ABC Golf Club in Katō, Hyōgo.",383
1873,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynavi_ABC_Championship,Mynavi ABC Championship,"In 1985 the event reverted to its earlier format and name. In 1988, the tournament became a regular 72 hole stroke play event on the Japan Golf Tour, since when it has always been held at ABC Golf Club in Katō, Hyōgo. Sponsored by Philip Morris International, it was titled using the Lark brand as the ABC Lark Cup or Lark Cup for five years, until 1994 when it became the Philip Morris Championship. After Philip Morris sponsorship came to an end, in 2003 the event became titled the ABC Championship, with Mynavi being added as title sponsor in 2008. In 2023, following the 2024 schedule announcement by the Japan Golf Tour, it was confirmed that the 2023 tournament would be the last and would not return from 2024 onwards. == Tournament hosts ==


== Winners ==


=== Japan vs USA team matches ===


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website (in Japanese)
Coverage on the Japan Golf Tour's official site",207
1874,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gouldman,Francis Gouldman,"Francis Gouldman (c. 1607–1688/89) was a Church of England clergyman and lexicographer whose Latin-English dictionary (1664) went through several editions. Gouldman was also one of the directors who oversaw the publication of the monumental Critici sacri, a major collection of Biblical criticism. == Life ==
Gouldman earned his master's degree from Christ's College, Cambridge. His father was George Gouldman, also spelled Gowldman, who was a rector of South Ockendon, Essex. His son succeeded him, and held the position from 26 March 1634 until his death, with one hiatus. In 1644, he was caught up in Reformation church politics, and an ejectment was brought against him. ""He appeareth to be ill affected,"" the text of the ejectment read, ""and an Idle Minister,"" grounds for which claim might have been found in his refusal to preach more than once on the Sabbath or fast days, and going for nine years without catechizing his parishioners. In the view of J.E.B. Mayor, the case ""shows how little his enemies could find to object against this laborious scholar,"" and he was later restored. Gouldman was, however, undeniably outspoken from the pulpit, fomenting against Parliament and taxation. His wife's name was Abigail. They had five children. == Latin dictionary ==
A Copious Dictionary in Three Parts provided explanations and etymologies, though criticized as rambling and obscure by his successor and rival, Elisha Coles. The second edition was published in 1669, with a third in 1674 and a fourth in 1678. Gouldman's stated intention was to provide ""correct and plentiful observations, and phraseological explanations,"" as well as ""the proper names of persons, places, and other things necessary to the understanding of historians and poets.""",392
1875,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gouldman,Francis Gouldman,"The second edition was published in 1669, with a third in 1674 and a fourth in 1678. Gouldman's stated intention was to provide ""correct and plentiful observations, and phraseological explanations,"" as well as ""the proper names of persons, places, and other things necessary to the understanding of historians and poets."" Gouldman's approach was inclusionist: he explained ""barbarous"" forms instead of correcting or omitting them. His work was revised along more prescriptive lines by Adam Littleton for greater purity of Latinity. Gouldman's dictionary was one of the works for which Cambridge University Press was most known in the 17th century. Thomas Parson is said by Edmund Calamy to have helped it through the press, working also on the front matter and indexing; but his name does not appear in connection with the book. == Critici sacri ==

Under the direction of Gouldman, John Pearson and Anthony Scattergood, the nine-volume Critici Sacri was published in London in 1660 with a dedication to Charles II. Intended as a companion to the Polyglott Bible of Brian Walton (1657), Critici sacri was a collection of essays on Biblical interpretation, antiquities, textual criticism and exegesis by the most significant theologians of the time. At the beginning of the 19th century, the theologian Adam Clarke considered Critici sacri the most important collection of Biblical criticism ever made, and in the 21st century it is still recognized as a great work. == In fiction ==
Gouldman was an interlocutor along with the 2nd-century grammarian Hesychius in one of the satirical dialogues of William King. ""Gouldman"" chides the ancient lexicographer for boasting of the attention he receives from pedants, pointing out that philological learnedness has little value for the man of action. == References ==",391
1876,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_63,Kentucky Route 63,"Kentucky Route 63 (KY 63) is a north–south state highway that traverses Monroe and Barren counties in south central Kentucky. == Route description ==


=== Monroe County ===
KY 63 starts at the Tennessee state line, where the road continues southward as Tennessee State Route 56 (SR 56). Just north of that point is Gamaliel, where it intersects Bugtussle Road (KY 382), and begins its concurrency with KY 100. The two routes have intersections with KY 1860, and KY 1366 during the concurrency from Gamaliel to Tompkinsville. The two routes split at their junction with KY 375 (a former alignment of KY 163) in Tompkinsville. KY 63 turns northwestward to the KY 678 junction at Mount Hermon. === Barren County ===
After entering Barren County, it meets KY 1324 at Temple Hill. KY 63 continues northwest to Glasgow, traversing the Louie B. Nunn Cumberland Expressway via an overpass. The route ends with U.S. 31E Business just south of the Barren County Courthouse. A few KY 63 trailblazer signs are posted in a few locations in that city. On November 8, 2021, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet finished realigning a portion of KY 63 (also known as Tompkinsville Road) between the Cumberland Expressway overpass and Fox Trail, to improve safety by avoiding curving down a hillside. === Status as a scenic byway ===

Most of the KY 63 corridor between Tompkinsville and Glasgow is recognized as a Kentucky Scenic Byway, which signifies that KY 63 provides a scenic drive through most of its course in Monroe and Barren counties. Also, KY 63, along with the first 10 miles (16 km) of KY 90 and parts of KY 70 between Mammoth Cave National Park and Cave City are parts of the ""Cordell Hull Scenic Highway"".",398
1877,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_63,Kentucky Route 63,"=== Status as a scenic byway ===

Most of the KY 63 corridor between Tompkinsville and Glasgow is recognized as a Kentucky Scenic Byway, which signifies that KY 63 provides a scenic drive through most of its course in Monroe and Barren counties. Also, KY 63, along with the first 10 miles (16 km) of KY 90 and parts of KY 70 between Mammoth Cave National Park and Cave City are parts of the ""Cordell Hull Scenic Highway"". == History ==
Since 1986, KY 63 from Tompkinsville to Glasgow, along with KY 90 northwest of Glasgow, is the core route of the annual Roller Coaster Yard Sale. == Points of interest along the route ==
Barren County Fairgrounds, Temple Hill


== Major intersections ==


== References ==


== External links ==

KY 63 at Kentucky Roads
""Kentucky State Route 63"". Highways of the Commonwealth of Kentucky : Kentucky State Highways. Roads of the Mid-South & West. Bill Burmaster Web Solutions. August 26, 2009. Archived from the original on February 15, 2025. Retrieved February 19, 2025. ""Tag Archives: Hwy 63"". urbanlegendsofbarren. August 5, 2016 [date of last post with this tag]. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023.",277
1878,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub_(stock),Stub (stock),"A stub is the remaining capital stock representing the equity in a corporation after a major cash or security distribution—such as a buyout, spin-off, or demerger—removes most of the company's operations. A stub may retain the name of the original corporation or adopt a new one as part of the restructuring. When the main operating business is spun off or distributed, a stub may remain. This typically consists of residual assets, liabilities, or cash reserves. Stub stocks commonly arise through spin-offs, where the parent company distributes shares of a subsidiary to existing shareholders. A well-known example is the case of 3Com and Palm. In 2000, 3Com spun off Palm, but retained approximately 95% of Palm's shares. The remaining equity in 3Com traded as a stub—low-priced and highly speculative compared to Palm’s high valuation. The value of the remaining 3Com equity was implied to be negative when comparing Palm's share price to 3Com's. Stub stocks may also result from bankruptcies and recapitalisations, when bonds are exchanged for equities as part of a restructured capital structure. Stub stocks often trade at lower valuations relative to their former parent companies, reflecting higher perceived market uncertainty. Investors assess factors such as debt load, cash flow, and potential for future value recovery if the stub entity is successfully restructured. Stub investments are considered speculative and high-risk. For example, during the 1987 stock market crash, the Salomon Brothers Stub Stock Index declined by 47.4%, compared to a 33% drop in the S&P 500 over the same period. == References ==",330
1879,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_(anthology),Declaration (anthology),"Declaration is a 1957 anthology of essays by British writers. It was edited by Tom Maschler and published by MacGibbon & Kee. It features short essays by Doris Lessing, Colin Wilson, John Osborne, John Wain, Kenneth Tynan, Bill Hopkins, Lindsay Anderson and Stuart Holroyd. The book is closely associated with the angry young men movement, and the essays are presented as ""credos"" or manifesto of the writers. == Contents ==
Introduction by Tom Maschler
""The small personal voice"" by Doris Lessing
""Beyond the outsider"" by Colin Wilson
""They call it cricket"" by John Osborne
""Along the tightrope"" by John Wain
""Theatre and living"" by Kenneth Tynan
""Ways without a precedent"" by Bill Hopkins
""Get out and push!"" by Lindsay Anderson
""A sense of crisis"" by Stuart Holroyd


== Publication ==
The book was published in the United Kingdom in 1957 through MacGibbon & Kee and was a success in its day. An American edition was published in 1958 by E. P. Dutton. A sequel, Conviction, this time edited by Norman MacKenzie, was published by MacGibbon & Kee in 1958. == Reception ==
Virginia P. Held of The Reporter described the book as ""chiefly valuable as an expression of a generation"", which she called ""an up-from-zero generation"". Held elaborated:

The critics have almost exclusively stressed the nihilism of these 'angry young men,' often using the label in an attempt to ridicule them, and in doing so have missed the point. It isn't their nihilism that distinguishes these writers, but their unwillingness to remain nihilists. The zero is where they start, not where they end up; they know they must move up from it somehow.",389
1880,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_(anthology),Declaration (anthology),"It isn't their nihilism that distinguishes these writers, but their unwillingness to remain nihilists. The zero is where they start, not where they end up; they know they must move up from it somehow. Leslie A. Fiedler wrote in the Saturday Review that the writers were introduced as ""brilliant and iconoclastic"" on the jacket of the book, but thought that none of them ""strikes one as really 'brilliant' (Tynan is funny enough by fits and starts and Osborne vigorously direct, but the rest are merely earnest and opaque), while their 'iconoclasm' consists of nothing more shocking than complaints against bureaucracy, the monarchy, and H-bomb tests, eked out with attacks on each other."" Concerning the ""angry young men"" label, Fiedler went on to question Lessing's youth, the source of Osborne's anger, and all the writers' decision to contribute to the anthology; Kingsley Amis had been asked to participate but declined, which Fiedler commended. Fiedler continued:

Despite Mr. Osborne's protest that he is not the protagonist of Look Back in Anger and the desperate plea of all the accused that they are not Amis's Lucky Jim [from Lucky Jim], it is evident that they write the same dialogue for themselves as for their characters. For such angry-young-dialogue one is finally grateful; it is what makes Mr. Osborne's piece, along with Mr. Tynan's, a hiatus of brightness in a dim, dim book. But even the Angries, when they leave their lovely scorn and speak affirmatively, sound like all the other contributors, merge into the general middlebrow revolt against shrillness and despair. == References ==


== External links ==
Presentation at dorislessing.org",375
1881,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzhof,Holzhof,"The Holzhof is a traditional sports facility in the small Brandenburg town of Elsterwerda in the Elbe-Elster district. This facility is located on the town's outskirts, toward the direction of Großenhain. == History ==
The Holzhof site has a rich history that dates to its origins as a transshipment point on the Elsterwerda-Grödel raft canal, which became operational in 1748. Initially, it served as a hub for the transfer of timber and other goods arriving via waterways or carts. During this period, the site likely featured only basic structures, such as shelters for carters, storage for goods, and facilities for horses and fodder. However, with the decline of timber transport on the canal in 1833 and the construction of the Elsterwerda-Riesa railway line in 1875, the significance of the timber yard diminished. As early as 1864, a building previously used by the Royal Forestry Administration was repurposed as a restaurant, making the Holzhof a popular destination for outings and excursions. The connection with the Krauschützer Park across the Pulsnitz River, established in 1882 and linked by the Gründler Bridge opened in 1883, further enhanced its appeal. In 1885, the town purchased the site and its building for 27,000 Reichsmark, leasing it to various clubs for their events. In the early 1920s, the city's first public outdoor swimming pool was opened near the Pulsnitz. In 1934, a new open-air swimming pool was inaugurated on the Holzhof, initially sourcing its water from the Pulsnitz. Subsequent developments focused on creating sports facilities, including sports fields, tennis courts, a parade ground, a fairground, and a shooting range. These plans were designed by the district's master meadow builder, Balsam, and the facilities were completed in 1937.",399
1882,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzhof,Holzhof,"Subsequent developments focused on creating sports facilities, including sports fields, tennis courts, a parade ground, a fairground, and a shooting range. These plans were designed by the district's master meadow builder, Balsam, and the facilities were completed in 1937. Before this, sports facilities had existed in Ludwig-Jahn-Straße since the turn of the century, and in the 1920s at the Schlosspark. However, the Holzhof restaurant fell victim to arson in April 1945 during World War II. After the war, the damaged facilities were gradually restored, and in 1962, the swimming pool was concreted over. In 1970, the extraction of water from the Pulsnitz was prohibited due to hygiene concerns, and groundwater with a high iron content had to be used. Extensive renovations and extensions led to the reopening of a restaurant that met modern requirements in 1977. The property was sold in 1989 and underwent further conversions and expansions, becoming the Holzhof Hotel and Park Restaurant. In 1997, the swimming pool faced such severe deficiencies that it had to cease operations. In December 2003, an indoor tennis hall was inaugurated on the site, followed a little later by seven tennis courts. == References ==


== Further reading ==
Luise Grundmann; Dietrich Hanspach (Verf.) (2001), Der Schraden. Eine landeskundliche Bestandsaufnahme im Raum Elsterwerda, Lauchhammer, Hirschfeld und Ortrand, Hrsg. : Institut für Länderkunde Leipzig und der Sächsischen Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien 2005, ISBN 3-412-10900-2.",383
1883,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzhof,Holzhof,"der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien 2005, ISBN 3-412-10900-2. Heimatverein Elsterwerda und Umgebung e.V., Heimatverein zur Erforschung der sächsischen Stahlwerke, Gröditzer Stahlwerke GmbH (Hrsg. ): . Lampertswalde 1997. == External links ==
Commons: Holzhof Elsterwerda – collection of images, videos and audio files",131
1884,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Ursae_Minoris,Zeta Ursae Minoris,"Zeta Ursae Minoris, which is Latinized from ζ Ursae Minoris, is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor, forming the northernmost part of the bowl in this ""little dipper"" asterism. The star has a white hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.28. It is located at a distance of approximately 369 light-years from the Sun based on parallax, but is drifting further closer with a radial velocity of about –13 km/s. The stellar classification of Zeta UMi is A3Vn, a notation that indicates this is an A-type main-sequence star with broad ""nebulous"" absorption lines in its spectrum due to rapid rotation. Based on photometric data, some light variability was suspected by R. A. Baker in 1926, and it may be a Delta Scuti variable. It is a pulsating variable star, with a period of 15.8 hours, and it also undergoes eclipses. The star is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 210 km/s, which is creating an equatorial bulge that is estimated to be 10% larger than the polar radius. Zeta Ursae Minoris is about 180 million years old with 6.15 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 227 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,720 K. This anomalously high temperature and an absolute magnitude of –0.98 may indicate it is on the verge of evolving into a giant star. An infrared excess has been detected from an orbiting circumstellar disk. A black body fit to the data yields a mean dust temperature of 160 K and an orbital radius of 42.5 AU.",368
1885,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Ursae_Minoris,Zeta Ursae Minoris,"An infrared excess has been detected from an orbiting circumstellar disk. A black body fit to the data yields a mean dust temperature of 160 K and an orbital radius of 42.5 AU. In some Arabic star charts it is listed as أخفى الفرقدين ʼakhfā al-farqadayn, meaning ""the dimmer of the two calves"", and paired with η Ursae Minoris as ʼanwar al-farqadayn, ""the brighter of the two calves"". The names may originally refer to a pair of Ibexes, and are more properly applied to γ UMi and β UMi, respectively, the brighter two stars in the rectangle of Ursa Minor. == References ==",162
1886,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Jenkins,Tiffany Jenkins,"Tiffany Jenkins is a British sociologist, cultural commentator and writer, and culture editor for the journal Sociology Compass. == Career ==
She is the author of Contesting Human Remains in Museum Collections (2011), which looks at the influences at play on the controversy over human remains in museum collections; and of Keeping Their Marbles (2016), which examines the controversies surrounding the Parthenon Marbles, and the wider debate on the repatriation of cultural heritage. However, Jenkins' arguments have been described by experts in the field as ""clumsy and shallow, and on occasion misleading"" in addition to contributing to ""the normalization of extremist discourse"" in museology. In spite of this, Jenkins has continued to argue that western museums should not return said treasures. She is editor of a multi-authored book of essays, Political Culture, Soft Interventions and Nation Building (2015), which examines the act of cultural intervention in countries that have been devastated by conflict. She is a regular contributor to the broadsheet press on the arts and cultural issues, including a column for The Scotsman newspaper. Jenkins is an Honorary Fellow in the Department of Art History at the University of Edinburgh. She was previously a visiting fellow at the London School of Economics, and arts and society director of the Institute of Ideas. In March 2025, she was appointed a trustee of the British Museum. == Bibliography ==
Jenkins, Tiffany (2011). Contesting Human Remains in Museum Collections: the crisis of cultural authority. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415879606. Jenkins, Tiffany (2012). ""'Who are we to decide?' The targeting of professional authority in the contestation over human remains in British museums"". Journal of Cultural Sociology. 6: 455–470. doi:10.1177/1749975512445432. S2CID 145065156. Jenkins, Tiffany (2013).",388
1887,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Jenkins,Tiffany Jenkins,"S2CID 145065156. Jenkins, Tiffany (2013). ""Old Skeletons, Pagans and Museums: why human remains are a bone of contention"". In Best, Joel; Harris, Scott R. (eds.). Making Sense of Social Problems: New Images, New Issues. Boulder, Co.: Lynne Reinner. pp. 91–106. ISBN 9781588268556. Jenkins, Tiffany, ed. (2015). Political Culture, Soft Interventions and Nation Building. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138793569. Jenkins, Tiffany (2016). Keeping Their Marbles: how the treasures of the past ended up in museums – and why they should stay there. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199657599. == References ==


== External links ==
Official website
TMA creative management agency
BBC Radio 4, Forethought, ""Judgement at Last"", September 2014
BBC Radio 4, Beauty and the Brain, presented by Tiffany Jenkins, January 2014
BBC Radio 4, Start the Week, with Lisa Jardine, James Weatherall, Kenneth Cukier, Tiffany Jenkins and Marcus du Sautoy, February 2013
BBC Radio 4, The Value of Culture Today, with Melvyn Bragg, Christopher Frayling, Matt Ridley, and Tiffany Jenkins, in January 2013",277
1888,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (February 22, 1895 – August 2, 1979) was a Peruvian politician, philosopher, and author who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement, the oldest currently existing political party in Peru by the name of the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP). Born to an aristocratic family in Trujillo, a city on the north Peruvian coast, he enrolled in the National University of Trujillo and then the School of Law of the National University of San Marcos. He soon stood out as a student leader supporting the working class. He participated in protests against the regime of Augusto B. Leguía, standing out as a vigorous and eloquent speaker, with great power of persuasion due to the depth of his ideas. Banished by Leguía in 1922, he emigrated to Mexico, where in 1924 he founded the APRA, a political movement with continental projection and a social democratic orientation, initially with a clear anti-imperialist position. Returning to Peru in 1930 after a European and Latin American tour, he established the APRA party in Peru, the Peruvian Aprista Party, on whose political scene he would remain active from then until his death. He suffered imprisonment, exiles and political asylum. He ran for the presidency in the 1931 elections, losing to Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro. Imprisoned in 1932 by the Sánchez Cerro administration, he was released in 1933, only to be persecuted again, already under the government of Óscar R. Benavides. He remained in hiding until 1945, when his party returned to legality; he supported the National Democratic Front, which elevated José Luis Bustamante y Rivero to the presidency.",362
1889,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Imprisoned in 1932 by the Sánchez Cerro administration, he was released in 1933, only to be persecuted again, already under the government of Óscar R. Benavides. He remained in hiding until 1945, when his party returned to legality; he supported the National Democratic Front, which elevated José Luis Bustamante y Rivero to the presidency. In 1948, his party was again banned and after the coup d'état by general Manuel A. Odría he was forced to take refuge in the Colombian embassy (1948–1954). In 1956, he contributed to the electoral victory of Manuel Prado Ugarteche, initiating the so-called ""coexistence"". Once again as presidential nominee, he placed first in the 1962 election, but the Armed Forces issued a veto against him, prompting a military coup that overthrew Prado and prevented his bidding to seal his victory in Congress in favor of Odría. During the Armed Forces Revolutionary Government, he assembled and instructed a new generation of party leaders, which included his successor and future president of Peru, Alan García. He was overwhelmingly elected to the Constituent Assembly, being elected as the body's president, and leading the drafting of a new Peruvian constitution, which he would sign in his deathbed in July 1979. He died on August 2, 1979, and his remains rest in his hometown of Trujillo. He remains one of the most influential political thinkers in Peruvian history. His legacy is considered fundamental in Peruvian historiography, with his ideology coined as revolutionary by historians. == Early life and education ==

Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre was born in the northern Peruvian city of Trujillo on February 22, 1895.",361
1890,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"His legacy is considered fundamental in Peruvian historiography, with his ideology coined as revolutionary by historians. == Early life and education ==

Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre was born in the northern Peruvian city of Trujillo on February 22, 1895. He was the son of Raúl Edmundo Haya y de Cárdenas, also from Trujillo, and Zoila Victoria de la Torre y de Cárdenas, who were also cousins. His birth is commemorated as Fraternity Day every February 22 by the Peruvian Aprista Party. Haya studied his primary and secondary education at the Seminary of San Carlos School and San Marcelo School of Trujillo. In 1913, he enrolled in the National University of Trujillo to study literature, where he met and forged a solid friendship with the Peruvian poet César Vallejo. Both, along with other students and under the leadership of Antenor Orrego and José Eulogio Garrido, integrated the so-called ""Trujillo bohemia"", where he was known as ""The Prince of Misfortune"" among his classmates. This intellectual group was later baptized as the North Group. Subsequently, he continued his undergraduate education at the National University of San Marcos in Lima, where he pursued a law degree. In 1917, he was introduced to politician and writer Manuel González Prada, whom is cited as his main influence in the capital, developing political concerns derived from the radicalism of said intellectual. In 1918, he was one of those who carried his coffin. Historians have debated over the fact that González Prada is the precursor of Aprismo. === Student leader (1919–1923) ===
In January 1919, he joined the college commission that supported the workers' struggle for the establishment of the eight-hour labor reform.",393
1891,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Historians have debated over the fact that González Prada is the precursor of Aprismo. === Student leader (1919–1923) ===
In January 1919, he joined the college commission that supported the workers' struggle for the establishment of the eight-hour labor reform. Contrary to popular belief, Haya de la Torre did not assume a leading role in the development of the strike, but rather played a small role as a student leader. This episode marked the beginning of Haya's active participation in Peruvian politics. In October of that same year, he was elected president of the Peruvian Student Federation. He was linked with all sectors of society. He led movements in favor of university reform in Peru and labor organizations. He participated in the first National Student Congress, held in Cusco (March 1920), where the project to create the ""popular universities"" was approved, which in 1922 took shape under the name of ""González Prada"", night schools for workers, which according to some historians formed the foundation for his party. He was instrumental in bringing the ideas of the Argentine University Reform movement (La Reforma) to San Marcos, and administrative reforms were instituted in 1919. Part of the reform movement was university extension programs, through which the university students hoped to reach the working classes. He launched numerous protests against the government of Augusto B. Leguía when, around 1923, began to plot his perpetuation in power (this regime would later be known as the Eleven-Year Rule). One of the most significant of these protests was the opposition campaign to the projected official consecration of the country to the Sacred Heart order, promoted by the Archbishop of Lima, Emilio Lisson, to legitimize the dictatorial regime. During the street protest, a student and a worker died (May 23, 1923), which became a symbol of student-worker unity. The consecration ceremony was finally suspended by the archbishop.",395
1892,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"During the street protest, a student and a worker died (May 23, 1923), which became a symbol of student-worker unity. The consecration ceremony was finally suspended by the archbishop. Later, Haya led the radical student-worker magazine Claridad, in collaboration with José Carlos Mariátegui, as ""organ of the free youth of Peru"" and of the popular universities. Haya also taught at the Colegio Anglo-Peruano (now Colegio San Andres), a school operated by the Free Church of Scotland in Lima. He was deeply influenced by the headmaster of the school, John A. Mackay, a Free Church missionary. In October 1923, he was arrested and detained in the El Frontón prison, where he went on a hunger strike; six days after the strike, he was shipped in the small steam train Negada and deported to Panama. == Exile; Foundation of the APRA ==

In Panama, Haya stayed for two weeks, before heading to Cuba. From there he went to Mexico, invited by José Vasconcelos, then Secretary of Public Education, to collaborate as his secretary. He arrived in Mexico City on November 16, 1923. He then made contact with the Mexican Revolution, appreciating the socio-economic changes that took place in that country. He contacted Mexican students to encourage them to develop a continental student and labor fraternity. It was precisely in Mexico City that, on May 7, 1924, he founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. As it can be deduced from its name, Haya de la Torre's initial political option sought to consolidate itself into a project for Latin America, as a pan-Latin American movement.",346
1893,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"It was precisely in Mexico City that, on May 7, 1924, he founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. As it can be deduced from its name, Haya de la Torre's initial political option sought to consolidate itself into a project for Latin America, as a pan-Latin American movement. In a simple ceremony, he presented the students of Mexico with the flag of Indoamerica, on which occasion he said: «This flag that I give you will first fly over the dreamy crowds of the youth that are opening the way, and later they will be the people who shake it in the shuddering tumult of their struggles ». Its doctrinal foundations were presented two years later, in the manifesto entitled What is the APRA?. Initially published in English in the Labour Monthly magazine in London, in December 1926, and later translated into Spanish and reproduced in various Latin American publications. In this document, it exposes the five basic points of the Aprista doctrine:

In September 1924 he traveled to Russia, where he made contact with the Russian Revolution, which served as a source of inspiration for his ideology. He also traveled through Switzerland, Italy and France. In 1925, he settled in England, where, between 1926 and 1927, he studied economics at the London School of Economics and then anthropology at the University of Oxford, where he would later become a professor (in 1964). Haya devoted himself entirely to forming a great movement that could represent the excluded masses of ""Indoamerica"". The APRA had its first committee in Paris (founded on January 22, 1927), followed in Buenos Aires, Mexico City, and La Paz. The APRA was born as an eminently anti-oligarchic and anti-imperialist force. It was early linked to Marxism but clearly disagreed with communism, as it considered it a totalitarian political system.",377
1894,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"The APRA was born as an eminently anti-oligarchic and anti-imperialist force. It was early linked to Marxism but clearly disagreed with communism, as it considered it a totalitarian political system. In 1927, he published his first book, entitled For the Emancipation of Latin America, where he exposed the Aprista doctrine. In May 1928, he finished writing his book The anti-imperialism and APRA, a work that for economic reasons would not come to light until 1935. In February 1927, he participated in the First Anti-imperialist Congress in Brussels, in which he raised the difference between APRA and communism. In November of that year he left Europe and returned to America, passing through New York City before returning to Mexico. He then undertook a tour of Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica and, again, Panama, being prevented from landing in the Canal Zone and, rather, was exiled again to Europe on December 16, 1928. He spent some time in Berlin and in other cities until June 1931. In the meantime, the government of Leguía was overthrown by the Peruvian Army led by Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro on August 25, 1930. Haya returned to Peru and founded the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP) on September 20, 1930. == 1931 presidential election ==

After having lived in exile as a consequence of his fight against the Leguía administration, Haya de la Torre returned to Peru, having been nominated as presidential candidate for the 1931 general election with the newly founded Peruvian Aprista Party. He first arrived in Talara (July 12, 1931), and was received in his hometown (July 25), and finally entered Lima (August 15), where before a huge crowd gathered in Plaza de Acho, he exposed the party's program, in which he emphasized state intervention in the economy (August 23).",389
1895,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"== 1931 presidential election ==

After having lived in exile as a consequence of his fight against the Leguía administration, Haya de la Torre returned to Peru, having been nominated as presidential candidate for the 1931 general election with the newly founded Peruvian Aprista Party. He first arrived in Talara (July 12, 1931), and was received in his hometown (July 25), and finally entered Lima (August 15), where before a huge crowd gathered in Plaza de Acho, he exposed the party's program, in which he emphasized state intervention in the economy (August 23). The APRA campaign introduced means never before seen in the elections in Peru: street graffiti in all the cities of the country; candidates called by name – ""Víctor Raúl"", ""Luis Alberto"", etc.—; inclusion of non-voters —JAP (Aprista Youth), CHAP (Aprista Boys) -; own hymn, which superimposed the lyrics to the music of the French Marseillaise – the Aprista Marseillaise; a flag for the party identifying the supporters; supporters called ""companions"" holding up white scarves, and the famous ""SEASAP"" (""Only APRA will save Peru""). A kind of cult figure of Haya began in the party, who was at the same time Victor Raúl, the boss, the guide and the master. According to the Electoral Jury that directed this election, Haya placed second with 35% of the popular vote, behind Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (Revolutionary Union); however, Haya and the APRA as a whole never recognized the official results or the new government. == Presidency of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro and the Great Clandestinity (1931–1945) ==

The Sánchez Cerro government was authoritarian and repressive.",380
1896,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"According to the Electoral Jury that directed this election, Haya placed second with 35% of the popular vote, behind Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (Revolutionary Union); however, Haya and the APRA as a whole never recognized the official results or the new government. == Presidency of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro and the Great Clandestinity (1931–1945) ==

The Sánchez Cerro government was authoritarian and repressive. Haya de la Torre was subsequently arrested, and the APRA congressional representation was ousted in January 1932, prompting popular protests across the country. In the city of Trujillo, a failed APRA armed uprising took place that led to clashes between the APRA members and the Armed Forces of Peru. The insurrection was harshly repressed, hundreds of Apristas were detained, and over 6000 were executed in front of the Peruvian ruins of Chan Chan (on the outskirts of Trujillo). The so-called ""Trujillo Revolution"", as the Apristas know it, was parallel to other revolutionary movements in various parts of the country (such as Huaraz and Huari). In spite of the revolution, the Peruvian Congress amended the Constitution, banning all ""international"" parties. Based on this, and invoking that the nation was in danger, the government declared the Peruvian Aprista Party illegal in 1932. However, president Sánchez Cerro was assassinated with several shots at point-blank range on April 30, 1933, in the Campo de Marte of Lima. The perpetrator of the assassination was an APRA member identified as Alejandro Mendoza Leyva, who was killed on the spot, although the APRA leadership could not be syndicated as the intellectual author of the crime, due to lack of evidence.",369
1897,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"However, president Sánchez Cerro was assassinated with several shots at point-blank range on April 30, 1933, in the Campo de Marte of Lima. The perpetrator of the assassination was an APRA member identified as Alejandro Mendoza Leyva, who was killed on the spot, although the APRA leadership could not be syndicated as the intellectual author of the crime, due to lack of evidence. After the death of Sánchez Cerro, former president and general Óscar R. Benavides took office, who expressed hope in ""peace and harmony"" for Peru. Haya was released from prison on August 10, 1933, as other Aprista prisoners were also released from jails and many others returned from exile. But this release would not last long. Following the Aprista conspiracy of El Agustino, in November 1934, the government resumed its anti-Aprista persecution. Thus began, for Haya and his supporters, the stage of ""the great clandestinity"", which would only conclude, officially, in 1945 (to increase again between 1948 and 1956, under Manuel A. Odría administration). In the 1936 presidential elections, the Peruvian Aprista Party supported Luis Antonio Eguiguren, who attained the highest number of votes; however, Congress invalidated the election on the grounds that the votes in favor of Eguiguren came from members of an outlawed party, an unheard-of argument, even more so considering that suffrage was secret. == Presidency of José Luis Bustamante y Rivero (1945–1948) ==
In 1945, the Peruvian Aprista Party returned to legality by participating in the coalition of the National Democratic Front (FDN). Haya de la Torre agreed to launch jurist José Luis Bustamante y Rivero as the presidential nominee for FDN.",378
1898,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"== Presidency of José Luis Bustamante y Rivero (1945–1948) ==
In 1945, the Peruvian Aprista Party returned to legality by participating in the coalition of the National Democratic Front (FDN). Haya de la Torre agreed to launch jurist José Luis Bustamante y Rivero as the presidential nominee for FDN. On May 20, 1945, Haya reappeared in public, after ten years in hiding, on the occasion in which he delivered his ""Reencounter Speech"", before a massive concentration of his supporters in Plaza San Martín. Bustamante y Rivero was ultimately elected president. Thanks to their electoral victory, Haya and the party controlled the legislative caucus as a whole. From there, they managed to approve various measures in favor of the Peruvian people, in addition to demanding greater speed for the reforms that Bustamante was trying to stop. They made vigorous pressure to achieve their objectives, provoking the reaction of the conservative elite, which originated a stage of misrule and anarchy that put the regime in check. In view of this, the opposition caucus failed to attend Congress, causing its recess. Uprisings occurred throughout the country, including the Aprista carried out in the port of Callao. Bustamante was forced to govern by decree, and banned the party for a second time while the oligarchy knocked on the door of the military barracks. Finally, all this led to the coup propelled by Manuel A. Odría, former Minister of Government and Police. Subsequently, Haya went into hiding, along with other party leaders. == Political asylum case and Thirty Years of Aprismo (1948–1954) ==
Haya de la Torre was persecuted and Bustamante deported.",358
1899,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Subsequently, Haya went into hiding, along with other party leaders. == Political asylum case and Thirty Years of Aprismo (1948–1954) ==
Haya de la Torre was persecuted and Bustamante deported. Haya took refuge in the Colombian embassy in Lima where he requested political asylum for sixty-three months since the Odría administration refused to grant the safe-conduct to leave the country, a situation that became an important reference case in international law. In 1954, Haya was authorized to leave Peru thanks to international pressure – he was friends with various figures, such as Albert Einstein - and published an article in Life magazine where he began to outline the ""democratic anti-imperialism without empire"". According to some historians, Haya abandoned his original ideology and made a conservative turn with ""Thirty Years of Aprismo"", a reflective work where Haya analyzed the APRA's position and amended its program. == The Coexistence (1956–1962) ==
In 1956, the three main presidential candidates assured the return to legality of the APRA party; by virtue of this offer, Haya de la Torre initially supported businessman Hernando de Lavalle, and later Manuel Prado Ugarteche, a symbol of economic power, who, thanks to this support, was successful. Peru would oversee a mega-coalition that buttressed the second Pradista government: president Manuel Prado y Ugarteche himself, Haya de la Torre, Manuel A. Odría, Pedro Beltrán, Eudocio Ravines and Julio de la Piedra. It was, therefore, ""a regime to which the Peruvian Aprista Party has supported with proven loyalty and determination.""",355
1900,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Peru would oversee a mega-coalition that buttressed the second Pradista government: president Manuel Prado y Ugarteche himself, Haya de la Torre, Manuel A. Odría, Pedro Beltrán, Eudocio Ravines and Julio de la Piedra. It was, therefore, ""a regime to which the Peruvian Aprista Party has supported with proven loyalty and determination."" Haya and his party —in its early days clearly anti-oligarchic— thus sustained a clearly oligarchic regime, probably with the hope of coming to power by legal means and already exercising them, to make the appropriate reforms. Years later, consulted by Julio Cotler on the matter, Haya replied that ""he had misjudged the situation and thought that the oligarchy had more strength than it really had."" == Final presidential bids and First Presidency of Fernando Belaúnde ==


=== 1962 presidential election ===
In the 1962 general elections, Haya returned to Peru to launch his second presidential bid with the Peruvian Aprista Party nomination under ""Democratic Alliance"", which grouped his party with the Pradista Democratic Movement – which represented the largest sectors of power economic-. Haya obtained 33% of the popular vote, compared to the 32% for newcomer Fernando Belaúnde of the reformist Popular Action and 29% for former president Manuel A. Odría of the Odriist National Union. As he did not obtain the necessary percentage to be proclaimed president, the election was to be decided by Congress to be installed on July 28, as established by the 1933 Constitution.",332
1901,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Haya obtained 33% of the popular vote, compared to the 32% for newcomer Fernando Belaúnde of the reformist Popular Action and 29% for former president Manuel A. Odría of the Odriist National Union. As he did not obtain the necessary percentage to be proclaimed president, the election was to be decided by Congress to be installed on July 28, as established by the 1933 Constitution. Apparently, the Peruvian Armed Forces feared that Haya would come to power and they went to the Palace to report their disappointment; informed of this by president Prado, Haya would have tried to make an alliance with Fernando Belaúnde but they reached a standstill, with which he could only consolidate one with Manuel A. Odría, for which he would yield the Aprista votes to him. The Armed Forces denounced fraud in ten departments and also spoke against the virtual president Odría (and not against Haya, according to the position of the historian Percy Cayo Córdoba). Finally, on July 18, the first institutional coup of the Armed Forces took place, led by General Ricardo Pérez Godoy, who overthrew the government of Manuel Prado Ugarteche, thus declaring the elections void and installed a military junta. The coup would also be backed by Popular Action. === 1963 presidential election ===
In 1963, the Military Junta led by Nicolás Lindley López convened new elections for June of that year. The three main presidential nominees from the void 1962 election took over the polls once again. Haya was nominated for a third time to presidency with the Peruvian Aprista Party, while Fernando Belaúnde ran in coalition with Popular Action and the Christian Democrat Party, the latter led by Héctor Cornejo Chávez.",370
1902,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"The three main presidential nominees from the void 1962 election took over the polls once again. Haya was nominated for a third time to presidency with the Peruvian Aprista Party, while Fernando Belaúnde ran in coalition with Popular Action and the Christian Democrat Party, the latter led by Héctor Cornejo Chávez. The exit polls gave a sound victory for Fernando Belaúnde with 36% of the popular vote, while Haya attained 33%, placing second. The outcome would propel the alliance between Haya and Manuel A. Odría in Congress with the Peruvian Aprista Party and the Odriist National Union. === APRA-UNO Coalition (1963–1968) ===
During the years of the Belaúnde administration, Haya and his party remained in opposition alongside Manuel Odría, forming the APRA-UNO coalition, which by number controlled both houses of Congress and strongly opposed Popular Action. They opposed the measures proposed by the government, causing the first agrarian reform law to have a minimum scope: Congress declared the 'efficient' farms dedicated to export crops unaffected, decided that the damages in the backward areas were supervised by a legislative office, and systematically cut the resources destined to the government bonds of payment for the expropriations; the first Agrarian Reform only expropriated 3% of the expropriable land, and benefited only 13,500 families. Likewise, the coalition censored six cabinets ministers of the Fernando Belaúnde administration, including the entire cabinet presided by Julio Óscar Trelles Montes. == Later life and Constituent Assembly ==


=== Armed Forces Revolutionary Government ===
After the establishment of the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado, the political parties – the Peruvian Aprista Party among them – were banned and their popular bases persecuted.",380
1903,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Likewise, the coalition censored six cabinets ministers of the Fernando Belaúnde administration, including the entire cabinet presided by Julio Óscar Trelles Montes. == Later life and Constituent Assembly ==


=== Armed Forces Revolutionary Government ===
After the establishment of the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado, the political parties – the Peruvian Aprista Party among them – were banned and their popular bases persecuted. However, in 1970, on Fraternity Day, Haya claimed the intellectual paternity of the reforms carried out by the military, protesting that they did not recognize the intellectual debt they owed him: ""We must be dissatisfied because it is not the way, quickly and furtively, to carry these ideas forward and to hide them, especially hiding their origin and provenance "". During this time, Haya established the National Bureau of Conjunctions, a party organ tasked with recruiting the most talented youth of the Peruvian Aprista Party. From this group, future president Alan García would rise as its main representative, alongside Carlos Roca Cáceres and Víctor Polay (the latter defecting from the party and forming the terrorist organization known as the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement in 1982). === Constituent Assembly (1978–1979) ===
Haya led the popular pressure exerted against the Francisco Morales-Bermúdez administration for the military to return to their barracks and restore democracy. A Constituent Assembly was ultimately convened on July 28, 1978, after elections on June 18, 1978. The Aprista Party attained 37 seats, including Haya, who was elected with over one million votes nationally. Due for having the highest vote count, he was unanimously elected to preside over the Constituent Assembly on July 28, 1978. In a symbolic act, his salary as president of the Assembly was 1 sol de oro.",383
1904,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Due for having the highest vote count, he was unanimously elected to preside over the Constituent Assembly on July 28, 1978. In a symbolic act, his salary as president of the Assembly was 1 sol de oro. The same day of the installation of the assembly, Haya marked his clear independence with respect to the military regime:

This Assembly embodies the Constituent Power, and the Constituent Power is the supreme expression of the people as such, and the first Power of the State. This Power does not admit conditions, limitations or parameters; it does not recognize powers above itself because it is the indisputable legitimate fruit of popular sovereignty. On a day like today, 157 years ago, Peru declared its independence based on the general will of the people; on July 28, 1978, based on that same general will of the people, clearly expressed in the June elections, with no other limitations than those that she herself wishes to give herself, she proclaims herself free and autonomous. (...)  It is obvious that the search for Harmonies and coincidences that offer a broad consensus to the constitutional text do not mean in any way the abandonment of ideological positions or ideas or programs; moreover, a constituent assembly is a natural arena for the confrontation of positions, a political approach of various paths; a constituent assembly does not legislate for a party or for a sector, but for the entire people. (...)  if the defective Constitution of 1933, with an obsolete style and spirit, is the last constitution of the 20th century; what is now dictated should be the first constitution of the 21st century. The drafting of the new constitution took about a year to complete. Haya was absent in the last months of the Assembly due to his failing health. First Vice President of the Assembly, Luis Alberto Sánchez, took over the presidency pro tempore of the Assembly in Haya's absence.",387
1905,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Haya was absent in the last months of the Assembly due to his failing health. First Vice President of the Assembly, Luis Alberto Sánchez, took over the presidency pro tempore of the Assembly in Haya's absence. During this period, he was considered a strong contender in the 1980 general election for the presidency. == Death ==

On July 12, 1979, Haya signed the Constitution on his deathbed. Suffering from lung cancer, Haya died on August 2, 1979, in Mercedes Villa, his home located in the Ate District. On his deathbed he was awarded the Order of the Sun of Peru, in the rank of Grand Cross. At the moment of his death, several party leaders were present, including Luis Alberto Sánchez, Ramiro Prialé, Andrés Townsend, Javier Valle Riestra, Armando Villanueva, Carlos Roca Cáceres and Alan García. Then-president of the United States, Jimmy Carter, sent a letter expressing his condolences to Haya's brother, Edmundo. His casket was taken to the party headquarters and received by a huge crowd of supporters and followers, who accompanied the transfer of his remains from Lima to his hometown in Trujillo. He was buried in the Miraflores General Cemetery in downtown Trujillo. His coffin rests under a large rock with the phrase ""Here lies the light."" The last years of Haya de la Torre's life were spent in his home in Chaclacayo de Villa Mercedes, which became a house of worship for many Peruvians. Later it became known that the house was bought by a drug trafficker, Carlos Langberg, who had financed the Aprista electoral campaign of 1980. == Legacy ==
Haya de la Torre corresponds to one of the most particular, evolutionary and complex ideological processes in the history of Peru.",390
1906,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Later it became known that the house was bought by a drug trafficker, Carlos Langberg, who had financed the Aprista electoral campaign of 1980. == Legacy ==
Haya de la Torre corresponds to one of the most particular, evolutionary and complex ideological processes in the history of Peru. The set of his writings, pronouncements and positions make him a heterogeneous and even contradictory character, his message has lent itself to different and diverse interpretations. According to general Aprista concepts, Haya applied historical materialism to the revision of the history and objective conditions of Latin America, deducing from it an original theory of political action to lead these societies towards socialism; on the theoretical level, his thought, although close to Marxism at first, will turn out to be different and still contrary to Leninism regarding socialist strategy in colonial or peripheral societies. Haya postulates that imperialism is the highest expression of capitalism, which is, in turn, the mode of economic production superior to everything the world knew. By virtue of which, he concludes that capitalism is an inevitable phase in the process of contemporary civilization. Capitalism, according to Haya, will not be eternal and has contradictions within itself that will finally end it, but for that to happen, it must evolve completely, that is, exist and mature. He emphasized that the proletariat of the less-developed Latin American countries is too young to make the great revolution that surpasses capitalism. He goes on to indicate that imperialism is the last phase of capitalism in developed countries, but in underdeveloped countries, such as Peru, it is the first phase. In these countries, it is not a stage of advanced industrialization but rather of exploitation of raw materials, because it is the type of production that the developed world from which the imperialist capitals come from is interested in doing there; not the citizens of these countries. For this reason, he says, its initial development is slow and incomplete.",386
1907,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"In these countries, it is not a stage of advanced industrialization but rather of exploitation of raw materials, because it is the type of production that the developed world from which the imperialist capitals come from is interested in doing there; not the citizens of these countries. For this reason, he says, its initial development is slow and incomplete. In this way, America's problem is political: how to emancipate yourself from the yoke of imperialism without delaying its progress. As long as it is America and not Europe, as long as it came to capitalism through imperialism, it has to adopt an aptitude for dealing with the problem that is its own. Haya estimates that it will be the three classes oppressed by imperialism that will advance this stage of society: the young industrial proletariat, the peasantry and the impoverished middle classes. With the alliance of these classes in power, the State will no longer be an instrument of imperialism but a defender of the classes it represents. Thus, they will take from the developed countries what interests them and negotiate with them as equals, not subject, because they need each other. Based on this stance, Haya advocated a system of Latin American (or, to use his preferred term, Indo-American) solutions to Latin American problems. He called upon the region to reject both U.S. imperialism and Soviet communism. With an Americanist vision of doing politics, he believed in what he called ""Indoamerica"" had to be integrated and fight together to advance. That is why his party has a name that includes the concept of an American alliance. In short, he says that the anti-imperialist resistance in America must be created and given a form of a political organization. This is what Haya considers APRA to be. Currently, the reinterpretations and analysis of ""Hayism"" from inside and outside the Peruvian Aprista Party are increasing.",383
1908,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"This is what Haya considers APRA to be. Currently, the reinterpretations and analysis of ""Hayism"" from inside and outside the Peruvian Aprista Party are increasing. Obviously, the most outstanding recent work on the matter corresponds to the authorship of Haya's successor and former president, Alan García. García published The Constructive Revolution of Aprismo: Theory and Practice of Modernity (Lima, 2008); the work outlines an ideological history of the APRA with a view to explaining the current perspective of Aprismo of his time and its governmental expression. The work aims to show a concurrent Haya with a process of intellectual and political maturation; he further explains that during the period 1970–1990, the Apra ""turned out to be more ideologically propelled by Juan Velasco Alvarado's legacy than Hayista."" García says that his party made a mistake in interpreting the military revolution as the ""accomplishment of what the APRA had proposed since 1931. ""which would have led them to"" adopt as their own nationalizations, the collectivist model in agriculture and the state management of trade in many services and goods "", which were concepts"" totally alien to the ideology of Haya and his work dialectically"". García's thesis has been contested, or at least disputed, by various Peruvian historians, such as Hugo Neira, Sinesio López, Nelson Manrique and Martín Tanaka. == Personal life ==
The lack of love interests in Haya de la Torre's life was sometimes remarked upon. Haya de la Torre once stated to APRA members: El APRA es mi mujer y ustedes son mis hijos (""The Apra is my wife and you [the members] are my children""). However, rumours of homosexuality were scattered around the country during and after his life by his political enemies, generally in a crudely homophobic fashion.",391
1909,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Haya de la Torre once stated to APRA members: El APRA es mi mujer y ustedes son mis hijos (""The Apra is my wife and you [the members] are my children""). However, rumours of homosexuality were scattered around the country during and after his life by his political enemies, generally in a crudely homophobic fashion. Haya de la Torre clearly liked the company of young men. André Coyne, a well-respected French literary critic who happened to be both a good friend of Haya's and the loyal lover and supporter of the Peruvian expatriate poet César Moro, states that Haya sometimes went to ""bares de muchachos"" (literally ""young men's bars"") with him, but that he doesn't know whether Haya ""ejercía"" (i.e., practiced homosexuality). Some personal letters from a close European male friend have also been interpreted as indicating a romantic partnership. In the end, Haya has never been found to have had any sexual partners of either gender. His supporters have sometimes claimed he had female lovers. There have been claims that Haya de la Torre secretly married his close friend and sympathizer Ana Billinghurst (daughter of former president Guillermo Billinghurst) in 1923, but they seem to have been shown to be unfounded. In the 1950s the APRA leader was forced into asylum by General Odria at the Colombian Embassy in Lima. Ana Billinghurst died while he was under diplomatic protection and he was unable to attend her funeral. == Published works ==
Haya de la Torre was the author of several works on the Aprista ideology, Peruvian and Latin American affairs. Most of them may be found in the National Library of Peru.",365
1910,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"== Published works ==
Haya de la Torre was the author of several works on the Aprista ideology, Peruvian and Latin American affairs. Most of them may be found in the National Library of Peru. His published works include the following: 

1923  Dos cartas de Haya de la Torre
1927  Por la emancipación de América Latina
1928  El anti-imperialismo y el APRA
1930  Ideario y acción aprista
1931  Teoría y táctica del aprismo
1932  Impresiones de la Inglaterra imperialista y la Rusia soviética
1932  El plan del aprismo
1932  Construyendo el aprismo
1933  Política aprista
1935  ¿A dónde va Indoamérica? 1936  Ex-combatientes y desocupados
1940  La verdad del aprismo
1942  La defensa continental
1946  Cartas a los prisioneros apristas
1946  ¿Y después de la guerra, qué?",257
1911,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"His published works include the following: 

1923  Dos cartas de Haya de la Torre
1927  Por la emancipación de América Latina
1928  El anti-imperialismo y el APRA
1930  Ideario y acción aprista
1931  Teoría y táctica del aprismo
1932  Impresiones de la Inglaterra imperialista y la Rusia soviética
1932  El plan del aprismo
1932  Construyendo el aprismo
1933  Política aprista
1935  ¿A dónde va Indoamérica? 1936  Ex-combatientes y desocupados
1940  La verdad del aprismo
1942  La defensa continental
1946  Cartas a los prisioneros apristas
1946  ¿Y después de la guerra, qué? 1948  Espacio-tiempo-histórico
1956  Treinta años de aprismo
1956  Mensaje de la Europa nórdica
1957  Toynbee frente a los problemas de la Historia


== See also ==
Asylum (Colombia/Peru)
Politics of Peru
List of presidents of Peru


== References ==


== Bibliography ==
Robert J. Alexander, ""Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre and 'Indo-America,'"" in Prophets of the Revolution: Profiles of Latin American Leaders (New York: Macmillan Company, 1962), 75–108.",363
1912,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"1936  Ex-combatientes y desocupados
1940  La verdad del aprismo
1942  La defensa continental
1946  Cartas a los prisioneros apristas
1946  ¿Y después de la guerra, qué? 1948  Espacio-tiempo-histórico
1956  Treinta años de aprismo
1956  Mensaje de la Europa nórdica
1957  Toynbee frente a los problemas de la Historia


== See also ==
Asylum (Colombia/Peru)
Politics of Peru
List of presidents of Peru


== References ==


== Bibliography ==
Robert J. Alexander, ""Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre and 'Indo-America,'"" in Prophets of the Revolution: Profiles of Latin American Leaders (New York: Macmillan Company, 1962), 75–108. Germán Arciniegas, ""The Military vs. Aprismo in Peru,"" in The State of Latin America (New York: Knopf, 1952), 79–94. John A. Mackay, ""The APRA Movement,"" in The Meaning of Life: Christian Truth and Social Change in Latin America ( Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2014), 177–186. John A. Mackay, The Other Spanish Christ (New York: Macmillan, 1932), 193–198. Paul E. Sigmund, ed., Models of Political Change in Latin America (New York: Praeger, 1970), 180–187. ""Víctor Haya de la Torre Is Dead; Elder Statesman of Peru Was 84,"" Obituary (AP), New York Times, August 4, 1979, 24.",384
1913,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre,V%C3%ADctor Ra%C3%BAl Haya de la Torre,"Paul E. Sigmund, ed., Models of Political Change in Latin America (New York: Praeger, 1970), 180–187. ""Víctor Haya de la Torre Is Dead; Elder Statesman of Peru Was 84,"" Obituary (AP), New York Times, August 4, 1979, 24. == Further reading ==
García-Bryce, Iñigo (2018). Haya de la Torre and the Pursuit of Power in Twentieth-Century Peru and Latin America. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-3657-3. JSTOR 10.5149/9781469636634_garcia-bryce. Beals, Carleton (1935). ""Aprismo: The Rise of Haya de la Torre"". Foreign Affairs. 13 (2): 236–246. == External links ==

APRA's official site
More photographs of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre",208
1914,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos,Deforestation in Laos,"Deforestation in Laos is a major environmental concern, with Laos losing forest area to legal and illegal logging. == Illegal logging ==
In 2020, more than 2,600 cubic metres of illegally harvested wood and over 290 tonnes of illicit timber were seized. Authorities inspected wood processing plants and found 2,788 were in violation of governmental restrictions. Some 1,636 plants which failed to operate lawfully were shut down. == Commercial interest in the forest ==
Timber products targeted for logging in Laos includes ironwood, mahogany, pine, redwood, and teak—and other forestry products—benzoin (resin), charcoal, and sticklac. The forest has also been an important source of wild foods, herbal medicines, and timber for house construction and even into the 1990s continues to be a valued reserve of natural products for noncommercial household consumption. Since the mid-1980s widespread commercial harvesting of timber for the export market has disrupted the traditional gathering of forest products in a number of locations and contributed to extremely rapid deforestation throughout the country. === Agriculture ===

Slash-and-burn agriculture was practiced by approximately one million farmers in 1990. Slash-and-burn agriculture is highly destructive to the forest environment, because it entails shifting from old to new plots of land to allow exhausted soil to rejuvenate, a process that is estimated to require at least four to six years. Government efforts to preserve valuable hardwoods for commercial extraction have led to measures to prohibit slash-and-burn agriculture throughout the country. Government restrictions on clearing forests for slash-and-burn cropping in the late 1980s, along with attempts to gradually resettle upland slash-and-burn farming villages to lowland locations suitable for paddy rice cultivation had significant effects on upland villages. == History ==

Timber resources have been commercially exploited on a small scale since the colonial period and are an important source of foreign exchange.",391
1915,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos,Deforestation in Laos,"Government restrictions on clearing forests for slash-and-burn cropping in the late 1980s, along with attempts to gradually resettle upland slash-and-burn farming villages to lowland locations suitable for paddy rice cultivation had significant effects on upland villages. == History ==

Timber resources have been commercially exploited on a small scale since the colonial period and are an important source of foreign exchange. In 1988 wood products accounted for more than one-half of all export earnings. In 1992 timber and wood products were almost one-third of the total principal exports. In the 1950s, forests covered 70 percent of the land area in Laos. By 1992, according to government estimates, forest coverage had decreased by nearly one-third, to just 47 percent of total land area. As of 2021, governmental policy is to restore forest cover to 70 percent of the nation's landmass. Deforestation increased steadily throughout the 1980s, at an annual average rate of about 1.2 percent in the first half of the decade according to the United Nations (UN) and other monitoring agencies. This rate represents the destruction of about 150,000 to 160,000 hectares annually, as compared with annual reforestation of about 2,000 hectares. The government, however, reported a deforestation rate double this figure. Deforestation results from clearing forestland for shifting cultivation, removing logs for industrial uses and fuel, and the export of exotic hardwoods. The volume of logs (roundwood) removed for industrial purposes increased by about 70 percent between 1975–1977 and 1985–1987, to about 330,000 m3. However, this volume was dwarfed by that removed for domestic (fuel) purposes. Between 1980 and 1989, the volume of logs removed for fuel increased by about 25 percent, to about 3.7 million m3; only about 100,000 m3 were removed for industrial purposes.",380
1916,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos,Deforestation in Laos,"However, this volume was dwarfed by that removed for domestic (fuel) purposes. Between 1980 and 1989, the volume of logs removed for fuel increased by about 25 percent, to about 3.7 million m3; only about 100,000 m3 were removed for industrial purposes. By 1991 these figures had increased to approximately 3.9 million m3 and 106,000 m3, respectively. Following the introduction of the New Economic Mechanism, decentralization of forest management to autonomous forest enterprises at the provincial level encouraged increased exploitation of forests. At the central and provincial levels, autonomous forest enterprises are responsible for forest management. === Legislation ===

The government moved to reconcile its opposing objectives of decentralized forestry management and environmental protection. Toward the end of 1989, logging was again permitted, but only based on quotas extended to individual forestry enterprises. In response to the restrictions, production of unprocessed logs, both roundwood or timber decreased slightly in 1989. However, according to the Asian Development Bank, production more than recovered the following year. The effect of the restrictions is most clearly shown in the export statistics for 1989—exports of timber and wood products had decreased by 30 percent from the previous year. In 1991 a new decree banned all logging until further notice, in hopes of controlling widespread illegal logging and subsequent environmental destruction. However, there was little practical impact, and illegal logging remains widespread. The smuggling of logs to Thailand also is significant. Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith on 13 May 2016 issued Prime Minister's Order No. 15 which banned the export of unfinished wood products including timber and logs. === Illicit military involvement ===
The area of the Luang Prabang Range, at the border between Laos and Thailand, is allegedly rife with military involvement in the timber trade. == References ==


== Further reading ==
""Criminal Justice Response to wildlife and forest crime in Lao PDR"" (PDF).",391
1917,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos,Deforestation in Laos,"=== Illicit military involvement ===
The area of the Luang Prabang Range, at the border between Laos and Thailand, is allegedly rife with military involvement in the timber trade. == References ==


== Further reading ==
""Criminal Justice Response to wildlife and forest crime in Lao PDR"" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). UNODC. October 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2021.",90
1918,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pajota,Juan Pajota,"Captain Juan Pajota (c. 1914 – December 20, 1976) was involved in the Raid at Cabanatuan, an action which took place in the Philippines on January 30, 1945 by US Army Rangers and Filipino guerrillas and resulted in the liberation of more than 511 American prisoners of war (POWs) from a Japanese POW camp near Cabanatuan. == World War II ==
He was trained in the 45th Inf. Philippine Scouts, with the rank of Lieutenant,  assigned as an Instructor to the 91st Div. 92nd Inf., Philippine Army in May 1941. The 91st Div. 92nd Inf. was established on Samar and on September 12, 1941, they were transferred to Luzon and their training camp was near Cabanatuan. About December 20, they were ordered to assist the 26th Cavalry Philippine Scouts in Pampanga province and engaged in combat until the retreat to Bataan near the end of December. During the retreat, he and some others of the 91st were cut off by the Japanese and delayed getting into Bataan in January where they found their former training camp had been taken over by the Japanese. He and another member of the 45th Inf. Philippine Scouts, Maj. Robert Lapham, formed a guerrilla unit on the Luzon Central Plains, and Juan became a leader of this unit and promoted to captain. This unit included the remnant of the 91st who were with him and new recruits. == Raid at Cabanatuan ==

The Raid at Cabanatuan was a rescue of Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians from a Japanese camp near Cabanatuan, Philippines. On January 30, 1945, during World War II, United States Army Rangers, Alamo Scouts, and Filipino guerrillas liberated more than 511 from the POW camp.",379
1919,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pajota,Juan Pajota,"== Raid at Cabanatuan ==

The Raid at Cabanatuan was a rescue of Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians from a Japanese camp near Cabanatuan, Philippines. On January 30, 1945, during World War II, United States Army Rangers, Alamo Scouts, and Filipino guerrillas liberated more than 511 from the POW camp. Under the command of Captain (later promoted Major) Juan Pajota, who coordinated support, this force was responsible for the roadblock at the Cabu River bridge that totally destroyed the Japanese 359th Independent Infantry Battalion. Without the guerrilla's support it is unlikely that the raid would have been as successful or even succeeded at all. === Military tactics ===
His intimate knowledge of the enemy's activity, the local people and terrain proved to be crucial to the rescue. His instructions to the local villagers to muzzle their dogs to quell barking at passing American troops was timely and prudent. His recommendation that the mission be moved back 24 hours to Lt. Col. Henry A. Mucci due to heavy Japanese activities proved to be a wise move. Another great idea of Capt. Pajota was a flyover of an American plane to divert the enemy's attention and distract their attention while the troops were moving. His troops held back the advancing Japanese tanks and reinforcements and prevented them from crossing the Cabu Bridge to engaged the rescuers and POWs. He had procured about 50 carabaos (water buffalo) carts for a caravan that was used to transport the prisoners to friendly lines that saved the lives of many prisoners. == Later years ==
Juan Pajota left the Philippines and was brought to the United States by his friend and author, Forrest Bryant Johnson, who he had met while Mr. Johnson was researching for a book he wrote on the raid of Cabanatuan which was entitled The Hour of Redemption and originally published in 1977. It later was released in 2002 under Warner Books.",399
1920,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pajota,Juan Pajota,"== Later years ==
Juan Pajota left the Philippines and was brought to the United States by his friend and author, Forrest Bryant Johnson, who he had met while Mr. Johnson was researching for a book he wrote on the raid of Cabanatuan which was entitled The Hour of Redemption and originally published in 1977. It later was released in 2002 under Warner Books. == Death ==
A former Dean of the College of Commerce in the Philippines, Juan Pajota came to the U.S., took a job with the Milwaukee Railroad to make ends meet and pursue his US citizenship goal in 1976. A year later while he was still waiting for his citizenship approval, he died of a heart attack a few days before his case was resolved. == Popular culture ==
Captain Juan Pajota appeared as a character for the 2005 John Dahl film, The Great Raid. He was played by Filipino actor Cesar Montano. == References ==


== External links ==
Badass of the Week: Juan Pajota",207
1921,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfline,Wolfline,"The Wolfline is an area bus service serving the students, staff, faculty, and general public on and around North Carolina State University's campus in Raleigh, North Carolina. As of Fall 2017, Wolfline is operated by Transdev,
after being operated by First Transit between 2007 and 2017, under contract with NC State's Transportation department. The Wolfline was the first mass transit organization in the state to exclusively use 'clean' diesel engines. Wolfline access is unrestricted to the public and is a zero-fare service. The preceding contractor was Veolia Transport. The Wolfline began operating in August 1980 with one route. Currently, the Wolfline operates 11 routes on and between Main, Centennial, and the Veterinary School campuses. These routes often coincide with those operated by GoRaleigh and GoTriangle, facilitating movement about Raleigh, Cary, and the entire Research Triangle by bus. Of the 11 campus-area routes, 10 run on weekdays from 7:00am to 10:00pm or 1:00am, depending on the route. Three of the ten routes (30, 41, and 52) operate on weekends. One route, the RS Shuttle, is a special route only run on days after university breaks. Over the summer, regular service is roughly cut in half. During student breaks, the Wolfline runs limited service routes, focused on moving faculty and staff around. The Wolfline does not run on federal holidays. After the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Wolfline switched its routes significantly, changing its numbering to only include two digit route numbers, though many of the new routes resemble the pre-pandemic routes.",335
1922,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfline,Wolfline,"The Wolfline does not run on federal holidays. After the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Wolfline switched its routes significantly, changing its numbering to only include two digit route numbers, though many of the new routes resemble the pre-pandemic routes. == Fleet ==


=== Active Fleet ===


=== Former Fleet ===


== Routes ==


== See also ==
GoRaleigh
GoTriangle
Triangle Transit Authority


== External links ==
Wolfline Route Information
NCSU Wolfline
NCSU Transportation
TransLoc TVS- Real-time bus locations


== References ==",131
1923,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Alaska,Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD Faith in Alaska,"The Baháʼí Faith was introduced to Alaska before the 1915 arrival of the first member of that religion to move there. Over time the community of Baháʼís grew and established local governing councils called spiritual assemblies in several cities. == History ==

Agnes Alexander was the first member of the Baháʼí Faith to ever visit Alaska. She was on her way back to Hawaii when she made several stops in Southeast Alaska and gave several talks, as recorded by Aseyeh Allen. The first Baháʼí to move to Alaska and live here was Margaret Green. She lived in Juneau from June 16, 1915, to June 6, 1918, and worked as a librarian. The first Baháʼí pioneer in Alaska, in answer to The Tablets of the Divine Plan, was Orcella Rexford. The first person to become a Baháʼí in Alaska was Dr. Gayne V. Gregory, who later married Rexford. The other first new Baháʼí was Victoria Robarts. Several Baháʼís traveled to Alaska in the 1920s, but there was very little activity. In 1939, Honor Kempton arose in answer to a letter from Shoghi Effendi written to the Baháʼís of North America where he asked them to move to the nine states, provinces and territories of the United States and Canada that still had no Baháʼís in them. Since the word ""anchorage"" was mentioned in the letter Honor decided to move to Anchorage, Alaska. She first settled in Juneau, but quickly relocated to Anchorage where she lived from May 1939 to 1947. She operated a bookshop called The Book Cache, which was called ''The cultural center of Alaska"" by the Governor. The other Baháʼí who answered Shoghi Effendi's request was Betty Becker who moved to Juneau.",379
1924,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Alaska,Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD Faith in Alaska,"She operated a bookshop called The Book Cache, which was called ''The cultural center of Alaska"" by the Governor. The other Baháʼí who answered Shoghi Effendi's request was Betty Becker who moved to Juneau. In 1941, Janet Whitenack became the first Alaskan Baháʼí in this period that was to mark the permanent establishment of the Baháʼí Faith in Alaska. Whitenack married Verne Stout in 1945, and they had the first marriage of Baháʼís in Alaska. The first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly was established in Alaska in Anchorage in 1943, and Local Spiritual Assemblies in Fairbanks (1955), Tanana Valley (1956), Ketchikan (1956) and Juneau (1957) followed. In 1957 the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Alaska was formed. Shoghi Effendi, head of the religion from 1921 to his death in 1957, wrote many letters to the Baháʼís of Alaska - these were compiled and published in High Endeavours: Messages to Alaska in 1976. By the 1980s, the Baháʼí Faith was established in over 200 localities in Alaska with more than 60 Local Spiritual Assemblies, 26 of which were legally incorporated. There are currently approximately 1,500 Baháʼís in Alaska. And there have been conferences. In 1986 North American Indian Baháʼí Lee Brown gave a talk at the 1986 Baháʼí Continental Indigenous Council held at Tanana Valley which was recorded — it includes his interpretation of Native American, especially Hopi, prophecies. == Notes ==


== See also ==
Baháʼí Faith in North America


== References ==
Kolstoe, John (1999). Alaskan Baháʼí Community: Its Growth and Development: the Formative Years: to 1956 B.E.",392
1925,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Alaska,Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD Faith in Alaska,"== Notes ==


== See also ==
Baháʼí Faith in North America


== References ==
Kolstoe, John (1999). Alaskan Baháʼí Community: Its Growth and Development: the Formative Years: to 1956 B.E. (1999) Anchorage, Alaska: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Alaska. Marcus, Della (2013). ""Pretty Good for One Lifetime"" Honor Kempton (1892-1981) Bucharest, Romania: self-published pamphlet. pp 1–2. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Alaska (2002). Alaska Baháʼí Community - History
Shoghi Effendi (1939). Baháʼí Reference Library 


== External links ==
National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Alaska 
Anchorage Baháʼí Community",184
1926,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge_(video_game),Forge (video game),"Forge was a third-person massively multiplayer online combat game developed and released by Dark Vale Games on December 4, 2012. The game received mixed reviews that praised its uniqueness in its gameplay, and criticized a lack of imagination in its visual presentation. It was developed as a way to play end-game MMORPG player versus player combat, without the hours of work to get there. The game has now been removed from Steam. Those who purchased it when it was available will have it remain in their Steam library, but because the online service is no longer running, it is unplayable. == Gameplay ==
Forge is a fast-paced, third-person combat game, styled after the player versus player combat found in MMORPGs. There are a number of different classes to choose from. The combat consists of two teams, pitted against each other in various arenas, competing in a selection of game modes. Each player has 9 different abilities to use. These abilities have a cooldown, ranging from less than a second, to over a minute. Players can use these abilities to damage and hinder their enemies by slowing or blinding them, or help their allies by healing them or giving them a movement boost. The game features a heavy emphasis on vertical movement, which includes a wall jump mechanic. == Development ==
The game was originally released at a price, but was later changed to be free to play, due to a lack of players. == Reception ==
Forge has been praised by critics for capturing the map style and player versus player combat from games such as Guild Wars 2 and World of Warcraft, but set in small arena-style zones. It features the typical fantasy class types such as mages, assassins, archers, and warriors. Critics enjoyed that the game avoided an auto-targeting system like other MMORPGs. Auto-targeting systems tend to earn criticism in such other games. The game has been criticized for not having enough interesting content, and for having poor visual design.",399
1927,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge_(video_game),Forge (video game),"Auto-targeting systems tend to earn criticism in such other games. The game has been criticized for not having enough interesting content, and for having poor visual design. Map design has been well received. == References ==",43
1928,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"The Subaru FB engine is the third generation of gasoline boxer-4 engine used in Subaru automobiles, and was announced on 23 September 2010. It follows the previous generation EJ-series engine which was introduced in 1989 and the first generation EA-series which was introduced in 1966. By increasing piston stroke and decreasing piston bore, Subaru aimed to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy, while increasing and broadening torque output compared to the EJ-series. The Subaru FA engine series was derived later from the FB, but the two engine families share only a few common parts. In 2020, Subaru introduced the CB18 engine with improved efficiency to succeed the FB in several applications. == Overview ==
Unofficially, Subaru stated that ""FB"" stands for ""FHI/Future and Brand New/Boxer"". It was announced in September 2010 as the third generation (following the EA 1st and EJ 2nd generations) boxer engine family with 1.6, 2.0, and 2.5 litre naturally aspirated and turbo-charged variants. The FB has an all new block and head featuring dual overhead cams with intake and exhaust variable valve timing (which Subaru designates as AVCS, standing for Active Valve Control System), and a timing chain that replaced the timing belt. Moving to chain-driven cams is said to allow the valves to be placed at a narrower angle to each other and shrink the bore of cylinders from 99.5 to 94 mm (3.92 to 3.70 in). It results in less unburned fuel during cold start, thereby reducing emissions. Subaru was able to maintain the exterior dimensions substantially unchanged by making the cylinder heads smaller. The FB is only marginally heavier than an equivalent-displacement EJ. In Jan 2011, Car and Driver was told direct injection would be added soon, which became reality by the introduction of FB16DIT in 2014.",383
1929,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"The FB is only marginally heavier than an equivalent-displacement EJ. In Jan 2011, Car and Driver was told direct injection would be added soon, which became reality by the introduction of FB16DIT in 2014. Subaru claims a 28-percent reduction in friction losses, mainly due to the addition of roller rockers in between the cam and the valve, lighter pistons and connecting rods, as well as polymar coating on piston skirts. A lighter 0W-20 oil in combination with a compact oil pump is also credited with contributing to the reduction in friction losses. Approximately 1 litre more oil is held in the system as the newly adopted timing chain requires an oil supply. The FB has a 10% improvement in fuel economy with the power coming on sooner and the torque band being broader. The compression ratio is slightly higher, and the stroke has increased compared to the EJ engine; previously, the chassis precluded a longer stroke. These changes improve combustion efficiency and allow higher torque at lower speeds. The FB is built at Gunma Oizumi Plant and was initially available as a 2.5 litre displacement engine, starting in Forester models, with 1.6 and 2.0 litre versions to follow in Imprezas.",253
1930,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"These changes improve combustion efficiency and allow higher torque at lower speeds. The FB is built at Gunma Oizumi Plant and was initially available as a 2.5 litre displacement engine, starting in Forester models, with 1.6 and 2.0 litre versions to follow in Imprezas. == FB16 ==
All FB16 variants:

Displacement: 1,600 cc (1.6 L) DOHC
Bore x stroke: 78.8 mm × 82 mm (3.10 in × 3.23 in)


=== FB16 ===

Compression: 11.0:1
2012+ EUDM Subaru Impreza XV 1.6i
Power: 84 kW (114 PS; 113 hp) at 5,600 rpm
Torque: 15.3 kg⋅m (150 N⋅m; 111 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm
2017+ EUDM Subaru Impreza and 2018+ Subaru XV
Power: 84 kW (114 PS; 113 hp) at 6,200 rpm
Torque: 15.3 kg⋅m (150 N⋅m; 111 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm
2017+ JDM Subaru Impreza and 2018+ Subaru XV
Power: 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) at 6,200 rpm
Torque: 15.1 kg⋅m (148 N⋅m; 109 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm


=== FB16 DIT ===

The FB16 direct injection turbocharged (DIT) engine is the first FB-series engine with a turbocharger, and includes direct injection with an auto stop/start system. It is the base engine in the first-generation (2014–20 model years) Subaru Levorg.",387
1931,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"== FB16 ==
All FB16 variants:

Displacement: 1,600 cc (1.6 L) DOHC
Bore x stroke: 78.8 mm × 82 mm (3.10 in × 3.23 in)


=== FB16 ===

Compression: 11.0:1
2012+ EUDM Subaru Impreza XV 1.6i
Power: 84 kW (114 PS; 113 hp) at 5,600 rpm
Torque: 15.3 kg⋅m (150 N⋅m; 111 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm
2017+ EUDM Subaru Impreza and 2018+ Subaru XV
Power: 84 kW (114 PS; 113 hp) at 6,200 rpm
Torque: 15.3 kg⋅m (150 N⋅m; 111 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm
2017+ JDM Subaru Impreza and 2018+ Subaru XV
Power: 115 PS (85 kW; 113 hp) at 6,200 rpm
Torque: 15.1 kg⋅m (148 N⋅m; 109 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm


=== FB16 DIT ===

The FB16 direct injection turbocharged (DIT) engine is the first FB-series engine with a turbocharger, and includes direct injection with an auto stop/start system. It is the base engine in the first-generation (2014–20 model years) Subaru Levorg. The Levorg also has an option for a 2.0 litre direct injection turbo engine, the FA20F. The design target for the FB16 DIT engine was to equal or exceed the performance of the FB25 naturally-aspirated engine fitted to the Legacy, using regular gasoline, according to the designer, Rei Sasaki.",393
1932,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"The Levorg also has an option for a 2.0 litre direct injection turbo engine, the FA20F. The design target for the FB16 DIT engine was to equal or exceed the performance of the FB25 naturally-aspirated engine fitted to the Legacy, using regular gasoline, according to the designer, Rei Sasaki. Although it shares its displacement with the naturally aspirated FB16, the only part the two engines share is the crankshaft. As fitted to the Levorg (1,540kg, CVT), the FB16 DIT was able to achieve fuel economy of 16.0 km/L (38 mpg‑US) on the JC08 cycle, compared to 15.6 km/L (37 mpg‑US) of FB16 on Impreza G4 (1,320kg, CVT). Compression: 11.0:1
Application: 2014–20 Subaru Levorg
Power: 125 kW (170 PS; 168 hp) at 4,800–5,600 RPM
Torque: 25.5 kg⋅m (250 N⋅m; 184 lbf⋅ft) at 1,800–4,800 RPM


== FB20 ==
The prior EJ20 used an oversquare 92 mm × 75 mm (3.62 in × 2.95 in) bore and stroke for a 1,994 cc (2.0 L) swept displacement; in comparison, the FB20 features an undersquare bore and stroke for a slightly larger displacement.",321
1933,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"As fitted to the Levorg (1,540kg, CVT), the FB16 DIT was able to achieve fuel economy of 16.0 km/L (38 mpg‑US) on the JC08 cycle, compared to 15.6 km/L (37 mpg‑US) of FB16 on Impreza G4 (1,320kg, CVT). Compression: 11.0:1
Application: 2014–20 Subaru Levorg
Power: 125 kW (170 PS; 168 hp) at 4,800–5,600 RPM
Torque: 25.5 kg⋅m (250 N⋅m; 184 lbf⋅ft) at 1,800–4,800 RPM


== FB20 ==
The prior EJ20 used an oversquare 92 mm × 75 mm (3.62 in × 2.95 in) bore and stroke for a 1,994 cc (2.0 L) swept displacement; in comparison, the FB20 features an undersquare bore and stroke for a slightly larger displacement. All FB20 variants:

Displacement: 1,995 cc (2.0 L) DOHC
Bore x stroke: 84 mm × 90 mm (3.31 in × 3.54 in)


=== FB20B ===

Compression: 10.5:1
2011+ JDM Subaru Forester:
Power: 109 kW (148 PS; 146 hp) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 20 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m; 145 lbf⋅ft) at 4,200 rpm
2012–2016 Subaru Impreza, 2012–2017 Subaru XV/Crosstrek, and EUDM 2019–2020 Subaru Levorg:
Power: 110 kW (150 PS; 148 hp) at 6,200 rpm
Torque: 20 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m; 145 lbf⋅ft) at 4,200 rpm


=== FB20X ===

The existing FB20B was modified by reducing internal friction for the hybrid drivetrain, which incorporates an electric motor in the Lineartronic CVT.",461
1934,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"Compression: 11.0:1
Application: 2014–20 Subaru Levorg
Power: 125 kW (170 PS; 168 hp) at 4,800–5,600 RPM
Torque: 25.5 kg⋅m (250 N⋅m; 184 lbf⋅ft) at 1,800–4,800 RPM


== FB20 ==
The prior EJ20 used an oversquare 92 mm × 75 mm (3.62 in × 2.95 in) bore and stroke for a 1,994 cc (2.0 L) swept displacement; in comparison, the FB20 features an undersquare bore and stroke for a slightly larger displacement. All FB20 variants:

Displacement: 1,995 cc (2.0 L) DOHC
Bore x stroke: 84 mm × 90 mm (3.31 in × 3.54 in)


=== FB20B ===

Compression: 10.5:1
2011+ JDM Subaru Forester:
Power: 109 kW (148 PS; 146 hp) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 20 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m; 145 lbf⋅ft) at 4,200 rpm
2012–2016 Subaru Impreza, 2012–2017 Subaru XV/Crosstrek, and EUDM 2019–2020 Subaru Levorg:
Power: 110 kW (150 PS; 148 hp) at 6,200 rpm
Torque: 20 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m; 145 lbf⋅ft) at 4,200 rpm


=== FB20X ===

The existing FB20B was modified by reducing internal friction for the hybrid drivetrain, which incorporates an electric motor in the Lineartronic CVT. The high-voltage traction battery is installed below the cargo area for better weight balance.",400
1935,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"All FB20 variants:

Displacement: 1,995 cc (2.0 L) DOHC
Bore x stroke: 84 mm × 90 mm (3.31 in × 3.54 in)


=== FB20B ===

Compression: 10.5:1
2011+ JDM Subaru Forester:
Power: 109 kW (148 PS; 146 hp) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 20 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m; 145 lbf⋅ft) at 4,200 rpm
2012–2016 Subaru Impreza, 2012–2017 Subaru XV/Crosstrek, and EUDM 2019–2020 Subaru Levorg:
Power: 110 kW (150 PS; 148 hp) at 6,200 rpm
Torque: 20 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m; 145 lbf⋅ft) at 4,200 rpm


=== FB20X ===

The existing FB20B was modified by reducing internal friction for the hybrid drivetrain, which incorporates an electric motor in the Lineartronic CVT. The high-voltage traction battery is installed below the cargo area for better weight balance. Combined system power is stated to be 160 hp (119 kW). Output of the gasoline engine is comparable to that of the non-hybrid FB20B.",286
1936,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"Combined system power is stated to be 160 hp (119 kW). Output of the gasoline engine is comparable to that of the non-hybrid FB20B. Compression: 10.8:1
Application: 2014–16 Subaru XV/Crosstrek Hybrid
Combined system output:
Power: 160 hp (162 PS; 119 kW) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 163 lb⋅ft (221 N⋅m; 23 kg⋅m) at 2,000 rpm
Gasoline engine output:
Power: 148 hp (150 PS; 110 kW)
Torque: 145 lb⋅ft (197 N⋅m; 20 kg⋅m)
Electric motor output:
Power: 13.4 hp (14 PS; 10 kW)
Torque: 48.0 lb⋅ft (65 N⋅m; 7 kg⋅m)


=== FB20D ===
Used in the fifth generation Impreza sedan and hatchback; compared to the FB20B, the FB20D adds direct injection, providing a slight increase in power and efficiency. Compression: 12.5:1
2017+ Subaru Impreza and 2018–2025 Subaru XV/Crosstrek
Power (JDM, USDM) : 113 kW (154 PS; 152 hp) at 6,000 RPM
Power (EUDM, AUDM, THDM): 115 kW (156 PS; 154 hp) at 6,000 RPM
Torque: 20 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m; 145 lbf⋅ft) at 4,000 RPM


=== FB20V ===
The 2019 Crosstrek is available with a plug-in hybrid system sourced from Toyota.",377
1937,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"Compression: 10.8:1
Application: 2014–16 Subaru XV/Crosstrek Hybrid
Combined system output:
Power: 160 hp (162 PS; 119 kW) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 163 lb⋅ft (221 N⋅m; 23 kg⋅m) at 2,000 rpm
Gasoline engine output:
Power: 148 hp (150 PS; 110 kW)
Torque: 145 lb⋅ft (197 N⋅m; 20 kg⋅m)
Electric motor output:
Power: 13.4 hp (14 PS; 10 kW)
Torque: 48.0 lb⋅ft (65 N⋅m; 7 kg⋅m)


=== FB20D ===
Used in the fifth generation Impreza sedan and hatchback; compared to the FB20B, the FB20D adds direct injection, providing a slight increase in power and efficiency. Compression: 12.5:1
2017+ Subaru Impreza and 2018–2025 Subaru XV/Crosstrek
Power (JDM, USDM) : 113 kW (154 PS; 152 hp) at 6,000 RPM
Power (EUDM, AUDM, THDM): 115 kW (156 PS; 154 hp) at 6,000 RPM
Torque: 20 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m; 145 lbf⋅ft) at 4,000 RPM


=== FB20V ===
The 2019 Crosstrek is available with a plug-in hybrid system sourced from Toyota. The new hybrid drivetrain uses two motor-generator units; the traction motor (MG2) and battery are significantly larger compared to the previous XV Crosstrek Hybrid, and the vehicle is capable of moving under electric power alone for a limited distance.",395
1938,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"Compression: 12.5:1
2017+ Subaru Impreza and 2018–2025 Subaru XV/Crosstrek
Power (JDM, USDM) : 113 kW (154 PS; 152 hp) at 6,000 RPM
Power (EUDM, AUDM, THDM): 115 kW (156 PS; 154 hp) at 6,000 RPM
Torque: 20 kg⋅m (196 N⋅m; 145 lbf⋅ft) at 4,000 RPM


=== FB20V ===
The 2019 Crosstrek is available with a plug-in hybrid system sourced from Toyota. The new hybrid drivetrain uses two motor-generator units; the traction motor (MG2) and battery are significantly larger compared to the previous XV Crosstrek Hybrid, and the vehicle is capable of moving under electric power alone for a limited distance. MG2 is used under parallel hybrid operation as well. MG1 is used as the starter motor and charges the battery for series hybrid operation. The direct-injection FB20V in the revised hybrid is detuned compared to the conventional FB20D.",237
1939,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"MG1 is used as the starter motor and charges the battery for series hybrid operation. The direct-injection FB20V in the revised hybrid is detuned compared to the conventional FB20D. Application: 2019+ Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid (PHEV)
Combined system output:
Power: 148 hp (150 PS; 110 kW)
Gasoline engine output:
Power: 137 hp (139 PS; 102 kW) at 5,600 RPM
Torque: 134 lb⋅ft (182 N⋅m; 19 kg⋅m) at 4,400 RPM
Electric traction motor (MG2) output:
Power: 118 hp (120 PS; 88 kW)
Torque: 149 lb⋅ft (202 N⋅m; 21 kg⋅m)


=== FB20D e-Boxer ===
The direct-injection FB20D was also used in a mild parallel hybrid configuration similar to the FB20X. The mild hybrid drivetrain was fitted to selected trims for models sold in Japan (Forester, July 2018 and XV, October 2018), Europe (same models, starting in 2019), and Australia (same models, starting in 2020).",254
1940,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"Application: 2019+ Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid (PHEV)
Combined system output:
Power: 148 hp (150 PS; 110 kW)
Gasoline engine output:
Power: 137 hp (139 PS; 102 kW) at 5,600 RPM
Torque: 134 lb⋅ft (182 N⋅m; 19 kg⋅m) at 4,400 RPM
Electric traction motor (MG2) output:
Power: 118 hp (120 PS; 88 kW)
Torque: 149 lb⋅ft (202 N⋅m; 21 kg⋅m)


=== FB20D e-Boxer ===
The direct-injection FB20D was also used in a mild parallel hybrid configuration similar to the FB20X. The mild hybrid drivetrain was fitted to selected trims for models sold in Japan (Forester, July 2018 and XV, October 2018), Europe (same models, starting in 2019), and Australia (same models, starting in 2020). Application: 2019+ JDM and EUDM Subaru XV and Forester, selected models
Combined system output:
Power: 107 kW (145 PS; 143 hp) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 188 N⋅m (19 kg⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm
Gasoline engine output:
Power: 145 PS (107 kW; 143 hp)
Torque: 188 N⋅m (19 kg⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft)
Electric motor output:
Power: 10 kW (14 PS; 13 hp)
Torque: 65 N⋅m (7 kg⋅m; 48 lb⋅ft)


== FB25 ==
Compared to the previous EJ25, which had a displacement of 2,457 cc (2.5 L) from an oversquare 99.5 mm × 79 mm (3.92 in × 3.11 in) bore and stroke, the FB25 has slightly larger displacement on a less oversquare bore and stroke.",443
1941,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"The mild hybrid drivetrain was fitted to selected trims for models sold in Japan (Forester, July 2018 and XV, October 2018), Europe (same models, starting in 2019), and Australia (same models, starting in 2020). Application: 2019+ JDM and EUDM Subaru XV and Forester, selected models
Combined system output:
Power: 107 kW (145 PS; 143 hp) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 188 N⋅m (19 kg⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm
Gasoline engine output:
Power: 145 PS (107 kW; 143 hp)
Torque: 188 N⋅m (19 kg⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft)
Electric motor output:
Power: 10 kW (14 PS; 13 hp)
Torque: 65 N⋅m (7 kg⋅m; 48 lb⋅ft)


== FB25 ==
Compared to the previous EJ25, which had a displacement of 2,457 cc (2.5 L) from an oversquare 99.5 mm × 79 mm (3.92 in × 3.11 in) bore and stroke, the FB25 has slightly larger displacement on a less oversquare bore and stroke. All FB25 variants:

Displacement: 2,498 cc (2.5 L) DOHC
Bore x stroke: 94 mm × 90 mm (3.70 in × 3.54 in)


=== FB25B ===

Compression: 10.0:1
Power: 170 hp (172 PS; 127 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 174 lb⋅ft (236 N⋅m; 24 kg⋅m) at 4,100 rpm
Application:
2011–18 North American Subaru Forester
2013–19 North American Subaru Legacy
2013–19 North American Subaru Outback


=== FB25D ===

The 2019 model year Subaru Forester was introduced at the 2018 New York International Auto Show with a revised version of the FB25 engine featuring direct injection, resulting in a slight boost in power and fuel economy.",464
1942,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"Application: 2019+ JDM and EUDM Subaru XV and Forester, selected models
Combined system output:
Power: 107 kW (145 PS; 143 hp) at 6,000 rpm
Torque: 188 N⋅m (19 kg⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm
Gasoline engine output:
Power: 145 PS (107 kW; 143 hp)
Torque: 188 N⋅m (19 kg⋅m; 139 lb⋅ft)
Electric motor output:
Power: 10 kW (14 PS; 13 hp)
Torque: 65 N⋅m (7 kg⋅m; 48 lb⋅ft)


== FB25 ==
Compared to the previous EJ25, which had a displacement of 2,457 cc (2.5 L) from an oversquare 99.5 mm × 79 mm (3.92 in × 3.11 in) bore and stroke, the FB25 has slightly larger displacement on a less oversquare bore and stroke. All FB25 variants:

Displacement: 2,498 cc (2.5 L) DOHC
Bore x stroke: 94 mm × 90 mm (3.70 in × 3.54 in)


=== FB25B ===

Compression: 10.0:1
Power: 170 hp (172 PS; 127 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 174 lb⋅ft (236 N⋅m; 24 kg⋅m) at 4,100 rpm
Application:
2011–18 North American Subaru Forester
2013–19 North American Subaru Legacy
2013–19 North American Subaru Outback


=== FB25D ===

The 2019 model year Subaru Forester was introduced at the 2018 New York International Auto Show with a revised version of the FB25 engine featuring direct injection, resulting in a slight boost in power and fuel economy. The seventh-generation 2020 model year Legacy and Outback also adopted the revised direct-injection FB25D as its base engine.",444
1943,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"All FB25 variants:

Displacement: 2,498 cc (2.5 L) DOHC
Bore x stroke: 94 mm × 90 mm (3.70 in × 3.54 in)


=== FB25B ===

Compression: 10.0:1
Power: 170 hp (172 PS; 127 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 174 lb⋅ft (236 N⋅m; 24 kg⋅m) at 4,100 rpm
Application:
2011–18 North American Subaru Forester
2013–19 North American Subaru Legacy
2013–19 North American Subaru Outback


=== FB25D ===

The 2019 model year Subaru Forester was introduced at the 2018 New York International Auto Show with a revised version of the FB25 engine featuring direct injection, resulting in a slight boost in power and fuel economy. The seventh-generation 2020 model year Legacy and Outback also adopted the revised direct-injection FB25D as its base engine. For Strong Hybrid applications, the engine makes 162 horsepower, with an additional electric motor rated at 118 hp and 199 pound-feet, can produce as much as 194 horsepower if combined. Compression: 12.0:1
2019–2025 Subaru Forester, 2020–2025 Subaru Legacy (non-XT, non-Sport), 2020–2025 Subaru Outback (non-XT, non-Wilderness), 2021–2023 Subaru Crosstrek (U.S. Sport and Limited trims; Canadian Outdoor and Limited trims)
Power: 182 hp (185 PS; 136 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 176 lb⋅ft (239 N⋅m; 24 kg⋅m) at 4,400 rpm
2024–2025 Subaru Crosstrek (U.S.",388
1944,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"Compression: 12.0:1
2019–2025 Subaru Forester, 2020–2025 Subaru Legacy (non-XT, non-Sport), 2020–2025 Subaru Outback (non-XT, non-Wilderness), 2021–2023 Subaru Crosstrek (U.S. Sport and Limited trims; Canadian Outdoor and Limited trims)
Power: 182 hp (185 PS; 136 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 176 lb⋅ft (239 N⋅m; 24 kg⋅m) at 4,400 rpm
2024–2025 Subaru Crosstrek (U.S. Premium, Sport, Limited, and Wilderness trims; Canadian Onyx, Limited, and Wilderness trims), 2024–2025 Subaru Impreza (RS trim)
Power: 182 hp (185 PS; 136 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 178 lb⋅ft (241 N⋅m; 24.6 kg⋅m) at 3,700 rpm
2025+ Subaru Forester, 2026+ Subaru Outback (non-XT, non-Wilderness), 2026+ Subaru Crosstrek (all trims), 2026+ Subaru Impreza (RS trim)
Power: 180 hp (180 PS; 130 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 178 lb⋅ft (241 N⋅m; 24.6 kg⋅m) at 3,700 rpm
2025+ Subaru Forester Hybrid, 2026+ Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid
Power: 162 hp (164 PS; 121 kW) (engine only) & 194 hp (197 PS; 145 kW) (combined)
Torque: 154 lb⋅ft (209 N⋅m; 21.3 kg⋅m) at 3,700 rpm


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==

(Japanese: Subaru FB engine)

Tanigawa, Kiyoshi (29 September 2010).",434
1945,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"Sport and Limited trims; Canadian Outdoor and Limited trims)
Power: 182 hp (185 PS; 136 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 176 lb⋅ft (239 N⋅m; 24 kg⋅m) at 4,400 rpm
2024–2025 Subaru Crosstrek (U.S. Premium, Sport, Limited, and Wilderness trims; Canadian Onyx, Limited, and Wilderness trims), 2024–2025 Subaru Impreza (RS trim)
Power: 182 hp (185 PS; 136 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 178 lb⋅ft (241 N⋅m; 24.6 kg⋅m) at 3,700 rpm
2025+ Subaru Forester, 2026+ Subaru Outback (non-XT, non-Wilderness), 2026+ Subaru Crosstrek (all trims), 2026+ Subaru Impreza (RS trim)
Power: 180 hp (180 PS; 130 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 178 lb⋅ft (241 N⋅m; 24.6 kg⋅m) at 3,700 rpm
2025+ Subaru Forester Hybrid, 2026+ Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid
Power: 162 hp (164 PS; 121 kW) (engine only) & 194 hp (197 PS; 145 kW) (combined)
Torque: 154 lb⋅ft (209 N⋅m; 21.3 kg⋅m) at 3,700 rpm


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==

(Japanese: Subaru FB engine)

Tanigawa, Kiyoshi (29 September 2010). ""スバル、新世代水平対向エンジン「FB型」説明会"" [Subaru new-generation boxer ""FB series"" press conference].",420
1946,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_FB_engine,Subaru FB engine,"Premium, Sport, Limited, and Wilderness trims; Canadian Onyx, Limited, and Wilderness trims), 2024–2025 Subaru Impreza (RS trim)
Power: 182 hp (185 PS; 136 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 178 lb⋅ft (241 N⋅m; 24.6 kg⋅m) at 3,700 rpm
2025+ Subaru Forester, 2026+ Subaru Outback (non-XT, non-Wilderness), 2026+ Subaru Crosstrek (all trims), 2026+ Subaru Impreza (RS trim)
Power: 180 hp (180 PS; 130 kW) at 5,800 rpm
Torque: 178 lb⋅ft (241 N⋅m; 24.6 kg⋅m) at 3,700 rpm
2025+ Subaru Forester Hybrid, 2026+ Subaru Crosstrek Hybrid
Power: 162 hp (164 PS; 121 kW) (engine only) & 194 hp (197 PS; 145 kW) (combined)
Torque: 154 lb⋅ft (209 N⋅m; 21.3 kg⋅m) at 3,700 rpm


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==

(Japanese: Subaru FB engine)

Tanigawa, Kiyoshi (29 September 2010). ""スバル、新世代水平対向エンジン「FB型」説明会"" [Subaru new-generation boxer ""FB series"" press conference]. Car Watch. Retrieved 28 February 2018. ""Technology: Performance — The Subaru Boxer Engine"". Subaru Global. Retrieved 28 February 2018. ""What's The Difference Between Subaru Engines?"". Subaru of Australia. Retrieved 28 February 2018.",391
1947,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlegate,_Aberdeen","Castlegate, Aberdeen","Castlegate is a small area of Aberdeen, Scotland, located centrally at the east end of the city's main thoroughfare Union Street. Generally speaking, locals consider it to encompass the square at the end of Union Street where the Mercat Cross and Gallowgate are located. At the upper end of Castlegate stands The Salvation Army Citadel, an effective castellated mansion, on the site of the medieval Aberdeen Castle. Castlegate was named after the site of the castle gates until their destruction in 1308. Aberdeen's Mercat Cross was built in 1686 by John Montgomery, a native architect. This open-arched structure, 21 ft (6 m) in diameter and 18 ft (5 m) high, is a large hexagonal base from the centre of which rises a shaft with a Corinthian capital, on which is the royal unicorn. The base is highly decorated, including medallions illustrating Scottish monarchs from James I to James VII. According to local legend, the ghost of a unicorn can be seen to circle the Castlegate when a full moon is visible. Originally erected opposite the Mercat Cross, a statue of George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon, erected in 1844, was relocated to Golden Square in the 1950s. To the east of Castle Street were the Castlehill Barracks, which were demolished in 1965 and replaced with two tower blocks. The Gallowgate, just off the main square, is named after the former site of the gallows. A small area of the old granite road pavings remains in the bus lane, next to the courts, just the spot where public hangings were conducted. To the west, just off the main square, is the Castlegate Well, which is no longer used. A small bronze statue was erected over the top by William Lindsay, a goldsmith then in charge of the city's water.",377
1948,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlegate,_Aberdeen","Castlegate, Aberdeen","To the west, just off the main square, is the Castlegate Well, which is no longer used. A small bronze statue was erected over the top by William Lindsay, a goldsmith then in charge of the city's water. The Castlegate was used as a terminus for the Aberdeen Corporation Tramways system and later for buses. == References ==


== External links ==
 Media related to Castlegate, Aberdeen at Wikimedia Commons",89
1949,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Idaho,Secretary of State of Idaho,"The secretary of state of Idaho is one of the constitutional officers of the U.S. state of Idaho. It is an elected position within the executive branch of the state government. The current secretary of state is Phil McGrane. == Duties of the secretary of state ==


=== Electoral ===
The secretary is responsible for the administration of elections and regulation of lobbying and campaign finance. === Economic ===
The secretary's office registers business entities, files liens under the Uniform Commercial Code, and registers trademarks and service marks within the state. === Administrative and governmental ===
The secretary is the keeper of the Great Seal of Idaho, and as such is responsible for licensing notaries public, as well as authenticating documents and issuing apostilles. The secretary's office also provides information and publications to the general public, including the Idaho Blue Book, and is also an ex officio member of the Idaho Code Commission. The secretary also administers the Idaho Will Registry, the Idaho Health Care Directive Registry (for such documents as living wills and medical powers of attorney), and the state's Address Confidentiality Program. == List of secretaries of state of Idaho ==
Party designations: (R) = Republican; (D) = Democrat; (S.R.) = Silver Republican


== See also ==

List of company registers


== References ==


== External links ==
Official homepage of the Idaho Secretary of State
Official Idaho voters' website, operated by the Idaho Secretary of State
List of statewide elected officers of Idaho",310
1950,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Smith_(missing_person),Frances Smith (missing person),"Frances St. John Smith (1909/1910 – disappeared January 13, 1928) was an American college student who disappeared from Smith College in Massachusetts in January 1928. A body recovered from the Connecticut River in March 1929 was identified as being Smith. == Disappearance ==
Smith was first educated in New York City, then attended Milton Academy in Milton, Massachusetts, from 1924 through 1927. She then enrolled at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. One of her classmates and friends there was Anne Morrow, who later married Charles Lindbergh. Smith was an 18-year-old freshman when she disappeared from Smith College on January 13, 1928, a Friday. Another friend, who had visited with Smith on Thursday evening, visited Smith's room on both Friday and Saturday, leaving notes each time, which were left undisturbed. The local Massachusetts State Police were then contacted. == Search ==
Initial searches were conducted in the area around the college by the state police and Boy Scouts. On Sunday afternoon, a local attorney and his wife, driving near Deerfield, Massachusetts, briefly spoke with a young woman walking toward Greenfield. While it was suspected this may have been Smith, the young woman could not be found by police. A garbled telegraph message received from an Annie Smith who had arrived in Paris led to a false report that Frances Smith was at a hotel there, but this was soon discredited. Further searching extended to a convent near Quebec City in Canada, based on a report from a railroad conductor who thought a passenger on his train might have been Smith. Paradise Pond, adjacent to the Smith College campus in Northampton, was drained in late March 1928, but nothing of significance was found. Smith's parents initially offered a reward of $1,000 (equivalent to $18,312 in 2024) for their daughter's return, and later increased it to $10,000 (equivalent to $183,120 in 2024).",392
1951,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Smith_(missing_person),Frances Smith (missing person),"Paradise Pond, adjacent to the Smith College campus in Northampton, was drained in late March 1928, but nothing of significance was found. Smith's parents initially offered a reward of $1,000 (equivalent to $18,312 in 2024) for their daughter's return, and later increased it to $10,000 (equivalent to $183,120 in 2024). == Discovery ==
On March 29, 1929, two workmen searching the Connecticut River near Longmeadow, Massachusetts, for a drowned colleague recovered a woman's body. Based on the estimated height and weight and condition of the body, police tentatively identified it as Smith's. Although the discovery was discredited by Smith's parents, a positive identification was made by Smith's dentist, noting a retaining wire between eye teeth of the lower jaw, consistent with Smith's dental work and confirmed by a friend. Smith's dentist also provided some of her dental fittings, which matched the body. The medical examiner determined the cause of death to be drowning by undetermined circumstances. A funeral for Smith was held on April 1 in South Amherst, Massachusetts, at the Smith family's summer home. Smith was buried in Wildwood Cemetery in Amherst, Massachusetts. == See also ==
Disappearance of Alice Corbett, another student who vanished from Smith College, in 1925
List of solved missing person cases (pre-1950)
List of unsolved deaths


== References ==",295
1952,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krstarica,Krstarica,"Krstarica (English: Cruiser) is a company specializing in the development and upkeep of software services catered to Serbian customers. Some of Krstarica's services include a search engine, a forum, an online chat service, news, and a Serbian website index. Krstarica averages around 1.6 million monthly visitors. == History and growant a dh ==
Krstarica was founded in 1999 by Ivan Petrović, as a result of Ivan's hobby during a pursuit of a university degree in  information systems. With time, it developed into the most prominent Internet brand in Serbia, which has changed the way in which information is communicated, accessed, and exchanged. == Products and services ==
Krstarica offers a number of other Internet services and content (majority available in Serbian language, only). Communication: Krstarica provides communication services such as Forum and Chat. Forum is a message board which allows the visitors a complete freedom to choose topics they want to discuss with other visitors. Forum is what Krstarica is probably most recognised for in the country and the Balkan region. Search: According to magazines ""Mikro - PC World"", ""PC Press"", ""Svet kompjutera"" and ""Digital! "", Krstarica is the best search engine in Serbia. Krstarica Search enables its visitors to find on the Internet everything they need.",282
1953,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krstarica,Krstarica,""", Krstarica is the best search engine in Serbia. Krstarica Search enables its visitors to find on the Internet everything they need. The following content is available on Krstarica and constantly updated:

News and service information: Daily headlines classified according to categories; business information; an overview of cultural events; weather forecast; currency rates list; TV programme...
Entertainment: The Life,  which among others includes Technique, Film, Music, Games, jokes, cooking recipes, horoscope...
Education: A diverse and always up-to-date catalog comprising international and local websites grouped into themes; Serbian dictionary; a section devoted to health; sections ""Travel"", ""Did you know"", ""Thoughts of the famous"", ""This is what happened on today's day""...


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website",173
1954,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"""Fate's Right Hand"" is the first episode of the sixth season of the American Neo-Western television series Justified. It is the 66th overall episode of the series and was written by executive producer Michael Dinner, executive producer Fred Golan and co-executive producer Chris Provenzano and directed by Dinner. It originally aired on FX on January 20, 2015. The series is based on Elmore Leonard's stories about the character Raylan Givens, particularly ""Fire in the Hole"", which serves as the basis for the episode. The series follows Raylan Givens, a tough deputy U.S. Marshal enforcing his own brand of justice. The series revolves around the inhabitants and culture in the Appalachian Mountains area of eastern Kentucky, specifically Harlan County where many of the main characters grew up. In the episode, Raylan works with the Marshals in order to start an investigation into Boyd, using Ava as an informant. He may found the perfect way to catch Boyd by having Dewey Crowe act as a snitch, but Dewey wants to continue with his criminal life. Meanwhile, Boyd tries to continue his partnership with Duffy and Hale by accepting their offer to rob a bank. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 2.17 million household viewers and gained a 0.6 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised Damon Herriman's acting and deemed the episode as a return to form, with many considering it an improvement over the previous season, citing a more consistent storyline. == Plot ==
In Florida, Winona (Natalie Zea) talks to her daughter Willa, questioning what is Raylan (Timothy Olyphant) doing instead of being with them. In Nuevo Laredo, Raylan meets corrupt Federal officer Aguilar (Rolando Molina), who insults him and tells him to get out.",397
1955,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"== Plot ==
In Florida, Winona (Natalie Zea) talks to her daughter Willa, questioning what is Raylan (Timothy Olyphant) doing instead of being with them. In Nuevo Laredo, Raylan meets corrupt Federal officer Aguilar (Rolando Molina), who insults him and tells him to get out. When Aguilar leaves on his car, Raylan rams his car into Aguilar's, kidnaps him and takes him to the United States in the trunk. Boyd (Walton Goggins) visits a bank, gets access to the safe deposit box vault and sprays some of the boxes. He later visits Ava (Joelle Carter), offering to help her in the house despite knowing their relationship may be over. At the Marshal's office, Raylan tells Rachel (Erica Tazel) and Vasquez (Rick Gomez) that Aguilar named Dewey Crowe (Damon Herriman) as a witness on Johnny Crowder's death and he could identify Boyd. Rachel and Vasquez explain that Dewey will be released as the jury fell for his claim of innocence on Wade Messer's death and he also has a restraining order against Raylan. Despite the order, Raylan meets Dewey as he leaves prison, telling him he will be extradited to Mexico for being involved in Johnny's murder unless he names the killer. Dewey does not feel intimidated and leaves. Dewey returns to Audrey's, only to find it seized by the government. He also finds that one of the protistutes he usually hired now works at a restaurant with the man who previously stole his collar. Ava returns to work at a beauty parlor but she has a talk with Boyd, where he expresses his desire to leave Harlan together for a better life as there is nothing worth about Harlan anymore.",380
1956,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"He also finds that one of the protistutes he usually hired now works at a restaurant with the man who previously stole his collar. Ava returns to work at a beauty parlor but she has a talk with Boyd, where he expresses his desire to leave Harlan together for a better life as there is nothing worth about Harlan anymore. Ava does not agree with his plan, as she does not want to abandon her home. At the parlor, she finds Raylan and expresses frustration at having to lie to Boyd while helping bring him down. Dewey makes his way to Boyd's bar, where Boyd nearly attacks him for robbing the heroin. Dewey asks Boyd for a second chance to work for him but Boyd is not interested and has Carl (Justin Welborn) throw him out. Raylan and Tim (Jacob Pitts) have set up a command base on Arlo's house when they are visited by a man named Ty Walker (Garret Dillahunt) interested in buying the property with cash. Raylan is dubious about Walker's intentions and declines his offer as he suspects he stole the money. Raylan and Tim then confront one of Boyd's associates, Cyrus (Bill Tangradi), at his house. Cyrus tries to escape but Raylan knocks him unconscious with a shovel. Unable to contact Cyrus, Boyd is forced to hire Dewey to transport a car in his tow car (apparently using Hot Rod Dunham's old trick of towing a car with a bag of drugs in the trunk). Raylan and Tim decide to pull surveillance off Boyd to follow Dewey, who gets scared at a state police roadblock and drives off the road. When they confront him, they force him to open the bag, suspected of containing drugs. However, they (including Dewey) discover that the bag only contains clothing, revealing that Boyd used Dewey as a decoy.",382
1957,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"When they confront him, they force him to open the bag, suspected of containing drugs. However, they (including Dewey) discover that the bag only contains clothing, revealing that Boyd used Dewey as a decoy. During this, Boyd and his crew rob a bank by stealing the safety deposit boxes. That night, Raylan pressures a scared Ava to fulfill her obligations as an informant and produce actionable information on Boyd or be returned to prison. Ava states she feels lost so Raylan reminds her about her past when she killed Bowman, uplifting her spirits. At the bar, Boyd's crew open the boxes but find themselves frustrated to find that the boxes do not contain cash as promised but a ledger and deeds, although Boyd seems to be interested in the ledger. Raylan visits Art (Nick Searcy) at his house, who is still recovering from his wound. They both express frustration with their new status, with Art remarking that Raylan could be sent to prison if he kills Boyd in a confrontation unless Raylan himself dies. Dewey confronts Boyd at the bar for using him as a decoy. Dewey then reminisces with Boyd about Crowder's Commandos (he, Boyd and Devil) saying it was the happiest time of his life, but Boyd believes there's no future left in Harlan and those days are behind them. Boyd then shows Dewey a portrait of his family during the early days of Harlan and how they viewed the future. While Dewey stares at the picture, Boyd shoots him in the head, killing him. Carl wonders if he thought that Dewey was a snitch but Boyd just says he couldn't trust Dewey any more. He instructs Carl to dispose of the body and leaves the bar. The episode ends with Boyd contemplating a sleeping Ava in her bedroom.",370
1958,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"He instructs Carl to dispose of the body and leaves the bar. The episode ends with Boyd contemplating a sleeping Ava in her bedroom. == Production ==


=== Development ===
In January 2014, FX Original Programming President, Nick Grad mentioned that the series would probably end with the sixth season, ""We like having shows that rate really well, and there’s an instinct that you want it to go on forever. But it doesn't. Another metric that's important to us beyond ratings is, 'What shows are going to be talked about in the next 20 years?' If you're making a great, 80-hour movie, it has to have a beginning, middle and end. Going out at the right time is going to make your show last forever — we want to make shows that stand the test of time."" One week later, it was announced that the series was renewed for a sixth season, also announcing that it would be the final season. Chairman of FX, John Landgraf, commented, ""we talked about it a year ago. They felt that the arc of the show and what they had to say would be best served by six seasons instead of seven. Regretfully, I accepted their decision."" Series developer Graham Yost said, ""it really felt in terms of the story of Raylan Givens in Kentucky that six years felt about right."" He further added, ""we just felt like if this chapter in Raylan's life was about Raylan and Boyd that we could only take it so far, that was basically it. We didn't want to outstay our welcome."" Back on 2013, Yost said that if they ran for more than six seasons, they run a greater risk of doing ""Elmore light."" Star Timothy Olyphant said, ""usually when things end, I'm not the first person to find out.",378
1959,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"Back on 2013, Yost said that if they ran for more than six seasons, they run a greater risk of doing ""Elmore light."" Star Timothy Olyphant said, ""usually when things end, I'm not the first person to find out. It's been wonderful to just be able to see the finish line and enjoy it"", referring to the cancellation of his previous series Deadwood. In December 2014, it was reported that the first episode of the sixth season would be titled ""Fate's Right Hand"", and was to be directed by executive producer Michael Dinner and written by Dinner, executive producer Fred Golan and co-executive producer Chris Provenzano. === Writing ===
The episode featured the death of Dewey Crowe, played by Damon Herriman, who made his first appearance in the first episode ""Fire in the Hole"". Executive producer Michael Dinner came up with the idea during the summer while star Timothy Olyphant reinforced the idea. The writers were sad about having to kill the character but felt that his death emphasized the stakes for the final season. According to series developer Graham Yost, the breaking point that signed Dewey's fate was in the final scene when he talked to Boyd about Mexico, ""that was it. That was Dewey's mistake."" For Yost, killing off Dewey was as difficult as having to kill Arlo Givens on season 4 and Mags Bennett on season 2. He further added, ""we love Damon. We've had so much fun with him over the years. Other than Boyd, he's one of the few bad guys who survived from the pilot. So that was a hard choice."" Herriman said that he was told about his character's fate while working on the fifth season's DVD commentary. While he expressed sadness, he was impressed by the script. He said, ""that was definitely a bit of a shock. It's kind of weird.",392
1960,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"He said, ""that was definitely a bit of a shock. It's kind of weird. It's like hearing that someone you know has passed away."" He also said, ""this is an amazing episode for Dewey and an amazing way to say goodbye to the character. And it's nice that [his death] does actually serve a purpose that resonates through the rest of the season. So I couldn't be happier. I'm just so grateful I got to be on that show and play that role. It's definitely going to be right up there for me as a career highlight for the rest of my life."" Herriman further praised the final scene, saying ""some of my favorite stuff is in my final episode... that scene with Boyd is a very special scene, because it's a very emotional scene, which is not something you see a lot with Dewey."" === Casting ===
Despite being credited, Jere Burns does not appear in the episode as his respective character. In September 2014, it was announced that Garret Dillahunt was joining the series in the recurring role of Ty Walker, ""a special ops veteran who spent most of the last decade deployed in combat zones, as a soldier and later a private contractor. Now he uses the skills he developed during his military career in his job handling security for a quasi-legal businessman. But Walker's cold professionalism turns to rage when Raylan and Boyd irritate him."" Dillahunt, who worked with Olyphant on Deadwood, was interested in appearing in the series. Yost said, ""so then we started thinking about who was gonna be part of the team of bad guys this year, the fresh blood. We liked the idea of ex-military. So we came up with this character, Ty Walker. Once Garret got a look at that, he said, 'I'm in.'""",377
1961,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"So we came up with this character, Ty Walker. Once Garret got a look at that, he said, 'I'm in.'"" == Reception ==


=== Viewers ===
In its original American broadcast, ""Fate's Right Hand"" was seen by an estimated 2.17 million household viewers and gained a 0.6 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.6 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 9% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 2.37 million viewers with a 0.8 in the 18-49 demographics. This was also a 24% decrease in viewership from the previous season premiere, which was watched by 2.84 million viewers with a 1.1 in the 18-49 demographics. === Critical reviews ===
""Fate's Right Hand"" received positive reviews from critics. Seth Amitin of IGN gave the episode a ""good"" 7.2 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, ""Justified has a lot of work to do to get back to where it belongs, but Season 5 left Season 6 with the material it needed and 'Fate's Right Hand' showed some promise. The once razor-sharp wit in this show has dulled over time, but there's reason to be hopeful. Justified might be on the verge of getting back to something interesting, but for now, we'll temper our expectations."" Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode an ""A−"" grade and wrote, ""From the outset, 'Fate's Right Hand' is a far more confident installment of Justified than pretty much anything that aired last season.",355
1962,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"Alasdair Wilkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode an ""A−"" grade and wrote, ""From the outset, 'Fate's Right Hand' is a far more confident installment of Justified than pretty much anything that aired last season. There's a definite sense that the show is consciously returning to its core strengths, with Boyd's resumption of his bank-robbing career marked by a lengthy pre-credits sequence in which he prepares to go back to his work, maybe even his calling."" Kevin Fitzpatrick of Screen Crush wrote, ""We'll be sad to lose Justified after only six seasons, but 'Fate's Right Hand' definitely feels like a return to simpler times, and a much cleaner start than anything we had last year. The next couple episodes deftly keep up the momentum as well, but tonight was definitely a strong, if quiet return to form."" Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote, ""In a series that was always destined to conclude with Raylan going against Boyd one last time, Ava is a huge wild card. Should be interesting to see what she does, and who's still standing by the time we get there. All I know right now is that I felt much more confident watching this episode than I did for most of season 5."" Jeff Stone of IndieWire gave the episode a ""B−"" grade and wrote, ""Justified has never been much for a spectacular kick-off, generally choosing to play its hand slowly, introducing several colorful characters and disparate story elements over several episodes, then crashing them all together in a bullet-filled crescendo. So when I say the Season 6 premiere is a little pokey, it’s no slight on my hopes for the season overall, especially since things pick up considerably in the episodes to come.",372
1963,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"Jeff Stone of IndieWire gave the episode a ""B−"" grade and wrote, ""Justified has never been much for a spectacular kick-off, generally choosing to play its hand slowly, introducing several colorful characters and disparate story elements over several episodes, then crashing them all together in a bullet-filled crescendo. So when I say the Season 6 premiere is a little pokey, it’s no slight on my hopes for the season overall, especially since things pick up considerably in the episodes to come. Still, the premiere is mostly set-up, with very few of the touches that have made Justified one of the most successful crime shows around."" Kyle Fowle of Entertainment Weekly wrote, ""The final season premiere, 'Fate's Right Hand', takes the first steps toward building to that inevitable confrontation between Boyd and Raylan, and in typical Justified fashion, it's not immediately clear how everything will go down; but the general sense of foreboding means that we have 12 more episodes of a tightly wound cat-and-mouse game to look forward to."" Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture gave the episode a perfect 5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, ""The premiere of Justified's sixth season is proof of how the awareness of death can focus the mind. Because this is such a densely packed and intricately structured episode, all built around the idea of old ways fading and a fearsome future looming."" James Queally of Los Angeles Times wrote, ""Raylan wants to go back to Florida, to his wife, to the way things were. In a way, Dewey Crowe wanted the same. But if the bullet from Boyd didn't deliver the message clear enough, that’s not the way things work. At least, not in Harlan they don't.""",370
1964,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%27s_Right_Hand_(Justified),Fate%27s Right Hand (Justified),"But if the bullet from Boyd didn't deliver the message clear enough, that’s not the way things work. At least, not in Harlan they don't."" Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, ""This was such a positive way to start things off for Justified Season 6, and I can only see things ramping up for what should be a fantastic ending that's sure to close out with a bang."" Jack McKinney of Paste gave the episode a 9 out of 10 and wrote, ""I started out by discussing the ways that a finale can undermine the legacy of a great show, but in this case I think that the better question concerns whether or not a show coming off an uneven season can use a final season to right itself. We will know for sure in 12 weeks, but we sure are off to a good start."" == References ==


== External links ==
""Fate's Right Hand"" at IMDb",204
1965,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouse,_California","Rouse, California","Rouse is a census-designated place (CDP) in Stanislaus County, California. Rouse sits at an elevation of 89 feet (27 m). The 2020 United States census reported Rouse's population was 1,913. == Geography ==
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 0.2 square miles (0.6 km2), all of it land. == Demographics ==

Rouse first appeared as a census designated place in the 2010 U.S. census. The 2020 United States census reported that Rouse had a population of 1,913. The population density was 8,037.8 inhabitants per square mile (3,103.4/km2). The racial makeup of Rouse was 509 (26.6%) White, 21 (1.1%) African American, 43 (2.2%) Native American, 155 (8.1%) Asian, 9 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 914 (47.8%) from other races, and 262 (13.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,377 persons (72.0%). The whole population lived in households. There were 514 households, out of which 254 (49.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 224 (43.6%) were married-couple households, 52 (10.1%) were cohabiting couple households, 125 (24.3%) had a female householder with no partner present, and 113 (22.0%) had a male householder with no partner present. 77 households (15.0%) were one person, and 24 (4.7%) were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.72. There were 397 families (77.2% of all households).",382
1966,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouse,_California","Rouse, California","The average household size was 3.72. There were 397 families (77.2% of all households). The age distribution was 578 people (30.2%) under the age of 18, 196 people (10.2%) aged 18 to 24, 551 people (28.8%) aged 25 to 44, 394 people (20.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 194 people (10.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.0 males. There were 536 housing units at an average density of 2,252.1 units per square mile (869.5 units/km2), of which 514 (95.9%) were occupied. Of these, 187 (36.4%) were owner-occupied, and 327 (63.6%) were occupied by renters. == References ==",188
1967,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal","The Marriage of Victoria, Princess Royal","The Marriage of Victoria, Princess Royal is an oil on canvas history painting by the British artist John Phillip, from 1860. == History and description ==
It depicts the wedding of Victoria, Princess Royal and Prince Frederick of Prussia in the Chapel Royal of St. James's Palace on 25 January 1858. Victoria was the eldest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and was briefly heir presumptive before the birth of her brother Edward, Prince of Wales. Frederick was a nephew of  Frederick William IV of Prussia and himself a future emperor of Germany. Their wedding represented a dynastic marriage between the Hohenzollerns and the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The work was commissioned by Queen Victoria from Phillip, one of her favourite painters. He made preparatory sketches during the ceremony and later developed individual portraits from the leading figures. Amongst those depicted are Princess Victoria; Prince Frederick; Queen Victoria; Prince Albert; Edward, Prince of Wales; Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach; Leopold I of Belgium; Victoria, Duchess of Kent; and Lord Palmerston, the British Prime Minister. Queen Victoria was delighted with the finished painting. In 1875 the painting was hanging in the Grand Corridor at Windsor Castle. It remains in the Royal Collection. == See also ==
The Christening of Victoria, Princess Royal, 1842 painting


== References ==


== Bibliography ==
Clarke, Deborah & Remington, Vanessa. Scottish Artists 1750-1900: From Caledonia to the Continent. Royal Collection Trust, 2015. Harris, John. Buckingham Palace and Its Treasures. Viking Press, 1968. Marsden, Jonathan. Victoria & Albert: Art & Love. Royal Collection, 2010. Pakula, Hannah. An Uncommon Woman. Simon and Schuster,  1997. Urbach, Karina (ed.) Royal Kinship.",386
1968,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal","The Marriage of Victoria, Princess Royal","Urbach, Karina (ed.) Royal Kinship. Anglo-German Family Networks 1815-1918. Walter de Gruyter, 2008.",32
1969,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Nukes:_The_Muse_Concerts_for_a_Non-Nuclear_Future,No Nukes: The Muse Concerts for a Non-Nuclear Future,"No Nukes: The Muse Concerts For a Non-Nuclear Future was a 1979 triple live album that contained selections from the September 1979 Madison Square Garden concerts by the Musicians United for Safe Energy collective. Jackson Browne, Graham Nash, Bonnie Raitt, and John Hall were the key organizers of the event and guiding forces behind the album. This was the first official appearance of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band's live act on record, and their ""Detroit Medley"", a staple of the encores of their regular shows, achieved considerable album-oriented rock airplay. In 2021, Springsteen officially released a compilation of songs he performed in his sets from the shows as the live album The Legendary 1979 No Nukes Concerts. Otherwise the album did not get much radio attention, as many of the artists held back their best-known material from appearing on it or emphasized collaborative performances. The album was certified a gold record by the RIAA in September 1980. It was reissued as a two-CD set by Elektra Records in October 1997. The No Nukes film was also released in May 1980 from this event, although it contained somewhat varying contents from this album. == Controversy ==
A controversy sparked after the performance of Jamaican reggae singer Peter Tosh wearing Palestinian clothing (thawb and keffiyeh) and openly smoking marijuana. Tosh's appearance was considered a provocation towards the Jewish community in New York City, as the concerts took place during the Jewish New Year holiday. Despite his performance being advertised to appear in the accompanying film and on the triple live album, Tosh was removed from both releases.",332
1970,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicuns,Anicuns,"Anicuns is a city and municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. == Geographys ==
Anicuns is located in the Anicuns Microregion, which includes 13 cities with a population of 103276 inhabitants in a total area of 5483.10 km2. It forms boundaries with the following the municipalities:

North and Northeast: Itaberaí, Mossâmedes and Aurilândia
South:  Nazário and Palmeiras de Goiás
East: Inhumas and Trindade
West: São Luís de Montes Belos
The distance to Goiânia is 86 km. Highway connections are made by  GO-060 / Trindade / Claudinápolis de Goiás / GO-326. See Seplan
Anicuns is situated on the right bank of the Rio dos Bois, the main river in the region and a tributary of the Paranaíba River. The important Rio Turvo also has its source in the municipality. The average elevation is 600 meters. The climate is tropical humid and the average annual temperature is 23 °C. Districts, Villages and Hamlets

Districts: Capelinha and  Choupana. Village: Poncionário. Hamlet: Boa Vista. == Demographics ==
Population density: 18.41 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate:  -0.13%
Population in 1980: 23,150
Population in 2007: 17,705
Urban population: 15,228


== The economy ==
Economically, Anicuns has a variety of industrial activities. It produces  bricks and tiles (six brickworks) and has 16 small shoe factories, specializing in leather boots. There is also cattle raising, both for meat and dairy, together with growing of sugarcane, coffee, and corn.",398
1971,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicuns,Anicuns,"It produces  bricks and tiles (six brickworks) and has 16 small shoe factories, specializing in leather boots. There is also cattle raising, both for meat and dairy, together with growing of sugarcane, coffee, and corn. There were three financial institutions in 2004: Banco do Brasil, Bradesco, and Itaú S.A. There was also an alcohol distillery using the availability of sugarcane. Most of the workers were engaged in transformation industries, public administration, and commerce. (IBGE 2005)

Industrial establishments: 39
Retail commercial establishments: 185
Dairy:  LEE Laticínios Ltda. (22/05/2006)
Distillery: Anicuns S/A Álcool e Derivados (July/2007)
Industrial park: Distrito Agroindustrial de Anicuns (June/2006)
Agricultural Data

Number of farms: 1,237
Total farming area: 52,201 ha. Planted area: 13,100 ha. Area of natural pasture: 33,078
Persons working in agriculture: 4,500
Number of cattle (head): 115.400
Area of corn: 4,200 ha. Area of rice: 800 ha. Area of sugarcane: 7,000 ha. Area of soybeans: 400 ha. Area of banana: 150 ha. Area of coffee: 230 ha. == Health and education ==
In the health sector there were 6 hospitals with 142 hospital beds. The infant mortality rate was 38.99 in 2000. (IBGE 2002). In the educational sector there were 17 primary schools and 4 secondary schools. There was a campus of the state university. The literacy rate was 85.8% in 2000.",368
1972,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicuns,Anicuns,"There was a campus of the state university. The literacy rate was 85.8% in 2000. Municipal Human Development Index

MHDI:  0.720
State ranking:  173 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking:  2,616 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
All data are from 2000


== Origin of the name ==
The name of the city comes from the Guanicuns Indians, who would hunt a bird with the same name (extinct). The anicuns bird was known for its beautiful feathers and song. The Indians made adornments from the feathers and ate the bird's tongue believing that it would allow them to imitate its beautiful singing. == History ==
Anicuns had its beginnings with the search for gold in the rivers. After the gold had run out the settlers stayed to raise cattle and grow crops. In 1841 Anicuns was already a district of the municipality of Palmeiras, becoming a municipality in 1911. In 1931 the name was changed from Anicuns to Novo Horizonte. In 1933 the district of Nazário was created to become part of Novo Horizonte. In 1938 the name was changed back to Anicuns. In 1952 Nazário separated to become a municipality. == Tourism ==
Anicuns has taken advantage of the Rio dos Bois to put on a canoe championship called Copa Brasil de Canoagem, which is accompanied by parades, cultural activities and regional musical shows. The competition, lasting three days, is one of the most important in the country. Tourist sites: · Poço do Boi de Ouro: craters with a depth of 30 meters. · Serra do Felipe: much used in hang gliding. · Morro do Chapéu: highest point in the region.",378
1973,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicuns,Anicuns,"· Serra do Felipe: much used in hang gliding. · Morro do Chapéu: highest point in the region. · Morro de Monte Castelo: 7 km from the center of town, still has native forest on the top of the mountain. · Serra da Canjica: only 3 km from the town, is next to the São José Jica waterfall, with a rocky wall and a free fall of more than 70 meters · Cachoeira São José:  2 km from the town, the place is made up of rapids and small waterfalls. == See also ==
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás


== References ==

Frigoletto",154
1974,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Giolitti,Antonio Giolitti,"Antonio Giolitti (12 February 1915 – 8 February 2010) was an Italian politician and cabinet member. He was the grandson of Giovanni Giolitti, the well-known liberal statesman of the pre-fascist period who served as Prime Minister of Italy five times. == Biography ==
Giolitti was born in Rome. He joined the Italian Communist Party (Italian: Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI) in 1940 and was arrested and tried by the fascist regime but acquitted, for his associations with them. In the spring of 1943 Giolitti resumed his clandestine activities for the Communist Party, contacting numerous military and political personalities, in order to plan the overthrow of the fascist regime. During the Italian Resistance in World War II, Giolitti was seriously wounded in combat. He was sent to France to recover, and was not able to return to Italy until after the end of the conflict. After the war, Giolitti was involved in much political activity: he was junior minister to the foreign minister for Ferruccio Parri's government, communist deputy to the Constituent Assembly, elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the list of  PCI in 1948 and 1953. In 1957 he left the Communist Party after the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian uprising and the Manifesto of the 101. He then joined the Italian Socialist Party. Antonio Giolitti was a minister in several Italian governments. He was Minister for the Budget from 1963 to 1964, from 1969 to 1972 and from 1973 to 1974 in the governments led, respectively, by Aldo Moro, Mariano Rumor and Emilio Colombo. In this capacity he inspired the Italian economic planning. From 1977 to 1985, he was a member of the Executive Commission of the European Economic Community in Brussels, and responsible for Regional Policy. In 1987, Giolitti left the Italian Socialist Party for disagreements with its leader Bettino Craxi.",397
1975,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Giolitti,Antonio Giolitti,"From 1977 to 1985, he was a member of the Executive Commission of the European Economic Community in Brussels, and responsible for Regional Policy. In 1987, Giolitti left the Italian Socialist Party for disagreements with its leader Bettino Craxi. He then returned to the Italian Communist Party (PCI) as an independent candidate and he was elected to the Italian Senate. At the end of the parliamentary term, he withdrew from active politics. Antonio Giolitti has written  political texts and, in 1992, he published a book with his memoirs. He also participated actively to the Italian cultural activity. In his youth, he was an advisor to the publisher Giulio Einaudi. He collaborated with several cultural magazines, including Lettera Internazionale. In 2006, he was awarded the Cavaliere di Gran Croce, the highest honour bestowed by the President of the Italian Republic. He died in Rome on 8 February 2010. == References ==",192
1976,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pietil%C3%A4_Holmner,Maria Pietil%C3%A4 Holmner,"Maria Helena Pietilä-Holmner (born 25 July 1986) is a retired Swedish World Cup alpine ski racer. She specialised in the technical events of slalom and giant slalom. Born in Umeå, Pietilä-Holmner took up alpine skiing at the age of seven. She was also a keen footballer, playing as a forward for Mariehem's girls' teams until the age of 15, when she decided to focus on skiing. Pietilä-Holmner made her World Cup debut in Sölden at age 16 in October 2002. She won a gold medal at the 2006 World Junior Alpine Skiing Championships in the slalom. Her first World Cup win came at a slalom in Aspen in November 2010. She made a total of 207 World Cup starts, and took ten podiums, including three wins. Pietilä-Holmner took five medals in the World Championships, two as an individual and three in the team events. She was the silver medalist in giant slalom in 2007 at Åre, Sweden. Four years later in 2011, she won 2 bronze medals at Garmish-Partenkirchen in the slalom and the team event. At Schladming in 2013, she won a silver in the team event. She took her final Worlds medal at the 2017 Championships, where she was part of the Swedish squad which finished third in the team event. She made her debut at the Winter Olympics in 2006, where she finished tenth in the giant slalom. At the 2010 Winter Games, she finished fourth in the slalom, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics she was sixth in the giant slalom. She also won seven Swedish championship titles: five in slalom, one in giant slalom and one in combined. On 17 January 2018, she announced her retirement from alpine skiing, following back problems.",397
1977,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pietil%C3%A4_Holmner,Maria Pietil%C3%A4 Holmner,"She also won seven Swedish championship titles: five in slalom, one in giant slalom and one in combined. On 17 January 2018, she announced her retirement from alpine skiing, following back problems. to instead become a Eurosport expert commentator. She has been in a relationship with fellow alpine skier Hans Olsson since 2004: as of 2018 the couple were engaged. They both worked as part of the team covering alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics for Eurosport. == World Cup results ==


=== Season standings ===


=== Race podiums ===
3 wins – (2 SL, 1 CE)
10 podiums – (7 SL, 1 GS, 2 PSL)


== World Championship results ==


== Olympic results ==


== Video ==
Zapiks – post-race interview in November 2011 – 2nd place, Aspen slalom


== References ==


== External links ==
 Media related to Maria Pietilä-Holmner at Wikimedia Commons

Maria Pietilä Holmner at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation
Maria Pietilae-Holmner World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation
Maria Pietilä Holmner at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database
Maria Pietilä Holmner at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) 
Swedish Olympic Committee – Maria Pietilä Holmner – (in Swedish)
Rossignol.com Archived 24 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Maria Pietilä-Holmner – alpine skiing – Sweden
Official website – (in Swedish)",338
1978,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Frye,Justin Frye,"Justin Michael Frye (born September 19, 1983) is an American professional football coach and former offensive lineman who is the offensive line coach for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). == Playing career ==
Frye attended Elwood High School in his hometown of Elwood, Indiana, where he played on the offensive line. He went on to play college football for Indiana for five seasons, from 2002 to 2006. At Indiana, Frye set the school record for most consecutive starts by an offensive lineman, with 45 consecutive starts. == Coaching career ==


=== Indiana ===
Frye began his coaching career as a graduate assistant for his alma mater, Indiana. At Indiana, Frye worked with the offensive line and the tight ends from 2007 to 2008. === Florida ===
Frye went on to serve as a graduate assistant for the Florida Gators, where he worked with the offensive line. At Florida, Frye worked with multiple future NFL Draft picks, including Maurkice Pouncey, Mike Pouncey, Marcus Gilbert, and Maurice Hurt. === Temple ===
Following his stint at Florida, Frye landed his first job as an offensive line coach for the Temple Owls in 2011. In Frye's first year at Temple, the Owls ranked seventh in the nation in rushing yards, at 256.5 yards per game, and they set school records for the most rushing yards and most rushing touchdowns in a season. In 2012, Frye's second season with the program, the Owls once again enjoyed a prolific rushing offense with a Big East Conference-leading 201.2 rushing yards per game. === Boston College ===
In 2013, Frye left Temple to become the offensive line coach at Boston College, where he coached for five seasons. In Frye's first season with the program, his offensive line paved the way for Andre Williams to become the first Doak Walker Award recipient in Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) history.",399
1979,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Frye,Justin Frye,"=== Boston College ===
In 2013, Frye left Temple to become the offensive line coach at Boston College, where he coached for five seasons. In Frye's first season with the program, his offensive line paved the way for Andre Williams to become the first Doak Walker Award recipient in Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) history. Guided by Frye's offensive line, Williams rushed for 2,177 yards, with a nation-leading 167.5 yards per game. Williams also finished fourth in Heisman Trophy voting. In Frye's second season (2014), the Eagles rushed for 254.7 yards per game, and their offensive line allowed just 21 sacks, the 29th-fewest in the nation. Following that season, two of Frye's linemen, Ian Silberman and Adam Gallik, were both selected in the 2015 NFL draft. In 2016, Frye's fourth season, the Eagles' offense led the ACC and ranked 11th in the country in time of possession. In Frye's final season at Boston College (2017), the Eagles averaged 220.4 yards rushing, good for 25th in the nation, and the Eagles' offensive line allowed only 15 sacks the entire season. === UCLA ===
In 2018, Chip Kelly hired Frye as the offensive line coach at UCLA. Despite UCLA's 3–9 record in Frye's inaugural season with the Bruins, the Bruins' rushing attack improved by over 40 yards per game from the previous season. Additionally, running back Joshua Kelley rushed for 1,243 yards in 2018, including 289 yards against crosstown rival USC; Kelley's 289 yards were the most generated by a running back in the history of the UCLA–USC rivalry. Over the final eight games of the season, UCLA averaged over 432 yards of offense per game, including over 164 rushing yards per game. Following the 2018 season, Frye was promoted to offensive coordinator, although he continued to coach the Bruins' offensive line.",395
1980,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Frye,Justin Frye,"Over the final eight games of the season, UCLA averaged over 432 yards of offense per game, including over 164 rushing yards per game. Following the 2018 season, Frye was promoted to offensive coordinator, although he continued to coach the Bruins' offensive line. === Ohio State ===
On January 11, 2022, it was announced that Frye would take the position of associate head coach for offense and offensive line coach for the Ohio State Buckeyes, succeeding former offensive line coach Greg Studrawa, who was fired on January 6, 2022. Frye and Buckeyes' head coach Ryan Day coached together at Temple in 2012, and at Boston College in 2013 and 2014. === Arizona Cardinals ===
On February 12, 2025, Frye was hired by the Arizona Cardinals as their offensive line coach under head coach Jonathan Gannon. == Personal life ==
Frye is married to Lauren Frye (née Torpey), with whom he has four children: Kevin, Zoe, Max, and Welles. == References ==


== External links ==
UCLA profile
Temple profile",220
1981,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_process_rare_event_sampling,Stochastic process rare event sampling,"Stochastic-process rare event sampling (SPRES) is a rare-event sampling method in computer simulation, designed specifically for non-equilibrium calculations, including those for which the rare-event rates are time-dependent (non-stationary process). To treat systems in which there is time dependence in the dynamics, due either to variation of an external parameter or to evolution of the system itself, the scheme for branching paths must be devised so as to achieve sampling which is distributed evenly in time and which takes account of changing fluxes through different regions of the phase space. == Algorithm summary ==
The SPRES algorithm branches simulation paths at fixed time intervals. The process of branching requires that identical paths can be made to diverge from each other, such as by changing the seed in the computer's random number generator. For systems which would be naturally considered as deterministic, it may be possible to inject an element of randomness, for instance by coupling to a fluctuating heat bath or by adding random perturbations to account for some elements of the simulation which are not modelled explicitly but which exist in the real system. The amount of over or under-sampling (the branching density) is decided based on some system-specific 'progress coordinate' which measures progress toward a rare event of interest. The probability of selecting a configuration as the starting point for a new path segment is conditioned jointly by its probability of appearing in an unbiased simulation and by the local flux forwards in the progress coordinate, with a small flux leading adaptively to a larger oversampling. The method is designed to allow ready observation of rare events with respect to time.",332
1982,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_process_rare_event_sampling,Stochastic process rare event sampling,"The probability of selecting a configuration as the starting point for a new path segment is conditioned jointly by its probability of appearing in an unbiased simulation and by the local flux forwards in the progress coordinate, with a small flux leading adaptively to a larger oversampling. The method is designed to allow ready observation of rare events with respect to time. An additional benefit relative to methods which mainly split trajectories based on interfaces in the progress coordinate rather than on time is that over most of the progress coordinate space the coordinate only needs to be evaluated at fixed time intervals (rather than continuously) because the exact time-point at which interfaces other than the final interface  are reached is no longer of importance. == See also ==
Umbrella sampling


== Cited references ==",154
1983,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schnell,Alexander Schnell,"Alexander Schnell is a German philosopher and professor at the University of Wuppertal. == Biography ==
Alexander Schnell grew up in West Berlin and in Heidelberg. After taking his Abitur and Baccalauréat at the French Gymnasium in Berlin in 1989, he studied engineering at the University Paris 6 and philosophy at the University Paris 1 (where the teachings of Jean-Toussaint Desanti and Marc Richir seem to have influenced him in particular). After spending several years abroad in Sofia (Bulgaria), where he gained his first teaching experience at the university ""St. Kliment Ohridski"", he took up a position in Paris as a research associate or assistant. In 2001, he received his doctorate summa cum laude under the supervision of Françoise Dastur on the topic ""The Problem of Time in Husserl (1893-1918)"". From 2002 to 2007 he taught as ""Maitre de Conferences"" at the University of Poitiers. The topic of his habilitation was: ""Gestalten der Transzendentalphilosophie: Fichte, Schelling, Husserl, Heidegger"" (under the supervision of Jean-François Courtine). Between 2007 and 2016, he was ""Maitre de Conferences"" at the University of Paris - Sorbonne and at the same time Head of Department of Philosophy at Paris Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi (PSUAD) between 2014 and 2016. Since its foundation (2007), he has been actively involved in the Master's Mundus programme ""German and French Philosophy in Europe (EuroPhilosophy)"" - among other things, he was head of the intensive seminar at the University of Luxembourg and is chairman of the selection committee at the University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès.",387
1984,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schnell,Alexander Schnell,"Between 2007 and 2016, he was ""Maitre de Conferences"" at the University of Paris - Sorbonne and at the same time Head of Department of Philosophy at Paris Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi (PSUAD) between 2014 and 2016. Since its foundation (2007), he has been actively involved in the Master's Mundus programme ""German and French Philosophy in Europe (EuroPhilosophy)"" - among other things, he was head of the intensive seminar at the University of Luxembourg and is chairman of the selection committee at the University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès. Between 2012 and 2016, he was the responsible director of the research centre ""CEPCAP"" at the University Paris-Sorbonne. Since 2016, he has been a university professor at the University of Wuppertal Chair of Theoretical Philosophy and Phenomenology). There he directs the Institute for Transcendental Philosophy and Phenomenology (ITP), to which the International Fichte Research Centre (IFF), the Eugen Fink Zentrum Wuppertal (EFZW), the Archive Library Post-New Kantanism and Critical Idealism of the Present (APIG), the Marc Richir Archive (MRA), the Archive for Phenomenological Research (APF) and the Centre for Principle Research (ZePF) are affiliated. He is president of the Association Internationale de Phénoménologie (A.I.P.). Alexander Schnell has lectured regularly at the University of Paris-Sorbonne Abu Dhabi and has been a visiting professor at the University of Memphis (USA), Hōsei University (Tokyo, Japan) and University of Freiburg. == Research work ==
Alexander Schnell's research ranges from Classical German Philosophy to German and French Phenomenology.",372
1985,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schnell,Alexander Schnell,"Alexander Schnell has lectured regularly at the University of Paris-Sorbonne Abu Dhabi and has been a visiting professor at the University of Memphis (USA), Hōsei University (Tokyo, Japan) and University of Freiburg. == Research work ==
Alexander Schnell's research ranges from Classical German Philosophy to German and French Phenomenology. He is considered a pioneer of a renewed phenomenology understood as transcendental idealism, which revives Husserl's project of a phenomenology of knowledge. Alexander Schnell's early work was historiographically oriented. He edited monographs on Husserl, Heidegger, Levinas and Richir. Since completing his habilitation (2008), he has devoted himself - among other things, in the debate with the ""speculative realism"" of Quentin Meillassoux - to the elaboration of his own position, which goes by the name of ""generative phenomenology"". This brings metaphysical and anthropological questions into focus. Whether his approaches to a phenomenological metaphysics can still be understood as ""phenomenology"" is disputed. He writes his works in German and in French. Several works are available in Chinese, Italian and Romanian translation. == Major works ==
Monographs

La déduction transcendantale des catégories de Kant. Interprétation phénoménologique. Vrin, Paris 2022, ISBN 978-2-7116-3079-0. Zeit, Einbildung, Ich. Phänomenologische Interpretation von Kants ""Kategorien-Deduktion"". Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2022, ISBN 978-3-465-04600-4. [2]
Der frühe Derrida und die Phänomenologie. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2021, ISBN 978-3-465-04573-1.",395
1986,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schnell,Alexander Schnell,"[2]
Der frühe Derrida und die Phänomenologie. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2021, ISBN 978-3-465-04573-1. [3]
Le clignotement de l'être (= Le bel aujourd'hui). Hermann, Paris 2021, ISBN 979-10-370-0823-7. Die phänomenologische Metaphysik Marc Richirs. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2020, ISBN 978-3-465-04553-3. Phénoménalisation et transcendance. La métaphysique phénomenologique de Marc Richir (= Mémoires des Annales de Phénoménologie. vol. 16). Association Internationale de Phénoménologie, Dixmont 2020, ISBN 978-2-916484-16-7. Seinsschwingungen (= Philosophische Untersuchungen 50). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2020, ISBN 978-3-16-159692-6. [4]
Qu'est-ce que la phénoménologie transcendantale? (= «Krisis»). J. Millon, Grenoble 2020, ISBN 978-2-84137-375-8. [5][6]
Was ist Phänomenologie?. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2019, ISBN 978-3-465-04377-5. [7][8]
Wirklichkeitsbilder (= Philosophische Untersuchungen 40). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-16-154174-2. La déhiscence du sens (= Le bel aujourd'hui).",390
1987,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schnell,Alexander Schnell,"Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-16-154174-2. La déhiscence du sens (= Le bel aujourd'hui). Hermann, Paris 2015, ISBN 978-2-7056-9032-8. L'effondrement de la nécessité (= «Krisis»). J. Millon, Grenoble 2015, ISBN 978-2-84137-313-0. Qu'est-ce que le phénomène? (= Chemins philosophiques). Vrin, Paris 2014, ISBN 978-2-7116-2561-1. En voie du réel (= Le bel aujourd'hui). Hermann, Paris 2013, ISBN 978-2-7056-8718-2. Hinaus. Entwürfe zu einer phänomenologischen Metaphysik und Anthropologie (= Orbis Phaenomenologicus. vol. 24). Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8260-4532-5. Review by Mark Thomas. [9]
Le sens se faisant. Marc Richir et la refondation de la phénoménologie transcendantale (= Ousia. Band 66). Ousia, Brüssel 2011, ISBN 978-2-87060-159-4. (pref. by Guy van Kerckhoven)
En face de l’extériorité. Levinas et la question de la subjectivité (= Bibliothèque d’Histoire de la Philosophie). Vrin, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-7116-2323-5. En deçà du sujet.",387
1988,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schnell,Alexander Schnell,"Vrin, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-7116-2323-5. En deçà du sujet. Du temps dans la philosophie transcendantale allemande (= Epiméthée). PUF, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-13-058094-2. Réflexion et spéculation. L’idéalisme transcendantal chez Fichte et Schelling (= «Krisis»). J. Millon, Grenoble 2009, ISBN 978-2-84137-251-5. [10]
Husserl et les fondements de la phénoménologie constructive (= «Krisis»). J. Millon, Grenoble 2007, ISBN 978-2-84137-206-5. Review Peter Gaitsch. [11]
De l’existence ouverte au monde fini. Heidegger 1925–1930 (= Bibliothèque d’Histoire de la Philosophie). Vrin, Paris 2005, ISBN 2-7116-1792-0. [12]
Temps et Phénomène. La phénoménologie husserlienne du temps (1893–1918) (= Europæa Memoria/Studien. Band 35). Olms, Hildesheim 2004, ISBN 3-487-12798-9 (Dissertation, University Paris 12, 2001)
La Genèse de l’apparaître. Études phénoménologiques sur le statut de l’intentionnalité (= Mémoires des Annales de Phénoménologie. vol. 5). APP, Beauvais 2004, ISBN 2-9518226-6-9.",386
1989,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schnell,Alexander Schnell,"5). APP, Beauvais 2004, ISBN 2-9518226-6-9. Editions (publisher, co-editor or co-worker) (selection)

with Guillaume Ferrer, Sylvaine Gourdain, Nicolas Garrera-Tolbert: Phänomenologie und spekulativer Realismus. Phenomenology and Speculative Realism. Phénoménologie et réalisme spéculatif. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2021.
with Danielle Cohen-Lévinas: Levinas lecteur de Heidegger. Vrin, Paris 2021. [13]
with Hartmut Traub und Christoph Asmuth: Fichte im Streit. Festschrift für Wolfgang Janke. Würzburg, Königshausen & Neumann 2018. Lire les Beiträge zur Philosophie de Heidegger. Paris, Hermann 2017.
with Danielle Cohen-Lévinas: Relire Autrement qu’être ou au-delà de l’essence d’Emmanuel Levinas. Paris, Vrin 2016.
with Augustin Dumont: Einbildungskraft und Reflexion. Imagination et réflexion. Neuere philosophische Untersuchungen zu Novalis. Recherches philosophiques récentes sur Novalis. Berlin, Münster usw., LIT-Verlag 2016.
with Danielle Cohen-Lévinas: Relire Totalité et infini d'Emmanuel Levinas. Vrin, Paris 2015.
with Gilles Marmasse: Comment fonder la philosophie? L’idéalisme allemand et la question du principe premier.",395
1990,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schnell,Alexander Schnell,"Vrin, Paris 2015.
with Gilles Marmasse: Comment fonder la philosophie? L’idéalisme allemand et la question du principe premier. CNRS-éditions, Paris 2014, ISBN 978-2-271-07715-8. [14][15]
with Karel Novotny and Laszló Tengelyi: La Phénoménologie comme philosophie première (= Mémoires des Annales de Phénoménologie. Band 10). APP, Amiens 2011, ISBN 978-80-7007-347-6.
with Jean-Christophe Goddard: L’Être et le phénomène. La Doctrine de la Science de 1804 de J.G. Fichte = Sein und Erscheinung. Die Wissenschaftslehre 1804 J.G. Fichtes (= Bibliothèque d'histoire de la philosophie). Vrin, Paris 2009, ISBN 978-2-7116-2212-2.
with Pierre Kerszberg and Antonino Mazzù: L’Œuvre du phénomène. Mélanges de philosophie offerts à Marc Richir. Ousia, Brüssel 2009, ISBN 978-2-87060-148-8.
with Ion Copoeru: Recherches phénoménologiques actuelles en Roumanie et en France (= Europæa Memoria/Studien. Band 51). Olms, Hildesheim 2006, ISBN 3-487-13263-X. Further reading
La phénoménologie transcendantale aujourd'hui.",380
1991,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schnell,Alexander Schnell,"Olms, Hildesheim 2006, ISBN 3-487-13263-X. Further reading
La phénoménologie transcendantale aujourd'hui. Autour du ""Clignotement de l'être"" d'Alexander Schnell. Paris, Hermann 2023, ISBN 9791037028983. == References ==",79
1992,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatrix_of_All_Grace_offending_religious_feelings_case,Mediatrix of All Grace offending religious feelings case,"In December 2022, Harriet Demetriou, a devotee of the Mary, Mediatrix of All Grace apparition, filed a criminal case against exorcist priest Winston Cabading for offending religious feelings, a violation under the Revised Penal Code. This complaint was made over his prior statements referencing the Marian apparition in a conference and an online show which the complainant perceived to be a mockery against the devotion. The priest was arrested in May 2023 but was later released on bail. In August 29, 2023, the Regional Trial Court in Quezon City found no offense committed. The court did not dismissed the case outright and asked Demetriou to revise information in her lawsuit within 30 days. == Background ==


=== Mary, Mediatrix of All Grace ===

The offending religious feelings case involves the Mary, Mediatrix of All Grace, a Marian apparition believed by some faithful to have occurred in 1948. According to believers Mary, mother of Jesus appeared before Teresita Castillo a Carmelite postulant in Lipa, Batangas. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith of the Holy See ruled in 1951 that there is nothing miraculous regarding the apparition. The decision was approved by Pope Pius XII and was upheld by church leaders. Nevertheless, the Marian apparition still continues to have a following. The reported Lipa apparition has long been a source of tension between the Catholic Church hierarchy and the devotees of what they call “Our Lady of Lipa.” Church leaders have repeatedly said nothing is miraculous about the 1948 apparition, but devotees like Demetriou have questioned such statements by bishops and priests. === Parties ===
The complainant of the offending religious feelings case, Harriet Demetriou is a former Commission on Elections chair, a retired judge who worked for the Sandiganbayan and a devotee of the Marian apparition.",387
1993,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatrix_of_All_Grace_offending_religious_feelings_case,Mediatrix of All Grace offending religious feelings case,"The reported Lipa apparition has long been a source of tension between the Catholic Church hierarchy and the devotees of what they call “Our Lady of Lipa.” Church leaders have repeatedly said nothing is miraculous about the 1948 apparition, but devotees like Demetriou have questioned such statements by bishops and priests. === Parties ===
The complainant of the offending religious feelings case, Harriet Demetriou is a former Commission on Elections chair, a retired judge who worked for the Sandiganbayan and a devotee of the Marian apparition. The sued party is Winston I. Cabading, a Roman Catholic priest and an exorcist under the Archdiocese of Manila. He is also a theologian and part of the Dominican Order. == Case ==


=== Arguments ===
In December 9, 2022, Harriet Demetriou would file a criminal lawsuit against exorcist priest Winston Cabading for ""offending religious feelings"" under the Revised Penal Code (RPC). She argued that Cabading, who she characterize as a ""rabid critic"" of the Marian apparition has made statements that would fulfill two of the following conditions for an offending religious feelings offense:

that the acts complained of were performed either in a place devoted to religious (sic) or during the celebration of any religious ceremony
that the acts must be notoriously offensive to the feelings of the faithful. She took note on Cabading's statement at the 4th National Conference on the Ministry of Spiritual Liberation and Exorcism held in August 2019 on ""how demons can appear to be holy"". She inferred that it is an implicit reference to the Mediatrix of All Grace, a conclusion she holds would not need a ""scholarly approach"" to arrive to. Demetriou also cited a May 28, 2022 episode of an online show featuring Brother Wendell Talibong.",380
1994,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatrix_of_All_Grace_offending_religious_feelings_case,Mediatrix of All Grace offending religious feelings case,"She inferred that it is an implicit reference to the Mediatrix of All Grace, a conclusion she holds would not need a ""scholarly approach"" to arrive to. Demetriou also cited a May 28, 2022 episode of an online show featuring Brother Wendell Talibong. Fragrant oil that reportedly flows from a certain statue of the Mediatrix of Grace became a subject matter and the question if the oil was scientifically examined raised. Cabading's response was displayed ""the statue is a Lipa statue, therefore, already suspect."" Demetriou argues that the conference constitute as a religious ceremony. Cabading dissents stating that the quoted statements were not made in place of worship or a religious ceremony as required in the RPC. The case was filed in the Quezon City Regional Trial Court (RTC) Branch 81. His arraignment was scheduled on June 1, 2023 The procedure was later postponed to August 1. === Arrest and status of Cabading ===
RTC 81 Judge Madonna Echiverri would issue a warrant of arrest against  Cabading on May 8, 2023. The priest would be arrested on May 13 at the St. Magdalene House in Nasugbu, Batangas but would later post bail and granted provisional liberty on May 15. The court tagged Cabading as a low flight risk taking note that he have returned to the Philippines in June 13 after an overseas trip made after he posted bail. === Findings ===
On August 29, 2023, RTC 81 found no offense committed and gave Demetriou 30 days to amend the information on her criminal charge against Cabading. The court noted that there was no object of veneration was damaged or destroyed by Cabading and that there was no ""religious ceremony to speak of"". It also stated that Cabading's statement were ""not of his own but he was merely echoing what 'the Vatican said' or based on the dogma of the church"".",397
1995,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatrix_of_All_Grace_offending_religious_feelings_case,Mediatrix of All Grace offending religious feelings case,"The court noted that there was no object of veneration was damaged or destroyed by Cabading and that there was no ""religious ceremony to speak of"". It also stated that Cabading's statement were ""not of his own but he was merely echoing what 'the Vatican said' or based on the dogma of the church"". If the charge was not revised, the case could be dismissed. On January 24, 2024, Makati Senior Assistant City Prosecutor Crystal Dei Embido-Buenaventura dismissed the Perjury case (Mediatrix of All Grace offending religious feelings case) for ""insufficiency of evidence, since her complaint has no basis and there is no proof or document to support her claims."" In May 2024, the Quezon City Regional Trial Court Branch 224 acquitted Cabading stating that the priest's statement was not made in a ""religious ceremony"". The Court of Appeals affirmed the rulign on September 29, 2025. == Reactions ==


=== Roman Catholic Church ===
Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) President and Kalookan Bishop Pablo Virgilio David claimed responsibility believing the case and arrest of Cabading to be ""indicative of our shortcomings as Church leaders in facilitating dialogue"" and expressed disheartenment and perplexment over the legal case which has Catholics on both sides. The CBCP added that the issue caused ""a scandal to the faithful"" and has begged forgiveness from its constituents. The CBCP issued a certificate of good standing on May 31, 2023 for Cabading affirming his positive stature within the church and that he is not under investigation by the body. The Philippine Association of Catholic Exorcists has backed Cabading on his case with Demetriou, as well as the Archdiocese of Manila's Commission on Extraordinary Phenomena and Office of Exorcism. Several laity groups have also expressed support for Cabading.",384
1996,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatrix_of_All_Grace_offending_religious_feelings_case,Mediatrix of All Grace offending religious feelings case,"The Philippine Association of Catholic Exorcists has backed Cabading on his case with Demetriou, as well as the Archdiocese of Manila's Commission on Extraordinary Phenomena and Office of Exorcism. Several laity groups have also expressed support for Cabading. On March 19, 2024, Archbishop Gilbert Garcera of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa issued a circular stating that the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith had found the 1951 decree rejecting the Lipa apparition, in which Sister Mother Mary Cecilia of Jesus, OCD, then the superior of the convent where the incident occurred, confessed deceiving the faithful about the alleged apparitions and asked for forgiveness. Despite the pronouncement, Demetriou expressed doubt over the letter's veracity. === Other reactions ===
Christian Monsod, one of the framers of the 1987 Constitution called for the abolishment of the ""offending religious feelings"" provision from the Revised Penal Code in response to the case believing it to ""too overbroad"" and was a ""throwback to the age of Church intolerance and oppression"" which prevailed in the Spanish colonial era. The latest effort to repeal the provision in the Congress was by then Senator Leila de Lima in 2019, a year after activist Carlos Celdran was convicted for his 2010 ""Damaso"" stunt to protest the Roman Catholic church's stance on the Reproductive Health Bill. == See also ==
Weeping crucifix in Mumbai, a similar blasphemy law incident over a purported weeping crucifix


== References ==",315
1997,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogo_Monteiro,Diogo Monteiro,"Diogo Pinheiro Monteiro (born 28 January 2005) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Primeira Liga club Arouca. Born in Switzerland, he represents Portugal at youth level. == Club career ==
On 15 June 2020, Monteiro signed his first professional contract with Servette. He made his professional debut for Servette on 6 March 2021 in the Swiss Super League. At 16 years old, one month and nine days, Monteiro was the third youngest footballer to debut with Swiss Super League, and the youngest defender to do so. On 31 January 2023, Monteiro joined Premier League side Leeds United for an undisclosed fee, signing a contract until June 2026 with the English club and being initially registered for the under-21 squad. On 11 August 2025 Monteiro joined Portuguese club Arouca on a permanent contract. == International career ==
With the national team, Monteiro has more than 30 caps at U15, U16, U17 and U18 level. He has been the captain of the 2005 generation so far and he was a crucial player in the campaign this generation had on the Euro championship in 2022, in Israel. Portugal reached the semi-finals and Monteiro was the only Portuguese player to have played every minute of the tournament. == References ==


== External links ==
Diogo Monteiro at Soccerway
Diogo Monteiro at WorldFootball.net
Diogo Monteiro at ForaDeJogo (archived)
Diogo Monteiro national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese)",320
1998,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"The history of Christian thought has included concepts of both inclusivity and exclusivity from its beginnings. These have been understood and applied differently in different ages, and have led to practices of both persecution and toleration. Early Christian thought established Christian identity, defined heresy and orthodoxy, and separated itself from polytheism and Judaism. Nearly all scholars prior to the late twentieth-century claimed Christian thought was intolerant as evidenced by persecution of pagans and violence in the centuries after Christianity became favored by Christian emperors in the Roman Empire. However, the majority of modern scholars say the change to Christian leadership did not cause a persecution of pagans, and violence in society did not increase. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Christian thought focused more on preservation than origination. This era of thought is exemplified by Gregory the Great, Saint Benedict, Visigothic Spain, illustrated manuscripts, and progress in medical care through monks. Although the roots of supersessionism, the theory that Christians replaced Jews as God's chosen, and deicide can be traced to some second century Christian thought, Jews of the Middle Ages lived mostly peacefully alongside their Christian neighbors because of Augustine of Hippo's teaching that they should be left alone. In the Early Middle Ages, Christian thought on the military and involvement in war shifted to accommodate the crusades by inventing chivalry and new monastic orders dedicated to it. There was no single thread of Christian thought throughout most of the Middle Ages as the Church was largely democratic and each order had its own doctrine. The High Middle Ages were pivotal in both European culture and Christian thought. Feudal kings began to lay the foundation of what would become their modern nations by centralizing power. They gained power through multiple means including persecution. Christian thought played a supportive role, as did the literati, a group of ambitious intellectuals who had contempt for those they thought beneath them, by verbally legitimizing those attitudes and actions.",389
1999,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"They gained power through multiple means including persecution. Christian thought played a supportive role, as did the literati, a group of ambitious intellectuals who had contempt for those they thought beneath them, by verbally legitimizing those attitudes and actions. This contributed to a turning point in Judeo-Christian relations in the 13th century. Heresy became a religious, political, and social issue which led to civil disorder and the Medieval Inquisitions. The Albigensian Crusade is seen by many as evidence of Christianity's propensity for intolerance and persecution, while other scholars say it was conducted by the secular powers for their own ends. The Late Middle Ages are marked by a decline of papal power and church influence with accommodation to secular power becoming more and more of an aspect of Christian thought. The modern Inquisitions were formed in the Late Middle Ages at the special request of the Spanish and Portuguese sovereigns. Where the medieval inquisitions had limited power and influence, the powers of the modern ""Holy Tribunal"" were taken over, extended and enlarged by the power of the state into ""one of the most formidable engines of destruction which ever existed."" During the Northern Crusades, Christian thought on conversion shifted to a pragmatic acceptance of conversion obtained through political pressure or military coercion even though theologians of the period continued to write that conversion must be voluntary. By the time of the early Reformation (1400–1600), the conviction developed among the early Protestants that pioneering the concepts of religious freedom and religious toleration was necessary. Scholars say tolerance has never been an attitude broadly espoused by an entire society, not even western societies, and that only a few outstanding individuals, historically, have truly fought for it. In the West, Christian reformation figures, and later Enlightenment intellectuals, advocated for tolerance in the century preceding, during, and after the Reformation and into the Enlightenment. Contemporary Christians generally agree that tolerance is preferable to conflict, and that heresy and dissent are not deserving of punishment.",393
2000,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"In the West, Christian reformation figures, and later Enlightenment intellectuals, advocated for tolerance in the century preceding, during, and after the Reformation and into the Enlightenment. Contemporary Christians generally agree that tolerance is preferable to conflict, and that heresy and dissent are not deserving of punishment. == Early Christian thought from the first century to Constantine ==


=== Historical background ===
In its first three centuries, Christian thought was just beginning to define what it meant to be a Christian, distinct from paganism and Judaism, through its definitions of orthodoxy and heterodoxy. Early Christian writers worked to reconcile the Jewish founding story, the Christian gospel of the Apostles, and the Greek tradition of knowing the divine through reason, but the substance of Christian orthodoxy was increasingly found in the homogeneous canon of writings believed to be apostolic (written by the apostles), that had circulated widely as such, and the writings of the Church Fathers that were based on them. Persecution and tolerance are both the result of alterity, the state of otherness, and the question of how to properly deal with those who are 'outside' the defined identity. Like the other Abrahamic religions, Christian thought has included, from its beginnings, two ideals which have affected Christian responses to alterity: inclusivity (also called universality) and exclusivity, or as David Nirenberg describes them, our ""mutual capacities for coexistence and violence."" There is an inherent tension in all the Abrahamic traditions between exclusivity and inclusivity which is theologically and practically dealt with by each in different ways. Justo L. González traces three veins of Christian thought that began in the second century. Out of Carthage, Tertullian the lawyer (155–200 CE) wrote of Christianity as revelation of the law of God.",365
2001,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Justo L. González traces three veins of Christian thought that began in the second century. Out of Carthage, Tertullian the lawyer (155–200 CE) wrote of Christianity as revelation of the law of God. From the pluralistic city of Alexandria, Origen wrote of the commonalities between philosophy and theology, reason and revelation, seeing Christianity as the intellectual pursuit of transcendent truth. In Asia Minor and Syria, Irenaeus saw Christianity as God working in human history through its pastoral work of reaching people with God's love. Each vein of thought has continued throughout Christian history, and have impacted attitudes toward and practices of tolerance and persecution. === Inclusivity, exclusivity and heresy ===
Early Christian communities were highly inclusive in terms of social stratification and other social categories, much more so than were the Roman voluntary associations. Heterogeneity characterized the groups formed by Paul the Apostle, and the role of women was much greater than in either of the forms of Judaism or paganism in existence at the time. Early Christians were told to love others, even enemies, and Christians of all classes and sorts called each other ""brother"" and ""sister"". These concepts and practices were foundational to early Christian thought, have remained central, and can be seen as early precursors to modern concepts of tolerance. Though tolerance was not a fully developed concept, and was held with some ambivalence, Guy Stroumsa says Christian thought of this era promotes inclusivity, yet invents the concept of heresy at the same time. Tertullian, a second-century Christian intellectual and lawyer from Carthage, advocated for religious tolerance primarily in an effort to convince pagan readers that Christianity should be allowed into the religious ""market-place"" that historian John North proposes second century Rome had become.",367
2002,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Though tolerance was not a fully developed concept, and was held with some ambivalence, Guy Stroumsa says Christian thought of this era promotes inclusivity, yet invents the concept of heresy at the same time. Tertullian, a second-century Christian intellectual and lawyer from Carthage, advocated for religious tolerance primarily in an effort to convince pagan readers that Christianity should be allowed into the religious ""market-place"" that historian John North proposes second century Rome had become. On the other hand, Stroumsa argues that Tertullian knew co-existence meant competition, so he attempted to undermine the legitimacy of the pagan religions by comparing them to Christianity at the same time he advocated for tolerance from them. Justin Martyr (100–165 CE) wrote his First Apology (155–157 CE) against heretics, and is generally attributed with inventing the concept of heresy in Christian thought. Historian Geoffrey S. Smith argues that Justin writes only to answer objections his friends are facing and to defend these friends from ill treatment and even death. He quotes Justin in a letter to the emperor as saying he is writing: ""On behalf of those from every race of men who are unjustly hated and ill-treated, being one of them myself."" However, Alain Le Boulluec argues it is within this period that use of the term ""heretic"" in Christian thought and writings changes from neutral to derogatory. ==== Supersessionism ====

Supersessionist thought is defined by ""two core beliefs: (1) that the nation of Israel has forfeited its status as the people of God through disobedience; and (2) the New Testament church has therefore become the true Israel and inheritor of the promises made to the nation of Israel."" It has three forms: punitive, economic, and/or structural supersessionism.",382
2003,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"==== Supersessionism ====

Supersessionist thought is defined by ""two core beliefs: (1) that the nation of Israel has forfeited its status as the people of God through disobedience; and (2) the New Testament church has therefore become the true Israel and inheritor of the promises made to the nation of Israel."" It has three forms: punitive, economic, and/or structural supersessionism. Punitive supersessionism is the 'hard' form of supersessionism, and is seen as punishment from God. Economic supersessionism is a moderate form concerning God's economy: His plan in history to transfer the role of the ""people of God"" from an ethnic group to a universal group. The third form involves the New Testament having priority over the Old Testament by ignoring or replacing the original meaning of Old Testament passages. For example, within the early church, the rise of the use of Greek philosophical interpretation and allegory allowed inferences to be drawn such as the one Tertullian drew when he allegorically interpreted the statement ""the older will serve the younger"", concerning the twin sons of Isaac and Rebekah (Genesis 25.23), to mean that Israel would serve the Church. There is no agreement on when supersessionism began. Michael J. Vlach says that some claim it began in the New Testament, some say it began with the Church Fathers, others place its beginnings after the Bar Kokhba revolt in CE135. The destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in CE70 and again in CE135 had a profound impact on Jewish–Christian relations. Many saw the Jewish–Christians as traitors for not supporting their brethren, and Vlach says supersessionism grew out of those events. Scholars such as W. C. Kaiser Jr. see the fourth century, after Constantine, as supersessionism's true beginning, because that is when a shift in Christian thought on eschatology took place.",398
2004,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Many saw the Jewish–Christians as traitors for not supporting their brethren, and Vlach says supersessionism grew out of those events. Scholars such as W. C. Kaiser Jr. see the fourth century, after Constantine, as supersessionism's true beginning, because that is when a shift in Christian thought on eschatology took place. The Church took its universally held traditional interpretation of Revelation 20:4-6 (Millennialism) and its hope of the thousand-year reign of the Messiah on earth, centered in Jerusalem, ruling with the redeemed Israel, and replaced it with a ""historicized and allegorized version, that set up the Church"" as the metaphorical Israel instead. Tracing the roots of supersessionism to the New Testament is problematic since ""there is no consensus"" that supersessionism is a biblical doctrine at all. Vlatch says one's position on this is determined more by one's beginning assumptions than it is by any biblical hermeneutic. Arguments in favor of supersessionism have traditionally been based on implications and inferences rather than biblical texts. Vlatch asserts that the Church has also ""always had compelling scriptural reasons, in both Testaments, to believe in a future salvation and restoration of the nation Israel."" Therefore, supersessionism has never been an official doctrine and has never been universally held. Supersessionism's alternative is chiliasm, also known as Millennialism. These are both the belief that Christ will return to earth in visible form and establish a kingdom to last 1000 years. This was the traditional and more universally held view of the first two centuries, and has remained an aspect of Christian thought throughout its history.",346
2005,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"These are both the belief that Christ will return to earth in visible form and establish a kingdom to last 1000 years. This was the traditional and more universally held view of the first two centuries, and has remained an aspect of Christian thought throughout its history. Steven D. Aguzzi says supersessionism was still considered a ""normative view"" in the writings of the early Church Fathers, such as Justin, Barnabas and Origen, and has also been a part of Christian thought for much of the Church's history, though the early Patristic eschatological emphasis on millenarianism, influenced by Second Temple Judaism, helped to offset the more violent forms of supersessionism. ===== Evaluation =====
Supersessionism is significant in Christian thought because ""It is undeniable that anti-Jewish bias has often gone hand-in-hand with the supersessionist view."" Many Jewish writers trace anti-semitism, and the consequences of it in World War II, to this particular doctrine among Christians. Twentieth-century Jewish civil rights leader Leonard P. Zakim asserts that, despite the many possible destructive consequences of supersessionism, as theology professor Padraic O'Hare writes: supersessionism alone is not yet anti-semitism. John Gager makes a distinction between nineteenth century anti-Semitism and second century anti-Judaism, and many scholars agree, yet there are those who see early anti-Judaism and later anti-Semitism as the same. Anders Gerdmar sees the development of anti-semitism as part of the paradigm shift that occurred in early modernity. Gerdmar argues the shift resulted from the new scientific focus on the Bible and history that replaced the primacy of theology and tradition. Christopher Leighton associates anti-Judaism with the origins of Christianity, and anti-semitism with ""modern nationalism and racial theories"".",387
2006,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Gerdmar argues the shift resulted from the new scientific focus on the Bible and history that replaced the primacy of theology and tradition. Christopher Leighton associates anti-Judaism with the origins of Christianity, and anti-semitism with ""modern nationalism and racial theories"". ==== Deicide ====
Deicide as the prime accusation against the Jews appears, for the first time, in a highly rhetorical second century poem by Melito, of which only a few fragments have survived. In the fourth century, Augustine refuted the accusation, saying the Jews could not be guilty of deicide as they did not believe Christ was God. Melito's writings were not influential, and the idea was not immediately influential, but the accusation returned in fourth century thinking and sixth century actions and again in the Middle Ages. === Constantine ===

Christian thought was still in its infancy in 313 when, following the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Constantine I, (together with his co-emperor Licinius), issued the Edict of Milan granting religious toleration to the Christian faith. The Edict did not only protect Christians from religious persecution, but all religions, allowing anyone to worship whichever deity they chose. After 320, Constantine supported the Christian church with his patronage, had a number of basilicas built for the Christian church, and endowed it with land and other wealth. He outlawed the gladiatorial shows, destroyed temples and plundered more, and used forceful rhetoric against non-Christians. But he never engaged in a purge. ""He did not punish pagans for being pagans, or Jews for being Jews, and did not adopt a policy of forced conversion."" While not making a direct personal contribution to Christian thought, the first Christian Roman emperor had a powerful impact on it through the example of his own conversion, his policies, and the various councils he called.",379
2007,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"""He did not punish pagans for being pagans, or Jews for being Jews, and did not adopt a policy of forced conversion."" While not making a direct personal contribution to Christian thought, the first Christian Roman emperor had a powerful impact on it through the example of his own conversion, his policies, and the various councils he called. Christian thought at the time of Constantine believed that victory over the ""false gods"" had begun with Jesus and ended with the conversion of Constantine as the final fulfillment of heavenly victory—even though Christians were only about fifteen to eighteen percent of the empire's population. After Constantine, Christianity gradually became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire. In the view of many historians, the Constantinian shift turned Christianity from a persecuted religion into a persecuting religion. However, the claim that there was a Constantinian shift has been disputed. Theologian Peter Leithart argues that there was a ""brief, ambiguous 'Constantinian moment' in the early fourth century"", but that there was ""no permanent, epochal 'Constantinian shift'"". According to Michele R. Salzman, fourth century Rome featured sociological, political, economic and religious competition, producing tensions and hostilities between various groups, but that Christians focused on heresy more than pagans. == Antiquity: from Constantine to the fall of empire ==


=== Historical background ===
Historians and theologians refer to the fourth century as the ""golden age"" of Christian thought. Figures such as John Chrysostom, Ambrose, Jerome, Basil, Gregory of Nazianus, Gregory of Nyssa, and the prolific Augustine, all made a permanent mark on Christian thought and history. They were primarily defenders of orthodoxy. They wrote philosophy and theology as well as apologetics and polemics. Some had a long-term effect on tolerance and persecution in Christian thought.",377
2008,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"They wrote philosophy and theology as well as apologetics and polemics. Some had a long-term effect on tolerance and persecution in Christian thought. === Fourth century Christian thought ===

Fourth century Christian thought was dominated by its many conflicts defining orthodoxy versus heterodoxy and heresy. In what remained of the Eastern Roman empire, known as Byzantium, the Arian controversy began with its debate of Trinitarian formulas which lasted 56 years. It gradually trickled over into the Latin West so that by the fourth century, the center of the controversy was the ""champion of orthodoxy"", Athanasius. Arianism was the reason for calling the Council of Nicea. Athanasius was ousted from his bishopric in Alexandria in 336 by the Arians, forced into exile, and lived much of the remainder of his life in a cycle of forced movement. The controversy became political after Constantine's death. Athanasius died in 373, while an Arian emperor ruled, but his orthodox teaching was a major influence in the West, and on Theodosius, who became emperor in 381. Also in the East, John Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople, who is best known for his brilliant oratory and his exegetical works on moral goodness and social responsibility, also wrote Discourses Against the Jews which is almost pure polemic, using replacement theology that is now known as supersessionism. However, Chrysostom did not advocate for killing heretics, even though he did advocate censoring them; he writes, ""He [Christ] doth not therefore forbid our checking heretics, and stopping their mouths, and taking away their freedom of speech, and breaking up their assemblies and confederacies, but our killing and slaying them"". By 305, after the Diocletian persecution of the third century, many of those who had recanted during the persecution, wanted to return to the Church.",389
2009,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"However, Chrysostom did not advocate for killing heretics, even though he did advocate censoring them; he writes, ""He [Christ] doth not therefore forbid our checking heretics, and stopping their mouths, and taking away their freedom of speech, and breaking up their assemblies and confederacies, but our killing and slaying them"". By 305, after the Diocletian persecution of the third century, many of those who had recanted during the persecution, wanted to return to the Church. The North African Donatists refused to accept them back as clergy and remained resentful toward the Roman government. Catholics wanted to wipe the slate clean and accommodate the new government. The Donatists withdrew and began setting up their own churches. For decades, Donatists fomented protests and street violence, refused compromise, attacked random Catholics without warning, doing serious and unprovoked bodily harm such as beating people with clubs, cutting off their hands and feet, and gouging out eyes. By the time Augustine became coadjutor Bishop of Hippo in 395, the Donatists had been a multi-level problem for many years. Augustine held that belief cannot be compelled, so he appealed to them verbally, using popular propaganda, debate, personal appeal, General Councils, and political pressure. All attempts failed. The empire responded to civil unrest with force, and in 408 in his Letter 93, Augustine began defending persecution of the Donatists by the imperial authorities saying that, ""if the kings of this world could legislate against pagans and poisoners, they could do so against heretics as well."" He continued saying that belief cannot be compelled, however, he also included the idea that, while ""coercion cannot transmit the truth to the heretic, it can prepare them to hear and receive the truth.""",371
2010,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"The empire responded to civil unrest with force, and in 408 in his Letter 93, Augustine began defending persecution of the Donatists by the imperial authorities saying that, ""if the kings of this world could legislate against pagans and poisoners, they could do so against heretics as well."" He continued saying that belief cannot be compelled, however, he also included the idea that, while ""coercion cannot transmit the truth to the heretic, it can prepare them to hear and receive the truth."" Augustine did not advocate religious violence, as such, but he supported the power of the state to use coercion against those he saw as behaving as enemies. His authority on this question was undisputed for over a millennium in Western Christianity, and according to historian Peter Brown, ""it provided the theological foundation for the justification of medieval persecution."" Augustine had advocated fines, imprisonment, banishment, and moderate floggings; when the state's persecution of individual Donatists became extreme, he attempted to mitigate the punishments, and he always opposed the execution of heretics. According to Henry Chadwick, Augustine ""would have been horrified by the burning of heretics."" In 385, Priscillian, a bishop in Spain, was the first Christian to be executed for heresy, though this sentence was roundly condemned by prominent church leaders like Ambrose. Priscillian was also accused of gross sexual immorality and acceptance of magic, but politics may have been involved in his sentencing. ==== Anti-paganism in late antique Roman empire ====

Polytheism began declining by the second century, long before there were Christian emperors, but after Constantine made Christianity officially accepted, it declined even more rapidly, and there are two views on why. According to the Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, scholars of Antiquity fall into two categories, holding either the ""catastrophic"" view, or the ""long and slow"" view of polytheism's decline and end.",399
2011,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"==== Anti-paganism in late antique Roman empire ====

Polytheism began declining by the second century, long before there were Christian emperors, but after Constantine made Christianity officially accepted, it declined even more rapidly, and there are two views on why. According to the Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, scholars of Antiquity fall into two categories, holding either the ""catastrophic"" view, or the ""long and slow"" view of polytheism's decline and end. The traditional ""catastrophic"" view has been the established view for 200 years; it says polytheism declined rapidly in the fourth century, with a violent death in the fifth, as a result of determined anti-pagan opposition from Christians, particularly Christian emperors. Contemporary scholarship espouses the ""long slow"" view, which says anti-paganism was not a primary concern of Christians in antiquity because Christians believed the conversion of Constantine showed Christianity had already triumphed. Michele R. Salzman indicates that, as a result of this ""triumphalism"", heresy was a higher priority for Christians in the fourth and fifth centuries than was paganism. This produced less real conflict between Christians and pagans than was previously thought. Archaeologists Luke Lavan and Michael Mulryan indicate that contemporary archaeological evidence of religious conflict exists, as the catastrophists assert, but not to the degree or intensity previously thought. Laws such as the Theodosian decrees attest to Christian thought of the period, giving a ""dramatic view of radical Christian ambition"". Peter Brown says the language is uniformly vehement and the penalties are harsh and frequently horrifying. Salzman says the law was intended as a means of conversion through the ""carrot and the stick"", but that it is necessary to look beyond the law to see what people actually did. Authorities, who were still mostly pagan, were lax in imposing them, and Christian bishops frequently obstructed their application.",394
2012,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Salzman says the law was intended as a means of conversion through the ""carrot and the stick"", but that it is necessary to look beyond the law to see what people actually did. Authorities, who were still mostly pagan, were lax in imposing them, and Christian bishops frequently obstructed their application. Anti-paganism existed, but according to Rita Lizzi Testa, Michele Salzman, and Marianne Sághy who quote Alan Cameron: the idea of religious conflict as the cause of a swift demise of paganism is pure historiographical construction. Lavan says Christian writers gave the narrative of victory high visibility, but that it does not necessarily correlate to actual conversion rates. There are many signs that a healthy paganism continued into the fifth century, and in some places, into the sixth and beyond. According to Brown, Christians objected to anything that called the triumphal narrative into question, and that included the mistreatment of non-Christians. Temple destructions and conversions are attested, but in small numbers. Archaeology indicates that in most regions away from the imperial court, the end of paganism was both gradual and untraumatic. The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity says that ""Torture and murder were not the inevitable result of the rise of Christianity."" Instead, there was fluidity in the boundaries between the communities and ""coexistence with a competitive spirit."" Brown says that ""In most areas, polytheists were not molested, and, apart from a few ugly incidents of local violence, Jewish communities also enjoyed a century of stable, even privileged, existence."" Having, in 423, been declared by the emperor Theodosius II not to exist, large bodies of polytheists all over the Roman empire were not murdered or converted under duress so much as they were simply left out of the histories the Christians wrote of themselves as victorious.",382
2013,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Brown says that ""In most areas, polytheists were not molested, and, apart from a few ugly incidents of local violence, Jewish communities also enjoyed a century of stable, even privileged, existence."" Having, in 423, been declared by the emperor Theodosius II not to exist, large bodies of polytheists all over the Roman empire were not murdered or converted under duress so much as they were simply left out of the histories the Christians wrote of themselves as victorious. == Early Medieval West (c. 500 – c. 800) ==


=== Historical background ===
After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, life in the West returned to an agrarian subsistence style of living, becoming somewhat settled sometime in the 500s. Christian writers of the period were more concerned with preserving the past than in composing original works. The Germanic tribes which had overthrown Rome became the new rulers, dividing the empire between them. Gregory the Great became pope in 590AD, and he sent out multiple missionaries who peacefully converted Britain, Ireland, Scotland and more. Learning was kept alive in the monasteries they built which became the sole source of education for the next few centuries. Patrick Wormald indicates the Irish and English missionaries sent out to those territories that would become the Holy Roman Empire and then Germany, thought of the pagans on the continental mainland with ""interest, sympathy and occasionally even admiration."" In most of history, victors of war imposed their religion on the newly subjugated people, however, the Germanic tribes gradually adopted Christianity, the religion of defeated Rome, instead. This brought, in its wake, a broad process of cultural change that lasted for the next 500 years. What had been formed by the unity of the classical world and Christianity, was now transplanted into Germanic tribal culture, thereby forming a new synthesis that became western European Christendom.",381
2014,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"This brought, in its wake, a broad process of cultural change that lasted for the next 500 years. What had been formed by the unity of the classical world and Christianity, was now transplanted into Germanic tribal culture, thereby forming a new synthesis that became western European Christendom. The Church had immense influence during this time due to the endless commitment and work of the clergy and the ""powerful effect of the Christian belief system"" amongst the people. Erigina was not a major theologian, but in 870, he wrote On the Division of Nature which foresaw the modern view of predestination denying that God has foreordained anyone to sin and damnation. His mixture of rationalism and Neo-Platonic mysticism would prove influential to later Christian thought, though his books were banned by the Roman Catholic church in 1681. === Partial inclusivity of the Jews ===
According to Anna Sapir Abulafia, ""Most scholars would agree that, with the marked exception of Visigothic Spain (in the seventh century), Jews in Latin Christendom lived relatively peacefully with their Christian neighbors through most of the Middle Ages."" Scattered violence toward Jews occasionally took place during riots led by mobs, local leaders, and lower level clergy without the support of church leaders or Christian thought. Jeremy Cohen says historians generally agree this is because Catholic thought on the Jews before the 1200s was guided by the teachings of Augustine. Augustine's position on the Jews, with its accompanying argument for their ""immunity from religious coercion enjoyed by virtually no other community in post-Theodosian antiquity"" was preceded by a positive evaluation of the Jewish past, and its relationship to divine justice and human free will.",348
2015,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Jeremy Cohen says historians generally agree this is because Catholic thought on the Jews before the 1200s was guided by the teachings of Augustine. Augustine's position on the Jews, with its accompanying argument for their ""immunity from religious coercion enjoyed by virtually no other community in post-Theodosian antiquity"" was preceded by a positive evaluation of the Jewish past, and its relationship to divine justice and human free will. Augustine rejected those who argued that the Jews should be killed, or forcibly converted, by saying that Jews should be allowed to live in Christian societies and practice Judaism without interference because they preserved the teachings of the Old Testament and were living witnesses of the truths of the New Testament. Gregory the Great is generally seen as an important pope in relation to the Jews. He denigrated Judaism but followed Roman Law and Augustinian thought with regard to how the Jews should be treated. He wrote against forced baptism. In 828, Gregory IV wrote a letter to the Bishops in Gaul and the Holy Roman empire warning that Jews must not be baptized by force. Gregory X repeated the ban. Even Pope Innocent III, who generally found the behavior of Jews in Christian society to be ""intolerable"", still agreed that the Jews should not be killed or forcibly converted when he called for the Second Crusade. Jews and their communities were always vulnerable. Random ill treatment, and occasionally real persecution, did occur. However, their legal status, while it was inferior, was not insecure as it became later in the High Middle Ages. They could appeal to the authorities, and did, even on occasion appealing to the pope himself. While the difficulties were not negligible, they were also not general enough to fundamentally impact the nature of Jewish life. === Inclusive Benedict ===
St. Benedict (480–547) was another major figure who impacted pre-modern ideals of tolerance in Christian thought.",375
2016,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"While the difficulties were not negligible, they were also not general enough to fundamentally impact the nature of Jewish life. === Inclusive Benedict ===
St. Benedict (480–547) was another major figure who impacted pre-modern ideals of tolerance in Christian thought. Considered the father of western monasticism, he wrote his Rule around three values: community, prayer, and hospitality. This hospitality was extended to anyone without discrimination. ""Pilgrims and visitors from every rank of society from crowned heads to poorest peasants, came in search of prayers or alms, protection and hospitality."" === Exclusive Spain ===
Visigothic leaders in Spain subjected the Jews to persecution and efforts to convert them forcibly for a century after 613. Norman Roth says Byzantine legal codes were the method used to reinforce anti-Jewish attitudes. The Breviarium of Alaric summarizes the most significant anti-Jewish legislation of the Byzantine codes, and it was written in the sixth century. == Early Middle Ages (c. 800 – c. 1000) ==


=== Historical background ===
Christian thought from its early days had generally frowned upon participation in the military, but that became increasingly difficult to maintain in the Middle Ages. Chivalry, a new ideal of the religious warrior who fought for justice, defended truth, and protected the weak and the innocent formed. Such a knight was ordained only after proving his spiritual and martial worth: robed in white, he would swear an oath before a cleric to uphold these values and defend the faith. ==== Massacre of Verden ====

While contemporary definitions of religious persecution typically do not include actions taken during war, the Massacre of Verden represents an event that is still often seen as persecution by Christians. The massacre took place in 782, in what had been Roman Gaul, and would one day be modern France. Charlemagne had become King of the Franks in 771, and ruled most of western Europe of the time.",396
2017,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"The massacre took place in 782, in what had been Roman Gaul, and would one day be modern France. Charlemagne had become King of the Franks in 771, and ruled most of western Europe of the time. He advocated Christian principles, including education, openly supported Christian missions, and had at least one Christian advisor. But he also spent his entire life fighting to defend his empire and his faith. The Franks had been fighting the Saxons since the time of Charlemagne's grandfather. Charlemagne himself began to fight the Saxons in earnest in 772, defeating them and taking hostages in a battle on the upper Weser. ""Time and again the Saxon chiefs, worn down by war, sued for peace, offered hostages, accepted baptism and agreed to allow missionaries to go about their work without hindrance. But vigilance slackened, Charles was engaged on some other front, rebellions broke out, Frankish garrisons were attacked and massacred, and monasteries were pillaged"". Repeatedly, Saxons rose, pillaged and looted and killed, were defeated, and rose again, until after 779, Charlemagne felt he had pacified the region and gained genuine oaths of loyalty from the Saxon leaders. In 782, Charles and the Saxons assembled at Lippe, where he appointed ""several Saxon nobles as Counts as a reward for their loyalty"". Shortly thereafter, in that same year of 782, Widukind the Saxon leader, persuaded a group of Saxons who had submitted to Charlemagne, to break their oaths and rebel. Charlemagne was once again elsewhere, so the Saxons went to battle with the part of the Frankish army that had been left behind and the ""Franks were killed almost to a man"". They killed two of the King's chief lieutenants as well as some of his closest companions and counsellors.",394
2018,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Charlemagne was once again elsewhere, so the Saxons went to battle with the part of the Frankish army that had been left behind and the ""Franks were killed almost to a man"". They killed two of the King's chief lieutenants as well as some of his closest companions and counsellors. ""In great anger at this breach of the treaty just made"", Charlemagne gathered his forces, returned to Saxony, conquered the Saxon rebels, again, giving them the option to convert or die. The Saxons largely refused, and though no one knows the number for sure, it is said 4,500 unarmed prisoners were murdered in what is called the Massacre of Verden. Massive deportations followed, and death was decreed as the penalty for any Saxon who refused baptism thereafter. After this, Charlemagne transported ten thousand families from the most turbulent district into the heart of his own territory, and the Saxons were finally settled. Historian Matthias Becher asserts that the number 4,500 is exaggerated, and that these events demonstrate the brutality of war of the period. Yet it is clear something untoward occurred, since Alcuin of York, Charlemagne's Christian advisor who was not present in Verden, later wrote the king a rebuke concerning them, saying that: ""Faith must be voluntary not coerced. Converts must be drawn to the faith not forced. A person can be compelled to be baptized yet not believe. An adult convert should answer what he truly believes and feels, and if he lies, then he will not have true salvation."" === Crusades ===

From the beginning, the crusades have been seen from different points of view. Darius von Güttner-Sporzyński explains that scholars continue to debate crusading and its impact so scholarship in this field is continually undergoing revision and reconsideration.",381
2019,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"=== Crusades ===

From the beginning, the crusades have been seen from different points of view. Darius von Güttner-Sporzyński explains that scholars continue to debate crusading and its impact so scholarship in this field is continually undergoing revision and reconsideration. Many early crusade scholars saw crusade histories as simple recitations of how events actually transpired, but by the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scholarship was increasingly critical and skeptical of that perspective. Simon John writes that Christopher Tyerman is in the forefront of contemporary scholarship when he says that the ""earliest of crusade histories can not be regarded by scholars even in part as 'mere recitation of events.' Instead, they should be treated in their entirety as 'essays in interpretation'."" At the time of the First Crusade, there was no clear concept in Christian thought of what a crusade was beyond that of a pilgrimage. Hugh S. Pyper says the crusades are representative of the ""powerful sense in Christian thought of the time of the importance of the concreteness of Jesus' human existence... The city [of Jerusalem's] importance is reflected in the fact that early medieval maps place [Jerusalem] at the center of the world."" By 1935, Carl Erdmann published Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens (The Origin of the Idea of Crusade), stressing that the crusades were essentially defensive acts on behalf of fellow Christians and pilgrims in the East who were being attacked, killed, enslaved or forcibly converted. Crusade historian Jonathan Riley-Smith says the crusades were products of the renewed spirituality of the central Middle Ages. Senior churchmen of this time presented the concept of Christian love for those in need as the reason to take up arms.",348
2020,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Crusade historian Jonathan Riley-Smith says the crusades were products of the renewed spirituality of the central Middle Ages. Senior churchmen of this time presented the concept of Christian love for those in need as the reason to take up arms. The people had a concern for living the vita apostolica and expressing Christian ideals in active works of charity, exemplified by the new hospitals, the pastoral work of the Augustinians and Premonstratensians, and the service of the friars. Riley-Smith concludes, ""The charity of St. Francis may now appeal to us more than that of the crusaders, but both sprang from the same roots."" Constable adds that those ""scholars who see the crusades as the beginning of European colonialism and expansionism would have surprised people at the time. [Crusaders] would not have denied some selfish aspects... but the predominant emphasis was on the defense and recovery of lands that had once been Christian and on the self-sacrifice rather than the self-seeking of the participants."" At the opposite end is the view voiced by Steven Runciman in 1951 that the ""Holy War was nothing more than a long act of intolerance in the name of God..."" Giles Constable says this view is common among the populace. According to political science professor Andrew R. Murphy, concepts of tolerance and intolerance were not starting points for thoughts about relations for any of the various groups involved in or affected by the crusades. Instead, concepts of tolerance began to grow during the crusades from efforts to define legal limits and the nature of co-existence. Angeliki Laiou says that ""many scholars today reject [Runciman's type of] hostile judgment and emphasize the defensive nature of the crusades"" instead.",355
2021,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Instead, concepts of tolerance began to grow during the crusades from efforts to define legal limits and the nature of co-existence. Angeliki Laiou says that ""many scholars today reject [Runciman's type of] hostile judgment and emphasize the defensive nature of the crusades"" instead. The crusades made a powerful contribution to Christian thought through the concept of Christian chivalry, ""imbuing their Christian participants with what they believed to be a noble cause, for which they fought in a spirit of self-sacrifice. However, in another sense, they marked a qualitative degeneration in behavior for those involved, for they engendered and strengthened hostile attitudes..."" Ideas such as Holy War and Christian chivalry, in both Christian thought and culture, continued to evolve gradually from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. This can be traced in expressions of law, traditions, tales, prophecy, and historical narratives, in letters, bulls and poems written during the crusading period. ""The greatest of all crusader historians, William, archbishop of Tyre wrote his Chronicon from the point of view of a Latin Christian born and living in the East"". Like others of his day, he did not start with a notion of tolerance, but he did advocate for, and contribute to, concepts that led to its development. == High Middle Ages (c. 1000–1200) ==


=== Historical background ===
In the pivotal twelfth century, Europe began laying the foundation for its gradual transformation from the medieval to the modern. Feudal lords slowly lost power to the feudal kings as kings began centralizing power into themselves and their nation. Kings built their own armies, instead of relying on their vassals, thereby taking power from the nobility. They started taking over legal processes that had traditionally belonged to local nobles and local church officials; and they began using these new legal powers to target minorities.",384
2022,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Kings built their own armies, instead of relying on their vassals, thereby taking power from the nobility. They started taking over legal processes that had traditionally belonged to local nobles and local church officials; and they began using these new legal powers to target minorities. According to R.I. Moore and other contemporary scholars such as John D. Cotts, and Peter D. Diehl ""the growth of secular power and the pursuit of secular interests, constituted the essential context of the developments that led to a persecuting society."" Some of these developments, such as centralization and secularization, also took place within the Church whose leaders bent Christian thought to aid the state in the production of new rhetoric, patterns, and procedures of exclusion and persecution. According to Moore, the Church ""played a significant role in the formation of the persecuting society but not the leading one."" By the 13th century, both civil and canon law had become a major aspect of ecclesiastical culture, dominating Christian thought. Most bishops and popes were trained lawyers rather than theologians, and much of the Christian thought of this period became little more than an extension of law. According to the Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, by the High Middle Ages, the religion that had begun by decrying the power of law (Romans 7:6) had developed the most complex religious law the world has ever seen, a system in which equity and universality were largely overlooked. ==== Mendicant orders ====
New religious orders, that were founded during this time, each represent a different branch of Christian thought with its own distinct theology. Three of those new orders would have a separate but distinct impact on Christian thought on tolerance and persecution: the Dominicans, the Franciscans, and the Augustinians. Dominican thought reached beyond a simple anti-heretical discourse into a broader and deeper ideology of sin, evil, justice, and punishment. They conceived themselves as fighting for truth against heterodoxy and heresy.",400
2023,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Dominican thought reached beyond a simple anti-heretical discourse into a broader and deeper ideology of sin, evil, justice, and punishment. They conceived themselves as fighting for truth against heterodoxy and heresy. St. Thomas Aquinas, perhaps the most illustrious of Dominicans, supported tolerance as a general principle. He taught that governing well included tolerating some evil in order to foster good or prevent worse evil. However, in his Summa Theologica II-II qu. 11, art. 3, he adds that heretics—after two fruitless admonitions—deserve only excommunication and death. The Christian thought of St. Francis was pastoral. He is recognized for his commitment to issues of social justice and his embrace of the natural world but, during his lifetime, he was also a strong advocate of conversion of the Muslims, though he believed he would likely die for it. Francis was motivated by an intense devotion to the humanity of Christ, a regard for his sufferings, and by identifying the sufferings of ordinary people with the sufferings of Christ. Through the teachings of the Franciscans, this thinking emerged from the cloister, reoriented much Christian thought toward love and compassion, and became a central theme for the ordinary Christian. Although the debate over defining the Augustinianism of the High Middle Ages has been ongoing for three quarters of a century, there is agreement that the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine supported the development of church hierarchy and embraced concepts such as the primacy of the pope and his perfection. The question of church authority in the West had remained unsettled until the eleventh century when the Church hierarchy worked to centralize power into the pope. Although centralization of power was never fully achieved within the Church, the era of ""papal monarchy"" began, and the Church gradually began to resemble its secular counterparts in its conduct, thought, and objectives.",386
2024,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"The question of church authority in the West had remained unsettled until the eleventh century when the Church hierarchy worked to centralize power into the pope. Although centralization of power was never fully achieved within the Church, the era of ""papal monarchy"" began, and the Church gradually began to resemble its secular counterparts in its conduct, thought, and objectives. === Inquisitions, authority and exclusion ===
The medieval inquisitions were a series of separate inquisitions beginning from around 1184. The label Inquisition is problematic because it implies ""an institutional coherence and an official unity that never existed in the Middle Ages."" The inquisitions were formed in response to the breakdown of social order associated with heresy. Heresy was a religious, political, and social issue, so ""the first stirrings of violence against dissidents were usually the result of popular resentment."" There are many examples of this popular resentment involving mobs murdering heretics. Leaders reasoned that both lay and church authority had an obligation to step in when sedition, peace, or the general stability of society was part of the issue. In the Late Roman Empire, an inquisitorial system of justice had developed, and that system was revived in the Middle Ages using a combined panel (a tribunal) of both civil and ecclesiastical representatives with a bishop, his representative, or sometimes a local judge, as inquisitor. Essentially, the Church reintroduced Roman law in Europe in the form of the Inquisition when it seemed that Germanic law had failed. The revival of Roman law made it possible for Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) to make heresy a political question when he took Roman law's doctrine of lèse-majesté, and combined it with his view of heresy as laid out in the 1199 decretal Vergentis in senium, thereby equating heresy with treason against God.",378
2025,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Essentially, the Church reintroduced Roman law in Europe in the form of the Inquisition when it seemed that Germanic law had failed. The revival of Roman law made it possible for Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) to make heresy a political question when he took Roman law's doctrine of lèse-majesté, and combined it with his view of heresy as laid out in the 1199 decretal Vergentis in senium, thereby equating heresy with treason against God. Much of the papal reform of the eleventh century was not moral or theological reform so much as it was an attempt to impose this kind of Roman authority over the vast variety of local legal traditions that had existed up through the early Middle Ages. However, no pope ever succeeded in establishing complete control of the inquisitions. The institution reached its apex in the second half of the thirteenth century. During this period, the tribunals were almost entirely free from any higher authority, including that of the pope, and it became almost impossible to prevent abuse. ==== New persecution of minorities ====
The process of centralizing power included the development of a new kind of persecution aimed at minorities. R. I. Moore says the European nation-states had not exhibited a ""habit"" of persecuting minorities before the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Jews, lepers, heretics and gays were the first minorities to be persecuted, and they were followed in the next few centuries by Gypsies, beggars, spendthrifts, prostitutes, and discharged soldiers. They were all vulnerable to whatever degree they existed ""outside"" the community. Religious persecution had certainly been familiar in the Roman Empire, and remained so throughout the history of the Byzantine Empire, but it had largely faded away in the West before reappearing in the eleventh century. The various persecutions of minorities became established over the next hundred years.",391
2026,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Religious persecution had certainly been familiar in the Roman Empire, and remained so throughout the history of the Byzantine Empire, but it had largely faded away in the West before reappearing in the eleventh century. The various persecutions of minorities became established over the next hundred years. In this it was ""determined, not only over whom, but also by whom, the [increasing] power of government was to be exercised."" For example, Peter Comestor (d. 1197) was the first influential scholar to interpret biblical injunctions against sodomy as injunctions against homosexual intercourse. The Third Lateran council of 1179 then became the first ecclesiastical council to rule that men who engaged in homosexual activity should be deprived of office or excommunicated. However, ""the real impetus of the attack on homosexuality did not come from the Church."" The Fourth Lateran council reduced those penalties, and though Gregory IX (1145–1241) ordered the Dominicans to root out homosexuality from the territory that later became the nation of Germany, a century earlier, the kingdom of Jerusalem had spread a legal code ordaining death for ""sodomites"". From the 1250s onwards, a series of similar legal codes in the nation-states of Spain, France, Italy and Germany followed this example. ""By 1300, places where male sodomy was not a capitol offense had become the exception rather than the rule."" Centralization of power led all of Europe of the High Middle Ages to become a persecuting culture. Christian thought, along with the intellectuals of the day who published their pejorative views of minorities in writing, helped make persecution a tool of the process of centralization as well as its inevitable result. Together, secular rulers and writers, along with Christian leadership and thought, created a new rhetoric of exclusion, legitimizing persecution based on new attitudes of stereotyping, stigmatization and even demonization of the accused.",389
2027,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Christian thought, along with the intellectuals of the day who published their pejorative views of minorities in writing, helped make persecution a tool of the process of centralization as well as its inevitable result. Together, secular rulers and writers, along with Christian leadership and thought, created a new rhetoric of exclusion, legitimizing persecution based on new attitudes of stereotyping, stigmatization and even demonization of the accused. Moore says this contributed to ""deliberate and socially sanctioned violence ... directed, through established governmental, judicial and social institutions, against groups of people defined by general characteristics such as race, religion or way of life. Membership in such groups in itself came to be regarded as justifying these attacks."" Instead of having to face one's accuser, new laws allowed the state to be the defendant and bring charges on its own behalf. The Assize of Arms of 1252 appointed constables to police breaches of the peace, and deliver offenders to the sheriff. In France, the constabulary was regularized in 1337 as a military body used to enforce the new laws. There were new funds to pay them as cities introduced several direct taxes: head taxes for the poor, and net-worth taxes or, occasionally, crude income taxes for the rich. New gold coins, trade and the new banks also made private policing possible. The inquisitions were a new legal method that allowed the judge to investigate on his own initiative without requiring a victim (other than the state) to press charges. Together, these enabled secular leaders to gain power by making others powerless. During the fourteenth century, the kings in France and England were successful at centralizing power in their nations, and many other countries wanted to imitate them and their governing style. Other countries were not alone in that: the Church wanted to imitate the secular kings as well. The primary success of the fourteenth century popes was in amassing power into the papal position, making any pope similar to a secular king.",395
2028,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Other countries were not alone in that: the Church wanted to imitate the secular kings as well. The primary success of the fourteenth century popes was in amassing power into the papal position, making any pope similar to a secular king. This is often called the papal monarchy or the papal-monarchial idea. As part of that process, popes in this century reorganized the financial system of the Church. The poor had previously been allowed to offer their tithes 'in kind', in goods and services instead of cash, but these popes revamped the system to only accept money. The popes then had a steady cash flow, along with papal states: property the Church owned that was ruled only by the pope and not a king. This gave them almost as much power as any king. They governed as the secular powers governed: with ""royal [papal] secretaries, efficient treasuries, national [papal] judiciaries, and representative assemblies"". The pope became a pseudo-monarch, and the Church became secular, but the popes were so greedy, worldly, and politically corrupt, that pious Christians became disgusted, thereby undermining the papal authority that centralization was supposed to establish. ===== Persecution of the Jews =====

Historians agree that the period which spanned the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries was a turning point in Jewish-Christian relations. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153), pillar of European monasticism and powerful twelfth century preacher, provides a perfect example of a Christian thinker who was balancing on a precipice, preaching hateful images of Jews but sounding Scripture based admonitions that they must be protected despite their nature."" Low level discussions of religious thought had long existed between Jews and Christians.",366
2029,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153), pillar of European monasticism and powerful twelfth century preacher, provides a perfect example of a Christian thinker who was balancing on a precipice, preaching hateful images of Jews but sounding Scripture based admonitions that they must be protected despite their nature."" Low level discussions of religious thought had long existed between Jews and Christians. These interchanges attest to neighborly relations as Jews and Christians both struggled to fit the ""other"" into their sense of the demands of their respective faiths, and balance the human opponents who were facing them, with the traditions which they had inherited. By the thirteenth century, that changed in both tone and quality, growing more polemical. In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council, known as the Great Council, met and accepted 70 canons (laws). It hammered out a working definition of Christian community, stating the essentials of membership in it, thereby defining the ""other"" within Christian thought for the next three centuries. The last three canons required Jews to distinguish themselves from Christians in their dress, prohibited them from holding public office, and prohibited Jewish converts from continuing to practice Jewish rituals. As Berger has articulated it: ""The other side of the coin of unique toleration was unique persecution."" There was an increased and focused effort to convert and baptize Jews rather than tolerate them. ===== Trial of the Talmud =====
As their situation deteriorated, many Jews became enraged and polemics between the two faiths sunk to new depths. As Inquisitors learned how the central figures in Christianity were mocked, they went after the Talmud, and other Jewish writings. The Fourth Lateran council, in its 68th canon, placed on the secular authorities the responsibility for obtaining an answer from the Jews to the charge of blasphemy. For the first time in their history, Jews had to answer in a public trial the charges against them.",385
2030,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"The Fourth Lateran council, in its 68th canon, placed on the secular authorities the responsibility for obtaining an answer from the Jews to the charge of blasphemy. For the first time in their history, Jews had to answer in a public trial the charges against them. There is no consensus in the sources as to who instigated the trial against the Talmud, but in June 1239, Gregory IX (1237–1241) issued letters to various archbishops and kings across Europe in which he ordered them to seize all Jewish books and take them to the Dominicans for examination. The order was only heeded in Paris where, on June 25, the royal court was opened to hear the case. Eventually, each side claimed victory; a final verdict of guilt and condemnation was not announced until May 1248, but the books had been burned six years before. One result of the trial was that the people of Europe thought that, even if they had once had an obligation to preserve the Jews for the sake of the Old Testament, Talmudic Judaism was so different from its biblical sources that the old obligations no longer applied. In the words of Hebrew University historian Ben-Zion Dinur, from 1244 on the state and the Church would ""consider the Jews to be a people with no religion (benei bli dat) who have no place in the Christian world."" ===== Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600 =====

The situation of the Jews differed from that of other victims of persecution because of their relationship with civic authorities and money. They often filled the role of financial agent or manager for the lords; they and their possessions were considered the property of the king in England; and they were often exempted from taxes and other laws because of the importance of their usury. This attracted unpopularity, jealousy and resentment from non-Jews. As feudal lords lost power, the Jews became a focus of their opponents.",391
2031,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"This attracted unpopularity, jealousy and resentment from non-Jews. As feudal lords lost power, the Jews became a focus of their opponents. J. H. Mundy has put it: ""The opponents of princes hated the Jews"" and ""almost every medieval movement against princely or seignorial power began by attacking Jews."" Opposition to the barons in England led to the Jewish expulsion in 1290. The expulsion from France in 1315 coincided with the formation of the league against arbitrary royal government. As princes consolidated power to themselves with the institution of general taxation, they were able to be less monetarily dependent on the Jews. They were then less inclined to protect them, and were instead more inclined to expel them and confiscate their property for themselves. Townspeople also attacked Jews. ""Otto of Friesing reports that Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146 silenced a wandering monk at Mainz who stirred up popular revolt by attacking the Jews, but as the people gained a measure of political power around 1300, they became one of Jewry's greatest enemies."" Local anti-Jewish movements were often headed by local clergy, especially its radicals. The Fourth Lateran council of 1215 required Jews to restore ""grave and immoderate usuries"". Thomas Aquinas spoke against allowing the Jews to continue practicing usury. In 1283, the Archbishop of Canterbury spearheaded a petition demanding restitution of usury and urging the Jewish expulsion in 1290. Emicho of Leiningen, who was probably mentally unbalanced, massacred Jews in Germany in search of supplies, loot, and protection money for a poorly provisioned army. The York massacre of 1190 also appears to have had its origins in a conspiracy by local leaders to liquidate their debts along with their creditors. In the early fourteenth century, systematic popular and judicial attack left the European Jewish community impoverished by the next century. Although subordinate to religious, economic and social themes, racist concepts also reinforced hostility.",396
2032,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"In the early fourteenth century, systematic popular and judicial attack left the European Jewish community impoverished by the next century. Although subordinate to religious, economic and social themes, racist concepts also reinforced hostility. ===== Anti-semitism =====
The term anti-semitism was coined in the nineteenth century; however, many Jewish intellectuals have insisted that modern anti-semitism, which is based on race, and the religiously based anti-Judaism of the past, are two different forms of a single historical phenomenon. Other scholars such as John Gager make a clear distinction between anti-Judaism and anti-semitism. Craig Evans defines anti-Judaism as opposition to Judaism as a religion, while anti-semitism is opposition to the Jewish people themselves. Langmuir insists that anti-semitism did not become widespread in popular culture until the eleventh century when it took root among people who were being buffeted by rapid social and economic changes. Anders Gerdmar sees the development of anti-semitism as part of the paradigm shift of early modernity that replaced the primacy of theology, and the tradition of Augustine, with the primacy of human reason. Some have linked anti-semitism to Christian thought on supersessionism. Perhaps the greatest Christian thinker of the Middle Ages was Thomas Aquinas, who continues to be highly influential in Catholicism. There is disagreement over where exactly Aquinas stood on the question of supersessionism. He did not teach punitive supersessionism, but did speak of Judaism as fulfilled and obsolete. Aquinas does appear to believe the Jews had been cast into spiritual exile for their rejection of Christ, but he also says Jewish observance of Law continues to have positive theological significance. For all the destructive consequences of supersessionism, Padraic O'Hare writes that supersessionism alone is not yet anti-semitism.",387
2033,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Aquinas does appear to believe the Jews had been cast into spiritual exile for their rejection of Christ, but he also says Jewish observance of Law continues to have positive theological significance. For all the destructive consequences of supersessionism, Padraic O'Hare writes that supersessionism alone is not yet anti-semitism. He cites Christopher Leighton who associates anti-Judaism with the origins of Christianity, and anti-semitism with ""modern nationalism and racial theories"". The Latin word deicidae was a translation of the Greek word that first appeared in Melito of the second century. Augustine had long ago rejected the concept, but the accusation began to flourish, within the altered situation of the High Middle Ages, when it was used to legitimize crimes against the Jews. The debate within Christian thought over the transubstantiation of the communion host helped foster the legend that Jews desecrated it. The ritual murder legend can also be tied to the accusation of Jewish deicide. By 1255, when Jews were charged with Hugh of Lincoln's ritual murder, it was not the first time they had been charged with such a crime. At other times, such allegations were rejected after full investigations had been conducted. === Heresy ===
There is a vast array of scholarly opinions on heresy, including whether it actually existed. Russell says that, as the Church became more centralized and hierarchical, it was able to more clearly define orthodoxy than it ever had been before, and concepts of heresy developed along with it as a result. Mitchell Merback speaks of three groups involved in the persecution of heresy: the civil authorities, the Church and the people. Historian R. I. Moore says the part the Church played in turning dissent into heresy has been overestimated.",359
2034,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Mitchell Merback speaks of three groups involved in the persecution of heresy: the civil authorities, the Church and the people. Historian R. I. Moore says the part the Church played in turning dissent into heresy has been overestimated. According to Moore, the increased significance of heresy in the High Middle Ages reflects the secular powers' recognition of the devastating nature of the heretic's political message: that heretics were independent of the structures of power. James A. Brundage writes that the formal prosecution of heresy was codified in civil law, and was generally left to the civil authorities before this period. Russell adds that heresy became common only after the Third Lateran Council in 1179. The dissemination of popular heresy to the laity (non-clergy) was a new problem for the bishops of the eleventh and twelfth centuries; heresy had previously been an accusation made solely toward bishops and other church leaders. The collection of ecclesiastical law from Burchard of Worms around 1002 did not include the concept of popular heresy in it. While there were acts of violence in response to heresy undertaken by secular powers for their own reasons, Christian thought on this problem (at the beginning of the High Middle Ages) still tended to coincide with Wazo of Liège who said reports of heresy should be investigated, true heretics excommunicated, and their teachings publicly rebuked. By the end of the eleventh century, Christian thought had evolved a definition of heresy as the ""deliberate rejection of the truth"". This shifted attitudes concerning the Church's appropriate response. The Council of Montpellier in 1062, and the Council of Toulouse in 1119, both demanded that heretics be handed over to secular powers for coercive punishment. As most bishops thought this would be participation in shedding blood, the Church refused until 1148 when the notorious and violent Eon de l'Etoile was so delivered.",390
2035,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"The Council of Montpellier in 1062, and the Council of Toulouse in 1119, both demanded that heretics be handed over to secular powers for coercive punishment. As most bishops thought this would be participation in shedding blood, the Church refused until 1148 when the notorious and violent Eon de l'Etoile was so delivered. Eon was found mad, but a number of his followers were burned. ==== Albigensian Crusade ====

Cathars, also known as Albigensians, were the largest of the heretic groups of the late 1100s and early 1200s. Catharism may reach back to the age of Constantine in the East, but there is consensus among most modern scholars that Catharism as an identifiable historical movement did not emerge in Europe until around 1143, when the first confirmed report of a group at Cologne is reported by the cleric Eberwin of Steinfeld Abbey. From 1125 to 1229, Cistercian monks left their isolation and served as itinerant preachers traversing town and country in anti-heretical campaigns aimed increasingly against the Albigensians. The Dominicans, founded in 1206, followed in this practice and approach. In 1209, after decades of having called upon secular rulers for aid in dealing with the Cathars and getting no response, Pope Innocent III and the king of France, Philip Augustus, began the military campaign against them. Scholars disagree, using two distinct lines of reasoning, on whether the brutal nature of the war that followed was determined more by the pope or by King Philip and his proxies. According to historian Elaine Graham-Leigh, Pope Innocent believed the tactical, as well as policy and strategic decisions, should be solely ""the papal preserve"". J. Sumption and Stephen O'Shea paint Innocent III as ""the mastermind of the crusade"".",381
2036,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"According to historian Elaine Graham-Leigh, Pope Innocent believed the tactical, as well as policy and strategic decisions, should be solely ""the papal preserve"". J. Sumption and Stephen O'Shea paint Innocent III as ""the mastermind of the crusade"". Markale suggests the true architect of the campaign was the French king Philip Augustus, stating that ""it was Phillip who actually petitioned Innocent for permission to conduct the Crusade."" Historian Laurence W. Marvin says the pope exercised ""little real control over events in Occitania."" Konrad Repgen writes: ""The Albigensian war was indisputably a case of the interlinking of religion and politics."" ===== Massacre at Béziers =====
On 22 July 1209, in the first battle of the Albigensian Crusade, mercenaries rampaged through the streets of Béziers, killing and plundering. Those citizens who could, sought refuge in the Churches and cathedrals, but there was no safety from the raging mob. The doors of the Churches were broken open, and all inside were slaughtered. Some twenty years later, a story that historian Laurence W. Marvin calls apocryphal, arose about this event claiming the papal legate, Arnaud Amaury, the leader of the crusaders, was said to have responded: ""Kill them all, let God sort them out."" Marvin says it is unlikely the legate ever said any thing at all. ""The speed and spontaneity of the attack indicates that the legate probably did not know what was going on until it was over."" Marvin adds they did not kill them all at any rate: ""clearly most of Bezier's population and buildings survived"" and the city ""continued to function as a major population center"" after the campaign.",370
2037,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"""The speed and spontaneity of the attack indicates that the legate probably did not know what was going on until it was over."" Marvin adds they did not kill them all at any rate: ""clearly most of Bezier's population and buildings survived"" and the city ""continued to function as a major population center"" after the campaign. Other scholars say the legate probably did say it, that the statement is not inconsistent with what was recorded by the contemporaries of other church leaders, or with what is known of Arnaud Amaury's character and attitudes toward heresy. Religious toleration was not considered a virtue by the people or the Church of the High Middle Ages. Historians W A Sibly and M D Sibly point out that: ""contemporary accounts suggest that, at this stage, the crusaders did not intend to spare those who resisted them, and the slaughter at Béziers was consistent with this."" The pope's response was not prompt, but four years after the massacre at Béziers, in a 1213 letter to Amaury, the pope rebuked the legate for his ""greedy"" conduct in the war. He also canceled crusade indulgences for Languedoc, and called for an end to the campaign. The campaign continued anyway. The pope was not reversed until the Fourth Lateran council re-instituted crusade status two years later in 1215; afterwards, the pope removed it yet again. Still, the campaign did not end for another 16 years. It was completed in what Marvin refers to as ""an increasingly murky moral atmosphere"" since there was technically no longer any crusade, no dispensational rewards for fighting it, the papal legates exceeded their orders from the pope, and the army occupied lands of nobles who were in the good graces of the Church.",375
2038,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Still, the campaign did not end for another 16 years. It was completed in what Marvin refers to as ""an increasingly murky moral atmosphere"" since there was technically no longer any crusade, no dispensational rewards for fighting it, the papal legates exceeded their orders from the pope, and the army occupied lands of nobles who were in the good graces of the Church. == Late Middle Ages (c. 1200 – c. 1400) ==


=== Historical background ===
""People living during what a modern historian has termed the 'calamitous' fourteenth century were thrown into confusion and despair"". Plague, famine and war ravaged most of the continent. Add to this, social unrest, urban riots, peasant revolts and renegade feudal armies. From its pinnacle of power in the 13th century, the Church entered a period of decline, internal conflict, and corruption and was unable to provide moral leadership. In 1302, Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303) issued Unam sanctam, a papal bull proclaiming the superiority of the pope over all secular rulers. Philip IV of France responded by sending an army to arrest the pope. Boniface fled for his life and died shortly thereafter. ""This episode revealed that the popes were no match for the feudal kings"" and showed there had been a marked decline in papal prestige. George Garnett says the implementation of the papal monarchial idea had led to the loss of prestige, as the more efficient the papal bureaucratic machine became, the further it alienated the people, and the further it declined. Theologian Roger Olson says the Church reached its nadir from 1309 to 1377 when there were three different men claiming to be the rightful pope.",353
2039,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"George Garnett says the implementation of the papal monarchial idea had led to the loss of prestige, as the more efficient the papal bureaucratic machine became, the further it alienated the people, and the further it declined. Theologian Roger Olson says the Church reached its nadir from 1309 to 1377 when there were three different men claiming to be the rightful pope. ""What the observer of the papacy witnessed in the second half of the thirteenth century was a gradual, though clearly perceptible, decomposition of Europe as a single ecclesiastical unit, and the fragmentation of Europe into independent, autonomous entities which were soon to be called national monarchies or states. This fragmentation heralded the withering away of the papacy as a governing institution operating on a universal scale."" ...The [later] Reformation only administered the coup de grâce."" According to Walter Ullmann, the Church lost ""the moral, spiritual and authoritative leadership it had built up in Europe over the centuries of minute, consistent, detailed, dynamic forward-looking work. ... The papacy was now forced to pursue policies which, in substance, aimed at appeasement and were no longer directive, orientating and determinative."" Ullmann goes on to explain that Christian thought of this age lost its objective standpoint, which had been based on Christianity's view of an objective world order and the pope's place in that order. This was now replaced by the subjective point of view with the man taking precedence over the office. In the turmoil of nationalism and ecclesiastical confusion, some theologians began aligning themselves more with their kings than with the Church. Devoted and virtuous nuns and monks became increasingly rare. Monastic reform had been a major force in the High Middle Ages but is largely unknown in the Late Middle Ages.",367
2040,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Devoted and virtuous nuns and monks became increasingly rare. Monastic reform had been a major force in the High Middle Ages but is largely unknown in the Late Middle Ages. This led to the development in Christian thought of lay piety—the Devotio Moderna—the new devotion, which worked toward the ideal of a pious society of ordinary non-ordained people and, ultimately, to the Reformation and the development of the concepts of tolerance and religious freedom. === Response to reform ===
Advocates of lay piety who called for church reform met strong resistance from the popes. John Wycliffe (1320–1384) urged the Church to give up ownership of property, which produced much of the Church's wealth, and to once again embrace poverty and simplicity. He urged the Church to stop being subservient to the state and its politics. He denied papal authority. John Wycliff died of a stroke, but his followers, called Lollards, were declared heretics. After the Oldcastle rebellion many of its adherents were killed. Jan Hus (1369–1415) accepted some of Wycliff's views and aligned with the Bohemian Reform movement which was also rooted in popular piety and owed much to the evangelical preachers of fourteenth century Prague. In 1415, Hus was called to the Council of Constance where his ideas were condemned as heretical and he was handed over to the state and burned at the stake. It was at the same Council of Constance that Paulus Vladimiri presented his treatise arguing that Christian and pagan nations could co-exist in peace. The Fraticelli, who were also known as the ""Little Brethren"" or ""Spiritual Franciscans"", were dedicated followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. These Franciscans honored their vow of poverty and saw the wealth of the Church as a contributor to corruption and injustice when so many lived in poverty. They criticized the worldly behavior of many churchmen.",400
2041,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"These Franciscans honored their vow of poverty and saw the wealth of the Church as a contributor to corruption and injustice when so many lived in poverty. They criticized the worldly behavior of many churchmen. Thus, the Brethren were declared heretical by John XXII (1316–1334) who was called ""the banker of Avignon"". The leader of the brethren, Bernard Délicieux (c. 1260–1270 –  1320) was well known as he had spent much of his life battling the Dominican-run inquisitions. After torture and threat of excommunication, he confessed to the charge of interfering with the inquisition, and was defrocked and sentenced to life in prison, in chains, in solitary confinement, and to receive nothing but bread and water. The judges attempted to ameliorate the harshness of this sentence due to his age and frailty, but Pope John XXII countermanded them and delivered the friar to Inquisitor Jean de Beaune. Délicieux died shortly thereafter in early 1320. === Modern inquisitions ===

Although inquisitions had always included a political aspect, the Inquisitions of the Late Middle Ages became more political and highly notorious. ""The long history of the Inquisition divides easily into two major parts: its creation by the medieval papacy in the early thirteenth century, and its transformation between 1478 and 1542 into permanent secular governmental bureaucracies: the Spanish, Portuguese, and Roman Inquisitions... all of which endured into the nineteenth century."" Historian Helen Rawlings says, ""the Spanish Inquisition was different [from earlier inquisitions] in one fundamental respect: it was responsible to the crown rather than the pope and was used to consolidate state interest."" It was authorized by the pope, yet the initial inquisitors proved so severe that the pope almost immediately opposed it, to no avail.",386
2042,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Historian Helen Rawlings says, ""the Spanish Inquisition was different [from earlier inquisitions] in one fundamental respect: it was responsible to the crown rather than the pope and was used to consolidate state interest."" It was authorized by the pope, yet the initial inquisitors proved so severe that the pope almost immediately opposed it, to no avail. Early in 1483, the king and queen established a council, the Consejo de la Suprema y General Inquisición, to govern the inquisition and chose Tomas de Torquemada to head it as inquisitor general. In October 1483, a papal bull conceded control to the crown. According to José Cassanova, the Spanish Inquisition became the first truly national, unified and centralized state institution. After the 1400s, few Spanish inquisitors were from the religious orders. The Portuguese Inquisition was also fully controlled by the crown from its beginnings. The crown established a government board, known as the General Council, to oversee it. The Grand Inquisitor, who was chosen by the king, was always a member of the royal family. The first statute of limpieza de sangre (purity of blood) appeared in Toledo in 1449 and was later adopted in Portugal as well. Initially, these statutes were condemned by the Church, but in 1555, the highly corrupt Pope Alexander VI approved a ""blood purity"" statute for one of the religious orders. In his history of the Portuguese Inquisition, Giuseppe Marcocci says there is a deep connection between the rise of the Felipes in Portugal, the growth of the inquisition, and the adoption of the statutes of purity of blood which spread and increased and were more concerned with ethnic ancestry than religion. Historian T. F. Mayer writes that ""the Roman Inquisition operated to serve the papacy's long standing political aims in Naples, Venice and Florence.""",381
2043,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"In his history of the Portuguese Inquisition, Giuseppe Marcocci says there is a deep connection between the rise of the Felipes in Portugal, the growth of the inquisition, and the adoption of the statutes of purity of blood which spread and increased and were more concerned with ethnic ancestry than religion. Historian T. F. Mayer writes that ""the Roman Inquisition operated to serve the papacy's long standing political aims in Naples, Venice and Florence."" Under Paul III and his successor Julius III, and under most of the popes thereafter, the Roman Inquisition's activity was relatively restrained and its command structure was considerably more bureaucratic than those of other inquisitions. Where the medieval Inquisition had focused on heresy and the disturbance of public order, the Roman Inquisition was concerned with orthodoxy of a more intellectual, academic nature. The Roman Inquisition is probably best known for its condemnation of the difficult and cantankerous Galileo which was more about ""bringing Florence to heel"" than about heresy. === Northern (Baltic) crusades ===

The Northern (or Baltic Crusades), went on intermittently from 1147 to 1316, and according to Eric Christiansen, they had multiple causes. Christiansen writes that, from the days of Charlemagne, the free pagan people living around the Baltic Sea in northern Europe raided the countries that surrounded them: Denmark, Prussia, Germany and Poland. In the eleventh century, various German and Danish nobles responded militarily to put a stop to it and make peace. They did achieve peace for a time, but it did not last; there was insurrection, which created a desire for more military response in the twelfth century. Another factor adding to the desire for military action was the result of the longstanding German tradition of sending Christian missionaries to the area northeast of Germany, known as the Wendish, meaning Slavic ""frontier"", which often resulted in the untimely death of said missionaries.",388
2044,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"They did achieve peace for a time, but it did not last; there was insurrection, which created a desire for more military response in the twelfth century. Another factor adding to the desire for military action was the result of the longstanding German tradition of sending Christian missionaries to the area northeast of Germany, known as the Wendish, meaning Slavic ""frontier"", which often resulted in the untimely death of said missionaries. Dragnea and Christiansen indicate the primary motive for war was the noble's desire for territorial expansion and material wealth in the form of land, furs, amber, slaves, and tribute. The princes wanted to subdue these pagan peoples, through conquering and conversion, but ultimately, they wanted wealth. Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt says, the princes were motivated by their desire to extend their power and prestige, and conversion was not always an element of their plans. When it was, conversion by these princes was almost always as a result of conquest, either by the direct use of force or indirectly when a leader converted and required it of his followers as well. There were often severe consequences for populations that chose to resist. For example, the conquest and conversion of Old Prussia resulted in the death of much of the native population, whose language subsequently became extinct. According to Mihai Dragnea, these wars were part of the political reality of the twelfth century. The popes became involved when Pope Eugenius III (1145–1153) called for a Second Crusade in response to the fall of Edessa in 1144 and the Saxon nobles refused to go to the Levant. In 1147, with Eugenius' Divini dispensatione, the German/Saxon nobles were granted full crusade indulgences to go to the Baltic area instead of the Levant. Eugenius' involvement did not lead to continuous papal support of these campaigns however.",386
2045,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"In 1147, with Eugenius' Divini dispensatione, the German/Saxon nobles were granted full crusade indulgences to go to the Baltic area instead of the Levant. Eugenius' involvement did not lead to continuous papal support of these campaigns however. For the rest of the period after Eugenius, papal policy varied considerably. For example, Pope Alexander III, who was pope from 1159 to 1181, did not issue a full indulgence or put the Baltic campaigns on an equal footing with the crusades to the Levant. According to Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt, after the Second crusade, the campaigns were planned, financed and carried out by princes, local bishops and local archbishops rather than popes until the arrival of the Teutonic order. The idea to employ crusaders seems to have originated with the local bishops. The nature of the campaigns changed when the Teutonic Order arrived in the region in 1230. The Danes regained influence in Estonia, the papacy became more involved, and the campaigns intensified and expanded. ==== Forced conversion and Christian thought ====
The Wendish crusade offers insights into new developments in Christian thought, particularly with respect to forced conversions. Ideas of peaceful conversion were rarely realized in these crusades because the monks and priests had to work with the secular rulers on their terms, and the military leaders seldom cared about taking the time for peaceful conversion. ""While the theologians maintained that conversion should be voluntary, there was a widespread pragmatic acceptance of conversion obtained through political pressure or military coercion."" The Church's acceptance of this led some commentators of the time to endorse and approve it, something Christian thought had not done previously. Dominican friars helped with this ideological justification. By portraying the pagans as possessed by evil spirits, they could assert the pagans were in need of conquest, persecution and force to free them; then they would become peacefully converted.",393
2046,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Dominican friars helped with this ideological justification. By portraying the pagans as possessed by evil spirits, they could assert the pagans were in need of conquest, persecution and force to free them; then they would become peacefully converted. Another example of how the use of forced conversion was justified to make it compatible with previous Church doctrine on the subject, can be found in a statement by Pope Innocent III in 1201:

[T]hose who are immersed even though reluctant, do belong to ecclesiastical jurisdiction at least by reason of the sacrament, and might therefore be reasonably compelled to observe the rules of the Christian Faith. It is, to be sure, contrary to the Christian Faith that anyone who is unwilling and wholly opposed to it should be compelled to adopt and observe Christianity. For this reason a valid distinction is made by some between kinds of unwilling ones and kinds of compelled ones. Thus one who is drawn to Christianity by violence, through fear and through torture, and receives the sacrament of Baptism in order to avoid loss, he (like one who comes to Baptism in dissimulation) does receive the impress of Christianity, and may be forced to observe the Christian Faith as one who expressed a conditional willingness though, absolutely speaking, he was unwilling ...
Eric Christiansen writes that ""These crusades can only be properly understood in light of the Cistercian movement, the rise of papal monarchy, the mission of the friars, the coming of the Mongol hordes, the growth of the Muscovite and Lithuanian empires, and the aims of the Conciliar movement in the fifteenth century."" The Conciliar movement arose out of the profound malaise within western Christendom over schism and corruption in the Church. It asked: where did ultimate authority in the Church reside? Did it reside in the pope, the body of cardinals who elected him, the bishops, or did it reside in the Christian community at large?",395
2047,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"It asked: where did ultimate authority in the Church reside? Did it reside in the pope, the body of cardinals who elected him, the bishops, or did it reside in the Christian community at large? === Conditional toleration and segregation ===
Conditional toleration that included discrimination was common everywhere in Europe of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance era. Prior to the Thirty Years' War, there was conditional toleration between Catholics and Protestants. While Frankfurt's Jews flourished between 1453 and 1613, their success came despite significant discrimination. They were restricted to one street, had rules concerning when they could leave it, and had to wear a yellow ring as a sign of their identity while outside. But within their community they also had some self-governance, their own laws, elected their own leaders, and had a Rabbinical school that became a religious and cultural center. ""Officially, the medieval Catholic church never advocated the expulsion of all the Jews from Christendom, or repudiated Augustine's doctrine of Jewish witness... Still, late medieval Christendom frequently ignored its mandates...""
Political authorities of the day maintained order by keeping groups separated both legally and physically in what would be referred to in contemporary society as segregation. By the Late Middle Ages: ""The maintenance of civil order through legislated separation and discrimination was part of the institutional structure of all European states ingrained in law, politics, and the economy."" == Early Modern Era (1500–1715) ==


=== Early Reformation (1500–1600) ===

Protestant Christians pioneered the concept of religious toleration. There was a concerted campaign for tolerance in mid-sixteenth century northwestern Switzerland in the town of Basle. Sebastian Castellio (1515–1563), who was among the earliest of the reformers to advocate both religious and political tolerance, had moved to Basle after he was exiled from France.",386
2048,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"There was a concerted campaign for tolerance in mid-sixteenth century northwestern Switzerland in the town of Basle. Sebastian Castellio (1515–1563), who was among the earliest of the reformers to advocate both religious and political tolerance, had moved to Basle after he was exiled from France. Castellio's argument for toleration was essentially theological: ""By casting judgment on the belief of others, don't you take the place of God?"" However, since he also pled for social stability and peaceful co-existence, his argument was also political. Making similar arguments were Anabaptist David Joris (1501–1556) from the Netherlands and the Italian reformer Jacobus Acontius (1520–1566) who also gathered with Castellio in Basle. Other advocates of religious tolerance, Mino Celsi (1514–1576) and Bernardino Ochino (1487–1564), joined them, publishing their works on toleration in that city. By the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries, persecutions of unsanctioned beliefs had been reduced in most European countries. One of the leading secular skeptics of tolerance in the sixteenth century was Leiden professor Justus Lipsius (1547–1606). He published Politicorum libri sex in 1589 which argued in favor of the persecution of religious dissenters. Lispius believed that plurality would lead to civil strife and instability, and said: ""it is better to sacrifice one than to risk the collapse of the whole Commonwealth."" Dirck Coornhurt responded by eloquently defending religious liberty using his belief that free access to what he saw as the ultimate truth in the scriptures would bring about harmony and stability. Historians indicate that Lispius was not out of step with religious leaders in recognizing the problematic nature of reconciling religious tolerance with political reality. Luther saw this as well.",393
2049,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Historians indicate that Lispius was not out of step with religious leaders in recognizing the problematic nature of reconciling religious tolerance with political reality. Luther saw this as well. He was fully in favor of religious toleration in 1523 writing that secular authorities should never fight heresy with the sword. Yet, after the Peasants War in Germany in 1524, Luther determined that lay authorities had an obligation to step in when sedition, peace, or the stability of society was part of the issue, thus he unintentionally echoed Augustine and Aquinas. Geoffrey Elton says that the English reformer John Foxe (1517–1587) demonstrated his deep faith in religious toleration when he attempted to stop the execution of the English Catholic Edmund Campion and the five Dutch Anabaptists who had been sentenced to be burned in 1575. === Toleration from the Reformation to the Early Modern Era (1500–1715) ===
While the Protestant Reformation changed the face of Western Christianity forever, it still embraced Augustine's acceptance of coercion, and many regarded the death penalty for heresy as legitimate. Martin Luther had written against persecution in the 1520s, and had demonstrated genuine sympathy towards the Jews in his earlier writings, especially in Das Jesus ein geborener Jude sei (That Jesus was born as a Jew) from 1523, but after 1525 his position hardened. In Wider die Sabbather an einen guten Freund (Against the Sabbather to a Good Friend), 1538, he still considered a conversion of the Jews to Christianity as possible, but in 1543 he published On the Jews and their Lies, a ""violent anti-semitic tract"". John Calvin helped to secure the execution for heresy of Michael Servetus, although he unsuccessfully requested that he should be beheaded instead of being burned at the stake.",377
2050,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"In Wider die Sabbather an einen guten Freund (Against the Sabbather to a Good Friend), 1538, he still considered a conversion of the Jews to Christianity as possible, but in 1543 he published On the Jews and their Lies, a ""violent anti-semitic tract"". John Calvin helped to secure the execution for heresy of Michael Servetus, although he unsuccessfully requested that he should be beheaded instead of being burned at the stake. In England, John Foxe, John Hales, Richard Perrinchief, Herbert Thorndike and Jonas Proast all only saw mild forms of persecution against the English Dissenters as legitimate. Most dissenters disagreed with the Anglican Church only on secondary matters of worship and ecclesiology, and although this was a considered a serious sin, only a few seventeenth century Anglican writers thought that this 'crime' deserved the death penalty. The English Act of Supremacy significantly complicated the matter by securely welding Church and state. The Elizabethan bishop Thomas Bilson was of the opinion that men ought to be ""corrected, not murdered"", ut he did not condemn the Christian Emperors for executing the Manichaeans for ""monstrous blasphemies"". The Lutheran theologian Georgius Calixtus argued for the reconciliation of Christendom by removing all unimportant differences between Catholicism and Protestantism, and Rupertus Meldenius advocated in necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas (in necessary things unity; in uncertain things freedom; in everything compassion) in 1626.",327
2051,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"The Elizabethan bishop Thomas Bilson was of the opinion that men ought to be ""corrected, not murdered"", ut he did not condemn the Christian Emperors for executing the Manichaeans for ""monstrous blasphemies"". The Lutheran theologian Georgius Calixtus argued for the reconciliation of Christendom by removing all unimportant differences between Catholicism and Protestantism, and Rupertus Meldenius advocated in necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas (in necessary things unity; in uncertain things freedom; in everything compassion) in 1626. ==== The English Protestant ""call for toleration"" ====
In his book on the English Reformation, the late A. G. Dickens argued that from the beginning of the Reformation there had ""existed in Protestant thought –  in Zwingli, Melanchthon and Bucer, as well as among the Anabaptists –  a more liberal tradition, which John Frith was perhaps the first to echo in England"". Condemned for heresy, Frith was burnt at the stake in 1533. In his own mind, he died not because of the denial of the doctrines on purgatory and transubstantiation but ""for the principle that a particular doctrine on either point was not a necessary part of a Christian's faith"". In other words, there was an important distinction to be made between a genuine article of faith and other matters where a variety of very different conclusions should be tolerated within the Church. This stand against unreasonable and profligate dogmatism meant that Frith, ""to a greater extent than any other of our early Protestants"", upheld ""a certain degree of religious freedom"". Frith was not alone.",357
2052,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"This stand against unreasonable and profligate dogmatism meant that Frith, ""to a greater extent than any other of our early Protestants"", upheld ""a certain degree of religious freedom"". Frith was not alone. John Foxe, for example, ""strove hard to save Anabaptists from the fire, and he enunciated a sweeping doctrine of tolerance even towards Catholics, whose doctrines he detested with every fibre of his being"". In the early seventeenth century, Thomas Helwys was a principal formulator of that distinctively Baptist request: that the Church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, so that individuals might have a freedom of religious conscience. Helwys said the King ""is a mortal man, and not God, therefore he hath no power over the mortal soul of his subjects to make laws and ordinances for them and to set spiritual Lords over them"". King James I had Helwys thrown into Newgate prison, where he had died by 1616 at about the age of forty. By the time of the English Revolution, Helwys' stance on religious toleration was more commonplace. While accepting their zeal in desiring a ""godly society"", some contemporary historians doubt whether the English Puritans during the English Revolution were as committed to religious liberty and pluralism as traditional histories have suggested. However, historian John Coffey's recent work emphasizes the contribution of a minority of radical Protestants who steadfastly sought toleration for heresy, blasphemy, Catholicism, non-Christian religions, and even atheism. This minority included the Seekers, as well as the General Baptists and the Levellers. Their witness of these groups together demanded the Church be an entirely voluntary, non-coercive community able to evangelize in a pluralistic society governed by a purely civil state. In 1644 the ""Augustinian consensus concerning persecution was irreparably fractured.""",383
2053,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Their witness of these groups together demanded the Church be an entirely voluntary, non-coercive community able to evangelize in a pluralistic society governed by a purely civil state. In 1644 the ""Augustinian consensus concerning persecution was irreparably fractured."" This year can be identified quite exactly, because 1644 saw the publication of John Milton's Areopagitica, William Walwyn's The Compassionate Samaritane, Henry Robinson's Liberty of Conscience and Roger Williams' The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution. These authors were Puritans or had dissented from the Church of England, and their radical Protestantism led them to condemn religious persecution, which they saw as a popish corruption of primitive Christianity. Other non-Anglican writers advocating toleration were Richard Overton, John Wildman and John Goodwin, the Baptists Samuel Richardson and Thomas Collier and the Quakers Samuel Fisher and William Penn. Anglicans who argued against persecution were: John Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, James Harrington, Jeremy Taylor, Henry More, John Tillotson and Gilbert Burnet. All of these individuals considered themselves Christians or were actual churchmen. John Milton and John Locke are the predecessors of modern liberalism. Although Milton was a Puritan and Locke an Anglican, Areopagitica and A Letter concerning Toleration are canonical liberal texts. Only from the 1690s onwards did the philosophy of Deism emerge, and with it a third group that advocated religious toleration. But, unlike the radical Protestants and the Anglicans, the deists also rejected biblical authority; this group prominently includes Voltaire, Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, Thomas Jefferson and the English-Irish philosopher John Toland. When Toland published the writings of Milton, Edmund Ludlow and Algernon Sidney, he tried to downplay the Puritan divinity in these works.",398
2054,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"But, unlike the radical Protestants and the Anglicans, the deists also rejected biblical authority; this group prominently includes Voltaire, Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, Thomas Jefferson and the English-Irish philosopher John Toland. When Toland published the writings of Milton, Edmund Ludlow and Algernon Sidney, he tried to downplay the Puritan divinity in these works. In 1781, the Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph II, issued the Patent of Toleration which guaranteed the practice of religion by the Evangelical Lutheran and the Reformed Church in Austria. For the first time after the Counter-Reformation, the political and legal process of religious equality officially began. Following the debates that started in the 1640s, the Church of England was the first Christian church to grant adherents of other Christian denominations freedom of worship with the Act of Toleration 1689, which nevertheless still retained some forms of religious discrimination and did not include toleration for Catholics. Even today, only individuals who are members of the Church of England at the time of the succession may become the British monarch. === Witches (1450–1750) ===

Renaissance, Reformation and witch hunts occurred in the same centuries. Stuart Clark indicates that is no coincidence, that instead, these different aspects of a single age are representative of a world in the process of revolutionizing its way of thinking and understanding. Clark says that understanding one aspect of the age, such as the witch hunts, can lead to a greater understanding of another, such as the development of tolerance. Until the 1300s, the official position of the Roman Catholic Church was that witches did not exist. In medieval canon law, Christian thought on this subject is represented by a passage called the Canon Episcopi. Alan Charles Kors explains that the Canon is skeptical that witches exist while still allowing the existence of demons and the devil.",389
2055,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"In medieval canon law, Christian thought on this subject is represented by a passage called the Canon Episcopi. Alan Charles Kors explains that the Canon is skeptical that witches exist while still allowing the existence of demons and the devil. By the mid-fifteenth century, popular conceptions of witches changed dramatically, and Christian thought denying witches and witchcraft was being challenged by the Dominicans and being debated within the Church. While historians have been unable to pinpoint a single cause of what became known as the ""witch frenzy"", all have acknowledged that a new but common stream of thought developed in society, as well as in some parts of the Church, that witches were both real and malevolent. Scholarly views on what caused this change fall into three categories: those who say the learned in the Church spread it, those who say popular tradition did so, and those who say witchcraft was actually being practiced. Of these three possibilities, Ankarloo and Clark indicate the main pressure to prosecute witches came from the common people, and trials were mostly civil trials. Everywhere in Europe, the higher up in either the ecclesiastical or the secular court system a case went, the more reluctance and reservations there were, with most cases ending up dismissed. In regions that were the most centralized, appellate jurisdictions acted in a restraining capacity, but areas of weak regimes, lacking strong legal or political control, were a disaster for witches. Witch trials were more prevalent in regions where the Catholic church was weakest (Germany, Switzerland and France), while in areas with a strong church presence (Spain, Poland and Eastern Europe) the witch craze was negligible. Eventually, Christian thought solidified behind Cautio Criminalis (Precautions for Prosecutors) which was written by Friedrich Spee, in 1631. As a Jesuit priest, he personally witnessed witch trials in Westphalia.",369
2056,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Eventually, Christian thought solidified behind Cautio Criminalis (Precautions for Prosecutors) which was written by Friedrich Spee, in 1631. As a Jesuit priest, he personally witnessed witch trials in Westphalia. Driven by his priestly charge of enacting Christian charity, he describes the inhumane torture of the rack with the graphic language of the truly horrified saying, ""it makes my blood boil."" As a professor, Spee sought to expose the flawed arguments and methods used by the Dominican witch-hunters along with any authority who allowed it, including the emperor. Spee's primary methods for doing so were sarcasm, ridicule and piercing logic. The moral impression of his book was great, and it brought about the abolition of witch trials in a number of places, and led to its gradual decline in others. Witch trials became scant in the second half of the seventeenth century and eventually simply subsided. No one can explain, definitively, why they ended any more than they can explain why they began. == Modern era ==


=== Roman Catholic policy ===
In 1892, Pope Leo XIII (1810–1903) confirmed Aquinas' view of tolerance as a necessary aspect of governing well in Acta Leonis XIII 205. On 7 December 1965 the Catholic Church's Vatican II council issued the decree ""Dignitatis humanae"" which dealt with the rights of the person and communities to social and civil liberty in religious matters. The Vatican II document Nostra Aetate absolved the Jewish people of any charge of deicide and affirmed that God has always remained faithful to his covenant with Israel. In 1987, Pope John Paul II appealed to the world to recognize religious freedom as a fundamental human right.",352
2057,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"The Vatican II document Nostra Aetate absolved the Jewish people of any charge of deicide and affirmed that God has always remained faithful to his covenant with Israel. In 1987, Pope John Paul II appealed to the world to recognize religious freedom as a fundamental human right. Pope John Paul II was quoted by the Los Angeles Times as saying: ""Religious freedom, an essential requirement of the dignity of every person, is a cornerstone of the structure of human rights, and for this reason, an irreplaceable factor in the good of individuals and of the whole of society as well as of the personal fulfillment of each individual."" On 12 March 2000, he prayed for forgiveness because ""Christians have often denied the Gospel; yielding to a mentality of power, they have violated the rights of ethnic groups and peoples, and shown contempt for their cultures and religious traditions."" === Protestant Christian thought ===
After World War II and the Holocaust, many Protestant theologians began to reassess Christian theology's negative attitudes towards the Jews, and as a result, felt compelled to reject the doctrine of supersessionism. Numerous leading Christian thinkers continue to find ""keys to truth"" in ancient writings such as Augustine's Confessions, and Aquinas' Summa. Modern discussions of the Kingdom of God are still influenced by the nineteenth century view of the eschatological Jesus. Colin Gunton and Richard Swinburn use traditional motifs in order to creatively reinterpret atonement theories in ways which are not reliant on beliefs rejected by most contemporary Christians such as demonology or the belief in witches. They do not employ the morally objectionable transfer of liability and still effectively convey their belief that Christ's death is more than just a moral example. Today's debates over inclusivity reach to the heart of what it means to be a Christian both theologically and practically.",368
2058,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"They do not employ the morally objectionable transfer of liability and still effectively convey their belief that Christ's death is more than just a moral example. Today's debates over inclusivity reach to the heart of what it means to be a Christian both theologically and practically. Bruce L. McCormack says that is why Karl Barth's theology of neo-orthodoxy remains popular even in the ""post-modern"" twenty-first century. Though Barth advocates the exclusive Christ-centered discipleship of orthodoxy, his view is also inherently inclusive, since, in his view, every human is among those God has set apart for that discipleship. === Contemporary global persecution and sociology ===
""The exceptional character of persecution in the Latin west since the twelfth century has lain not in the scale or savagery of particular persecutions, ... but in its capacity for sustained long-term growth. The patterns, procedures and rhetoric of persecution, which were established in the twelfth century, have given it the power of infinite and indefinite self-generation and self-renewal."" Tolerance, as a value, has grown out of humanity's experiences with social conflict and persecution, and is part of the legacy garnered from this. But there are also ideals similar to the concept of modern tolerance throughout the history of Christian thought (and philosophy and other religious thought) that can be seen as the long and somewhat torturous ""prehistory"" of tolerance. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 included the first statement of freedom of religion in modern history. In the twenty-first century, nearly all contemporary societies in the world include religious freedom in their constitutions or other national proclamations in support of human rights. However, at the symposium on law and religion in 2014, Michelle Mack said: ""Despite what appears to be near-universal expression of commitment to religious human rights, ... violations of freedom of religion and belief, including acts of severe persecution, occur with fearful frequency.""",398
2059,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"In the twenty-first century, nearly all contemporary societies in the world include religious freedom in their constitutions or other national proclamations in support of human rights. However, at the symposium on law and religion in 2014, Michelle Mack said: ""Despite what appears to be near-universal expression of commitment to religious human rights, ... violations of freedom of religion and belief, including acts of severe persecution, occur with fearful frequency."" In 1981, Israeli scholar Yoram Dinstein wrote that freedom of religion is ""the most persistently violated human right in the annals of the species"". In 2018, the U.S. Department of State, which releases annual reports in which it documents varying types of restrictions which are imposed on religious freedom around the world, detailed country by country, the violations of religious freedom which are taking place in approximately 75% of the 195 countries in the world. R.I. Moore says that persecution during the Middle Ages ""provides a striking illustration of classic deviance theory as it was propounded by the father of sociology, Emile Durkheim"". Strong social-group identities, with attitudes of group loyalty, solidarity, and highly perceived benefits of belonging, make it likely that an individual or a group will become intolerant when identity is threatened. This indicates intolerance is more of a social process, tied to social identity, than an ideological one. Contemporary persecution is often part of a larger conflict involving emerging states, and established states in the process of redefining their national identity. For example, Christianity in Iraq dates from the Apostolic era in what was then Persia; the U.S. Department of State identified 1.4 million Christians in Iraq in 1991 when the Gulf War began. By 2010, the number of Christians dropped to 700,000 and it is currently estimated there are between 200,000 and 450,000 Christians left in Iraq.",378
2060,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"For example, Christianity in Iraq dates from the Apostolic era in what was then Persia; the U.S. Department of State identified 1.4 million Christians in Iraq in 1991 when the Gulf War began. By 2010, the number of Christians dropped to 700,000 and it is currently estimated there are between 200,000 and 450,000 Christians left in Iraq. During that period, actions against Christians included the burning and bombing of churches, the bombing of Christian owned businesses and homes, kidnapping, murder, demands for protection money, and anti-Christian rhetoric in the media with those responsible saying they wanted to rid the country of its Christians. Serbia has been Christian since the Christianization of Serbs by Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum in the ninth century. Within a relatively peaceful Serbia, the province of Kosovo has long been a site of ethnic and religious tensions. In the 1990s, it drew attention for frequent discrimination and acts of violence toward Albanians: 90 percent of Kosovo's Albanian population is Muslim. Eventually, Kosovo erupted in a full-scale ethnic cleansing resulting in armed intervention by the United Nations in 1999. Serbs attacked Albanian villages, killed and brutalized inhabitants, burned down houses and forced them to leave. By the end of 1998, approximately 3000 Islamic Albanians had been killed and more than 300,000 expelled. By the end of the ""action"", around 800,000 of the roughly two million Albanians, fled. == See also ==


== Notes ==


== References ==


== Further reading ==
John Courtney Murray; J. Leon Hooper (1993). Religious Liberty: Catholic Struggles With Pluralism. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25360-8. Robert P. Geraci; Michael Khodarkovsky (2001). Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia. Cornell University Press.",390
2061,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,"Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3327-6. Ole Peter Grell; Bob Scribner (2002). Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89412-8. R. Po-Chia Hsia; Henk Van Nierop (2002). Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80682-4. Chris Beneke (2006): Beyond toleration. the religious origins of American pluralism, Oxford University Press
Alexandra Walsham (2006): Charitable hatred. Tolerance and intolerance in England, 1500–1700, Manchester University Press
Hans Erich Bödeker; Clorinda Donato; Peter Reill (2008). Discourses of Tolerance & Intolerance in the European Enlightenment. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-9136-0. C. Scott Dixon; Dagmar Freist; Mark Greengrass (2009). Living With Religious Diversity in Early-Modern Europe. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6668-4. Adam Wolfson (2010). Persecution or Toleration: An Explication of the Locke-Proast Quarrel, 1689–1704. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4724-5. John Corrigan; Lynn S. Neal (2010). Religious Intolerance in America: A Documentary History. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3389-6. John Laursen; Cary Nederman (2011). Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment.",381
2062,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance,History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance,John Laursen; Cary Nederman (2011). Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1567-0. Chris Beneke; Christopher Grenda (2011). The First Prejudice: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4270-6.,89
2063,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Mysore (  my-SOR), officially Mysuru (Kannada: [ˈmaɪˈsuːɾu] ), is a city in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Mysore district and Mysore division. As the traditional seat of the Wadiyar dynasty, the city functioned as the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore for almost six centuries (1399 to 1947). Known for its heritage structures, palaces (such as the famous Mysore Palace), and its culture, Mysore has been called the ""City of Palaces"", the ""Heritage City"", and the ""Cultural capital of Karnataka"". It is the second-most populous city in the state and one of the cleanest cities in India according to the Swachh Survekshan. Mysore is situated at the foothills of the Chamundi Hills. At an altitude of 770 m (2,530 ft) above mean sea level, the city of Mysore is geographically located at 12° 18′ 26″ north latitude and 76° 38′ 59″ east longitude. It is about 140 km (87.0 mi) southwest of the state's capital, Bangalore, and spreads across an area of 156 km2 (60 sq mi) (city and neighbouring census towns). The population of the city combined with its neighbouring towns in its metropolitan area is about 1,288,000 in 2023. Most of the city's development during modern times could be attributed to the maharajas of Mysore and the Wadiyar dynasty, who were patrons of art and culture. Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, when they were briefly in power in succession, also contributed significantly to the economic growth of the city and the kingdom by planting mulberry trees and silk in the region, and fighting four wars against the British.",389
2064,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Most of the city's development during modern times could be attributed to the maharajas of Mysore and the Wadiyar dynasty, who were patrons of art and culture. Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, when they were briefly in power in succession, also contributed significantly to the economic growth of the city and the kingdom by planting mulberry trees and silk in the region, and fighting four wars against the British. In present days, the Mysore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration of the city. During the Dasara festivals, Mysore receives hundreds of thousands of tourists from around the world. The city is also the namesake to various art forms and culture, such as Mysore Dasara and Mysore painting; foods such as the sweet delicacy Mysore pak; breakfasts like Mysore Dosa and Mysore Masala Dosa; brands such as Mysore Sandal Soap and Mysore Paints; and styles and cosmetics such as Mysore peta, a traditional silk turban, and the Mysore silk saris. Mysore is also known for betel leaves and its own special variety of jasmine flower fondly referred to as ""Mysore mallige"". Tourism is a lifeline industry for the city alongside the traditional industries. Mysore's intracity public transportation includes bus and intercity public transportation includes rail, bus, and air. == Etymology ==
The name Mysore is an anglicised form of Mahiṣūru, which means ""the abode of Mahiṣa"" in the vernacular Kannada.",341
2065,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Mysore's intracity public transportation includes bus and intercity public transportation includes rail, bus, and air. == Etymology ==
The name Mysore is an anglicised form of Mahiṣūru, which means ""the abode of Mahiṣa"" in the vernacular Kannada. The common noun Mahiṣa, in Sanskrit, means buffalo; in this context, however, Mahiṣa refers to Mahishasura, a mythical daemon who could assume the form of either a human or a buffalo, and who, according to Hindu mythology, ruled the ancient parts of Mysore Kingdom, known in Sanskrit as Mahiṣaka, centred at Mahiṣapura. He was killed by the goddess Chamundeshwari, whose temple is situated atop the Chamundi Hill, after whom it is named. 'Mahishapura' later became Mahisūru (a name which, even now, the royal family uses), and finally came to be rendered as Mysore by the British and Maisūru (Mysuru) in the vernacular Kannada language. In December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced its intention to change the English spelling of the city to Mysuru. This was approved by the Government of India in October 2014, and Mysore was officially renamed, along with twelve other cities, on 1 November 2014. == History ==

The site where Mysore Palace now stands was occupied by a village named Puragere at the beginning of the 16th century. The Mahishūru Fort was constructed in 1524 by Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513–1553), who passed on the dominion of Puragere to his son Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572–1576).",385
2066,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"== History ==

The site where Mysore Palace now stands was occupied by a village named Puragere at the beginning of the 16th century. The Mahishūru Fort was constructed in 1524 by Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513–1553), who passed on the dominion of Puragere to his son Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572–1576). Since the 16th century, the name of Mayashūru has commonly been used to denote the city. The Kingdom of Mysore, governed by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire. With the decline of that empire after the Battle of Talikota in 1565, the Mysore Kingdom gradually achieved independence, and by the time of King Narasaraja Wodeyar (1637), it had become a sovereign state. Seringapatam, near Mysore, the present-day Srirangapatna, was the capital of the kingdom beginning in 1610. The 17th century saw a steady expansion of its territory and, under Narasaraja Wodeyar I and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar,  the kingdom annexed large areas of what is now southern Karnataka and parts of Tamil Nadu, to become a powerful state in the southern Deccan. The kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century, under the de facto rulers Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. The latter demolished parts of Mysore to remove legacies of the Wodeyar dynasty.",342
2067,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"The kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century, under the de facto rulers Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. The latter demolished parts of Mysore to remove legacies of the Wodeyar dynasty. During this time, the kingdom of Mysore came into conflict with the Marathas, the British, and the Nizam of Hyderabad, leading to the four Anglo-Mysore wars, success in the first two of which was followed by defeat in the third and fourth. After Tipu Sultan's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the capital of the kingdom was moved back to Mysore from Seringapatam, and the kingdom was distributed by the British to their allies of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. Part of the kingdom was annexed into the Madras Presidency, another to the Nizam of Hyderabad. The landlocked interior of the defeated kingdom of Mysore was turned into a princely state under the suzerainty of the British Crown, with the five-year-old Wodeyar Krishnaraja III as titular ruler and with Purnaiah, who had served under Tipu, as chief minister or diwan and Lt. Col. Barry Close as Resident. The British took control of Mysore's foreign policy and insisted on an annual tribute for maintaining a standing British army at Mysore. Purnaiah is credited with improving Mysore's public works. In 1831, claiming there was maladministration, the British took direct control of the princely state. For the next fifty years, the kingdom of Mysore was under the direct rule of British Commissioners, and in 1831 the city of Mysore lost its status as the administrative centre, when the British Commissioner moved the capital to Bangalore.",388
2068,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"In 1831, claiming there was maladministration, the British took direct control of the princely state. For the next fifty years, the kingdom of Mysore was under the direct rule of British Commissioners, and in 1831 the city of Mysore lost its status as the administrative centre, when the British Commissioner moved the capital to Bangalore. In 1876–77, towards the end of the period of direct British rule, Mysore suffered from the Great Famine of 1876–1878, in which nearly a fifth of the population died. In 1881, Maharaja Chamaraja Wadiyar X was given control of Mysore, in a process called rendition, but with a resident British officer and a diwan to handle the Maharaja's administration, and the city of Mysore regained its status as the capital. The Mysore municipality was established in 1888 and the city was divided into eight wards. In 1897 an outbreak of bubonic plague killed nearly half of the population of the city. With the establishment of the City Improvement Trust Board (CITB) in 1903, Mysore became one of the first cities in Asia to undertake planned urban development. Public demonstrations and meetings were held there during the Quit India movement and other phases of the Indian independence movement. Until the independence of British India (which did not include Mysore) in 1947, Mysore remained a Princely State within the British Indian Empire, with the Wodeyars continuing their rule. After Indian Independence, Mysore city remained as part of the Mysore State, now known as Karnataka. Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, then king of Mysore, was allowed to retain his titles and was nominated as the Rajapramukh (appointed governor) of the state with a £20,000 payment. He died in September 1974 and was cremated in Mysore.",392
2069,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, then king of Mysore, was allowed to retain his titles and was nominated as the Rajapramukh (appointed governor) of the state with a £20,000 payment. He died in September 1974 and was cremated in Mysore. Over the years, Mysore became well known as a centre for tourism; the city remained largely peaceful, except for occasional riots related to the Kaveri River Water Dispute. Among the events that took place in Mysore and made national headlines were a fire at a television studio that claimed 62 lives in 1989, and the sudden deaths of many animals at the Mysore Zoo. == Geography ==


=== Area and extent ===

Mysore is located at 12.30°N 74.65°E / 12.30; 74.65 and has an average altitude of 770 metres (2,526 ft). It is spread across an area of 286.05 km2 (110 sq mi) at the base of the Chamundi Hills in the southern region of Karnataka. Mysore is the southernmost city of Karnataka and is a neighbouring city of the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the south, flanked by the state cities Madikeri, Chamarajanagara, and Mandya. People in and around Mysore extensively use Kannada as a medium of language. Mysore has several lakes, such as the Kukkarahalli, the Karanji, and the Lingambudhi lakes. Mysore has The Biggest 'Walk-Through Aviary' called Karanji Lake in India.",345
2070,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Mysore has several lakes, such as the Kukkarahalli, the Karanji, and the Lingambudhi lakes. Mysore has The Biggest 'Walk-Through Aviary' called Karanji Lake in India. In 2001, total land area usage in Mysore city was 39.9% residential, 16.1% roads, 13.74% parks and open spaces, 13.48% industrial, 8.96% public property, 3.02% commercial, 2.27% agriculture and 2.02 water. The city is located between two rivers: the Kaveri River that flows through the north of the city and the Kabini River, a tributary of the Kaveri, that lies to the south. === Climate ===
Mysore has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) under the Köppen climate classification. The main seasons are Summer from March to May, the monsoon season from June to October and winter from November to February. The highest temperature recorded in Mysore was 39.9 °C (104 °F) on 25 April 2016, and the lowest was 7.7 °C (46 °F) on 16 January 2012.In the early hours of 20 December 2025, Mysore city recorded its lowest temperature in December at 8.4°C. The city's average annual rainfall is 798.6 mm (31.4 in). === Rainfall ===
As per Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre, Mysore taluk has been divided into 4 hoblis.",336
2071,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"The city's average annual rainfall is 798.6 mm (31.4 in). === Rainfall ===
As per Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre, Mysore taluk has been divided into 4 hoblis. In 2022, the rainfall received by these hoblis are as follows:

Mysore - 1,358 millimetres (53.5 in)
Elivala - 1,257 millimetres (49.5 in)
Jayapura - 1,405 millimetres (55.3 in)
Varuna - 1,383 millimetres (54.4 in) 
Overall, Mysore taluk received 67% of excess rainfall in the year 2022. == Demographics ==

As of 2011, Mysore city had an estimated population of 920,550 consisting of 461,042 males and 459,508 females, making it the third most populous city in Karnataka Mysore urban agglomeration is the second largest urban agglomeration in the state and is home to 1,060,120 people, consisting of 497,132 males and 493,762 females. According to 2011 census, Mysore was the largest non-metropolitan city in India and had the highest basic infrastructure index of 2.846. Mysore was estimated to have crossed 1 million in 2017 making it a metropolitan city. For the year 2022, the projected population of Mysuru Metropolitan Area, which includes Mysore City Corporation, Hootagalli City Municipal Council, and Bogadi, Srirampura, Rammanahalli and Kadakola Town Panchayats is 1,261,000, as per the United Nation's World Urbanization Prospects - 2018.",363
2072,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Mysore was estimated to have crossed 1 million in 2017 making it a metropolitan city. For the year 2022, the projected population of Mysuru Metropolitan Area, which includes Mysore City Corporation, Hootagalli City Municipal Council, and Bogadi, Srirampura, Rammanahalli and Kadakola Town Panchayats is 1,261,000, as per the United Nation's World Urbanization Prospects - 2018. The gender ratio of Mysore is 1,000 females to every 1,000 males and the population density is 6,910.5 per square kilometre (17,898/sq mi). According to the census of 2001, 73.65% of the city population are Hindus, 21.92% are Muslims, 2.71% are Christians, 1.13% are Jains and the remainder belong to other religions. The population exceeded 100,000 in the census of 1931 and grew by 20.5 per cent in the decade 1991–2001. As of 2011, the literacy rate of the city is 86.84 per cent, which is higher than the state's average of 75.6 per cent. Kannada is the most widely spoken language in the city. Approximately 19% of the population live below the poverty line, and 9% live in slums. According to the 2001 census, 35.75% of the population in the urban areas of Karnataka are workers, but only 33.3% of the population of Mysore are. Members of Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes constitute 15.1% of the population. According to the National Crime Records Bureau of India, the number of cognisable crime incidents reported in Mysore during 2010 was 3,407 (second in the state, after Bangalore's 32,188), increasing from 3,183 incidents reported in 2009.",378
2073,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Members of Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes constitute 15.1% of the population. According to the National Crime Records Bureau of India, the number of cognisable crime incidents reported in Mysore during 2010 was 3,407 (second in the state, after Bangalore's 32,188), increasing from 3,183 incidents reported in 2009. The residents of the city are known as Mysoreans in English and Mysoorinavaru in Kannada. The dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over the sharing of Kaveri river water often leads to minor altercations and demonstrations in the city. Growth in the information technology industry in Mysore has led to a change in the city's demographic profile; likely strains on the infrastructure and haphazard growth of the city resulting from the demographic change have been a cause of concern for some of its citizens. == Administration and utilities ==

The civic administration of the city is managed by the Mysore City Corporation, which was established as a municipality in 1888 and converted into a corporation in 1977. Overseeing engineering works, health, sanitation, water supply, administration and taxation, the corporation is headed by a Mayor, who is assisted by commissioners and council members. The city is divided into 65 wards and the council members (also known as corporators) are elected by the citizens of Mysore every five years. The council members, in turn, elect the mayor. The annual budget of the corporation for the year 2011–2012 was ₹4.27 billion (equivalent to ₹8.8 billion or US$100 million in 2023). Among 63 cities covered under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Mysore City Corporation was adjudged the second-best city municipal corporation and was given the ""Nagara Ratna"" award in 2011. The present MCC Commissioner is Shri.Tanveer Asif.",392
2074,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Among 63 cities covered under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Mysore City Corporation was adjudged the second-best city municipal corporation and was given the ""Nagara Ratna"" award in 2011. The present MCC Commissioner is Shri.Tanveer Asif. Urban growth and expansion is managed by the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA), which is headed by a commissioner. Its activities include developing new layouts and roads, town planning and land acquisition. One of the major projects undertaken by MUDA is the creation of an Outer Ring Road to ease traffic congestion. Citizens of Mysore have criticised MUDA for its inability to prevent land mafias and ensure lawful distribution of housing lands among city residents. The Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation is responsible for electric supply to the city. The Mysuru City Police, headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP), is responsible for policing and law enforcement in the city. At present, the Commissionerate oversees 18 police stations, including a Women’s Police Station, five traffic subdivisions, and one Cyber, Economic and Narcotics (CEN) Police Station. Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services, provide fire and emergency services in the city. Drinking water for Mysore is sourced from the Kaveri and Kabini rivers. The city got its first piped water supply when the Belagola project was commissioned in 1896. As of 2011, Mysore gets 193,000 cubic metres (42.5 million imperial gallons) of water per day. Mysore sometimes faces water crises, mainly during the summer months (March–June) and in years of low rainfall. The city has had an underground drainage system since 1904. The entire sewage from the city drains into four valleys: Kesare, Malalavadi, Dalavai and Belavatha.",381
2075,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"The city has had an underground drainage system since 1904. The entire sewage from the city drains into four valleys: Kesare, Malalavadi, Dalavai and Belavatha. In an exercise carried out by the Urban Development Ministry under the national urban sanitation policy, Mysore was rated the second cleanest city in India in 2010 and the cleanest in Karnataka. In Mysore, the Jal Diwali Campaign empowered SHGs to collectively address water conservation challenges. 90 women heads of 30 women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in Mysuru city were introduced to the nitty-gritty of water supply, by a visit to Mysuru City Corporation’s (MCC) Water Treatment Plant at Hongalli near Krishna Raja Sagar (KRS) Dam in Mandya district. The citizens of Mysore elect five representatives to the Legislative assembly of Karnataka through the constituencies of Chamaraja, Krishnaraja, Narasimharaja, Hunsur and Chamundeshwari. Mysore city, being part of the larger Mysore Lok Sabha constituency, also elects one member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. The politics in the city is dominated by three political parties: the Indian National Congress (INC), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the Janata Dal (Secular) (JDS). == Economy ==

Tourism and IT are the major industries in Mysore. The city attracted about 3.15 million tourists in 2010. Mysore has traditionally been home to industries such as weaving, sandalwood carving, bronze work and the production of lime and salt. It has many big IT companies like Infosys and Wipro. The planned industrial growth of the city and the state was first envisaged at the Mysore economic conference in 1911.",389
2076,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"It has many big IT companies like Infosys and Wipro. The planned industrial growth of the city and the state was first envisaged at the Mysore economic conference in 1911. This led to the establishment of industries such as the Mysore Sandalwood Oil Factory in 1917 and the Sri Krishnarajendra Mills in 1920. Mysore has emerged as an industrial hub in Karnataka next to Bangalore. Mysore is part of the Bidar-Mysore Industrial Corridor. Major drivers of the economy are tourism, finance, manufacturing and industry which includes chemicals, petrochemicals, machinery, automobile, engineering, textiles and food processing sectors. A new industrial corridor plan is underway between Mysore and Bangalore. For the industrial development of the city, the Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has established four industrial areas in and around Mysore, in the Belagola, Belawadi, Hebbal and Hootagalli areas. One of the major industrial areas near Mysore is Nanjangud which will be a satellite town to Mysore. Nanjangud industrial area hosts a number of industries like AT&S India Pvt Ltd, Nestle India ltd, Reid and Taylor, Jubiliant, TVS, and Asian Paints. Nanjangud Industrial area also boasts being 2nd highest VAT / Sales Taxpayer which is more than ₹4 billion (US$47 million) after Peenya which is in state capital Bangalore. JK Tyre has its manufacturing facility in Mysore. The city has emerged as a hub of automobile industries in Karnataka. The major software companies in Mysore are Infosys, ArisGlobal, Larsen & Toubro Infotech, Excelsoft Technologies and Triveni Engineering.",374
2077,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"The city has emerged as a hub of automobile industries in Karnataka. The major software companies in Mysore are Infosys, ArisGlobal, Larsen & Toubro Infotech, Excelsoft Technologies and Triveni Engineering. The growth of the information technology industry in the first decade of the 21st century has resulted in the city emerging as the second largest software exporter in Karnataka (as of), next to Bangalore. Mysore also has many shopping malls, including the Mall of Mysore which is one of the largest malls in India and Karnataka. Retail is also a major part of the economy in Mysore. Mysore also hosts many central government organisations like CFTRI, DFRL, CIPET, BEML, RMP (Rare Material Project), RBI Note printing Press and RBI Paper Printing Press. == Culture ==

Referred to as the cultural capital of Karnataka, Mysore is well known for the festivities that take place during the period of Dasara; the state festival of Karnataka. The Dasara festivities, which are celebrated over a ten-day period, were first introduced by King Raja Wodeyar I in 1610. On the ninth day of Dasara, called Mahanavami, the royal sword is worshipped and is taken on a procession of decorated elephants, camels and horses. On the tenth day, called Vijayadashami, the traditional Dasara procession (locally known as Jumboo Savari) is held on the streets of Mysore which usually falls in the month of September or October. The idol of the goddess Chamundeshwari is placed on a golden mantapa on the back of a decorated elephant and taken on a procession, accompanied by tabla, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses and camels.",377
2078,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"On the tenth day, called Vijayadashami, the traditional Dasara procession (locally known as Jumboo Savari) is held on the streets of Mysore which usually falls in the month of September or October. The idol of the goddess Chamundeshwari is placed on a golden mantapa on the back of a decorated elephant and taken on a procession, accompanied by tabla, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses and camels. The procession starts from the Mysore Palace and culminates at a place called Bannimantapa, where the banni tree (Prosopis spicigera) is worshipped. The Dasara festivities culminate on the night of Vijayadashami with a torchlight parade, known locally as Panjina Kavayatthu. Mysore is called the City of Palaces because of several ornate examples in the city. Among the most notable are Amba Vilas, popularly known as Mysore Palace; Jaganmohana Palace, which also serves as an art gallery; Rajendra Vilas, also known as the summer palace; Lalitha Mahal, which has been converted into a hotel; and Jayalakshmi Vilas. The palace of Mysore burned down in 1897, and the present structure was built on the same site. Amba Vilas palace exhibits an Indo-Saracenic style of architecture on the outside, but a distinctly Hoysala style in the interior. Even though the Government of Karnataka maintains the Mysore palace, a small portion has been allocated for the erstwhile royal family to live in. The Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion was constructed by Sri Chamaraja Wodeyar for his daughter Jayalakshammanni. It is now a museum dedicated to folk culture and artefacts of the royal family.",391
2079,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"The Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion was constructed by Sri Chamaraja Wodeyar for his daughter Jayalakshammanni. It is now a museum dedicated to folk culture and artefacts of the royal family. The Mysore painting style is an offshoot of the Vijayanagar school of painting, and King Raja Wodeyar (1578–1617 CE) is credited with having been its patron. The distinctive feature of these paintings is the gesso work, to which gold foil is applied. Mysore is known for rosewood inlay work; around 4,000 craftsmen were involved in this art in 2002. The city lends its name to the Mysore silk sari, a women's garment made with pure silk and gold zari (thread). Mysore Peta, the traditional indigenous turban worn by the erstwhile rulers of Mysore, is worn by men in some traditional ceremonies. A notable local dessert that traces its history to the kitchen in the Mysore palace is Mysore pak. Mysore is the location of the International Ganjifa Research Centre, which researches the ancient card game Ganjifa and the art associated with it. The Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts (CAVA) offers education in visual art forms such as painting, graphics, sculpture, applied art, photography, photojournalism and art history. The Rangayana repertory company performs plays and offers certificate courses in subjects related to theatre. Kannada writers Kuvempu, Gopalakrishna Adiga and U. R. Ananthamurthy were educated in Mysore and served as professors at the Mysore University.",357
2080,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"The Rangayana repertory company performs plays and offers certificate courses in subjects related to theatre. Kannada writers Kuvempu, Gopalakrishna Adiga and U. R. Ananthamurthy were educated in Mysore and served as professors at the Mysore University. R. K. Narayan, a popular English-language novelist and creator of the fictional town of Malgudi, and his cartoonist brother R. K. Laxman spent much of their life in Mysore. == Tourism ==

Mysore is a major tourist destination in its own right and serves as a base for other tourist attractions in the vicinity. The city receives many tourists during the ten-day Dasara festival. One of the most visited monuments in India, the Amba Vilas Palace, or Mysore Palace, is the centre of the Dasara festivities. The Jaganmohana Palace, The Sand Sculpture Museum the Jayalakshmi Vilas and the Lalitha Mahal are other palaces in the city. Chamundeshwari Temple, atop the Chamundi Hills, and St. Philomena's Church, Wesley's Cathedral, Karanji lake are notable religious places in Mysore. The Mysore Zoo, established in 1892, the Karanji, Kukkarahalli and the Blue Lagoon Lake are popular recreational destinations. Blue Lagoon is a lake with a mini-island located behind the KrishnaRajaSagar (KRS) water dam, from which it is mesmerising to watch the sunset and sunrise. Mysore has the Regional Museum of Natural History, the Folk Lore Museum, the Railway Museum and the Oriental Research Institute.",359
2081,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Blue Lagoon is a lake with a mini-island located behind the KrishnaRajaSagar (KRS) water dam, from which it is mesmerising to watch the sunset and sunrise. Mysore has the Regional Museum of Natural History, the Folk Lore Museum, the Railway Museum and the Oriental Research Institute. The city is a centre for yoga-related health tourism that attracts domestic and foreign visitors, particularly those who, for years, came to study with the late Ashtanga vinyasa yoga guru K. Pattabhi Jois. A short distance from Mysore city is the neighbouring Mandya District's Krishnarajasagar Dam and the adjoining Brindavan Gardens, where a musical fountain show is held every evening. Places of historic importance close to Mysore are Mandya District's Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna. And other historical places are Somanathapura and Talakad. B R Hills, Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta hill and the hill stations of Ooty, Sultan Bathery and Madikeri are close to Mysore. Popular destinations for wildlife enthusiasts near Mysore include the Nagarahole National Park, the wildlife sanctuaries at Melkote, Mandya and B R Hills and the bird sanctuaries at Ranganathittu, Mandya and Kokrebellur, Mandya. Bandipur National Park and Mudumalai National Park in Tamil Nadu, which are sanctuaries for gaur, chital, elephants, tigers, leopards and other threatened species, lie between 60 and 100 kilometres (37 and 62 mi) to the south. Other tourist spots near Mysore include the religious locations of Nanjanagud and Bylakuppe and the waterfalls at neighbouring districts of Mandya's Shivanasamudra.",387
2082,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Bandipur National Park and Mudumalai National Park in Tamil Nadu, which are sanctuaries for gaur, chital, elephants, tigers, leopards and other threatened species, lie between 60 and 100 kilometres (37 and 62 mi) to the south. Other tourist spots near Mysore include the religious locations of Nanjanagud and Bylakuppe and the waterfalls at neighbouring districts of Mandya's Shivanasamudra. Known for their royal grandeur, the annual Mysore Dasara celebrations are a major tourist attraction and attract large number of tourists every year. == Transport ==


=== Road ===

Mysore is connected by National Highway 212 (India) to the state border town of Gundlupet, where the road forks into the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. State Highway 17, which connects Mysore to Bangalore, was upgraded to a four-lane highway in 2006, reducing travel time between the two cities. A project was planned in 1994 to construct a new expressway to connect Bangalore and Mysore. After numerous legal hurdles, it remains unfinished as of 2012. State Highway 33 and National Highway 275 which connect Mysore to H D Kote and Mangalore respectively. The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and other private agencies operate buses both within the city and between cities. A new division of KSRTC called Mysore City Transport Corporation (MCTC) has been proposed. Within the city, buses are cheap and popular means of transport, auto-rickshaws are also available and tongas (horse-drawn carriages) are popular with tourists. Mysore also has a 42.5-kilometre (26.4 mi) long ring road that is being upgraded to six lanes by the MUDA. Mysore has implemented Intelligent Transport System (ITS) to manage its city buses and ferrying commuters.",396
2083,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Mysore also has a 42.5-kilometre (26.4 mi) long ring road that is being upgraded to six lanes by the MUDA. Mysore has implemented Intelligent Transport System (ITS) to manage its city buses and ferrying commuters. RTO code of Mysore West is KA09 and Mysore East is KA55. === Trin Trin PBS ===

A public bicycle-sharing system, Trin Trin, funded partially by the United Nations is popular mode of transport. It is a government project. It is the first public bike-sharing system throughout India. The key objective of Trin Trin is to encourage local commuters, as well as visitors, to use the bicycle in preference to motorised modes of travel and thereby help scale down the multifarious environmental and road-traffic hazards, enhance conveyance convenience, and make local daily commutes economical for the common citizen. === Rail ===

Mysore railway station has three lines, connecting it to Bangalore, Mangalore, and Chamarajanagar. The first railway line established in the city was the Bangalore–Mysore Junction metre gauge line, which was commissioned in 1882. Railway lines that connect the city to Chamarajanagara and Mangalore are unelectrified single track and the track that connects to Bengaluru is electrified double track. Mysore Railway Junction comes under the jurisdiction of South Western Railway Zone. Within the city limits of Mysore, there are two small stations in the line which connects Chamarajanagara. They are Ashokpuram and Chamarajapuram. The fastest train to serve the city is the Shatabdi Express which goes to Chennai via Bangalore. A satellite terminal is planned at Naganahalli to reduce congestion in the main railway station. On 20 June 2022, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation to upgrade the present city railway junction.",391
2084,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"A satellite terminal is planned at Naganahalli to reduce congestion in the main railway station. On 20 June 2022, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation to upgrade the present city railway junction. The ₹385 crore project envisages construction of another three platforms, four pit lines and four stabling lines to make nine platforms. Additionally, the Naganahali station will be expanded with a coach complex and MEMU hub, and two more platforms to reduce congestion in the city railway junction. === Air ===

Mysore Airport is a domestic airport and is located near the village of Mandakalli, 10 kilometres south of the centre of the city. It was built by the kings of Mysore in early 1940s. Mysore Airport currently serves the city of Mysore and is connected to multiple domestic locations including Chennai and Hyderabad. The current runway is not able to handle big flights and hence a runway expansion is about to take place expanding the runway from 1.7 km to 2.8 km and will be upgraded to international airport after the expansion. The nearest International airport is Bangalore Airport. == Education ==

Before the advent of the European system of education in Mysore, Agraharas (Brahmin quarters) provided Vedic education to Hindus, and madrassas provided schooling for Muslims. Modern education began in Mysore when a free English school was established in 1833. Maharaja's College was founded in 1864. A high school exclusively for girls was established in 1881 and was later renamed Maharani's Women's College. The Industrial School, the first institute for technical education in the city, was established in 1892; this was followed by the Chamarajendra Technical Institute in 1913. While the modern system of education have made inroads, colleges such as the Mysore Sanskrit Pāthaśhāla, established in 1876, still continue to provide Vedic education.",397
2085,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"The Industrial School, the first institute for technical education in the city, was established in 1892; this was followed by the Chamarajendra Technical Institute in 1913. While the modern system of education have made inroads, colleges such as the Mysore Sanskrit Pāthaśhāla, established in 1876, still continue to provide Vedic education. The education system was enhanced by the establishment of the University of Mysore in 1916. This was the sixth university to be established in India and the first in Karnataka. It was named  Manasagangotri (""fountainhead of the Ganges of the mind"") by the poet Kuvempu. The university caters to the districts of Mysore, Mandya, Hassan and Chamarajanagar in Karnataka. About 127 colleges, with a total of 53,000 students, are affiliated with the university. Its alumni include Kuvempu, Gopalakrishna Adiga, S. L. Bhyrappa, U. R. Ananthamurthy and N.R. Narayana Murthy. Engineering education began in Mysore with the establishment in 1946 of the National Institute of Engineering, the second oldest engineering college in the state. The Mysore Medical College, founded in 1924, was the first medical college to be started in Karnataka and the seventh in India. National institutes in the city include te Central Food Technological Research Institute, the Central Institute of Indian Languages, the Defence Food Research Laboratory, and the All India Institute of Speech and Hearing. The city houses a campus multi-campus, multi-disciplinary private deemed university, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham.",351
2086,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"National institutes in the city include te Central Food Technological Research Institute, the Central Institute of Indian Languages, the Defence Food Research Laboratory, and the All India Institute of Speech and Hearing. The city houses a campus multi-campus, multi-disciplinary private deemed university, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham. === Universities ===


=== Autonomous institutes ===


== Media ==

Newspaper publishing in Mysore started in 1859 when Bhashyam Bhashyacharya began publishing a weekly newspaper in Kannada called the Mysooru Vrittanta Bodhini, the first of a number of weekly newspapers published in the following three decades. A well-known Mysore publisher during Wodeyar rule was M. Venkatakrishnaiah, known as the father of Kannada journalism, who started several news magazines. Many local newspapers are published in Mysore and carry news mostly related to the city and its surroundings, and national and regional dailies in English and Kannada are available, as in the other parts of the state. Sudharma, the only Indian daily newspaper in Sanskrit, is published in Mysore. Mysore was the location of the first private radio broadcasting station in India when Akashavani (voice from the sky) was established in the city on 10 September 1935 by M.V. Gopalaswamy, a professor of psychology, at his house in the Vontikoppal area of Mysore, using a 50-watt transmitter. The station was taken over by the princely state of Mysore in 1941 and was moved to Bangalore in 1955. In 1957, Akashvani was chosen as the official name of All India Radio (AIR), the radio broadcaster of the Government of India.",375
2087,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"The station was taken over by the princely state of Mysore in 1941 and was moved to Bangalore in 1955. In 1957, Akashvani was chosen as the official name of All India Radio (AIR), the radio broadcaster of the Government of India. The AIR station at Mysore broadcasts an FM radio channel at 100.6 MHz, and Gyan Vani broadcasts on 105.6. BIG FM, Radio Mirchi and Red FM are the three private FM channels operating in the city. Mysore started receiving television broadcasts in the early 1980s, when Doordarshan (public service broadcaster of the Indian government) started broadcasting its national channel all over India. This was the only channel available to Mysoreans until Star TV started satellite channels in 1991. Direct-to-home channels are now available in Mysore. == Sports ==
The Wodeyar kings of Mysore were patrons of games and sports. King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III had a passion for indoor games. He invented new board games and popularised the ganjifa card game. Malla-yuddha (traditional wrestling) has a history in Mysore dating back to the 16th century. The wrestling competition held in Mysore during the Dasara celebrations attracts wrestlers from all over India. An annual sports meeting is organised there during the Dasara season too. In 1997 Mysore and Bangalore co-hosted the city's biggest sports event ever, the National Games of India. Mysore was the venue for six sports: archery, gymnastics, equestrianism, handball, table tennis and wrestling. Cricket is by far the most popular sport in Mysore. The city has five established cricket grounds. Javagal Srinath, who represented India for several years as its frontline fast bowler, comes from Mysore.",385
2088,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"The city has five established cricket grounds. Javagal Srinath, who represented India for several years as its frontline fast bowler, comes from Mysore. Other prominent sportsmen from the city are Prahlad Srinath, who has represented India in Davis Cup tennis tournaments; Reeth Abraham, a national champion in the heptathlon and a long jump record holder; Sagar Kashyap, the youngest Indian to officiate at the Wimbledon Championships; and Rahul Ganapathy, a national amateur golf champion. The Mysore race course hosts a racing season each year from August through October. India's first youth hostel was formed in the Maharaja's College Hostel in 1949. == Notable people ==
Srimushnam Srinivasa Murthy (1923–2009), Gandhian Freedom Fighter and Kannada writer


== Sister cities ==
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States (2012)
Nashua, New Hampshire, United States (2016)


== See also ==
C V Rangacharlu Memorial Hall
List of cities in India by population 
Mahisha kingdom
List of tourist attractions in Mysore 
Mysuru Local Planning Area
Largest Indian cities by GDP


== References ==


=== Bibliography ===
Javare Gowda, Deve Gowda (1998) [1998]. Village Names of Mysore District: An Analytical Study. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1390-2. Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041. Nair, Janaki (2011). Mysore Modern: Rethinking the Region Under Princely Rule.",393
2089,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore,Mysore,"Nair, Janaki (2011). Mysore Modern: Rethinking the Region Under Princely Rule. Minneapolis, US: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7383-4. Raman, Afried (1994). Bangalore – Mysore. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman. ISBN 0-86311-431-8. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2007. Rao, C. Hayavadana (1927). Mysore Gazetteer. Bangalore: Government Press, Mysore state. Rice, B. L. (1876). Mysore and Coorg: Mysore, by districts. Mysore: Mysore Government Press. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Rice, B. L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8. == External links ==

Mysore Palace – Govt of Karnataka
Mysore City Corporation
SEO Services
Mysore District Information",235
2090,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The International Dunhuang Programme (IDP), formerly International Dunhuang Project, is an international collaborative effort to conserve, catalogue and digitise manuscripts, printed texts, paintings, textiles and artefacts from the Mogao caves at the Western Chinese city of Dunhuang and various other archaeological sites at the eastern end of the Silk Road. The programme was established by the British Library in 1994, and now includes twenty-two institutions in twelve countries. As of 18 February 2021 the online IDP database comprised 143,290 catalogue entries and 538,821 images. Most of the manuscripts in the IDP database are texts written in Chinese, but more than fifteen different scripts and languages are represented, including Brahmi, Kharosthi, Khotanese, Sanskrit, Tangut, Tibetan, Tocharian and Old Uyghur. Victor H. Mair, Professor of Chinese Language and Literature at the University of Pennsylvania, has noted that there are many advantages of the IDP providing high resolution digital images of Dunhuang manuscripts online for access to all. Whereas in years gone by scholars often needed to travel long distances to access the original manuscripts, or could only access them by means of low quality reproductions, now anyone can access images from the convenience of their computer, wherever they are in the world. This not only makes research into these manuscripts easier, but helps in their conservation as there is far less need for them to be handled in person. Moreover, the high quality images provided by the IDP often show up details that would be difficult to see with the human eye. == Activities ==

The main activities of the IDP are the conserving, cataloguing, and digitising of manuscripts, woodblock prints, paintings, photographs and other artefacts in the collections material from Dunhuang and other Eastern Silk Road sites held by participating institutions.",378
2091,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"Moreover, the high quality images provided by the IDP often show up details that would be difficult to see with the human eye. == Activities ==

The main activities of the IDP are the conserving, cataloguing, and digitising of manuscripts, woodblock prints, paintings, photographs and other artefacts in the collections material from Dunhuang and other Eastern Silk Road sites held by participating institutions. Digitised images of the items in the IDP database are made available to the public on the IDP website. The digital images are intended to be at least as legible as the original manuscripts, and allow scholars to access the material from anywhere in the world without causing any more damage to the fragile items themselves. The central core of the programme is the online database of catalogue records and images. This is intended to serve three main purposes:

to act as a replacement for tools previously used by institutions to manage their collections;
to act as a replacement for the offline catalogues previously used by scholars to access the collections;
to provide additional functionality that will make the database an important scholarly tool. In 2002, Lynne Brindley, Chief Executive Officer of the British Library, put forward the IDP as a good example of the sort of complex, collaborative, and international digitisation projects that the British Library was increasingly engaged in. She explained that none of the individual institutions participating in the project had the resources or facilities to allow scholars full access to all of the manuscripts in their collections, but by joining together and sharing knowledge and resources the institutions would be able to offer access to the combined collections of all the institutions by means of high-quality digital images.",337
2092,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"In 2002, Lynne Brindley, Chief Executive Officer of the British Library, put forward the IDP as a good example of the sort of complex, collaborative, and international digitisation projects that the British Library was increasingly engaged in. She explained that none of the individual institutions participating in the project had the resources or facilities to allow scholars full access to all of the manuscripts in their collections, but by joining together and sharing knowledge and resources the institutions would be able to offer access to the combined collections of all the institutions by means of high-quality digital images. She noted that a digitisation project such as the IDP benefits both the institutions involved, who are often able to obtain more substantial funding than they would for an internal project, and also the scholarly community, who are given access through the digital images to fragile and often inaccessible items that might previously have been difficult or impossible to view. === Cataloguing ===
Catalogue records are stored in XML format on a relational database using the 4th Dimension database management tool. Records can be searched for by means of an online search form that allows users to restrict the search on the basis of a number of different criteria, such as type of artefact, holding institute, archaeological site, and language or script. The database was updated to support Unicode in 2010, and the IDP website is now fully encoded using UTF-8, allowing characters from most of the ancient and modern scripts found in the manuscripts to be added to the catalogue records. Each online catalogue record incorporates a physical description of the item, catalogue records from existing print sources, translations if available, and bibliographic references. The IDP also encourages scholarly users to submit their own catalogue entries and research results on individual items for addition to the database.",352
2093,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"Each online catalogue record incorporates a physical description of the item, catalogue records from existing print sources, translations if available, and bibliographic references. The IDP also encourages scholarly users to submit their own catalogue entries and research results on individual items for addition to the database. To facilitate the locating of items on the IDP database the programme has also digitised a large number of catalogues and bibliographic sources, and made them available online, with links from the original catalogue entries to the corresponding online catalogue entry in the IDP database. === Conservation ===
In order to better understand how to conserve the fragile materials that most of the items in the IDP database are made from (paper, textile, and wood), the IDP has supported a number of conservation projects (such as the analysis of paper and textile fibres), and has organised regular conferences on conservation issues at venues across the world. In addition to developing techniques for the conservation and preservation of documents and artefacts, the IDP hopes to foster good conservation practices and common standards amongst participating institutes, ensuring that artefacts are stored under the most suitable conditions, and are handled as little as possible. === Digitisation ===
The IDP centre at the British Library set up a digitisation studio in 2001, and now similar studios have been established at IDP centres across Europe and Asia. In addition to making high-quality digital images of items, infrared photography is used for manuscripts with faded ink or which are otherwise hard to read in normal light. === Education ===
The IDP also engages in various educational activities, organising exhibitions, workshops, and educational events for schools. In 2004 the IDP organised a major exhibition entitled ""The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith"", which was held at the British Library. This was the most successful exhibition ever held at the British Library, and attracted 155,000 visitors.",380
2094,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"In 2004 the IDP organised a major exhibition entitled ""The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith"", which was held at the British Library. This was the most successful exhibition ever held at the British Library, and attracted 155,000 visitors. == History ==

The foundations for the programme were laid in October 1993 when an international conference on Dunhuang Cave 17 was held at Sussex University. This conference brought together curators and conservators from across the world, including the British Library, the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bibliothèque nationale de France, and the National Library of China, and in its aftermath an IDP Steering Group was set up by Graham Shaw (Deputy Director of the Oriental & India Office Collection at the British Library), Frances Wood (Head of the Chinese Section at the British Library), and Peter Lawson (Conservator at the British Library). Susan Whitfield was appointed to edit the newsletter. The first meeting of the IDP steering group was held on 11 April 1994, when the name International Dunhuang Project was adopted. The first newsletter was published on 16 May 1994. The IDP was initially founded with 3-year grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation, and had only one member of staff. The following year the IDP database was designed and implemented, and in 1996 a grant from the British Academy allowed the hiring of a part-time research assistant to input catalogue data into the database. In 1997, with funding of £148,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the IDP started to digitise manuscripts held at the British Library, and in 1998 the database went online with an initial 20,000 catalogue entries and about 1,000 images of digitised manuscripts.",362
2095,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The following year the IDP database was designed and implemented, and in 1996 a grant from the British Academy allowed the hiring of a part-time research assistant to input catalogue data into the database. In 1997, with funding of £148,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the IDP started to digitise manuscripts held at the British Library, and in 1998 the database went online with an initial 20,000 catalogue entries and about 1,000 images of digitised manuscripts. In 2001, with substantial support from the Mellon Foundation, work started on the digitisation of manuscripts held at collections in Paris and Beijing, and in 2003 digital images of Dunhuang paintings held at the British Museum were added to the database. By 2004 the IDP database included images of some 50,000 manuscripts, paintings, artefacts, and historical photographs. IDP Centres were opened in Beijing in 2001, in St. Petersburg and Kyoto in 2004, in Berlin in 2005, in Dunhuang in 2007, in Paris in 2008, and in Seoul in 2010. The first director of the IDP was Susan Whitfield, who retired from the position in July 2017. == Participating institutions ==
The following institutions are participating in the programme.",247
2096,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The first director of the IDP was Susan Whitfield, who retired from the position in July 2017. == Participating institutions ==
The following institutions are participating in the programme. British Library, London, England
British Museum, London, England
Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England
Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Ireland
National Library of China, Beijing, China
Dunhuang Research Academy, Dunhuang, China
Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts (prior to 2007 the St Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies), St. Petersburg, Russia
National Museum of India, New Delhi, India
Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan
State Library, Berlin, Germany
Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Berlin, Germany
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, France
Musée Guimet, Paris, France
National Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm, Sweden
Sven Hedin Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
University of California at Los Angeles, USA
Princeton University, (Gest Library and Art Museum), Princeton, USA
Morgan Library, New York, USA
Research Institute of Korean Studies, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Royal Danish Library, Copenhagen, Denmark


== IDP Centres ==
The International Dunhuang Programme has centres in seven countries. The London centre, based at the British Library, acts as the directorate for the IDP, and is responsible for maintaining the IDP database and the main English-language website. The other centres maintain local-language versions of the IDP website, currently Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korea, and Russian. Each centre is responsible for the conservation, cataloguing, and digitisation of manuscripts in its country.",390
2097,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The other centres maintain local-language versions of the IDP website, currently Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korea, and Russian. Each centre is responsible for the conservation, cataloguing, and digitisation of manuscripts in its country. The staff at these centres help train participating institutions in the use of digitisation equipment and computer software, as well as providing training in conservation and research techniques. In addition to these centres, it is planned to open an IDP centre in Sweden, and digitise the Central Asian collections held in Swedish institutions. == Collections ==
The IDP database includes material from a number of important collections held by participating institutions of the IDP. === The Stein Collections ===

Aurel Stein (1862–1943) made four expeditions to Central Asia (1900–1901, 1906–1908, 1913–1916, and 1930–1931), during which he collected a vast amount of material, including a large number of manuscripts that he acquired from the 'Library Cave' (Cave 17) of the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang during his second expedition. Some of the material that he collected, including murals, paintings, artefacts and manuscripts, was sent to India as his first three expeditions had been sponsored by the Indian government. Most of this material is now held at the National Museum of India in New Delhi, but a small amount of the material from his first expedition is held at the Indian Museum in Calcutta, and at Lahore Museum in Pakistan. The rest of the material collected by Stein was taken to England, and is now shared between the British Library, British Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum.",342
2098,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"Most of this material is now held at the National Museum of India in New Delhi, but a small amount of the material from his first expedition is held at the Indian Museum in Calcutta, and at Lahore Museum in Pakistan. The rest of the material collected by Stein was taken to England, and is now shared between the British Library, British Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum. The British Library holds over 45,000 items collected by Stein, mostly comprising manuscripts, printed texts, and inscribed pieces of wood, written in a wide variety of scripts and languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit, Tangut, Khotanese, Tocharian, Sogdian, Uyghur, Turkic and Mongolian:

about 14,000 scrolls and paper fragments in Chinese from Dunhuang Cave 17
about 5,000 paper fragments and 4,000 woodlsips in Chinese from sites other than Dunhuang
about 3,100 scrolls and pages in Tibetan from Dunhuang
about 2,300 woodslips in Tibetan from Miran and Mazar Tagh
about 1,000 paper fragments in Tibetan from Khara-Khoto and Etsin-gol
about 700 paper fragments in Tibetan from other sites
about 7,000 items in Brahmi and Kharosthi
about 6,000 paper fragments in Tangut
about 50 scrolls, 2,000 paper fragments and 100 woodslips in Khotanese
about 1,200 items in Tocharian
about 400 items in Old Turkic and Uyghur
about 150 items in Sogdian
The British Library Stein Collection also includes some artefacts such as textile fragments, sutra wrappers and paste brushes, as well as over 10,000 photographs, negatives and lantern slides taken by Stein.",372
2099,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The rest of the material collected by Stein was taken to England, and is now shared between the British Library, British Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum. The British Library holds over 45,000 items collected by Stein, mostly comprising manuscripts, printed texts, and inscribed pieces of wood, written in a wide variety of scripts and languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit, Tangut, Khotanese, Tocharian, Sogdian, Uyghur, Turkic and Mongolian:

about 14,000 scrolls and paper fragments in Chinese from Dunhuang Cave 17
about 5,000 paper fragments and 4,000 woodlsips in Chinese from sites other than Dunhuang
about 3,100 scrolls and pages in Tibetan from Dunhuang
about 2,300 woodslips in Tibetan from Miran and Mazar Tagh
about 1,000 paper fragments in Tibetan from Khara-Khoto and Etsin-gol
about 700 paper fragments in Tibetan from other sites
about 7,000 items in Brahmi and Kharosthi
about 6,000 paper fragments in Tangut
about 50 scrolls, 2,000 paper fragments and 100 woodslips in Khotanese
about 1,200 items in Tocharian
about 400 items in Old Turkic and Uyghur
about 150 items in Sogdian
The British Library Stein Collection also includes some artefacts such as textile fragments, sutra wrappers and paste brushes, as well as over 10,000 photographs, negatives and lantern slides taken by Stein. The British Museum holds a collection of over 1,500 archaeological artefacts collected from various Silk Road sites by Stein, as well as non-literary items from Dunhuang Cave 17, comprising more than 240 paintings on silk or paper, 200 textiles, and about 30 woodblock prints.",384
2100,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The British Library holds over 45,000 items collected by Stein, mostly comprising manuscripts, printed texts, and inscribed pieces of wood, written in a wide variety of scripts and languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit, Tangut, Khotanese, Tocharian, Sogdian, Uyghur, Turkic and Mongolian:

about 14,000 scrolls and paper fragments in Chinese from Dunhuang Cave 17
about 5,000 paper fragments and 4,000 woodlsips in Chinese from sites other than Dunhuang
about 3,100 scrolls and pages in Tibetan from Dunhuang
about 2,300 woodslips in Tibetan from Miran and Mazar Tagh
about 1,000 paper fragments in Tibetan from Khara-Khoto and Etsin-gol
about 700 paper fragments in Tibetan from other sites
about 7,000 items in Brahmi and Kharosthi
about 6,000 paper fragments in Tangut
about 50 scrolls, 2,000 paper fragments and 100 woodslips in Khotanese
about 1,200 items in Tocharian
about 400 items in Old Turkic and Uyghur
about 150 items in Sogdian
The British Library Stein Collection also includes some artefacts such as textile fragments, sutra wrappers and paste brushes, as well as over 10,000 photographs, negatives and lantern slides taken by Stein. The British Museum holds a collection of over 1,500 archaeological artefacts collected from various Silk Road sites by Stein, as well as non-literary items from Dunhuang Cave 17, comprising more than 240 paintings on silk or paper, 200 textiles, and about 30 woodblock prints. The museum also holds over 4,000 coins collected by Stein, about three quarters of which are Chinese, and most of the rest are Islamic.",381
2101,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The British Museum holds a collection of over 1,500 archaeological artefacts collected from various Silk Road sites by Stein, as well as non-literary items from Dunhuang Cave 17, comprising more than 240 paintings on silk or paper, 200 textiles, and about 30 woodblock prints. The museum also holds over 4,000 coins collected by Stein, about three quarters of which are Chinese, and most of the rest are Islamic. Images of all of the paintings and some of the artefacts are now included in the IDP database, and the coins may be added at a future date. The Victoria and Albert Museum holds a collection of more than 650 textiles collected by Stein from various Silk Road sites, all of which have now been added to the IDP database. Many of Stein's personal papers and diaries are held at the Western Manuscript Department of the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. A collection of personal papers and photographs held at the library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences have been added to the IDP database. The removal by Stein of so much cultural and archaeological material from China has caused anger in China, and there have been calls for the texts and artefacts collected by Stein from Dunhuang that are now in the British Museum and British Library to be repatriated to China. Although the Chinese government has not formally requested their return, in 2003 an official at the Chinese Embassy in London stated that ""[l]ittle by little, we will expect to see the return of items taken from Dunhuang — they should go back to their original place"". === The Hoernle Collection ===
The Hoernle Collection, named after Augustus Hoernle (1841–1918), is a collection of Central Asian manuscripts collected by the Indian government. 22 consignments were sent to Hoernle in Calcutta between 1895 and 1899, and these were sent to the British Museum in 1902.",387
2102,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"=== The Hoernle Collection ===
The Hoernle Collection, named after Augustus Hoernle (1841–1918), is a collection of Central Asian manuscripts collected by the Indian government. 22 consignments were sent to Hoernle in Calcutta between 1895 and 1899, and these were sent to the British Museum in 1902. A further ten consignments were sent to Hoernle in London after his retirement in 1899. The Hoernle Collection, which comprises over 2,000 Sanskrit manuscripts, 1,200 Tocharian manuscripts, and about 250 Khotanese manuscripts, as well as a few Chinese, Persian and Uyghur manuscripts, is now held by the British Library. === The Pelliot Collection ===

Paul Pelliot (1878–1945) led an expedition to Kucha and Dunhuang between 1906 and 1908. In Kucha and elsewhere in Chinese Turkestan he collected hundreds of woodslips with inscriptions in Sanskrit and Tocharian. Pelliot arrived at the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang a year after Stein, where he acquired thousands of manuscripts from the 'Library Cave' (Cave 17), as well as hundreds of manuscripts and printed texts from Caves 464 and 465.",256
2103,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"In Kucha and elsewhere in Chinese Turkestan he collected hundreds of woodslips with inscriptions in Sanskrit and Tocharian. Pelliot arrived at the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang a year after Stein, where he acquired thousands of manuscripts from the 'Library Cave' (Cave 17), as well as hundreds of manuscripts and printed texts from Caves 464 and 465. The items collected by Pelliot are held at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, and are divided into the following sub-collections:

Pelliot Tibetan : 4,174 manuscripts and woodblock prints in Tibetan
Pelliot Chinese : about 3,000 scrolls, booklets, paintings and woodblock prints, and around 700 fragments, in Chinese
Pelliot Sanskrit : about 4,000 fragments in Sanskrit
Pelliot Kuchean : about 2,000 woodslips and paper fragments in Tocharian
Pelliot Sogdian : about 40 Sogdian manuscripts
Pelliot Uighur : about 20 Uyghur manuscripts
Pelliot Khotanais : Khotanese manuscripts
Pelliot Xixia : more than 200 items in the Tangut script, mostly woodblock prints (all discvovered in Cave 464 in March 1908)
Pelliot divers : miscellaneous items


=== The Kozlov Collection ===
Pyotr Kozlov (1863–1935) made an expedition to the Tangut fortress city of Khara-Khoto during 1907–1909. The city had been abandoned in the late 14th century, and had been largely buried in sand for several hundred years. Kozlov unearthed thousands of manuscripts and woodblock prints, mostly written in the dead Tangut language, which had been preserved beneath the sands of Khara-Khoto.",380
2104,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The city had been abandoned in the late 14th century, and had been largely buried in sand for several hundred years. Kozlov unearthed thousands of manuscripts and woodblock prints, mostly written in the dead Tangut language, which had been preserved beneath the sands of Khara-Khoto. The collection of Tangut texts that Kozlov brought back from Khara-Khoto were originally housed in the museum of Alexander III of Russia in St Petersburg, but were transferred to the Asiatic Museum in 1911. They are now held at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St Petersburg. In addition to the several thousand Tangut texts, the Kozlov Collection includes about 660 manuscripts and printed books in Chinese, mostly Buddhist texts. The site of Khara-Khoto was excavated by Aurel Stein in 1917, during his third expedition, and several thousand Tangut manuscript fragments recovered by Stein are in the Stein Collection of the British Library. === The Oldenburg Collections ===
Sergey Oldenburg (1863–1934), who was the first director of the Institute of Oriental Studies (formerly the Asiatic Museum) in St Petersburg, made two expeditions to Central Asia (1909–1910 and 1914–1915), which were to become known as the 'Russian Turkestan expeditions'. During the first expedition Oldenburg explored a number of sites around Turpan, including Shikchin, Yarkhoto and Kucha, and collected murals, paintings, terracottas, and about one hundred manuscripts, mostly fragments written in the Brahmi script. During his second expedition Oldenburg surveyed the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang, and revisited some of the sites in Turpan that he had visited during his first expedition. He found a large number of artefacts and manuscript fragments (nearly 20,000 fragments, some of them tiny) at Dunhuang, and also purchased about 300 scrolls from local people.",394
2105,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"During his second expedition Oldenburg surveyed the Mogao Caves at Dunhuang, and revisited some of the sites in Turpan that he had visited during his first expedition. He found a large number of artefacts and manuscript fragments (nearly 20,000 fragments, some of them tiny) at Dunhuang, and also purchased about 300 scrolls from local people. Oldenburg's collections are shared between the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts and the Hermitage Museum. The Institute of Oriental Manuscripts holds the more than 19,000 manuscript fragments and 365 manuscript scrolls collected from Dunhuang by Oldenburg, as well as about thirty manuscripts collected by Sergey Malov during an expedition to Khotan during 1909–1910, and some 183 Uyghur manuscripts collected by N. N. Krotkov, the Russian Consul in Urumqi and Ghulja. The Hermitage Museum holds artefacts from both of Oldenburg's expeditions, including 66 Buddhist banners and banner-tops, 137 fragments of Buddhist silk paintings, 43 fragments of Buddhist paintings on paper, 24 murals, 38 pieces of textile, and eight manuscript fragments. Oldenburg's personal papers, diaries, maps and photographs relating to the two expeditions are also held at the Hermitage. === Dunhuang Collections at the National Library of China ===
During 1907–1908 Stein and Pelliot had visited Dunhuang, and had both purchased large quantities of manuscripts from Wang Yuanlu (c.1849–1931), a Taoist priest and self-proclaimed guardian of the Mogao Caves. News of the discovery of these manuscripts was brought to the attention of Chinese scholars when Pelliot visited Beijing in 1909, and the renowned scholar and antiquarian Luo Zhenyu (1866–1940) persuaded the Ministry of Education to recover the 8,000 or so remaining manuscripts.",384
2106,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"=== Dunhuang Collections at the National Library of China ===
During 1907–1908 Stein and Pelliot had visited Dunhuang, and had both purchased large quantities of manuscripts from Wang Yuanlu (c.1849–1931), a Taoist priest and self-proclaimed guardian of the Mogao Caves. News of the discovery of these manuscripts was brought to the attention of Chinese scholars when Pelliot visited Beijing in 1909, and the renowned scholar and antiquarian Luo Zhenyu (1866–1940) persuaded the Ministry of Education to recover the 8,000 or so remaining manuscripts. In 1910 Fu Baoshu 傅寶書 was dispatched to Dunhuang to bring the remaining manuscripts back to Beijing, although he left the Tibetan manuscripts behind. Some of the manuscripts were stolen by the minister Li Shengduo 李盛鐸 shortly after they had arrived at the Ministry of Education, but soon after the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 the manuscripts were deposited in the newly founded Metropolitan Library (later to become the National Library of China). The 8,697 manuscripts that Fu Baoshu brought back from Dunhuang form the core of the Dunhuang collection in the National Library of China, but they have since been augmented by various purchases and donations over the years, so that the library collection now amounts to some 16,000 items, including 4,000 small manuscript fragments. === The Ōtani Collections ===
Ōtani Kōzui (1876–1948) was a hereditary Buddhist abbot from Kyoto, Japan, but he had studied in London, and after meeting the explorers Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin (1865–1952) he decided to explore Central Asia himself from a Buddhist perspective. In 1902 he left England to return to Japan overland via St Petersburg, and together with four other returning Japanese students he made his way to Kashgar.",393
2107,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"=== The Ōtani Collections ===
Ōtani Kōzui (1876–1948) was a hereditary Buddhist abbot from Kyoto, Japan, but he had studied in London, and after meeting the explorers Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin (1865–1952) he decided to explore Central Asia himself from a Buddhist perspective. In 1902 he left England to return to Japan overland via St Petersburg, and together with four other returning Japanese students he made his way to Kashgar. From Kashgar the expedition divided into two groups, Ōtani and two others travelling to Srinagar and India, before returning to Japan; and the two others exploring the region of Khotan and Turpan, and excavating the previously unexplored site of Kucha, before returning to Japan in 1904. Ōtani became abbot of the Nishi Honganji Monastery in Kyoto on his father's death in 1903, and so was unable to personally take part in any further expeditions, but he financed further expeditions to Chinese Turkestan in 1908–1909 and 1910–1914. The final expedition excavated the tombs of Astana outside the ancient city of Gaochang, taking back to Japan nine mummies and many grave goods and funerary texts. The three Ōtani expeditions produced a large collection of manuscripts (especially Buddhist sutras), woodslips, murals, sculptures, textiles, coins, and seals. These items were originally deposited in the Nishi Honganji Monastery, and later at Ōtani's residence, Villa Niraku in Kobe, but in 1914 Ōtani resigned as abbot due to a bribery scandal, and much of his collection was moved to Ōtani's villa in Lüshun, China. His collection was later dispersed to various libraries, museums and collections across Japan, Korea, and China.",395
2108,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"These items were originally deposited in the Nishi Honganji Monastery, and later at Ōtani's residence, Villa Niraku in Kobe, but in 1914 Ōtani resigned as abbot due to a bribery scandal, and much of his collection was moved to Ōtani's villa in Lüshun, China. His collection was later dispersed to various libraries, museums and collections across Japan, Korea, and China. The Omiya Library at Ryukoku University, Kyoto holds 8,000 miscellaneous items found in two wooden chests at Villa Niraku after Ōtani's death. These include manuscript scrolls, manuscript booklets, printed texts, wooden slips, silk paintings, textiles, plant specimens, coins, and rubbings. As well as Chinese texts, the collection includes documents written in 15 different languages and 13 different scripts, covering secular subjects as well as Manichaean Buddhist scriptures and Nestorian Christian texts. Tokyo National Museum holds various items from the Ōtani expeditions, including Chinese and Uyghur manuscripts and woodslips from Turpan, Dunhuang and elsewhere, as well as paintings from Dunhuang and Turpan. Kyoto National Museum holds a number of items from Ōtani's collection. Otani University, Kyoto holds 38 Dunhuang manuscripts, including 34 from Ōtani's collection. The Lüshun Museum in Dalian, China holds 16,035 Buddhist manuscript fragments from Turpan, as well as documents written in Brahmi, Sogdian, Tibetan, Tangut, and Uyghur. The National Library of China in Beijing holds 621 Dunhuang scrolls transferred from the Lüshun Museum. The National Museum of Korea in Seoul holds about 1,700 artefacts and 60 fragments of murals from the Bezeklik Caves that derived from Villa Niraku.",387
2109,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The National Library of China in Beijing holds 621 Dunhuang scrolls transferred from the Lüshun Museum. The National Museum of Korea in Seoul holds about 1,700 artefacts and 60 fragments of murals from the Bezeklik Caves that derived from Villa Niraku. === The Berlin Turpan Collections ===
Four German expeditions to Turpan were made in the years 1902–1903, 1904–1905, 1905–1907, and 1913–1914, the first and third expeditions led by Albert Grünwedel (1856–1935), and the second and fourth expeditions led by Albert von Le Coq (1860–1930). These expeditions brought back to Berlin a huge amount of material, including murals and other artefacts, as well as about 40,000 manuscript and woodblock fragments written in more than twenty different scripts and languages. The items collected during these four expeditions are now divided between two institutions in Berlin. The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities holds about 6,000 Old Uyghur fragments, about 1,600 Chinese and Old Uyghur fragments, 800 Middle Persian and Old Turkic fragments (formerly in the collection of the Mainz Academy of Sciences and Literature), 3,500 Manichaean fragments in various languages (primarily Middle Persian, Parthian, Old Turkic and Sogdian), about 1,000 Sogdian and Chinese/Sogdian fragments, and about 300 Sogdian fragments in the Nestorian script. The Oriental Department of the Berlin State Library holds about 6,000 Chinese fragments, about 100 Mongolian fragments, about 300 Syriac fragments, about 200 Tibetan fragments, about 4,000 Tocharian fragments, and about 8,000 Sanskrit fragments. The IDP has digitised over 14,000 items from these collection, mostly the Chinese, Brahmi and Sanskrit fragments.",395
2110,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"The Oriental Department of the Berlin State Library holds about 6,000 Chinese fragments, about 100 Mongolian fragments, about 300 Syriac fragments, about 200 Tibetan fragments, about 4,000 Tocharian fragments, and about 8,000 Sanskrit fragments. The IDP has digitised over 14,000 items from these collection, mostly the Chinese, Brahmi and Sanskrit fragments. The Middle Persian, Old Turkic and Mongolian fragments have been digitised as part of the Digital Turfan Archive hosted by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and the Tocharian fragments have been digitised as part of the TITUS project of the Goethe University Frankfurt. == Notable items in the IDP database ==
The following are some of the notable items in the IDP database. == Awards ==
In November 2010 the IDP was awarded the Casa Asia Award by the Spanish governmental consortium, Casa Asia, for its work in digitizing and preserving manuscripts. == See also ==
Dunhuang manuscripts
Digital library
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences
List of Tangut books
Mogao caves
Preservation (library and archival science)


== Notes ==


== References ==
Brindley, Lynne (2002). ""The Future of Libraries and Humanities Research: New Strategic Directions for the BritishLibrary"". Libraries & Culture. 37 (1): 26–36. doi:10.1353/lac.2002.0001. ISSN 1932-4855. S2CID 142787963. Carpenter, Leona; Shaw, Simon; Prescott, Andrew (1998). Towards the digital library: the British Library's Initiatives for Access programme. London: British Library. ISBN 978-0-7123-4540-8. Wang, Helen; Perkins, John (2008).",383
2111,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Programme,International Dunhuang Programme,"ISBN 978-0-7123-4540-8. Wang, Helen; Perkins, John (2008). Handbook to the Collections of Sir Aurel Stein in the UK. London: British Museum. ISBN 978-0-86159-977-6. Whitfield, Roderick; Farrer, Anne (1990). Cave of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese art from the Silk Route. London: British Museum. ISBN 978-0-7141-1447-7. Whitfield, Roderick; Whitfield, Susan (2000). Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Art and History on the Silk Road. London: British Library. ISBN 978-0-7123-4697-9. == External links ==

The International Dunhuang Programme official website
The New Yorker: A Secret Library, Digitally Excavated",176
2112,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Forteln%C3%BD,Jan Forteln%C3%BD,"Jan Fortelný (born 19 January 1999) is a Czech footballer who plays as a midfielder for Teplice. == Club career ==


=== Youth level ===
On youth level, he played for AC Sparta Prague. He played in 4 2016-17 UEFA Youth League matches against OFK Titograd and Altinordu FK scoring 2 goals, also he played in 3 2017-18 UEFA Youth League matches against F91 Dudelange and RB Salzburg. === AC Sparta Prague ===
He made his debut for the first team on 20 September 2020 in the Czech First League match against FC Fastav Zlín. Since then he played in 1 league match and in 1 Czech Cup match without scoring a goal (actual to 21 January 2021). He also played in 3 matches (scoring 3 goals) for reserve team in Bohemian Football League. ==== FC Sellier and Bellot Vlašim (loan) ====
On 17 August 2018 he was loaned to FC Sellier & Bellot Vlašim in Czech National Football League. In one year long loan he played in 21 league matches (scoring 2 goals) and in 2 Czech Cup matches (scoring 1 goal). ==== FC Vysočina Jihlava (loan) ====
On 11 July 2019 he was loaned to FC Vysočina Jihlava also in Czech National Football League. In one year long loan he played in 28 league matches scoring 1 goal, also he played in 1 Czech Cup match without scoring a goal. ==== FK Teplice (loan) ====
On 5 October 2020 he was loaned to FK Teplice in Czech First League. In 3 months long loan he played in 6 league matches without scoring a goal. On 8 February 2021 he was loaned to FK Teplice again.",387
2113,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Forteln%C3%BD,Jan Forteln%C3%BD,"In 3 months long loan he played in 6 league matches without scoring a goal. On 8 February 2021 he was loaned to FK Teplice again. On 12 August 2021 he was loaned to FK Teplice once again. ==== SK Sigma Olomouc (loan) ====
On 2 January 2023 he was loaned to SK Sigma Olomouc for half a season. === FK Jablonec ===
On 19 July 2024, Fortelný signed a contract with FK Jablonec. === FK Teplice ===
On 8 September 2025, Fortelný signed a contract with FK Teplice. == International career ==
He had played international football at under-16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 level for Czech Republic U16, Czech Republic U17, Czech Republic U18, Czech Republic U19 and Czech Republic U20. He played in 35 matches scoring 6 goals. == References ==


== External links ==
https://repre.fotbal.cz/hrac/hraci/4998
Jan Fortelný at Soccerway",237
2114,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_Horn,Oldenburg Horn,"The Oldenburg Horn (Danish: Det Oldenborgske Horn) is a mid 15th-century drinking horn with House of Oldenburg associations, made of gilded silver richly decorated with enamel, now on display in Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen, Denmark. == History ==

In the 13th and 14th centuries, drinking horns were treasured objects and prized heirlooms among the elite. It was not uncommon for them to be regularly recycled inside close families and kin-groups. The Oldenburg Horn stands out from these earlier drinking horns, being the first such horn in Denmark not made from a bovine horn. It was made for Christian I of Denmark by an unknown silversmith in around 1465. It is believed that he intended to use it as a gift to the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral on his journey to Rome in 1474–1475. Some sources state that he brought it back with him. In 1690, it was transferred from Oldenburg to Copenhagen by Christian V for inclusion in the Royal Collections at Rosenborg Castle. In 1939, Rosenborg Castle was opened to the public. == Description ==
The horn is made of gilded silver and enamel, richly decorated with architectural motifs, inscriptions and Christian I's many coats of arms. == Legend ==
A legend used to date the horn to the year 989: when Otto, 1st Count of Oldenburg became thirsty, on a hunting excursion with his men, he said, ""Oh God, I wish I had something to drink"". An elf maiden suddenly appeared. In 1862, Frederik Storch painted a scene illustrating the legend. It is now in the collection of the National Gallery of Denmark. == Gallery ==


== See also ==
Absalon's Drinking Horn
Rose Flower Cup


== References ==


== External links ==

Source",386
2115,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Auer,Matthew Auer,"Matthew ""Matt"" R. Auer is an American academic administrator and environmental scholar. Auer served as the dean of faculty and vice president for academic affairs at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine before being appointed the current dean of the University of Georgia School of Public and International Affairs in Athens, Georgia; he assumed office on July 1, 2017. Auer had also previously served as the Dean of the Hutton Honors College at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a professor at the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs. == Early life and education ==
Auer earned an AB in Anthropology, magna cum laude, from Harvard College in 1988, a Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, and a Ph.D. in Forestry and Environmental Studies from Yale University in 1996. == Early educational career ==
He is the former dean of the Hutton Honors College at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. At Indiana University, he taught environmental policy, public policy, and public administration at Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs. == Editorships and academies ==
From 2005 to 2008, he was editor-in-chief of the public policy journal, Policy Sciences, and he has served on the Executive Council of the Society of Policy Scientists. Auer was elected a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration in 2023. == U.S. Forest Service ==
Auer served as Senior Adviser to the U.S. Forest Service from 2001 to 2006. During that time, he was a member of the U.S. delegation to the United Nations Forum on Forests and to the International Tropical Timber Council, the governing body of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO).",362
2116,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Auer,Matthew Auer,"== U.S. Forest Service ==
Auer served as Senior Adviser to the U.S. Forest Service from 2001 to 2006. During that time, he was a member of the U.S. delegation to the United Nations Forum on Forests and to the International Tropical Timber Council, the governing body of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). For the United States Agency for International Development and other bilateral aid agencies, he has developed, implemented, and evaluated energy and environmental programs in, among other countries, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Estonia, Poland, Azerbaijan, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. He has also served as a Presidential Management Fellow at USAID. == Bates College ==
Auer was appointed as the Dean of Faculty of Bates College on July 1, 2013. Auer has received more than a dozen teaching awards including the President's Award. On February 1, 2017, it was announced that Auer was appointed to a senior level position within the University of Georgia by the college's president, Clayton Spencer. Auer focused on recruiting faculty from diverse and underrepresented groups and strengthening computational sciences curricula at the college. == University of Georgia ==
In early February 2017, the University of Georgia  announced that Auer had been named dean of the University of Georgia School of Public and International Affairs. He assumed office on July 1, 2017 following an induction ceremony. Priorities during Auer’s term have included increasing the size of the faculty, new curricula, and theory-to-practice research impact. == Notable publications ==
Auer, Matthew. 2021. “Considering Equity in Wildfire Protection,” Sustainability Science, 16: 2163-2169. Auer, Matthew, Zhang, Yuman, Lee, Priscilla. 2014.",371
2117,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Auer,Matthew Auer,"Auer, Matthew, Zhang, Yuman, Lee, Priscilla. 2014. “The Potential of Microblogs for the Study of Public Perceptions of Climate Change,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5: 291-296. Auer, Matthew. 2011. “The Policy Sciences of Social Media,” Policy Studies Journal, 39(4): 709-736. Auer, Matthew. 2008. “Presidential Environmental Appointees in Comparative Perspective,” Public Administration Review, 68(1): 68-80. Auer, Matthew. 2006. “Contexts, Multiple Methods, and Values in the Study of Common-Pool Resources,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 25(1): 215-227. Auer, Matthew. 2004. (Ed.) Restoring Cursed Earth: Appraising Environmental Policy Reforms in Eastern Europe and Russia. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Auer, Matthew. 2000. “Who Participates in Global Environmental Governance? Partial Answers from International Relations Theory,” Policy Sciences, 33(2): 155-180. == References ==


== External links ==
Indiana University Hutton Honors College
Policy Sciences journal
International Tropical Timber Organization
National Academy of Public Administration",268
2118,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petralia_Sottana,Petralia Sottana,"Petralia Sottana (Sicilian: Pitralìa Suttana) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, in the island of Sicily, Southern Italy. The main characters in Emanuele Crialese's 2006 film of Sicilian immigration to America, Nuovomondo, come from the town of Petralia. == History ==
The first traces of human settlement date back to the 4th/3rd millennium BC (Neolithic and Eneolithic periods) as evidenced by the archaeological finds in the nearby Grotta del Vecchiuzzo. In much closer times there must have been an indigenous settlement, strongly influenced by the nearby Greek colony of Imera, in whose excavations a bronze coin was found, the Petrinon which bears the name of the city of Petra. That Petra corresponds to modern Petralia is suggested by the name and proximity to Imera. During the First Punic War the town expelled their Carthaginian garrison and surrendered to the Romans after the fall of Panormus to the Romans after which 10,000 inhabitants of Panormus were sold into slavery. In the 3rd century BC, with the Roman conquest, Petra became a ""decumanus"" city and a center of some importance as a military garrison and agricultural market, as evidenced by several writings of the time (among others Cicero in the ""Verrine"" and Diodorus Siculus) and by a few archaeological finds. The town then suffered the fate of the rest of the island, suffering the barbarian invasions first and the subsequent Byzantine reconquest. == Geography ==
The Madonie Mountains cover the commune. Petralia Sottana hosts the headquarters of the Madonie Regional Natural Park, in which is included a significant amount of its municipal territory.",379
2119,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petralia_Sottana,Petralia Sottana,"== Geography ==
The Madonie Mountains cover the commune. Petralia Sottana hosts the headquarters of the Madonie Regional Natural Park, in which is included a significant amount of its municipal territory. The commune is on the border between the Metropolitan City of Palermo and the Province of Caltanissetta. It is bounded by the communes of Alimena, Blufi, Caltanissetta, Castelbuono, Castellana Sicula, Geraci Siculo, Isnello, Marianopoli, Petralia Soprana, Polizzi Generosa, Resuttano, Santa Caterina Villarmosa, Villalba. == Coat of arms ==
The coat of arms shows three lilies, referring to Lilium Petrae (Stone lily), a possible etymology of the town name. == Main sights ==

Maria Santissima Assunta (Chiesa Madre or Mother Church), known from the 9th century. Of the original building, only a portal in Gothic-Catalan style has survived. The current structure, with a nave and two aisles on the basilica plan, was built in 1633–1680.",251
2120,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petralia_Sottana,Petralia Sottana,"Of the original building, only a portal in Gothic-Catalan style has survived. The current structure, with a nave and two aisles on the basilica plan, was built in 1633–1680. The sacristy houses a rare bronze lampstand dating back to the Arab conquest of Sicily, with an inscription in Kufic characters
San Francesco d'Assisi: 17th century church
Santissima Trinità: (1531) church formerly attached to abbey
Palazzo del Giglio: current town hall
Santa Maria alla Fontana
Museo Civico Antonio Collisani: Civic museum with archeological and geological-paleontological collections
Grotta del Vecchiuzzo, a prehistoric cave where archeological finds dating back to the Late Neolithic were discovered
Sanctuary of the Madonna dell'Alto


== People ==
Luciano Chiara, mathematician
Giuseppe Colosi, zoologist
Antonio Pucci, racing driver
Cesare Terranova, judge and politician killed by the Mafia


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website",240
2121,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_the_Disco_Duck,Irwin the Disco Duck,"Irwin the Disco Duck, a.k.a. Irwin the Dynamic Duck, is a fictional character who was featured on a series of children's records from Peter Pan Records. He's depicted as an anthropomorphic white duck with a head of brown hair, usually dressed in 1970s-style clothes (platform shoes, bell-bottoms, et cetera). The character was created by artist George Peed in 1976. Despite the similarity in both sound and appearance to Donald Duck, Irwin the Disco Duck had no affiliation to the more widely known character of The Walt Disney Company. == History ==
Inspired by the novelty song ""Disco Duck"", Peter Pan put out a series of children's records starting in 1976 that were compilations of popular songs of the time. The fictional ""host"" of the albums was Irwin the Disco Duck, whose name would be altered to Irwin the Dynamic Duck when disco fell out of fashion. None of the songs were by the original artists; according to the album cover, they were being performed by ""The Wibble Wobble Singers and Orchestra."" Some of the songs featured Irwin singing, but more often he functioned as the album's disc jockey, introducing the songs. While numerous voice actors played Irwin throughout this series, the most notable is Don Messick of Hanna-Barbera TV cartoon fame, the original voice of Scooby-Doo and other such characters as Papa Smurf, Boo-Boo, Astro (of The Jetsons), Dr. Benton Quest and Bamm-Bamm. His Irwin voice was similar to many Hanna-Barbera and Rankin/Bass characters, including Pixie, Scrappy-Doo and Snip (in Jack Frost). Irwin's hair, wardrobe and DJ persona are all reflections of American radio personality Rick Dees, who wrote and recorded the ""Disco Duck"" song on which this series was based.",390
2122,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_the_Disco_Duck,Irwin the Disco Duck,"His Irwin voice was similar to many Hanna-Barbera and Rankin/Bass characters, including Pixie, Scrappy-Doo and Snip (in Jack Frost). Irwin's hair, wardrobe and DJ persona are all reflections of American radio personality Rick Dees, who wrote and recorded the ""Disco Duck"" song on which this series was based. == Record list ==

Note: A two-part comic starring Irwin and his girlfriend Debbi is on the back of two album covers; part one is on the back of ""Irwin the Disco Duck Dance Party II,"" and part two is on the back of ""Alley Cat and Chicken Fat."" == References ==",139
2123,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"Zhang Binglin (January 12, 1869 – June 14, 1936), also known by his art name Zhang Taiyan, was a Chinese philologist, textual critic, philosopher, and revolutionary. His philological works include Wen Shi (文始 ""The Origin of Writing""), the first systematic work of Chinese etymology. He also made contributions to historical Chinese phonology, proposing that ""the niang (娘) and ri (日) initials [in Middle Chinese] come from the ni (泥) initial [in Old Chinese]"" (known as niang ri gui ni 娘日歸泥). He developed a system of shorthand based on the seal script, called jiyin zimu (記音字母), later adopted as the basis of zhuyin. Though innovative in many ways, he was skeptical of new archaeological findings, regarding the oracle bones as forgery. An activist as well as a scholar, he produced many political works. Because of his outspoken character, he was jailed for three years by the Qing Empire and put under house arrest for another three by Yuan Shikai. == Life ==
Zhang was born with the given name Xuecheng (學乘) in Yuhang (now a district in Hangzhou), Zhejiang to a scholarly family. In 1901, to demonstrate his hatred of the Manchu rulers of the Qing state, he changed his name to ‘Taiyan’ after two scholars who had resisted the Qing takeover 250 years before: ‘Tai’ came from Taichong, the pen name of Huang Zongxi, and ‘Yan’ from Gu Yanwu. When he was 23, he began to study under the great philologist Yu Yue (1821–1907), immersing himself in the Chinese classics for seven years.",392
2124,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"In 1901, to demonstrate his hatred of the Manchu rulers of the Qing state, he changed his name to ‘Taiyan’ after two scholars who had resisted the Qing takeover 250 years before: ‘Tai’ came from Taichong, the pen name of Huang Zongxi, and ‘Yan’ from Gu Yanwu. When he was 23, he began to study under the great philologist Yu Yue (1821–1907), immersing himself in the Chinese classics for seven years. After the First Sino-Japanese War, he went to Shanghai, becoming a member of the Society for National Strengthening (強學會) and writing for a number of newspapers, including Liang Qichao's Shi Wu Bao (時務報). In September 1898, after the failure of the Wuxu Reform, Zhang escaped to Taiwan with the help of a Japanese friend and worked as a reporter for Taiwan Nichinichi Shimpō (臺灣日日新報) and wrote for The China Discussion (清議報) produced in Japan by Liang Qichao. In May of the following year, Zhang went to Japan and was introduced to Sun Yat-sen by Liang Qichao. He returned to China two months later to be a reporter for the Shanghai-based Yadong Shibao (亞東時報). His most important political work, Qiu Shu (訄書) was published in 1900–1 and then in a substantially revised edition in 1904. In 1901, under the threat of arrest from the Qing Empire, Zhang taught at Soochow University for a year before he escaped to Japan for several months. Upon return, he was arrested and jailed for three years until June 1906. He began to study the Buddhist scriptures during his time in jail.",398
2125,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"Upon return, he was arrested and jailed for three years until June 1906. He began to study the Buddhist scriptures during his time in jail. After his release, Zhang went to Japan to join Tongmeng Hui and became the chief editor of the newspaper Min Bao (民報) which strongly criticized the Qing Empire's corruption. There, he also lectured on the Chinese classics and philology for overseas Chinese students. His students in Japan include Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren and Qian Xuantong. His most important student was Huang Kan. In 1908, Min Bao was banned by the Japanese government. This caused Zhang to focus on his philological research. He coined the phrase ""Zhonghua Minguo"" (中華民國, literally ""Chinese People's State"") which became the Chinese name of the Republic of China. Because of an ideological conflict with Sun Yat-sen and his Three Principles of the People, Zhang established the Tokyo branch of Guangfu Hui in February 1909. After the Wuchang Uprising, Zhang returned to China to establish the Republic of China Alliance (中華民國聯合會) and chief-edit the Dagonghe Ribao (大共和日報). After Yuan Shikai became the President of the Republic of China in 1913, Zhang was his high-ranking advisor for a few months until the assassination of Song Jiaoren. After criticizing Yuan for possible responsibility of the assassination, Zhang was put under house arrest, in Beijing's Longquan Temple, until Yuan's death in 1916. After release, Zhang was appointed Minister of the Guangzhou Generalissimo (大元帥府秘書長) in June 1917.",376
2126,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"After criticizing Yuan for possible responsibility of the assassination, Zhang was put under house arrest, in Beijing's Longquan Temple, until Yuan's death in 1916. After release, Zhang was appointed Minister of the Guangzhou Generalissimo (大元帥府秘書長) in June 1917. In 1924, Zhang left the Kuomintang, entitled himself a loyalist to the Republic of China, and became critical of Chiang Kai-shek. Zhang established the National Studies Society (國學講習會) in Suzhou in 1934 and chief-edited the magazine Zhi Yan (制言). He died two years later at 67 and was buried in a state funeral. On April 3, 1955, the People's Republic of China moved his coffin from Suzhou to Nanping Mountain, Hangzhou. The People's Republic established a museum devoted to him beside the West Lake. He had three daughters with his first wife. With Cai Yuanpei as witness, he married again in 1913, with Tang Guoli (湯國梨), an early Chinese feminist. They had two sons, Zhang Dao (章導) and Zhang Qi (章奇). == Philosophical beginnings ==
Originally, Zhang Binglin was firmly rooted in ""Old Text"" philology, which emphasized ""the diversity of China's intellectual heritage led to a serious erosion of the paramount position of Confucius as upheld by the unwavering guardians of orthodoxy"" (Kurtz 302). Zhang shared the views of his contemporary, Liu Yiqing, that the Confucian classics should be read as history, not sacred scripture. However, he firmly rejected Liu's suggestion to put Chinese intellectual heritage into the matrix of Western philosophy.",373
2127,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"Zhang shared the views of his contemporary, Liu Yiqing, that the Confucian classics should be read as history, not sacred scripture. However, he firmly rejected Liu's suggestion to put Chinese intellectual heritage into the matrix of Western philosophy. Joachim Kurtz writes: Zhang Binglin did not oppose radical reconceptualizations per se but only those that uncritically mirrored European taxonomies. Rather than squeezing ancient Chinese texts and concepts into a Western-derived disciplinary corset, Zhang suggested expanding existing categories in such a way as to make space for the new knowledge that the nation, as he readily agreed, so desperately needed. Zhang replaced conventional sense of mingjia (which was the name of one of the nine philosophical schools pre-Qin) with a new understanding—the methodology of debate similar to European logic and Buddhist dialectic. Zhang's thoughts on religion went through multiple phases. Originally, in his pre-imprisonment days, he was highly critical of religion, and wrote several essays that criticized religious concepts: ""Looking at Heaven"", ""The Truth about Confucianism"", and ""On Bacteria"". In these essays, he emphasized that the scientific world could be reconciled with classical Chinese philosophy. However, his thoughts on religion significantly changed following his imprisonment. === Imprisonment (1903–1906) ===
Zhang's interest and studies in Buddhism only became serious during the three years he spent in prison for ""publishing anti-Manchu propaganda and insulting the Qing emperor as a 'buffoon' in 1903"". During this time, he read the Yogacara-bhumi, the basic texts of Weishi ""Consciousness Only"" school, and the foundational work of Chinese Buddhist logic (the Nyayapravesa). These texts were given to him by members of the Chinese Society of Education (Zhongguo jiaoyuhui).",388
2128,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"During this time, he read the Yogacara-bhumi, the basic texts of Weishi ""Consciousness Only"" school, and the foundational work of Chinese Buddhist logic (the Nyayapravesa). These texts were given to him by members of the Chinese Society of Education (Zhongguo jiaoyuhui). He later claimed that ""it was only through reciting and meditating on these sutras that he was able to get through his difficult jail experience"". His experiences with Buddhist philosophical texts gave him a framework to reassess the significance of his pain and suffering and view it in a different light. In 1906, after he was released from prison, Zhang went to Japan to edit The People's Journal (Minbao) and developed a new philosophical framework that critiqued the dominant intellectual trend of modernization theory. He emerged from jail as devout Yogacarin. His attitude towards religion—namely Buddhism—changed after his time spent in prison. This is made apparent in ""Zhang Taiyan's Notes on Reading Buddhist Texts"", in which he is concerned with the concepts of ""freedom, constraints, sadness, and happiness"". After 1906, Buddhist terms became more prevalent in his writing, especially in his interpretation of Zhuangzi's ""Discourse on Making Things Equal"". === Time in Japan (1906–1910) ===
Zhang was further exposed to Yogacara Buddhism during his time in Japan (1906–1910), when he was actively involved in nationalist, anti-Manchu politics. During his time there, he edited the Tokyo-based The People's Journal (Minbao), where he first expressed a ""Buddhist voice"". While he was in Japan, he joined Tong Meng Hui, a party that was primarily made up of anti-Manchu exiles (including Sun Yat-sen) seeking the cultural and political regeneration of China.",392
2129,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"During his time there, he edited the Tokyo-based The People's Journal (Minbao), where he first expressed a ""Buddhist voice"". While he was in Japan, he joined Tong Meng Hui, a party that was primarily made up of anti-Manchu exiles (including Sun Yat-sen) seeking the cultural and political regeneration of China. His 1907 text The Five Negations denounced how European economies ""exhaust their own enterprises"" and ""extinguish the fertility of the land."" Upon his return to China, Zhang worked on the commission ""convened by the new Nationalist government's Ministry of Education in 1913 to establish a national language and helped develop the Chinese phonetic symbol system still used today in Taiwan, among other places."" The terminology used by Zhang is not common in earlier Chinese philosophical discussions of symbol, language, and the sacred—before the 20th century, Chinese philosophical texts were in classical Chinese (wenyanwen), which uses monosyllabic style. The vernacular (baihua) began to be more commonly used after the May 4th Movement in 1919. Compound words like yuyen were rarely used in pre-20th-century Chinese writings. Zhang was exposed to these linguistic approaches during his time in Japan following his imprisonment. == Yogacara and Zhang ==


=== Zhang’s Buddhist–Daoist approach to history ===
In a time when most Chinese intellectuals favored modernization ideologies and endorsed history as a progressive movement, Zhang Taiyan (Binglin) drew on Buddhism and Daoism to express his critiques. Social and intellectual life during the Qing dynasty was primarily influenced by ""widely circulating discourses of modern philosophy and the concrete forces of the global capitalist system of nation-states"". Following a string of defeats in the late 19th century, Chinese intellectuals began to focus on how China could be improved in order to compete in the global capitalist system.",395
2130,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"Social and intellectual life during the Qing dynasty was primarily influenced by ""widely circulating discourses of modern philosophy and the concrete forces of the global capitalist system of nation-states"". Following a string of defeats in the late 19th century, Chinese intellectuals began to focus on how China could be improved in order to compete in the global capitalist system. This marked a clear departure from previous Chinese thought, which had primarily focused on the teachings of traditional classical Chinese texts. This was thought to effectively prepare bureaucrats for their positions in the imperial government. However, a national crisis—the loss of several armed conflicts—spurred Chinese philosophers towards modernization thinking. Zhang was particularly revolutionary, as he ""mobilized Buddhism for politics"" and combined elements of Yogacara Buddhist thought with concepts he had developed himself in his pre-revolutionary years. Zhang understood the conditions of possibility as described by Immanuel Kant in Buddhist terms, namely, ""as the karmic fluctuations of the seeds in alaya consciousness (the storehouse consciousness)"". He viewed history as an ""unconscious process of drives"". The storehouse consciousness, which is defined as the highest level of consciousness, contains seeds that initiate historical process. He believed that ""karmic experiences develop from unseen roots, which stem from seeds. As we act in these experiences, we unconsciously plant new karmic seeds and so a cycle of the interplay between past, present and future continues"". In his essay On Separating the Universal and Particular in Evolution, Zhang utilizes this framework to explain Hegel's philosophy of history. What Hegel describes as ""a triumphant march of spirit"" is actually ""a degenerative disaster created by karmic seeds"" according to Zhang. === Yogacara Buddhism and Chinese philosophy ===
Yogacara (or Weishi) primarily focuses on cognitive processes that could be used to overcome ignorance that prevented one from escaping the karmic rounds of birth and death.",389
2131,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"What Hegel describes as ""a triumphant march of spirit"" is actually ""a degenerative disaster created by karmic seeds"" according to Zhang. === Yogacara Buddhism and Chinese philosophy ===
Yogacara (or Weishi) primarily focuses on cognitive processes that could be used to overcome ignorance that prevented one from escaping the karmic rounds of birth and death. Practicers/proponents of Yogacara stress attention to the issues of cognition, consciousness, perception, and epistemology. Yogacara Buddhism is based on the following concepts: three self-natures, storehouse consciousness, overturning the basis, and the theory of eight consciousnesses. Zhang viewed the teachings and principles of Yogacara as ""a sophisticated knowledge system which could serve as an authoritative alternative to the knowledge systems being introduced from the West."" Yogacara focuses on meditative practice, epistemology and logic. This strain of Buddhism ceased to be popular in China by the time period of the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368). Yogacara principles and writings were reintroduced to China during the 19th century from Japan, where they had been flourishing for centuries. This revival was primarily led by Liang Qichao, Yang Wenhui, Tan Sitong, Zhang Taiyan and many other prominent intellectuals of the late Qing period. Yogacara was popular with the intellectuals of this period because it was characterized by structured and organized thoughts and concepts. Zhang found Weishi easy to understand ""because it was essentially concerned with mingxiang (definitions of terms), matters in which he had been well grounded due to his rigorous training in the evidential learning techniques associated with Han Learning approaches to Classical Studies (jingxue)."" Zhang wrote: There is good reason for my singular respect for faxiang (an alternate name for Weishi). Modern scholarship [in China] has gradually followed the path of 'seeking verification in actual events.'",389
2132,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"Zhang wrote: There is good reason for my singular respect for faxiang (an alternate name for Weishi). Modern scholarship [in China] has gradually followed the path of 'seeking verification in actual events.' Of course the detailed analysis carried out by Han Learning scholars was far superior to that which scholars in the Ming were able to achieve. With the beginnings of science [introduced in China in the late-nineteenth century] scholars applied themselves with even greater precision. It is for this reason that faxiang learning was inappropriate to the situation in China during the Ming but most appropriate in modern times. This was brought about by the trends that have informed the development of scholarship. Zhang wanted to promote Yogacara Buddhism as a philosophy, not a religion. Buddhism was thought to be a form of scientific philosophy superior to religion, science and philosophy. Zhang based his philosophical vision on the doctrine of three natures. He believed that the third nature—the nature of existence being perfectly accomplished—was suitable to serve as the foundation for Chinese philosophy and religion. Zhang was not the only one who believed this—the late Qing discussion of religion became a philosophical project designed to modernize China so it could compete ""as a nation-state in an increasingly rationalized and reified world."" He used this belief to critique Western philosophers Kant, Hegel and Plato, who he felt only represented the first and second doctrines of Yogacara. Zhang felt that yinming, or the knowledge of reasons, enabled people to recover the true meaning of Mohist and Confucian tests in ways that Western philosophy could not. Zhang's decision to frame his comparative inquiry in terms of yinming demonstrates his belief in yinming as a more effective 'art of reasoning' than either the 'Mohist Canons' or European logic.",363
2133,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"Zhang felt that yinming, or the knowledge of reasons, enabled people to recover the true meaning of Mohist and Confucian tests in ways that Western philosophy could not. Zhang's decision to frame his comparative inquiry in terms of yinming demonstrates his belief in yinming as a more effective 'art of reasoning' than either the 'Mohist Canons' or European logic. In his essay Discussion on the Equalization of Things, Zhang uses Yogacara Buddhist concepts to make sense of Zhuangzi, an ancient Daoist philosopher. He claims that Zhuangzi's notion of equality entails making distinctions without the use of concepts: 'Equalizing things’ (qiwuzhe) refers to absolute equality (pingdeng). If we look at its meaning carefully, it does not simply refer to seeing sentient beings as equal...One must speak form (xiang, laksana) without words, write of form without concepts (ming) and think form without mind. It is ultimate equality. This accords with the 'equalization of things.' Zhang tried to render equality without contradiction between the particular and the universal. Zhang believed that conceptual framework is generated through our karmic actions. When compared to his contemporary Liu Shipei's attempt to extract logic from the masters of the Zhou dynasty, Zhang's writings and thoughts display a higher level of theoretical sophistication as he had a firmer grasp of the purposes and limitations of European logic as well as knowledge of yinming principles and thinking. This enabled him to draw more convincing parallels between the notions he gleaned from his plethora of sources.",328
2134,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"When compared to his contemporary Liu Shipei's attempt to extract logic from the masters of the Zhou dynasty, Zhang's writings and thoughts display a higher level of theoretical sophistication as he had a firmer grasp of the purposes and limitations of European logic as well as knowledge of yinming principles and thinking. This enabled him to draw more convincing parallels between the notions he gleaned from his plethora of sources. == Legacy ==
Intellectual historian Joachim Kurtz argues that Zhang's most important contribution to the field of Chinese philosophy was ""to show that it was possible, at least on an elementary level, to assert the validity of a 'traditional', namely Chinese Buddhist conceptual framework while simultaneously redefining individual notions, such as the boundaries of the logical realm, in accordance with a Western-derived understanding"". Zhang continues to be viewed as an important intellectual figure in modern China in part because of his call for dissociate ideas of sovereign power from Heaven's Mandate and to instead associate it with political realism and human capacity. == References ==


== Additional Sources ==
Charlotte Furth, ""The Sage as Rebel: The inner world of Chang Ping-lin"", in her edited The Limits of Change (Harvard University 1976). He Jiuying 何九盈 (1995). Zhongguo xiandai yuyanxue shi (中囯现代语言学史 ""A history of modern Chinese linguistics""). Guangzhou: Guangdong jiaoyu chubanshe. Laitinen, Kauko (1990). Chinese Nationalism in the Late Qing Dynasty: Zhang Binglin as an Anti-Manchu Propagandist. London: Curzon Press. Murthy, Viren (2011). The Political Philosophy of Zhang Taiyan: The Resistance of Consciousness. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004203884.",391
2135,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Binglin,Zhang Binglin,"Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004203884. Tang Zhijun 湯志鈞 (1996). Zhang Taiyan zhuan (章太炎傳 ""A biography of Zhang Taiyan""). Taipei: Taiwan Commercial Press. Xu Shoushang 许寿裳 (2004). Zhang Taiyan zhuan (章太炎傳 ""A biography of Zhang Taiyan""). Tianjin: Baihua wenyi chubanshe. Zhongguo da baike quanshu (1980–1993). 1st Edition. Beijing; Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe. == External links ==
(in Chinese) Chronology and some of his works",163
2136,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reynolds_Pamphlet_(song),The Reynolds Pamphlet (song),"""The Reynolds Pamphlet"" is the fourteenth song from Act 2 of the musical Hamilton, based on the life of Alexander Hamilton, which premiered on Broadway in 2015. Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote both the music and lyrics to the song. == Synopsis ==

The song refers to a 95-page document written by Alexander Hamilton, former Secretary of the Treasury, to defend his name in the wake of a sex scandal. Hamilton does so to protect himself from a major political threat, as Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and Aaron Burr are made aware by Hamilton of his adulterous actions after they accused him of speculation and misappropriation of Treasury funds. He then publishes the document to the public, proving that he did not abuse his Cabinet position for financial gain, but had been instead victim of blackmail by James Reynolds for his one-year affair with Reynolds's wife Maria Reynolds. Jefferson celebrates the news, as Hamilton's career has been sullied, which is a boon for the Democratic-Republican Party. The document causes Angelica Schuyler to return from London to support her sister, Hamilton's wife Eliza. Hamilton turns to Angelica for support, but she angrily rebukes him. The song concludes with all of the characters expressing sympathy for Eliza. === Historical differences ===
Although the musical Hamilton is based on true events, Miranda does use some dramatic license in retelling the story. In the case of the song ""The Reynolds Pamphlet"" the main differences are:

Jefferson, Madison and Burr did not approach Hamilton about his affair, it was James Monroe, Frederick Muhlenberg and Abraham Venable in December 1792 when Hamilton was Treasury Secretary of the first Washington administration. They confronted him on the possible charge of speculation based on the accusations of both James and Maria Reynolds.",367
2137,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reynolds_Pamphlet_(song),The Reynolds Pamphlet (song),"In the case of the song ""The Reynolds Pamphlet"" the main differences are:

Jefferson, Madison and Burr did not approach Hamilton about his affair, it was James Monroe, Frederick Muhlenberg and Abraham Venable in December 1792 when Hamilton was Treasury Secretary of the first Washington administration. They confronted him on the possible charge of speculation based on the accusations of both James and Maria Reynolds. Hamilton proved he was innocent of public wrongdoing by producing the letters by both Reynoldses proving his payments were related to blackmail over his one-year adulterous affair with Maria. Monroe was a close friend of Jefferson's and shared copies of the Reynoldses' letters with him. Burr may have been aware of Hamilton's affair with Maria Reynolds since he assisted her in divorcing from James in 1793 (when Maria's affair with Hamilton was already long ended) but never mentioned anything in this respect. In the early Summer of 1797, journalist James Callender broke the story of Hamilton's alleged speculation and infidelity. Hamilton blamed Monroe, and the altercation nearly ended in a duel. With nothing left to do, on August 25, 1797 Hamilton published the Reynolds pamphlet. Angelica's return from London precedes the Reynolds Pamphlet. After twelve years living in Britain, Angelica and husband John Barker Church returned to New York in May 1797, whereas the documents related to the scandal were first published by Callender that summer, with Hamilton announcing the Pamphlet in late July, and subsequent publication in August. == Analysis ==
The song refers to the pamphlet penned by Alexander Hamilton in July 1797 (whose original title was Observations on Certain Documents), and the beginning of the song consists of Hamilton's opponents quoting from the document. The song further stands out from many others in the musical courtesy of its use of auto-tune, leading critics to consider it the most modern song on the album.",388
2138,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reynolds_Pamphlet_(song),The Reynolds Pamphlet (song),"== Analysis ==
The song refers to the pamphlet penned by Alexander Hamilton in July 1797 (whose original title was Observations on Certain Documents), and the beginning of the song consists of Hamilton's opponents quoting from the document. The song further stands out from many others in the musical courtesy of its use of auto-tune, leading critics to consider it the most modern song on the album. It also incorporates musical cues that point towards earlier songs in the musical, including ""Satisfied"". == Critical reception ==
The Young Folks considered the song to be the 34th best in the musical, while a community post on BuzzFeed ranked the song 20th. Huffington Post remarked that ""the mash-up of previous tunes works well"" and complimented the use of auto-tune. == In popular culture ==
During his monologue while hosting Saturday Night Live, Lin-Manuel Miranda referenced the song. Miranda also discussed the song and the eponymous document on an episode of Drunk History. == References ==",204
2139,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cohen_(actor),Scott Cohen (actor),"Scott Cohen (born December 19, 1961) is an American actor best known for his supporting role as Max Medina on the first three seasons of The WB comedy drama series Gilmore Girls (2000–03), as well as his lead roles as Detective Chris Ravell on the NBC legal drama series Law & Order: Trial by Jury (2005–06), Dominic Eugene ""Nico"" Careles on the USA Network comedy drama series Necessary Roughness (2011–13), Ezra Wolf on the ABC legal drama series The Fix (2019), and Luca Falcone on the HBO crime drama miniseries The Penguin (2024). He is also known for his roles in films such as The Mambo Kings (1992), Kissing Jessica Stein (2001), Love & Other Drugs, Please Give (both 2010), Anesthesia, James White (both 2015), As You Are (2016), Who We Are Now (2017), Braid, and Write When You Get Work (both 2018). == Career ==
In 1990, Cohen was offered a breakthrough role in Adrian Lyne's Jacob's Ladder. In the video game Ripper, he portrays protagonist Jake Quinlan. He appeared in the movie Gia with Angelina Jolie, as a parole officer in the Showtime original series Street Time with Rob Morrow, had a recurring role as Det. Harry Denby in the seventh season of NYPD Blue, and was featured in the 2005 NBC series Law & Order: Trial by Jury as Det. Chris Ravell. In 2000 Cohen had a co-starring role as Wolf in the hit miniseries The 10th Kingdom, where he played a mythical character from a land of fairy tales. He starred opposite Kimberly Williams, John Larroquette, Dianne Wiest, Daniel Lapaine, Ed O'Neill, and Rutger Hauer.",371
2140,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cohen_(actor),Scott Cohen (actor),"In 2000 Cohen had a co-starring role as Wolf in the hit miniseries The 10th Kingdom, where he played a mythical character from a land of fairy tales. He starred opposite Kimberly Williams, John Larroquette, Dianne Wiest, Daniel Lapaine, Ed O'Neill, and Rutger Hauer. The miniseries won many awards, such as the 2000 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Design and nine OFTA Television Awards for different categories including but not limited to best new theme song, best visual effects, best costume design, best production design, and best mini series with Anne Dudley the award-winning composer. Also in 2000 Cohen played Max Medina, in the hit TV series Gilmore Girls, as a teacher at Chilton high school where the main character's daughter went to school. Medina became the boyfriend of Lauren Graham's character, Lorelai, in season one and fiancé in season two. In 2002–2003, he made some appearances on the game show Pyramid, hosted by Donny Osmond. He guest-starred in the premiere episode of the eighth season of Law & Order: Criminal Intent, playing the role of a city politician with a dark family secret and whose daughter is a drug addict involved with a drug dealer boyfriend killed mysteriously in the opening scene. Cohen played Jack Woolf in the movie The Other Woman with Natalie Portman and Charlie Tahan. He starred in the British thriller Iron Cross. In the film he plays Ronnie, whose father, Joseph, is played by Roy Scheider. Cohen was on USA Network's drama series Necessary Roughness as the fixer, Nico Careles. Cohen had a role in The Carrie Diaries as Carrie's dad's old friend starting in Season 1 Episode 3. He gives Carrie her internship at his law firm in New York City, and Carrie dates his son.",380
2141,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cohen_(actor),Scott Cohen (actor),"Cohen had a role in The Carrie Diaries as Carrie's dad's old friend starting in Season 1 Episode 3. He gives Carrie her internship at his law firm in New York City, and Carrie dates his son. He also courts and eventually marries Larissa, Carrie's boss at Interview magazine. Cohen starred opposite Hope Davis in the NBC drama Allegiance. == Filmography ==


=== Film ===


=== Television ===


=== Video games ===


== References ==


== External links ==
Scott Cohen at IMDb 
Scott Cohen at the Internet Broadway Database 
Scott Cohen at the TCM Movie Database",129
2142,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81raia_Ng%C4%81kuti_Te_Tumuhuia,T%C4%81raia Ng%C4%81kuti Te Tumuhuia,"Tāraia Ngākuti Te Tumuhuia (also known as Taraia Ngakuti; died 13 March 1872) was a notable New Zealand Māori warrior and tribal leader of the Ngāti Maru and the Ngāti Tamaterā iwi, in power from the 1820s. He may have been as old as almost one century. Refusing Christianity or to adopt a European lifestyle, it is reported Tumuhuia was also part of the last cannibal feast in 1842. (His cannibalism was well-known, with one likely tall tale indicating in his hey-day, he liked a favourite breakfast of a ""nice fat child, giving preference to the female sex"".) == Warrior chief ==
It was suggested the family tree was a long lineage of chiefs and warriors, to one who arrived by the Tainui canoe. Tumuhuia's father was Kaharunga, and mother, Rewa. It was given that the Māori of Tauranga had eaten his mother which led to his long-standing grievance towards that group. A strong warrior ""of dreadful reputation"", he had fought alongside Rauparaha and other chiefs against groups as far as Kaiapoi and Akaroa on the South Isle, and despite the presence of Europeans and their laws, he was of the kai-tangata breed – where eating the enemy destroyed the enemy's mana and increased their own spiritual forces. He was involved in a siege around the Puke-karora pā in 1824, and took the life of chief Pōmare in May 1826. Continuing to resist the Ngāpuhi iwi, he started arming his people with muskets and powder, and sought to take ownership of several areas.",367
2143,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81raia_Ng%C4%81kuti_Te_Tumuhuia,T%C4%81raia Ng%C4%81kuti Te Tumuhuia,"He was involved in a siege around the Puke-karora pā in 1824, and took the life of chief Pōmare in May 1826. Continuing to resist the Ngāpuhi iwi, he started arming his people with muskets and powder, and sought to take ownership of several areas. About 1828, the Kaiuku siege at Ōkūrārenga at Hawke's Bay where a coalition including Tumuhuia of the Ngāti Maru commanded an attacking army of over a thousand soldiers to avenge past defeats involving the  Ngāti Kahungunu and Ngāpuhi. One of the two rangatira who refused to sign the Treaty of Waitangi in May 1840, Tumuhuia sought to continue using force to resolve issues as required, which he did in 1842 when killing senior members of the Ngāi Te Rangi iwi of Tauranga, at Ongare Point. Returning to Purua with captured members, he then consumed them in a hāngī, and placed the heads on poles around the pā. A basket of flesh was sent as a present to Te Horetā (Hook-nose) who declined, saying he had ""given up such dark practices"". He upset the Christian settlers on his return too, when his warriors ""amused themselves by rolling a severed head into the mission station nearby"". The Tauranga incident resulted in the arrival of the chief protector of aborigines, George Clarke and Bishop George Selwyn to investigate, whereby Tumuhuia admitted to the killings, stating it was as his people had done over the generations, and it did not involve the Europeans. His actions resulted in the view ""Maori were British subjects, whether or not they had signed the Treaty"". (However so few police and military troops meant that laws would be difficult to enforce in the colony.)",395
2144,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81raia_Ng%C4%81kuti_Te_Tumuhuia,T%C4%81raia Ng%C4%81kuti Te Tumuhuia,"His actions resulted in the view ""Maori were British subjects, whether or not they had signed the Treaty"". (However so few police and military troops meant that laws would be difficult to enforce in the colony.) In 1850 Tumuhuia became the paramount leader of the Ngāti Maru and the Ngāti Tamaterā iwi, who was connected to the Ngatiraukawa, Ngaiterangi, Ngatiawa, Ngatikahungunu, and other iwi. September 1864 saw Tumuhuia working with another Māori chief William Thompson over Penetaka's native rebellion within Tauranga district. May 1868 saw Governor George Bowen visit the Thames River area and meet with ""Taraia Ngakuti"", ""the celebrated aged chief of the Ngatitamateri tribe"", who welcomed the Governor in the presence of a number of other influential chiefs. === Land titles ===
The 1850s gold discovery and mining resulted in land disputes for Tumuhuia. Concerns of hostility by Tumuhuia around Tauranga were still raised in 1864, including the threatening of surveyors. The iwi received compensation in September 1866 for relinquishing claim over Tauranga lands between Katikati and Te Puna, for £500, and Tumuhuia himself for other £100 claims. December 1868 saw Tumuhuia sign another agreement to cede lands to the government for gold-mining purposes, to a deposit of £1500 in the Ohinemuri area. Attempts in 1865 by the government to pressure Tumuhuia and Te Hira to open up the Thames area to gold mining were unsuccessful – it was even requested to ""bring down"" the chiefs:

Of the former of these chiefs [Taraia] I do not think I need say anything.",387
2145,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81raia_Ng%C4%81kuti_Te_Tumuhuia,T%C4%81raia Ng%C4%81kuti Te Tumuhuia,"December 1868 saw Tumuhuia sign another agreement to cede lands to the government for gold-mining purposes, to a deposit of £1500 in the Ohinemuri area. Attempts in 1865 by the government to pressure Tumuhuia and Te Hira to open up the Thames area to gold mining were unsuccessful – it was even requested to ""bring down"" the chiefs:

Of the former of these chiefs [Taraia] I do not think I need say anything. He is well known as being most astute and most untrustworthy, and his exploits in cannibalism some years ago are not likely to be forgotten by the older settlers. Te Hira, although not so well known, is a man of a very dangerous character. (It appears Tumuhuia was in favour but restrained by Te Hira, c. 1867. In October 1868, Te Hira was definitely a ""Kingite"", who desired to keep out the gold diggers, while Tumuhuia was a ""Queenite"" who wished to lease the lands to the government; although interestingly it was stated after Tumuhuia's death seven years later, the local Māori supported the ""opening [of] the district for gold mining purposes"", as if Te Hira was in favour and Tumuhuia had been blocking the deal. The division was in Te Hira's ranks. After Tumuhuia's death, Te Hira and his cousin, Maori chieftainess Mere Kuru Te Kate (d. Aug 1905), ""the dour old diehard"", commanded the iwi.) == Later years ==
Tumuhuia favoured the Māori King movement. Tumuhuia was given to have a son, Te Kereihi. His daughter was Meretitiha Tara.",386
2146,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81raia_Ng%C4%81kuti_Te_Tumuhuia,T%C4%81raia Ng%C4%81kuti Te Tumuhuia,"Tumuhuia was given to have a son, Te Kereihi. His daughter was Meretitiha Tara. Tumuhuia's grandson Tei (and the nephew of Te Hira) died from consumption on 25 November 1867, and Tumuhuia's wife Peata died after a long illness on 1 December 1867, aged c. 70. It was reported Tumuhuia remained friends with the European settlers as noted by Governor Thomas Browne, and was in receipt of a pension in later years. One newspaper preemptively reported in June 1870 that ""the great chief of the Thames"" ""had made up his mind that he would die last night"", acknowledging Tumuhuia was one of the last of the Māori of his status. Estimated to be ""probably nearly 100 years"" old, he had been spending his days ""at Butt's Corner, sitting in the sun, looking on at the busy life of the Europeans, which had changed the very face of the land where he had formerly reigned with more than royal power"". In his last months, Tumuhuia lived in an 8 square feet (0.74 m2) detached house that was not ""not to be compared with a second-rate pigstye"", where his government pension was being ""pounced upon by the numerous cormorants [greedy persons]... even his own daughter being the worst of them"". At the time of his death on the morning of Wednesday, 13 March 1872 at Thames, Tumuhuia was believed to be over 80 (and perhaps closer to a century) and was considered tapu (a protected figure). It was reported at the time he was the last of the ""genuine cannibals"", a warrior of ""almost unbroken successes"", and so old to have remembered Captain James Cook's 1769 visit.",388
2147,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81raia_Ng%C4%81kuti_Te_Tumuhuia,T%C4%81raia Ng%C4%81kuti Te Tumuhuia,"At the time of his death on the morning of Wednesday, 13 March 1872 at Thames, Tumuhuia was believed to be over 80 (and perhaps closer to a century) and was considered tapu (a protected figure). It was reported at the time he was the last of the ""genuine cannibals"", a warrior of ""almost unbroken successes"", and so old to have remembered Captain James Cook's 1769 visit. Announced by volleys of firearms, his death was expected for some time, with preparations made for a large funeral tangihanga:  

Nearly twenty tons of flour, two tons of biscuits, one ton of sugar with bullocks, pigs, potatoes, and kumaras ad lib. are on the spot for the tangi. Maoris from all parts of the island are invited, and expected to come to do honour to the memory of the departed great. Taraia Ngakuti was one of the most valiant of New Zealand's warriors, and quite a terror to antagonistic tribes. His coffin was made of kauri wood, lined and padded, and a pane of glass to allow for viewing; the name plate bearing a golden crown, and the name, Taraia Ngakuti. On 20 April 1872, the Governor Sir George Bowen and the Minister for Native Affairs Donald McLean attended Ohinemuri for the tangi, where a number of addresses were given by assembled chiefs and a response by Governor with ""He was a great chief in war, and a great friend to the pakeha in peace. He was known to all the tribes throughout the island as the principal chief of Hauraki"". == Chief Haora Tareranui (1860s–1932) ==
One of Tumuhuia's sons, Tareranui, had a son who became the chief of the Ngati-te-Matera iwi by about 1860.",394
2148,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81raia_Ng%C4%81kuti_Te_Tumuhuia,T%C4%81raia Ng%C4%81kuti Te Tumuhuia,"He was known to all the tribes throughout the island as the principal chief of Hauraki"". == Chief Haora Tareranui (1860s–1932) ==
One of Tumuhuia's sons, Tareranui, had a son who became the chief of the Ngati-te-Matera iwi by about 1860. Haora Tareranui, considered ""a leader of the race"" and estimated to be nearly 90 years-of-age, died in August 1932 at his permanent residence at Paeroa. It was his efforts in 1875 that arranged the peace settlement between the Waikato and Marutūāhu iwi. Later he was part of the select advisory council of the third Māori king, Mahuta Tāwhiao. An equivalent of a bishop within the Rātana church, converting after being affected by and cured of rheumatism, he was survived by his wife Rangirumaki Pereniki née Tizard. == See also ==
Rewi Maniapoto (1807–1894), Ngāti Maniapoto chief
Wiremu Tamihana (""William Thompson"") (1805–1866), Ngāti Hauā chief
Pōtatau Te Wherowhero (d. 1860), Waikato chief
List of Māori iwi


== Notes ==


== References ==",296
2149,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTHR,KTHR,"KTHR (107.3 FM, ""ALT 107.3"") is a radio station operating in Wichita, Kansas. The station airs an alternative rock format. Its studios are located on East Douglas Avenue in Downtown Wichita, and the transmitter is located outside Colwich, Kansas. == History ==
KTHR's format history includes easy listening (or back then known as beautiful music) as KARD, which later evolved into an adult contemporary format. On March 3, 1981, the station's call letters changed to KKRD-FM (which would then be modified to KKRD on April 14, 1982), but maintained its Adult Contemporary format. By 1983, KKRD changed its format to Top 40/CHR to compete with KEYN (now a classic hits station). Jack Oliver, the station's program director at the time, hired Wichita's number one morning show host, Tim Peters. Following the hiring of Peters, the station overtook KEYN in ratings, making KKRD the #1 station in Wichita, forcing KEYN out of the format in 1989. By around 2000, Rhythmic Top 40 station KDGS, ""Power 93.9"", dethroned KKRD by becoming the highest-rated Top 40 station in Wichita. In the hopes of attracting listeners, KKRD would tweak its programming and shake up its airstaff; longtime morning show host Don Hall, who had been teamed with Patti Masten since 1996, would move to sister station KZSN in January 2003, and would be replaced by Brad Streeter and Kracker (with Masten remaining as a co-host), followed by Sid, Emily, and Kracker. In addition, KKRD rebranded as ""The New 107.3"" on May 9, 2003.",362
2150,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTHR,KTHR,"In the hopes of attracting listeners, KKRD would tweak its programming and shake up its airstaff; longtime morning show host Don Hall, who had been teamed with Patti Masten since 1996, would move to sister station KZSN in January 2003, and would be replaced by Brad Streeter and Kracker (with Masten remaining as a co-host), followed by Sid, Emily, and Kracker. In addition, KKRD rebranded as ""The New 107.3"" on May 9, 2003. Despite the changes, the station's ratings would not improve much; in the Winter 2004 ratings period for the Wichita market, KKRD held a 3.1 share of the market, far behind KDGS' 8.7 share. On June 14, 2004, at midnight, KKRD dropped its Top 40/CHR format after 21 years and began stunting with a loop of reruns of the Bob & Tom Show; at the same time, sister station KRZZ would also begin stunting by directing listeners to 107.3, and would adopt KKRD's old format on June 16 as KZCH, ""Channel 96.3"". On June 17, at 10 a.m., KRZZ's classic rock format would move to 107.3 and rebrand as ""107.3 The Road"" with call letters KTHR adopted on June 28. On October 30, 2009, KTHR rebranded as ""The Brew."" ""The Brew"" differed from traditional classic rock stations in that it features a mix of music with a pop lean, that's appealing to both men and women. On August 29, 2014, at 9 a.m., after Bob & Tom, KTHR began stunting with Wichita-centric songs and history clips from Wichita and area natives, which began with ""Wichita Lineman"" by Glen Campbell. One hour later, KTHR flipped to alternative rock, branded as ""ALT 107.3"".",399
2151,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTHR,KTHR,"On August 29, 2014, at 9 a.m., after Bob & Tom, KTHR began stunting with Wichita-centric songs and history clips from Wichita and area natives, which began with ""Wichita Lineman"" by Glen Campbell. One hour later, KTHR flipped to alternative rock, branded as ""ALT 107.3"". The first song on ""ALT"" was ""Seven Nation Army"" by The White Stripes, which mentions Wichita in its lyrics. The flip marks the first alternative station in Wichita for the first time in 8 years, when KANS flipped to Regional Mexican in 2006. == References ==


== External links ==
KTHR official website

Facility details for Facility ID 53600 (KTHR)   in the FCC Licensing and Management System
KTHR in Nielsen Audio's FM station database",175
2152,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Independent_Infantry_Brigade,46th Independent Infantry Brigade,"The 46th Independent Infantry Brigade is an independent brigade formation of the Bangladesh Army. It is located in Dhaka Cantonment directly under the command of the Army Headquarters (AHQ). The brigade is also known as the Dhaka Brigade. == History ==
This brigade was created immediately after the liberation war of Bangladesh, and the first brigade commander was Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) K. M. Shafiullah. The 46th Independent Infantry Brigade, under the command of Colonel Shafaat Jamil, supported Major General Khaled Mosharraf's coup on 3 November 1975. Captain Hafiz of the brigade was charged with detaining Major General Ziaur Rahman. During the 1976 Bogra mutiny, Major General Mir Shawkat Ali used the brigade to pin down the rebellious Bengal Lancer regiments of the 9th division. This forced Khandaker Abdul Rashid to surrender and leave the country. The brigade, in addition to the 9th Infantry Division, was also used to suppress the 1977 Bangladesh Air Force mutiny. The government of Bangladesh was criticized for not deploying the brigade to stop the Bangladesh Rifles mutiny in 2009. The brigade was deployed during the Holey Artisan attack. The operation, Operation Thunderbolt, was led by the commander of the brigade, Mujibur Rahman. Nearly 12 hours after the attack, the operation was declared over by Brigadier Rahman. The operation ended with the rescue of 13 hostages, and 5 terrorists were killed while the 6th one was captured. == References ==",307
2153,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2X,H2X,"H2X, eventually designated as the AN/APS-15, was an American ground scanning radar system used for blind bombing during World War II. It was developed at the MIT Radiation Laboratory under direction of Dr. George E. Valley Jr. to replace the less accurate British H2S radar, the first ground mapping radar to be used in combat. H2X was also known as the ""Mickey set"" and ""BTO"" for ""bombing through the overcast"" radar. H2X differed from the original H2S primarily in its 3-cm wavelength X band rather than H2S' 10-cm S band. This shorter wavelength gave H2X higher resolution than H2S, allowing it to provide usable images over large cities which appeared as a single blob on the H2S display. The Royal Air Force (RAF) initially considered using H2X as well, but would instead develop their own X band system, the H2S Mk. III. The RAF system entered service in late 1943, before the first use of H2X in early 1944. The desire for even higher resolution, enough to image individual docks and bridges, led to a number of variations on the H2X system, as well as the more advanced AN/APQ-7 ""Eagle"" system. All of these were replaced in the post-war era with systems customized for the jet powered strategic bombers that entered service. == Usage ==

H2X was used by the USAAF during World War II as a navigation system for daylight overcast and nighttime operations. It was introduced as an improvement of the earlier H2S set, which had been supplied to the US to aid in the war effort.",351
2154,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2X,H2X,"== Usage ==

H2X was used by the USAAF during World War II as a navigation system for daylight overcast and nighttime operations. It was introduced as an improvement of the earlier H2S set, which had been supplied to the US to aid in the war effort. While the RAF Bomber Command utilized ground mapping radar as an aid to night area bombing, the primary use by the USAAF was as a fallback, to allow cities to be bombed even when hidden by cloud cover, an issue that had dogged their policy of precision daylight bombing since the start of the war, especially in cloud-prone Europe. With H2X, a city could be located and a general area targeted, night or day, cloud cover or no, with equal accuracy. H2X used a shorter 3 cm ""centimetric"" wavelength (10 GHz frequency) than the H2S, giving a higher angular resolution and thus a sharper picture, which allowed much finer details to be discerned, aiding in target identification. H2S subsequently also adopted 3 cm in the Mark III version entering operational service on 18 November 1943, for ""Battle of Berlin""). H2X is not known to have ever been spotted by the German FuG 350 Naxos radar detector, due to that receiving device's specific purpose being to spot the original British H2S equipment's lower frequency, 3 GHz emissions. == Pathfinder missions ==

The first H2X-equipped B-17's arrived in England in early October 1943, and were first used in combat on 3 November 1943 when the USAAF VIII Bomber Command attacked the port of Wilhelmshaven. Those missions where bombing was done by H2X were called ""Pathfinder missions"" and the crews were called ""Pathfinder crews"", after the RAF practice of using highly trained Pathfinder crews to go in before the main bomber stream and identify and mark the target with flares.",387
2155,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2X,H2X,"== Pathfinder missions ==

The first H2X-equipped B-17's arrived in England in early October 1943, and were first used in combat on 3 November 1943 when the USAAF VIII Bomber Command attacked the port of Wilhelmshaven. Those missions where bombing was done by H2X were called ""Pathfinder missions"" and the crews were called ""Pathfinder crews"", after the RAF practice of using highly trained Pathfinder crews to go in before the main bomber stream and identify and mark the target with flares. American practice used their Pathfinder crews as lead bombers, with radar equipped aircraft being followed by formations of radar-less bombers, which would all drop their loads when the lead bomber did. The ventral hemispherical radome for the H2X's rotating dish antenna replaced the ball turret on B-17 Flying Fortress Pathfinders, with the electronics cabinets for the ""Mickey set"" being installed in the radio room just aft of the bomb bay. The system was used extensively by The 91st Bomb Group in 1945 with occasional excellent but generally inconsistent results. The H2X on later B-24 Liberators also replaced the ball turret, being made retractable as the ball turret was for landing on the Liberator. The operators panel was installed on the flight deck behind the co-pilot (where the radio operator's normal position was). In combat areas the Mickey operator directed the pilot on headings to be taken, and on the bomb run directed the airplane in coordination with the bombardier. The first use of Mickey was against Ploiești on 5 April 1944. == Radar mapping of Germany ==
Due to the absence of radar maps, in late April 1944 six PR Mk.XVI de Havilland Mosquito aircraft in the 482nd Bomb Group were equipped with H2X equipment. The idea was to produce photographs of the radar screen during flights over Germany allowing easy interpretation of these radar images in later bombing runs.",398
2156,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2X,H2X,"== Radar mapping of Germany ==
Due to the absence of radar maps, in late April 1944 six PR Mk.XVI de Havilland Mosquito aircraft in the 482nd Bomb Group were equipped with H2X equipment. The idea was to produce photographs of the radar screen during flights over Germany allowing easy interpretation of these radar images in later bombing runs. Three aircraft were subsequently lost in training, and the project was discontinued. A further twelve PR Mk.XVI Mosquitos of the 25th Bomb Group (Reconnaissance) of the Eighth Air Force were fitted with H2X and beginning in May 1944, flew radar mapping night missions until February 1945. The sets tended to overload the Mosquito's electrical system and occasionally exploded. Mickey-equipped Mosquitos had the highest loss, abort, and mission failure rates of any version of the otherwise successful Mosquito reconnaissance aircraft, and were severely curtailed after 19 February 1945. Three were lost to enemy action and one was shot down by friendly fire from a Ninth Air Force P-47. In Europe several P-38 fighters were also converted to carrying H2X radar in the nose, along with an operator/navigator in a cramped compartment in the nose behind the radar dish, provided with small side windows and an access/exit hatch in the floor (much like the earlier P-38 ""Droop Snoot"" bomber-leader variants, but with a radome instead of a glazed nose). These missions were to obtain radar maps of German targets but plans to produce the variant in quantity never materialized. == B-29 equipment ==
In the Pacific theater, B-29’s were equipped with the improved H2X radar called the AN/APQ-13, a ground scanning radar developed by Bell, Western Electric, and MIT. The radome was carried on the aircraft belly between the bomb bays and was partially retractable.",390
2157,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2X,H2X,"== B-29 equipment ==
In the Pacific theater, B-29’s were equipped with the improved H2X radar called the AN/APQ-13, a ground scanning radar developed by Bell, Western Electric, and MIT. The radome was carried on the aircraft belly between the bomb bays and was partially retractable. The radar operated at a frequency of 9,375 ± 45 megahertz and used a superheterodyne receiver. The radar was used for high altitude area bombing, search and navigation. Computation for bombing could be performed by an impact predictor. A range unit permitted a high degree of accuracy in locating beacons. == Post war usage ==
Post-war, the AN/APQ-13 became the first military radar converted to a domestic peacetime application as a storm warning radar. About thirty systems were converted and installed on military bases. It was replaced by the AN/CPS-9 system in 1949. == See also ==

AN/APQ-7, an advanced X-band radar used briefly at the end of WWII


=== Lists ===
List of World War II electronic warfare equipment
List of radars
List of military electronics of the United States


== References ==


=== Bibliography ===
Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth War Diary (1990). ISBN 0-87938-495-6 page 240
Watson, Raymond C. (2009). Radar Origins Worldwide: History of its Evolution in 13 Nations through World War II. n.p. : Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4269-2111-7. Fine, Norman (2019). Blind Bombing: How Microwave Radar brought the Allies to D-Day and Victory in World War II. Nebraska: Potomac Books/University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1640-12279-6.",386
2158,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCst_Seahawk,W%C3%BCst Seahawk,"The Wüst Seahawk is a German amateur-built flying boat under development by Wüst GmbH. The aircraft is intended to be supplied as a kit for amateur construction. == Design and development ==
The Seahawk was originally the Mark Flugzeugbau Shark, but that company went out of business and Wüst continued development of the design. The Seahawk features a cantilever shoulder-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, retractable tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration, mounted in a pod above the wing. The aircraft is made from composites. Its wing mounts downturned wing tips that incorporate floats for water operations. The standard engine used is the 115 hp (86 kW) Rotax 914 four-stroke turbocharged powerplant. The highly swept fin mounts the tailplane high, in a nearly T-tailed configuration. The hull incorporates a built-in step. The aircraft prototype first flew on 29 March 2003, and a second prototype was completed. A third prototype was under construction in Africa in 2010. The company indicated that kit production would likely take place in the Czech Republic. Since 2010 the company website has disappeared and development of the Seahawk may have ceased.",261
2159,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCst_Seahawk,W%C3%BCst Seahawk,"The company indicated that kit production would likely take place in the Czech Republic. Since 2010 the company website has disappeared and development of the Seahawk may have ceased. == Specifications (Seahawk) ==

Data from Bayerl and JacksonGeneral characteristics
Crew: one
Capacity: one passenger
Length: 7.35 m (24 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 8.38 m (27 ft 6 in)
Height: 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in)
Empty weight: 350 kg (772 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 549 kg (1,210 lb)
Fuel capacity: 90 L (24 US gal; 20 imp gal)
Powerplant: 1 × Rotax 914 four cylinder, liquid and air-cooled, four stroke turbocharged aircraft engine, 86 kW (115 hp)


== References ==

Jackson, Paul, ed. (2004). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2004–2005. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-2614-2.",224
2160,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Horne,Richard B. Horne,"Richard B. Horne  is a scientist who specialises in space weather, ionospheric physics and plasma physics. He has served as the head of space weather at the British Antarctic Survey. Horne has been a Fellow of the Royal Society since 2021, and was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 2022. == Early life and education ==
Horne received his first degree in Physics from the University of Sheffield from 1974 to 1977 before completing a PhD at the University of Sussex from 1977, completing in 1980 or 1982. == Research ==
Horne joined the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in 1981 as a Higher Scientific Officer before moving to the British Antarctic Survey in 1984. Horne received recognition for his work on wave-particle interactions in space. In particular, Horne showed how plasma waves had the capability to accelerate charged particles to relativistic speeds, and that these particles had an effect on the formation of the radiation belts. In 2005, he received awards from NASA and ESA for his work showing that very low frequency plasma waves are a major cause of the Van Allen belts, which was validated with the 2012 launch of the Van Allen Probes. From 2011 to 2017, Horne led two collaborations- SPACECAST and SPACESTORM- to successfully produce operational forecasts of space weather impacts on satellites, which are now used by the European Space Agency and other clients. Horne's contribution to the SPACESTORM collaboration led directly to significantly higher risk estimates of the risk of space weather to satellites, and led to revised assessments of space weather on the National Risk Register in 2017 and 2020. == Leadership roles ==
Horne was vice-president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1997 to 1999 and the chair of Commission H at the International Union of Radio Science from 2005 to 2008. He led the SPACECAST and SPACESTORM European collaboration projects from 2011 to 2014 and from 2014 to 2017 respectively.",394
2161,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Horne,Richard B. Horne,"== Leadership roles ==
Horne was vice-president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1997 to 1999 and the chair of Commission H at the International Union of Radio Science from 2005 to 2008. He led the SPACECAST and SPACESTORM European collaboration projects from 2011 to 2014 and from 2014 to 2017 respectively. He has been the chair of the Space Environment Impacts Expert Group, which directly advises the UK Cabinet Office on space weather hazards. He has been a member of the executive team at the British Antarctic Survey since 2014. == Awards ==
Horne became a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1981, a fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2011, and a fellow of the International Union of Radio Science in 2017 before becoming a fellow of the Royal Society in 2021. He was appointed a fellow at St Edmund's College, Cambridge in 2014 and Honorary fellow in 2023. Horne has been a member of the Academia Europaea since 2023. Horne was appointed an honorary professor at the University of Sheffield in 2009. He was the recipient of a Doctor of Science from the University of Cambridge in 2020. Horne received a NASA Group Achievement Award in 2005 for contributions to Cluster’s exploration of Geospace, and awards from the European Space Agency related to the Cluster mission in 2005 and 2016. Horne was the runner up to the Science of Risk prize from Lloyd's of London in 2014, and both the Kristian Birkeland medal and URSI Appleton prize in 2020. In 2022, he won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for Geophysics. == References ==",332
2162,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"Brake fade (or vehicle braking system fade) is the reduction in stopping power that can occur after repeated or sustained application of the brakes of a vehicle, especially in high load or high speed conditions. Brake fade can be a factor in any vehicle that uses a friction braking system including automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, airplanes, and bicycles. Brake fade is caused by a buildup of heat in the braking surfaces and the subsequent changes and reactions in the brake system components and can be experienced with both drum brakes and disc brakes. Loss of stopping power, or fade, can be caused by friction fade, mechanical fade, or fluid fade. Brake fade can be significantly reduced by appropriate equipment and materials design and selection, as well as good cooling. Brake fade occurs most often during high performance driving or when going down a long, steep hill. It is more prevalent in drum brakes due to their configuration. Disc brakes are much more resistant to brake fade because the heat can be vented away from the rotor and pads more easily, and have come to be a standard feature in front brakes for most vehicles. == Causes of brake fade ==
The reduction of friction termed brake fade is caused when the temperature reaches the ""kneepoint"" on the temperature-friction curve and gas builds up between disc and pad. All brake linings are cured under mechanical pressure following a heating and cooling curve backstroke, heating the friction material up to 232 °C (450 °F) to ""cure"" (cross-link) the phenolic resin thermoset polymers: There is no melting of the binding resins, because phenolic resins are thermoset, not thermoplastic. In this form of fade, the brake pedal feels firm but there is reduced stopping ability. Fade can also be caused by the brake fluid boiling, with attendant release of compressible gases. In this type of fade, the brake pedal feels ""spongy"".",394
2163,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"Fade can also be caused by the brake fluid boiling, with attendant release of compressible gases. In this type of fade, the brake pedal feels ""spongy"". This condition is worsened when there are contaminants in the fluid, such as water, which most types of brake fluids are prone to absorbing to varying degrees. For this reason brake fluid replacement is standard maintenance. == Fade in self-assisting brakes ==

Various brake designs such as band brakes and many drum brakes are self-assisting: when the brake is applied, some of the braking force feeds back into the brake mechanism to further self-apply the brake. This is called ""positive feedback"" or ""self-servo"". Self-assist reduces the input force needed to apply the brake, but exaggerates fade, since a reduction in pad friction material height or thickness also reduces pad force. In contrast, for a brake without self-assist, such as a conventional disc brake, a loss of pad friction material does not change the pad force, so there is no necessary loss in the brake torque reaction for a given amount of input force. The self-assist mechanism affects the brake pump and the amount of fade. For example, the Ausco Lambert and Murphy brakes have self-assist roughly proportional to pad friction, so total braking is reduced as roughly the square of the loss in friction.",280
2164,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"The self-assist mechanism affects the brake pump and the amount of fade. For example, the Ausco Lambert and Murphy brakes have self-assist roughly proportional to pad friction, so total braking is reduced as roughly the square of the loss in friction. Many other self-assist designs, such as band brakes and many common drum brakes, have exponential self-assist, described by 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            μ
            θ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{\mu \theta }}
  
, where 
  
    
      
        e
      
    
    {\displaystyle e}
  
 is the natural logarithm base, 
  
    
      
        μ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mu }
  
 is the coefficient of friction between shoes and drum, and 
  
    
      
        θ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \theta }
  
 is the angle of engagement between shoes and drum.",390
2165,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"For example, the Ausco Lambert and Murphy brakes have self-assist roughly proportional to pad friction, so total braking is reduced as roughly the square of the loss in friction. Many other self-assist designs, such as band brakes and many common drum brakes, have exponential self-assist, described by 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            μ
            θ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{\mu \theta }}
  
, where 
  
    
      
        e
      
    
    {\displaystyle e}
  
 is the natural logarithm base, 
  
    
      
        μ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mu }
  
 is the coefficient of friction between shoes and drum, and 
  
    
      
        θ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \theta }
  
 is the angle of engagement between shoes and drum. A small change in friction causes an exponential change in self assist.",387
2166,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"Many other self-assist designs, such as band brakes and many common drum brakes, have exponential self-assist, described by 
  
    
      
        
          e
          
            μ
            θ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle e^{\mu \theta }}
  
, where 
  
    
      
        e
      
    
    {\displaystyle e}
  
 is the natural logarithm base, 
  
    
      
        μ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mu }
  
 is the coefficient of friction between shoes and drum, and 
  
    
      
        θ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \theta }
  
 is the angle of engagement between shoes and drum. A small change in friction causes an exponential change in self assist. In many common brakes, a slight increase in friction can lead to wheel lockup with even light application.",372
2167,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"A small change in friction causes an exponential change in self assist. In many common brakes, a slight increase in friction can lead to wheel lockup with even light application. For example, on damp mornings, drum brakes can lock on first application, skidding to a stop even after the brake pedal has been released. Conversely, a slight decrease in friction can lead to severe brake fade. == Factors contributing to fade ==
Brake fade failures can cascade. For example, a typical 5-axle truck/trailer combination has 10 brakes. If one brake fades, brake load is transferred to the remaining 9 brakes, causing them to work harder, get hotter, and thus fade more. Where fade is non-uniform, fade may cause a vehicle to swerve. Because of this, heavy vehicles often use disproportionately weak brakes on steered wheels, which hurts the stopping distance and causes brakes on non-steered wheels to work harder, worsening fade. An advantage of low-fade brakes such as disc brakes is steered wheels can do more braking without causing brake steer. Brake fade typically occurs during heavy or sustained braking. Many high-speed vehicles use disc brakes, and many European heavy vehicles use disc brakes. Many U.S. and third-world heavy vehicles use drum brakes due to their lower purchase price. On heavy vehicles, air drag is often small compared to the weight, so the brakes dissipate proportionally more energy than on a typical car or motorcycle. Thus, heavy vehicles often need to use engine compression braking, and slow down so braking energy is dissipated over a longer interval. Recent studies have been performed in the United States to test the stopping distances of both drum brakes and disc brakes using a North American Standard called FMVSS-121. The results showed that when newer compounding of friction materials typically used in disc brakes is applied to drum brakes that there is virtually no difference in stopping distance or brake fade.",389
2168,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"Recent studies have been performed in the United States to test the stopping distances of both drum brakes and disc brakes using a North American Standard called FMVSS-121. The results showed that when newer compounding of friction materials typically used in disc brakes is applied to drum brakes that there is virtually no difference in stopping distance or brake fade. As the United States changed its FMVSS-121 rules for Class Eight trucks built in 2012 to reduce stopping distances by about 1/3rd there was no recommendation to use either drum or disc brakes in the current law. Newer drum technologies and turbine cooling devices inside of these drums has also eliminated any edge disc brakes may have had in heavy duty applications. By installing brake turbines inside of a specially configured drum, temperatures are many times cut in half and brake fade is nearly eliminated. Brake failure is also caused by brake drum thermal expansion in which brake shoe clearance becomes excessive from wear. This was largely remedied in the 1950s by self-adjusting brakes. Maladjustment with wear is still a factor in trucks with drum air brakes. A Canadian survey of randomly stopped heavy trucks found over 10% of trucks using self-adjusting brakes had at least one brake out of adjustment, due either to failure of the self-adjust mechanism or wear beyond the capacity of the self adjuster. Newer brake pistons (""cans"") extend stroke from about 65 to 75 mm (2.6 to 3.0 in); since about 30 mm (1.2 in) of stroke is used just putting the pads in contact with the drum, the added 10 mm (0.4 in) of stroke is over 25% increase in useful stroke. Longer stroke reduces especially wear-related fade, but drum brakes are still fundamentally prone to fade when hot. After cooling, faded brakes usually perform as well as before, with no visible change to the brake shoes and pads.",384
2169,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"Longer stroke reduces especially wear-related fade, but drum brakes are still fundamentally prone to fade when hot. After cooling, faded brakes usually perform as well as before, with no visible change to the brake shoes and pads. However, if the brakes have been excessively hot for a prolonged period of time, glazing can occur on both of the friction linings of the shoes and pads. When this happens, the contacting surfaces of the linings will have a smooth, shiny appearance, and will not perform as efficiently to slow the vehicle under braking. This glazing can be easily removed by either gently using emery paper on them, or by driving the vehicle carefully whilst implementing light use of the brakes for several miles. Long dual-tire skid marks on highways, made by trucks with drum brakes, are visible examples of non-linearity between brake response and pedal pressure. Large trucks still use drum brakes because they are economical and fit easily where an equivalent disc brake does not. More recently disc brakes for trucks have been promoted listing features such as no fade, possible because they have no self-assist (self-servo). == Railroads ==
Railroads have been using disk brakes on passenger cars for more than 60 years, but coupled with a Rolokron anti-lock system to avoid the creation of flat spots (or ""square wheels"") when wheels lock and skid on the rail surface (audible as steady bang-bang-bang noise as a train goes by—not to be confused with the bang-bang...bang-bang...bang-bang sound made by wheels rolling over a rail joint). Usually, brake disks are installed in the center of the axle, but in some applications (such as Bombardier Bi Level commuter cars), only one disk is used, mounted on the axle end outside the truck frame. High speed trains (such as the TGV) may use four disks per axle.",390
2170,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"Usually, brake disks are installed in the center of the axle, but in some applications (such as Bombardier Bi Level commuter cars), only one disk is used, mounted on the axle end outside the truck frame. High speed trains (such as the TGV) may use four disks per axle. Freight cars (and some passenger cars like multiple-unit cars whose traction motors do not yield room on axles to allow the placement of disk brakes) are equipped with clasp brakes which directly grab the rolling surface of the wheels (much like the old horse buggy brakes of yesteryear). Such brakes are an external-shoe drum brake; but unlike band brakes and many internal-shoe drum brakes, there is no self-assist/self-servo effect, and so they are far less susceptible to locking than self-assist brakes. Due to high stiffness and relatively low power, these clasp brakes are even less prone to lockup than many disc brakes, and so freight cars using them are not equipped with anti-lock systems. The first development of modern ceramic brakes was made by British engineers working in the railway industry for TGV applications in 1988. The objective was to reduce weight, the number of brakes per axle, as well as provide stable friction from very high speeds and all temperatures. The result was a carbon-fibre-reinforced ceramic process that is now used in various forms for automotive, railway, and aircraft brake applications. == Controlling fade through driving technique ==
Brake fade and rotor warping can be reduced through proper braking technique; when running down a long downgrade that would require braking simply select a lower gear (this is required for many trucks on steep grades in the U.S.). Also, periodic, rather than continuous application of the brakes will allow them to cool between applications. Continuous light application of the brakes can be particularly destructive in both wear and adding heat to the brake system.",391
2171,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"Also, periodic, rather than continuous application of the brakes will allow them to cool between applications. Continuous light application of the brakes can be particularly destructive in both wear and adding heat to the brake system. == Brake modification to reduce fade ==
High performance brake components provide enhanced stopping power by improving friction while reducing brake fade. Improved friction is provided by lining materials that have a higher coefficient of friction than standard brake pads, while brake fade is reduced through the use of more expensive binding resins with a higher melting point, along with slotted, drilled, or dimpled discs/rotors that reduce the gaseous boundary layer, in addition to providing enhanced heat dissipation. Heat buildup in brakes can be further addressed by body modifications that direct cold air to the brakes. The ""gaseous boundary layer"" is a hot rod mechanics explanation for failing self servo effect of drum brakes because it felt like a brick under the brake pedal when it occurred. To counter this effect, brake shoes were drilled and slotted to vent gas. In spite of that, drum brakes were abandoned for their self-servo effect. Disks do not have that because application force is applied at right angles to the resulting braking force. There is no interaction. Adherents of gas emission have carried that belief to motorcycles, bicycles and ""sports"" cars, while all other disk brake users from the same automotive companies have no holes through the faces of their discs, although internal radial air passages are used. Vents to release gas have not been found on railway, aircraft and passenger car brakes because there is no gas to vent. Meanwhile, heavy trucks still use drum brakes because they take up the same space. Railways have never used internal expanding drum brakes because they cause skidding, causing expensive flat spots on steel wheels. Both disc and drum brakes can be improved by any technique that removes heat from the braking surfaces.",382
2172,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"Railways have never used internal expanding drum brakes because they cause skidding, causing expensive flat spots on steel wheels. Both disc and drum brakes can be improved by any technique that removes heat from the braking surfaces. Drum brake fade can be reduced and overall performance enhanced somewhat by an old ""hot rodder"" technique of drum drilling. A carefully chosen pattern of holes is drilled through the drum working section; drum rotation centrifugally pumps a small amount air through the shoe to drum gap, removing heat; fade caused by water-wet brakes is reduced since the water is centrifugally driven out; and some brake-material dust exits the holes. Brake drum drilling requires careful detailed knowledge of brake drum physics and is an advanced technique probably best left to professionals. There are performance-brake shops that will make the necessary modifications safely. Brake fade caused by overheating brake fluid (often called pedal fade) can also be reduced through the use of thermal barriers that are placed between the brake pad and the brake caliper piston, these reduce the transfer of heat from the pad to the caliper and in turn hydraulic brake fluid. Some high-performance racing calipers already include such brake heat shields made from titanium or ceramic materials. However, it is also possible to purchase aftermarket titanium brake heat shields that will fit an existing brake system to provide protection from brake heat. These inserts are precision cut to cover as much of the pad as possible. Since they are relatively cheap and easy to install, they are popular with racers and track day enthusiasts. Another technique employed to prevent brake fade is the incorporation of cooling shims (Coolshims). Like titanium heat shields the brake coolers are designed to slide between the brake pad backing plate and the caliper piston. They are constructed from a high thermal conductivity, high yield strength metal composite which conducts the heat from the interface to a heat sink which is external to the caliper and in the airflow.",392
2173,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake_fade,Brake fade,"Like titanium heat shields the brake coolers are designed to slide between the brake pad backing plate and the caliper piston. They are constructed from a high thermal conductivity, high yield strength metal composite which conducts the heat from the interface to a heat sink which is external to the caliper and in the airflow. They have been shown to decrease caliper piston temperatures by over twenty percent and to also significantly decrease the time needed to cool down. == See also ==
Disc brake
Drum brake


== References and sources ==


== External links ==
Friction Material Standards Institute
Lab Testing Results on Titanium Brake Heat Shields
Hard Brakes Titanium Brake Heat Shield Technical Info
CoolShim Technology and Testing",146
2174,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_County_Museum,Carlow County Museum,"Carlow County Museum (Irish: Músaem Chontae Cheatharlach) is a museum documenting the history of County Carlow. Located on College Street in Carlow town, the building was originally the Presentation Convent; it also houses the County Library and Archives. == History ==
The museum was founded by the Carlow Historical & Archaeological Society (CHAS), then the Old Carlow Society, in 1973, and was run by the Society on a voluntary basis until 2002. The collections were housed first in the old Christian Brothers' building, and latterly the former theatre room of the Town Hall from 1979. The museum was opened afresh in the redeveloped convent building in 2012, the last of the buildings to open in a new cultural quarter. It is now operated by Carlow Town Council and Carlow County Council in association with the CHAS. == Contents ==
The museum consists of four exhibition rooms, housing permanent and temporary displays. It holds a diverse collection which includes objects that cover the archaeological, history, social history and folk life of the local area. It is designated to collect archaeological finds by the National Museum of Ireland. One of the most notable objects on display is the 19th century pulpit from Carlow Cathedral which was included in The Irish Times A History of Ireland in 100 Objects. Other notable objects in the Museum's collections pertain to John Tyndall, Kevin Barry, Captain Myles Kehoe, and the Carlow Sugar Factory. The museum unveiled a new installation as part of the Ireland 2016 Centenary Programme, the ""Carlow 1916 Commemorative Stained Glass Panel"" by Peadar Lamb, depicts a Carlow narrative on the 1916 Rising, featuring some of the key Carlow figures and the role they played in 1916. There was a special exhibition about St. Willibrord titled: Saint Willibrord, Patron Saint of Luxembourg and his County Carlow Connection.",391
2175,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_County_Museum,Carlow County Museum,"The museum unveiled a new installation as part of the Ireland 2016 Centenary Programme, the ""Carlow 1916 Commemorative Stained Glass Panel"" by Peadar Lamb, depicts a Carlow narrative on the 1916 Rising, featuring some of the key Carlow figures and the role they played in 1916. There was a special exhibition about St. Willibrord titled: Saint Willibrord, Patron Saint of Luxembourg and his County Carlow Connection. The museum's latest exhibit is the grave effigy of Robert Hartpole, Constable of Carlow Castle and High Sheriff of Carlow, dating from 1594. == See also ==
List of country houses in County Carlow
Oak Park, County Carlow


== References ==


== External links ==
Carlow County Museum
Carlow Historical and Archaeological Society - Museum History
Carlow Tourism
Carlow Military Museum
Discover Ireland",182
2176,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"Internet access is widely available in New Zealand, with 94% of New Zealanders having access to the internet as of January 2021. It first became accessible to university students in the country in 1989. As of June 2018, there are 1,867,000 broadband connections, of which 1,524,000 are residential and 361,000 are business or government. Fibre to the home (FTTH) accounts for 32% of connections, and FTTH use is accelerating rapidly with 54% growth in 2018. Digital subscriber line (DSL) over phone lines provides 44% of connections (down 16% in 2018) and cable internet, mobile broadband, fixed wireless and satellite broadband account for the remaining quarter of connections. Fibre to the home is provided through New Zealand's Ultra-Fast Broadband program, started after 2008 with a target of 87% of the population by 2020. FTTH is available to 67% of New Zealanders. The phone and fibre networks are mostly owned by network company Chorus Limited, which wholesale services to retail ISPs. Parts of Wellington, Kapiti and Christchurch have cable internet access. Nearly all of the population is covered by 3G mobile broadband, with 4G available to the majority. Satellite internet is available throughout the country. As of September 2025, Ookla reports the average download speed for fixed broadband as 206.94 Mbit/s and the average upload speed as 95.83 Mbit/s (ranked 26th in the world). As of Q1 2017, Akamai reports an average peak download speed of 70.8 Mbit/s (35th). For mobile broadband, as of March 2020, Ookla reports the average download speed as 53.59 Mbit/s and the average upload speed as 14.49 Mbit/s, ranking it 13th in the world. Broadband pricing is at, or above the OECD average, and most connections have an unlimited data cap.",395
2177,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"For mobile broadband, as of March 2020, Ookla reports the average download speed as 53.59 Mbit/s and the average upload speed as 14.49 Mbit/s, ranking it 13th in the world. Broadband pricing is at, or above the OECD average, and most connections have an unlimited data cap. There are more than 80 ISPs, with two of them having three-quarters of the market. The New Zealand Government is funding two broadband expansion initiatives, with the aim of providing fibre to the home of 80% of the population and bringing broadband to 97.8% of the population by 2019. International connectivity is mainly provided by the Southern Cross Cable. == Retail services ==

As of 2018, there are 829,000 DSL connections (down from 1.3 million in 2015), 44% of the broadband total, and 598,000 (up from 105,000) fibre connections, 32% of the total. There are also 441,000 (down from 485,000) cellular, satellite, cable and fixed wireless connections comprising 24% of the total. === DSL ===
Most of the telephone infrastructure is owned by Chorus. Chorus provides ADSL (up to 8/1 Mbit/s), ADSL2+ (up to 24/1 Mbit/s) and VDSL2 (up to 100/50 Mbit/s or 70/30 Mbit/s) services over the copper phone network. Most connections are at full line speed, and although monthly data transfer caps used to be common, most plans are now unlimited. As DSL is sensitive to distance, the closer the customer is to the equipment, the faster the connections.",348
2178,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"Most connections are at full line speed, and although monthly data transfer caps used to be common, most plans are now unlimited. As DSL is sensitive to distance, the closer the customer is to the equipment, the faster the connections. Chorus has implemented a fibre-to-the-node (also known as ""cabinetisation"") project to bring the equipment closer to the user, so 91% of the population is able to access a DSL connection of 10 Mbit/s or more. As of January 2014, 97.3% of phone lines are capable of accessing ADSL and 62.4% are capable of VDSL2. As of February 2020 Chorus' DSL footprint has shrunk considerably, due to migration to new FTTH networks operated by Chorus and other providers. DSL connections are down to 600,000 (from a peak of over 1.2 million in 2014). Chorus cannot sell services directly to customers, instead, they wholesale services to internet retailers at regulated prices. In addition to ISPs being able to use Chorus' infrastructure, the copper loop is unbundled, so operators like One NZ, Compass and CallPlus (Slingshot/Orcon) can install their own equipment at telephone exchanges and rent just the copper line from Chorus. As of December 2013, 131,000 (8%) lines are unbundled. === Fibre ===

Fibre to the home was rolled out to urban areas of the country via the Ultra-Fast Broadband scheme, starting in 2014, and ending in December 2022. The network was constructed using Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON) technology, which is reliable, comparatively low-cost and has been used in projects such as Google Fiber. The project was completed in December 2022, bringing high-speed fibre broadband to 412 towns and cities, with an uptake level of 73%.",381
2179,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"The network was constructed using Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON) technology, which is reliable, comparatively low-cost and has been used in projects such as Google Fiber. The project was completed in December 2022, bringing high-speed fibre broadband to 412 towns and cities, with an uptake level of 73%. Residential plans were between 30/10 Mbit/s and 8000/8000 Mbit/s, with 8000 Mbit/s (8 gigabit) services made available to approximately 150,000 premises in Auckland and Wellington. As of July 2021, there are 92 retailers of UFB services. P2P fibre is available in business areas of the cities from several companies, including Chorus, One NZ, CityLink and Vector. === Cable ===
One NZ has a DOCSIS 3.1 hybrid fibre-coaxial network covering parts of Kapiti, 85% of Wellington and almost two-thirds of Christchurch, a total of 145,000 homes. There are about 60,000 customers on the cable network. It provides plans of 200/20 Mbit/s and 1000/100 Mbit/s. === Mobile ===
There are three physical mobile networks in the country. One NZ provides 2G and 3G coverage to 97.6% of the population, 4G LTE coverage to 96% of the population and 5G coverage in select locations. Spark provides 3G coverage to 98%, 4G to ""over two-thirds"" and 5G in select locations. 2degrees has a 3G network covering 96% of the population, with users connecting to One NZ towers in select areas using MoRAN. 2degrees also has 4G LTE coverage to 86% of the population. === Fixed wireless ===
One NZ offers a fixed wireless service provided over LTE/HSPA+ in rural areas under the government-subsidized Rural Broadband Initiative scheme.",387
2180,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"2degrees also has 4G LTE coverage to 86% of the population. === Fixed wireless ===
One NZ offers a fixed wireless service provided over LTE/HSPA+ in rural areas under the government-subsidized Rural Broadband Initiative scheme. As a condition of the subsidy, One NZ also wholesales this service to other retailers. One NZ also offers a fixed wireless service in urban areas with monthly plans up to 600 GB over 4G and an Unlimited plan over 5G. Spark (and low cost brand Skinny) also offer a fixed wireless service over 4G (5G is offered at no extra cost for eligible customers) in both urban and rural areas. Spark began moving low usage customers off copper connections onto the fixed wireless service in 2017. Spark and low cost brand Skinny offer an unlimited fixed wireless plan. As of Feb 2018 there were 104,000 customers on Spark's fixed wireless service. Woosh offered a fixed wireless service in Southland until 1 July 2016. It used a proprietary TDD-CDMA technology by IP Wireless that was no longer supported by vendors. The maximum speed was 1.6 Mbit/s. There are Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) covering regional rural areas, with about 40,000 customers. They typically use the unlicensed 2.4 and 5.8 GHz bands. WISPA-NZ – or more fully the Wireless Internet Service Providers Association of New Zealand Inc – was established in January 2017. They received funding for expansion in August 2017 from the governments RBI2 program. === Satellite ===
Satellite broadband is available throughout the country from Farmside (using IPSTAR), and Gravity using JCSAT-3A (then Kacific-1 when launched in late 2019). === Dial-up ===
In 2018 dial up was less than 1% of all connections in NZ compared with 7% in 2012.",383
2181,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"=== Satellite ===
Satellite broadband is available throughout the country from Farmside (using IPSTAR), and Gravity using JCSAT-3A (then Kacific-1 when launched in late 2019). === Dial-up ===
In 2018 dial up was less than 1% of all connections in NZ compared with 7% in 2012. In April 2017, Spark NZ announced plans to replace all Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) exchanges with new IP equipment within 5 years. Dial up will not be supported. In May 2018, Spark withdrew dial up services. Followed by One NZ (formerly Vodafone) in May 2021


== Government broadband upgrade plan ==
The government has two plans to bring fast broadband to 97.8% of the population by 2019. === Ultra-Fast Broadband Initiative ===

The Government is spending NZ$1.35 billion on public-private partnerships with Chorus and three local electricity network companies to roll out fibre-to-the-home connection in all main towns and cities with population over 10,000. The programme aims to deliver ultra-fast broadband capable of at least 100 Mbit/s download and 50 Mbit/s upload to 75% of New Zealanders by 2019. In total, 1,340,000 households will be connected. In 2015, the Government launched a $152 million to $210 million extension of the original UFB programme, with the aim of extending UFB programme coverage from 75 per cent to 80 per cent of New Zealanders. === Rural Broadband Initiative ===
The government awarded a $300 million Rural Broadband Initiative (RBI) contract to Vodafone and Chorus to bring broadband of at least 5 Mbit/s to 86% of rural customers by 2016. Vodafone will install 154 new cell towers and upgrade 387 towers, adding 250,000 addresses to its 3G coverage.",388
2182,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"=== Rural Broadband Initiative ===
The government awarded a $300 million Rural Broadband Initiative (RBI) contract to Vodafone and Chorus to bring broadband of at least 5 Mbit/s to 86% of rural customers by 2016. Vodafone will install 154 new cell towers and upgrade 387 towers, adding 250,000 addresses to its 3G coverage. As of June 2015, 116 new towers have been installed and 314 towers upgraded, covering approximately 242,814 addresses. As of June 2014, there are 6064 customers on the RBI wireless network. By January 2016, Vodafone was actively extending its 4G network, and on track to deliver speeds as high as 100 Mbit/s. Chorus will provide fibre to the new Vodafone towers, 1040 schools, 183 libraries and 50 health providers. Chorus will also be upgrading or installing 1215 new cabinets to increase GPON, VDSL and ADSL coverage to 100,969 lines. As of June 2015, 93,348 lines have been upgraded, with an 80% uptake rate. In 2015, in addition to expanding the coverage of the UFB programme, the government also launched a further $100 million investment to expand the RBI, and $50 million to improve mobile coverage in black spot areas. In August 2017 Crown Infrastructure Holdings, now part of National Infrastructure Funding and Financing entered into contracts with the Rural Connectivity Group and with a number of Wireless Internet Service Providers to deliver the RBI2/MBSF programme. == Data caps ==

Monthly data caps used to be common in New Zealand, with over 90% of connections having caps in 2014. As of June 2018, less than 30% of internet connections now have a fixed data cap. Once users have exceeded their data cap, they typically have the option of having the speed limited to 64–128 kbit/s for the rest of the month or paying for any extra data used.",400
2183,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"As of June 2018, less than 30% of internet connections now have a fixed data cap. Once users have exceeded their data cap, they typically have the option of having the speed limited to 64–128 kbit/s for the rest of the month or paying for any extra data used. Now, most RSP's (retail service providers) offer unlimited data plans. On average (August 2019), each household uses 265 GB of data per month. Most mobile phone data plans have set caps, with any excess paid for per MB (although extra data blocks can be purchased to avoid the expensive casual data pricing). As of 2014, Vodafone claimed its cellular data network is the fastest in the world, with downloads of 5 to 20 Mbit/s on 3G and 20 to 75 Mbit/s on LTE 4G being usually available. In April 2017, 2degrees announced unlimited data plans as part of a plan with unlimited calls and texts. == Internet service providers ==
As of October 2014, there were about 80 internet service providers. 16% had fewer than 100 customers, 41% had 101 to 1000 customers, 28% had between 1001 and 10,000 customers, 7% had 10,001 and 100,000 customers and 4% had more than 100,000 customers. 28% of ISPs wholesale bandwidth to other ISPs and 24% sell packages to other ISPs for resale. In the first quarter of 2020, the ISPs with more than 1.0% market share (in brackets) were: Spark (including sub-brand Skinny) (40%), Vodafone NZ (21%), Vocus Group (including Slingshot and Orcon) (13%), 2degrees (7%), and Trustpower (6%).",356
2184,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"28% of ISPs wholesale bandwidth to other ISPs and 24% sell packages to other ISPs for resale. In the first quarter of 2020, the ISPs with more than 1.0% market share (in brackets) were: Spark (including sub-brand Skinny) (40%), Vodafone NZ (21%), Vocus Group (including Slingshot and Orcon) (13%), 2degrees (7%), and Trustpower (6%). == Pricing ==
As of February 2015, three unlimited UFB plans can be purchased: NZ$79 per month for a 100 Mbit/s downlink and 20 Mbit/s uplink plan, NZ$99 per month for a 200 Mbit/s downlink and 20 Mbit/s uplink plan and NZ$129 per month for a 1 Gbit/s downlink and 500 Mbit/s uplink plan. The Commerce Commission, which is responsible for telecommunications regulation, performed a comparison of broadband prices in New Zealand with prices in OECD and OECD-like countries. The data used is from June 2013. 98% of New Zealanders have access to affordable broadband, according to the ITU's 2014 measure of broadband costing less than 5% of average income. With the increased competition in the broadband sector in New Zealand and the growing number of broadband plans and ISP's, 2016 saw the launch of a dedicated broadband comparison website in January 2016, glimp which was the first of its kind in New Zealand. Followed by the launch of Broadband Compare in June 2016. == History ==


=== Early days ===
By 1978 a national network had been established at the then Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). This network linked the disparate campus ""mainframes"" around the country via PDP/11 and LSI/11 machines linked together over 9600bit/s ""S2"" circuits leased from the New Zealand Post Office.",389
2185,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"== History ==


=== Early days ===
By 1978 a national network had been established at the then Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). This network linked the disparate campus ""mainframes"" around the country via PDP/11 and LSI/11 machines linked together over 9600bit/s ""S2"" circuits leased from the New Zealand Post Office. Due to the Telecommunications Act, the DSIR was not able to link all the research institutions together (MAF Research, the universities and other non-DSIR research institutions). In the mid-1980s, with the advent of the Post Office's packet-switching network based on X.25, and a degree of de-regulation, it became possible to link the various institutions together at a cost. In 1985 and 1986 a number of meetings were held by the various research institutions to plan for a broad-based research network that would provide basic research electronic communication (mail, file sharing and remote access). It was agreed to base this on the UK's Joint Academic NETwork (JANET) ""Blue Book"" standard rather than the US's ARPANET standard. The UK academic community defined the Coloured Book protocols as ""interim"" X.25 standards, intended to be used until international agreement was reached on an international standard (see Protocol Wars). These Coloured Book protocols gained some acceptance internationally as the first complete X.25 standard, with ""several years lead over other countries"" (see Internet in the United Kingdom § Early years). The impetus for development came from the DSIR, especially the newly formed Division of Information Technology in 1985 under Dr's Crouch, March, Nield and Whimp and from the Universities, in particular the University of Waikato, and John Houlker. By 1987, everything was in place except international traffic. The controllers of funding refused to approve the $250,000 cost for the link across the Pacific to the United States.",398
2186,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"By 1987, everything was in place except international traffic. The controllers of funding refused to approve the $250,000 cost for the link across the Pacific to the United States. Due to the efforts of John Houlker, New Zealand's first international internet connection was established in 1989 from Waikato University through IBM. The capacity went from 64 kbit/s to 128 kbit/s between February 1993 and February 1994. === Free ISPs ===
At the start of the millennium, there were a number of ISPs offering free dial-up internet to users. Unlike free ISPs overseas, these did not rely on advertising or e-commerce revenue, but instead were funded by interconnection charges. In 1996, Telecom NZ and Clear Communications (until then only a toll-bypass provider) signed an interconnection agreement, where each would pay the other 2 cents/minute to terminate ""local"" calls, reducing to 1 cent/minute over several years. Telecom believed they had the upper hand, as (a) local calls were regulated to be zero-rated to the subscriber, and (b) they held the vast majority of subscribers to whom calls could be placed, and so expected a significant net inward revenue stream. However when in 2000 Clear offered a revenue sharing arrangement to customers who signed on exclusively to receive calls, a number of ISPs were quick to take advantage of this offer. The first was Compass Communications, which set up Freenet in February 2000, followed quickly by i4free (by CallPlus), surf4nix, Zfree (by Clear itself), and Splurge (by Quicksilver). They in turn could offer ""free"" dial-up internet to their customers, with Telecom ultimately footing the bill for ""local"" (free) calls. The result was that Telecom wound up paying interconnection fees to Clear totalling tens of millions of NZ dollars.",379
2187,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"They in turn could offer ""free"" dial-up internet to their customers, with Telecom ultimately footing the bill for ""local"" (free) calls. The result was that Telecom wound up paying interconnection fees to Clear totalling tens of millions of NZ dollars. These free ISPs had quite an impact on the New Zealand ISP market, cutting Xtra's market share by 10% during the time they were operative. Within a few months Telecom remedied the situation by fiat: they declared that ""internet calls"" were not ""local"", and although they would still be free to the customer, they would no longer attract interconnection fees. To enforce this, all existing advertised phone numbers for dial-up services were blocked, and the ISPs were required to use new numbers starting with 0867. (The legality of this decision was still before the courts as of 2010.) Clear stopped paying the ISPs, and they in turn shut down their ""free"" services. Zfree (Clear's own in-house ISP) was the last free ISP to shut down, in July 2002. === First broadband ===
In 1999 Telecom New Zealand began providing broadband internet (ADSL) under the name JetStream. There was a progressive roll out into local exchanges. JetStream services were offered by many different ISPs, with Telecom billing for all data usage and the ISP charging for authentication and other services such as a static IP address. Home users were offered 'starter' plans at 128 kbit/s upload and download. Speeds greater than 128 kbit/s were extremely expensive and extra data (beyond the allowance) was charged at over $0.10 per MB. Telecom progressively introduced lower cost home options. Businesses were able to access 'full speed' services at up to 8 Mbit/s downstream and 800 kbit/s upstream, with data charges up to $0.20 per MB.",380
2188,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"Telecom progressively introduced lower cost home options. Businesses were able to access 'full speed' services at up to 8 Mbit/s downstream and 800 kbit/s upstream, with data charges up to $0.20 per MB. During March 2004 a 256 kbit/s home service was introduced with a 10 GB allowance for NZ$700. In 2005 the government mandated Unbundled Bitstream Service (UBS) at a maximum upstream bandwidth of 128 kbit/s. This allowed ISPs to bill for their client's data usage. Telecom initially specified a 256 kbit/s downstream, but added 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s options later in the year. Telecom provided this in addition to the existing Jetstream plans. In late 2005 Telecom cancelled its previous wholesale arrangements for JetStream and its plans with other ISPs. Only Telecom's own ISP, Xtra, could sell plans faster than the UBS options. In February 2006 Telecom announced its intention to offer a speed upgrade on their wholesale. It was reported that some providers would likely reject the offer, though Telecom believed that negotiations were continuing well. In April 2006, Telecom New Zealand introduced new cheaper services with download speeds up to 3.5 Mbit/s, some thought this was to avoid regulatory local loop unbundling. In May 2006 local loop unbundling was announced as part of a comprehensive telecommunications package. === Monopoly concerns ===
In the early 2000s, Telecom's control of telecommunications infrastructure was being criticised by lobby groups such as the Telecommunications Users' Association of New Zealand and Internet New Zealand. In early 2006, there were growing concerns about below par broadband in New Zealand. On the whole, Telecom's upstream speeds (128 kbit/s) and data caps had resulted in New Zealand's internet connections being ranked unfavourably compared to other countries in the OECD.",378
2189,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"In early 2006, there were growing concerns about below par broadband in New Zealand. On the whole, Telecom's upstream speeds (128 kbit/s) and data caps had resulted in New Zealand's internet connections being ranked unfavourably compared to other countries in the OECD. Competitors were making some changes such as offering higher data caps (XTRA's data caps averaged from 1 to 10 GB of data per month, while competitors such as ihug offered 40 and 60 GB options, or Xnet who offered free national data on their ADSL plans.) In mid 2006, Telecom still had control over the network including speeds and how much data they supplied each ""UBS"" customer. Amidst growing pressure from the government, Telecom boosted downloads to 3.5 Mbit/s and uploads to 512 kbit/s (at high costs such as $20/month more just for increased upload speeds). Competitors and customers reported slower than expected speeds, with one ISP director criticizing Telecom's backhaul network. The new plans were also criticised for reducing the data caps on downloads. === Unleashing speeds ===
In May 2006, the government announced a comprehensive telecommunications package including unbundling of the local loop to allow other ISPs to compete more effectively against Telecom's DSL offerings. The New Zealand Institute think-tank has estimated that the economic benefits of competitive broadband access could be worth as much as NZ$4.4 billion a year to New Zealand's gross domestic product. On 26 October 2006, Telecom ""unleashed"" the download speeds on their network, meaning download speeds went as fast as the lines could go. Additionally, there was also an unlimited download plan, which was also uncapped, however 128 kb upload, and a fair usage policy which is put in place to temporarily limit the speeds for customers who have high usage or make use of peer-to-peer connections via traffic shaping – basically limiting a so-called ""unlimited"" plan.",394
2190,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"On 26 October 2006, Telecom ""unleashed"" the download speeds on their network, meaning download speeds went as fast as the lines could go. Additionally, there was also an unlimited download plan, which was also uncapped, however 128 kb upload, and a fair usage policy which is put in place to temporarily limit the speeds for customers who have high usage or make use of peer-to-peer connections via traffic shaping – basically limiting a so-called ""unlimited"" plan. This plan only lasted for a few months until it became clear that Telecom were restricting all traffic (not just peer-to-peer) during all times of the day (instead of the 8 peak hours per day stated). Because of this, all subscribers on the so-called ""Go Large"" plan were given a refund for up to 2 months worth of service, and the plan was eventually made no longer available to new subscribers. In March 2007, Telecom started to introduce ADSL2+ into local exchanges through their roll-out programme. === Local loop unbundling and the structural separation of Telecom ===
The government mandated local loop unbundling in 2006, thus allowing other ISPs to set up their own infrastructure and services, and using only Telecom's existing copper wiring and exchanges. Several countries have done similarly to compete more effectively with the incumbent's offerings. They also mandated naked DSL and unconstrained UBS (which may see rapid changes in ISP offerings). Then Telecommunications Minister David Cunliffe expected that the market would feel the effects from 2007 to 2009, with policy to be enacted commencing at the Budget in May 2006. As a part of the policy, the Government was to take steps to encourage private sector investment in improving rural telecommunications services, and to further open up the marketplace to alternative delivery media, such as fibre optics, cable and satellite. Telecom had a monopoly on the local loop for a long time.",384
2191,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"As a part of the policy, the Government was to take steps to encourage private sector investment in improving rural telecommunications services, and to further open up the marketplace to alternative delivery media, such as fibre optics, cable and satellite. Telecom had a monopoly on the local loop for a long time. There were alternatives such as CityLink in the Auckland and Wellington CBDs, TelstraClear's cable internet in Wellington and Christchurch, satellite, and wireless in some locations – but products based on Telecom/Chorus's DSL were the norm, as other networks did not have the same coverage nor pricing the DSL network had. In December 2011, Telecom NZ was split into a retail company (later renamed Spark), and Chorus, a separate infrastructure company. Chorus completed a fibre to the node roll out in towns and cities with exchanges that have more than 500 lines in early 2012. Vodafone NZ became Telecom's biggest competitor after acquiring ihug in 2006 and then acquiring TelstraClear in 2012. TelstraClear invested heavily in infrastructure throughout New Zealand by laying fibre networks in areas in Wellington, Nelson, and Christchurch. Vodafone continued to build a fibre backbone throughout New Zealand. === Recent developments ===
In June 2013, Google started testing Project Loon in Canterbury, a plan to provide internet services via large helium balloons around the globe. In mid 2015, Vodafone started upgrading its Rural Broadband Initiative network to 4G, while Spark also launched a rural 4G broadband service. In July 2015, Woosh sold its customers in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch to Slingshot (owned by Australian company M2), leaving only its operation in Southland. The Southland operations ceased on 1 July 2016, after Woosh went into voluntary administration. In October 2015, the Government announced an aspirational target that 99% of New Zealanders will be able to access broadband at peak speeds of at least 50 Mbit/s by 2025.",395
2192,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"The Southland operations ceased on 1 July 2016, after Woosh went into voluntary administration. In October 2015, the Government announced an aspirational target that 99% of New Zealanders will be able to access broadband at peak speeds of at least 50 Mbit/s by 2025. The remaining 1% would get at least 10 Mbit/s. == High-speed networks ==
Kiwi Advanced Research and Education Network (KAREN) was set up in 2006 to link universities and Crown Research Institutes within New Zealand via fibre-optic cable, with links to Sydney and Los Angeles via the Southern Cross Cable, at speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second (or 1 gigabit per second to Los Angeles and Sydney). Starting in 2013, Chorus ran a (now ended) ""Gigatown"" competition. Residents in Dunedin, the winning town, will get a 1Gbit/s connection at the price of a normal connection. Weta Workshop, Weta Digital and Wingnut Films in Wellington have high-speed links provided by CityLink. == International connections ==


=== Current ===
Most of New Zealand's current international connectivity is provided by three under-sea fibre optic cables with a combined total throughput of 73 terabits per second. The Southern Cross Cable (10 Tbit/s) operated by Southern Cross Cables Limited was founded in 1997 by agreement between Telecom New Zealand (50%), Optus (40%) and MFS Globenet (10%) (subsequently acquired by WorldCom, and then Verizon Business). Southern Cross owns and operates a trans-Pacific submarine cable network connecting Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and Hawaii to the internet backbone on the United States West Coast.Completed in February 2001 has a current capacity of 5.4 Tbit/s.",365
2193,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"The Southern Cross Cable (10 Tbit/s) operated by Southern Cross Cables Limited was founded in 1997 by agreement between Telecom New Zealand (50%), Optus (40%) and MFS Globenet (10%) (subsequently acquired by WorldCom, and then Verizon Business). Southern Cross owns and operates a trans-Pacific submarine cable network connecting Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and Hawaii to the internet backbone on the United States West Coast.Completed in February 2001 has a current capacity of 5.4 Tbit/s. The network is 30,500 km in length, There are nine cable landing stations (two each in Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii and the US mainland, and one in Fiji) and additional access points in San Jose, Palo Alto, Los Angeles, and Seattle as well as Sydney. Both cables in the network contain six optical fibres (3 fibre pairs) between Sydney and Hawaii, and eight fibres (4 fibre pairs) between Hawaii and the US West Coast. The Tasman Global Access (20 Tbit/s) was completed March 2017 and is 2288 km long with landing points in Ngarunui Beach, Raglan and Narrabeen Beach, Sydney Australia. The TGA cable is made from two fibre pairs and it has a current design capacity of 20 Tbit/s. TGA is owned by Spark NZ, Vodafone NZ and Telstra. The Hawaiki Transpacific Submarine Cable System (43 Tbit/s) came into service in July 2018. Hawaiki links Australia and New Zealand to the mainland United States, as well as Hawaii and American Samoa, with provision for connections to New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga. The cable has two fibre optic pairs from the US to Australia, one pair from the US to New Zealand and one pair from New Zealand to Australia. The cable length is 15,000 km and has a capacity of 43.8 Tbit/s.",397
2194,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"The cable has two fibre optic pairs from the US to Australia, one pair from the US to New Zealand and one pair from New Zealand to Australia. The cable length is 15,000 km and has a capacity of 43.8 Tbit/s. === Historical ===
The Tasman-2 was built in 1992 as part of PacRimWest that covered the distance of 2,195 km with three fibre pairs, and with landing points in Sydney and Auckland. It had a capacity 1.2 Gbit/s. The company Pacific Fibre proposed another international cable between New Zealand and the United States, with claims in 2011 by one of the proponents Sam Morgan that competition would cut international capacity costs, and result in more generous internet data caps. On 1 August 2012, Pacific Fibre announced they were unable to secure sufficient investment and the planned cable was discontinued. ""I think it's tragic news for the New Zealand market"", said Telecommunications Users Association CEO Paul Brislen. ""We've spent millions of shareholder funds trying to get this done and despite getting some good investor support we have not been able to find the level of investment required in New Zealand initially and more broadly offshore"", said Pacific Fibre chairman Sam Morgan. Pacific Fibre will subsequently cease operations. == Internet exchange points ==
CityLink operates ExchangeNET, a network of neutral Internet exchange points throughout the country. == Censorship ==

The Department of Internal Affairs runs a voluntary internet censorship scheme. Both major ISPs Spark and Vodafone are members of the scheme.",310
2195,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_New_Zealand,Internet in New Zealand,"== Censorship ==

The Department of Internal Affairs runs a voluntary internet censorship scheme. Both major ISPs Spark and Vodafone are members of the scheme. == See also ==
.nz
Ultra-Fast Broadband (New Zealand)
Information technology industry in New Zealand
New Zealand Internet Blackout
New Zealand Network Operators Group
Telecommunications in New Zealand
Pirate Party of New Zealand


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==


=== ISP lists ===
ISPmap


=== Maps ===
National Broadband Map
Chorus Network Capability Map
GIS Geek map of cell towers and Chorus cabinets
Telecom New Zealand map of submarine cables connecting New Zealand and Australia


=== History ===
Down To The Wire
Connecting the Clouds – the Internet in New Zealand
Hill, Holes & Poles Rural broadband",183
2196,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_National_Football_League_(Ireland),2017 National Football League (Ireland),"The 2017 National Football League, known for sponsorship reasons as the Allianz Football League, was the 86th staging of the National Football League, an annual Gaelic football tournament for Gaelic Athletic Association county teams. Thirty-one county teams from the island of Ireland, plus London, compete. Kilkenny do not participate. On 9 April 2017 Kerry won their 20th National League title, beating Dublin by 0-20 to 1-16 in the final. Dublin were the reigning champions and were bidding for their fifth successive title. Eir Sport (formerly Setanta) and TG4 provided live coverage of the league on Saturday nights and Sunday afternoons respectively. RTÉ2 broadcast highlights programme Allianz League Sunday on Sunday evenings. TG4 broadcast the final of each division live. == Format ==


=== League structure ===
The 2017 National Football League consists of four divisions of eight teams. Each team plays every other team in its division once, usually four home and three away or three home and four away. Two points are awarded for a win and one point for a draw. === Tie-breaker ===
If only two teams are level on league points -

The team that won the head-to-head match is ranked first
If this game was a draw, score difference (total scored minus total conceded in all games) is used to rank the teams
If score difference is identical, total scored is used to rank the teams
If still identical, a play-off is required
If three or more teams are level on league points, score difference is used to rank the teams. === Finals, promotions and relegations ===


==== Division 1 ====
Following the decision to abolish the National Football League semi finals for 2017, the top two teams in Division 1 contest the National Football League final. The bottom two teams are relegated to Division 2.",379
2197,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_National_Football_League_(Ireland),2017 National Football League (Ireland),"=== Finals, promotions and relegations ===


==== Division 1 ====
Following the decision to abolish the National Football League semi finals for 2017, the top two teams in Division 1 contest the National Football League final. The bottom two teams are relegated to Division 2. ==== Division 2, Division 3 & Division 4 ====
The top two teams in Divisions 2, 3 and 4 are promoted and contest the finals of their respective divisions. The bottom two teams in Divisions 2 and 3 are relegated. == Division 1 ==


=== Division 1 table ===
  Qualify for Division 1 final
  Automatic relegation to Division 2

Kerry, Donegal, Monaghan and Mayo are ranked by score difference. === Division 1 Rounds 1 to 7 ===


==== Division 1 Round 1 ====


==== Division 1 Round 2 ====


==== Division 1 Round 3 ====


==== Division 1 Round 4 ====


==== Division 1 Round 5 ====


==== Division 1 Round 6 ====


==== Division 1 Round 7 ====


=== Division 1 Final ===


== Division 2 ==


=== Division 2 table ===
  Qualify for Division 2 final and automatic promotion to Division 1
  Automatic relegation to Division 3

Clare, Down and Derry finished on five league points and are ranked by score difference.",280
2198,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_National_Football_League_(Ireland),2017 National Football League (Ireland),"== Division 1 ==


=== Division 1 table ===
  Qualify for Division 1 final
  Automatic relegation to Division 2

Kerry, Donegal, Monaghan and Mayo are ranked by score difference. === Division 1 Rounds 1 to 7 ===


==== Division 1 Round 1 ====


==== Division 1 Round 2 ====


==== Division 1 Round 3 ====


==== Division 1 Round 4 ====


==== Division 1 Round 5 ====


==== Division 1 Round 6 ====


==== Division 1 Round 7 ====


=== Division 1 Final ===


== Division 2 ==


=== Division 2 table ===
  Qualify for Division 2 final and automatic promotion to Division 1
  Automatic relegation to Division 3

Clare, Down and Derry finished on five league points and are ranked by score difference. === Division 2 Rounds 1 to 7 ===


==== Division 2 Round 1 ====


==== Division 2 Round 2 ====


==== Division 2 Round 3 ====


==== Division 2 Round 4 ====


==== Division 2 Round 5 ====


==== Division 2 Round 6 ====


==== Division 2 Round 7 ====


=== Division 2 Final ===


== Division 3 ==


=== Division 3 table ===
  Qualify for Division 3 final and automatic promotion to Division 2
  Automatic relegation to Division 4

Louth are ranked ahead of Tipperary as they won the head-to-head game between the teams. Longford v. Antrim was a draw so the teams are ranked by score difference.",332
2199,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_National_Football_League_(Ireland),2017 National Football League (Ireland),"=== Division 2 Rounds 1 to 7 ===


==== Division 2 Round 1 ====


==== Division 2 Round 2 ====


==== Division 2 Round 3 ====


==== Division 2 Round 4 ====


==== Division 2 Round 5 ====


==== Division 2 Round 6 ====


==== Division 2 Round 7 ====


=== Division 2 Final ===


== Division 3 ==


=== Division 3 table ===
  Qualify for Division 3 final and automatic promotion to Division 2
  Automatic relegation to Division 4

Louth are ranked ahead of Tipperary as they won the head-to-head game between the teams. Longford v. Antrim was a draw so the teams are ranked by score difference. === Division 3 Rounds 1 to 7 ===


==== Division 3 Round 1 ====


==== Division 3 Round 2 ====


==== Division 3 Round 3 ====


==== Division 3 Round 4 ====


==== Division 3 Round 5 ====


==== Division 3 Round 6 ====


==== Division 3 Round 7 ====


=== Division 3 Final ===


== Division 4 ==


=== Division 4 table ===
  Qualify for Division 4 final and automatic promotion to Division 3

Limerick are ranked ahead of Leitrim as they won the head-to-head game between the teams. Wicklow are ranked ahead of London as they won the head-to-head game between the teams.",306
2200,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_National_Football_League_(Ireland),2017 National Football League (Ireland),"=== Division 3 Rounds 1 to 7 ===


==== Division 3 Round 1 ====


==== Division 3 Round 2 ====


==== Division 3 Round 3 ====


==== Division 3 Round 4 ====


==== Division 3 Round 5 ====


==== Division 3 Round 6 ====


==== Division 3 Round 7 ====


=== Division 3 Final ===


== Division 4 ==


=== Division 4 table ===
  Qualify for Division 4 final and automatic promotion to Division 3

Limerick are ranked ahead of Leitrim as they won the head-to-head game between the teams. Wicklow are ranked ahead of London as they won the head-to-head game between the teams. === Division 4 Rounds 1 to 7 ===


==== Division 4 Round 1 ====


==== Division 4 Round 2 ====


==== Division 4 Round 3 ====


==== Division 4 Round 4 ====


==== Division 4 Round 5 ====


==== Division 4 Round 6 ====


==== Division 4 Round 7 ====


=== Division 4 Final ===


== League Statistics ==
All scores correct as of 12 April 2017


=== Scoring Events ===
Widest winning margin: 30
Armagh 6-22 – 0-10 Offaly (Division 3)
Most goals in a match: 7
Galway 5-15 – 2-15 Derry (Division 2)
Offaly 3-15 – 4-11 Laois (Division 3)
Most points in a match: 43
Dublin 2-29 – 0-14 Roscommon (Division 1)
Most goals by one team in a match: 6
Armagh 6-22 – 0-10 Offaly (Division 3)
Highest aggregate score: 51 points
Galway 5-15 – 2-15 Derry (Division 2)
Lowest aggregate score: 14 points
Monaghan 0-07 – 0-07 Cavan (Division 1)


=== Top Scorer: Overall ===


=== Top Scorer: Single game ===


== References ==


== External links ==
Full Fixtures and Results",457
2201,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-bellied_hummingbird,Green-bellied hummingbird,"The green-bellied hummingbird (Saucerottia viridigaster) is a species of hummingbird in the ""emeralds"" tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. == Taxonomy and systematics ==
The green-bellied hummingbird was formerly placed in the genus Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that the genus Amazilia was polyphyletic. In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the  green-bellied hummingbird was moved by most taxonomic systems to the resurrected genus Saucerottia. The green-bellied hummingbird previously was assigned six subspecies. By early 2023 most taxonomic systems had created the copper-tailed hummingbird (S. cupreicauda) containing four of them. They retain the other two subspecies in the green-bellied, the nominate S. v. viridigaster (Bourcier, 1843) and S. v. iodura (Reichenbach, 1854). However, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society does not recognize the copper-tailed hummingbird as a separate species. == Description ==
The green-bellied hummingbird is 8 to 10.5 cm (3.1 to 4.1 in) long and weighs 4.5 to 6.7 g (0.16 to 0.24 oz). Both sexes of both subspecies have a straight, medium length, blackish bill with a pink to reddish base to the mandible. Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a dull golden-green head and back and olive green to brownish rump and uppertail coverts; the last sometimes have a purplish tinge. Their wings are dark purple brown and their tail deep blue to violet blue.",391
2202,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-bellied_hummingbird,Green-bellied hummingbird,"Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a dull golden-green head and back and olive green to brownish rump and uppertail coverts; the last sometimes have a purplish tinge. Their wings are dark purple brown and their tail deep blue to violet blue. Their underparts are a dark shining green becoming grayish brown at the vent. Their undertail coverts are grayish buff with paler edges. Adult females are similar to males with the addition of white fringes on the throat feathers and bronze or brownish edges to the tail feathers. Juveniles resemble females but have grayish brown or brownish gray underparts. Subspecies S. v. iodura has a coppery to purple tail and is otherwise like the nominate. == Distribution and habitat ==
Subspecies S. v. viridigaster of the green-bellied hummingbird is found in north-central Colombia on the east slope of the Eastern Andes. S. v. iodura is found in the Andes of western Venezuela. The species inhabits a variety of semi-open to open subtropical landscapes including the edges of gallery forest, plantations, scrub- and brushlands, river islands, and low secondary forest. It mostly occurs on the lower to middle slopes of the Andes at elevations between 400 and 1,700 m (1,300 and 5,600 ft). == Behavior ==


=== Movement ===
The green-bellied hummingbird is basically sedentary but makes local movements to follow the availability of nectar sources. === Feeding ===
The green-bellied hummingbird's foraging strategy and details of its diet are not well documented. It is known to take nectar from the flowers of Quararibea, Inga, and Erythrina and has been photographed feeding at many other plants. It has been observed in large groups at flowering trees.",389
2203,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-bellied_hummingbird,Green-bellied hummingbird,"It is known to take nectar from the flowers of Quararibea, Inga, and Erythrina and has been photographed feeding at many other plants. It has been observed in large groups at flowering trees. In addition to necatar it feeds on small arthropods. === Breeding ===
The green-bellied hummingbird's breeding season appears to span at least from October to January. The one known nest was a cup made of buffy seed down with bits of lichen on the outside and sited on a horizontal tree branch. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology. === Vocalization ===
The green-bellied hummingbird's song has been variously described as "" a short dainty phrase which is repeated several times...tee-tee-dji-dji or tee-dji-tee-dji"" and also as ""a waif-like ta-da titi-da"". Calls include a ""short high-pitched buzzy note...tzree..tzree..tzree..."" and a ""fast stuttered descending series...TSEe-tsee-tsi-tsi-ti-ti"". == Status ==
The IUCN has assessed the green-bellied hummingbird as being of Least Concern, though its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing due to habitat destruction. No specific threats have been identified. The species is considered uncommon to fairly common in Colombia but its abundance in Venezuela is not known. ""It is also frequently seen along forest edges and in areas of anthropogenic disturbance, and is thus may not be as severely impacted by human habitat alteration as some species."" == References ==",353
2204,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunga_(equid),Kunga (equid),"The kunga was a hybrid equid that was used as a draft animal in ancient Syria and Mesopotamia, where it also served as an economic and political status symbol. Cuneiform writings from as early as the mid-third millennium BCE describe the animal as a hybrid but do not provide the precise taxonomical nature of the breeding that produced it. Modern paleogenomics has revealed it to have been the offspring of a female domesticated donkey and a wild male Syrian wild ass (a subspecies of onager). They fell out of favor after the introduction of domesticated horses and mules into the region at the end of the 3rd millennium BCE. == Elite equids ==
Third-millennium BCE cuneiform from the kingdom of Ebla and the Mesopotamian region of Diyala name several types of equids (ANŠE, 𒀲), including one specified as the kúnga (ANŠE BAR.AN, 𒀲𒁇𒀭), which appear between about 2600 and 2000 BCE. These expensive animals, highly valued by the elite, were purpose-bred at Nagar, the rulers of which used them themselves and monopolized their production for distribution in the region. Records from Ebla report repeated expensive purchases of kunga equids from Nagar, and it was apparently in relation to this trade that the 'high superintendents of charioteers' and those responsible for maintaining the Ebla kunga herd traveled to Nagar. The Ebla king gave them as gifts to other rulers. It has been suggested that the kunga trade was central to the economies of the region's kingdoms, and that the ostentatious display of such expensive animals in official art directly associated them with kingship and power.",379
2205,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunga_(equid),Kunga (equid),"The Ebla king gave them as gifts to other rulers. It has been suggested that the kunga trade was central to the economies of the region's kingdoms, and that the ostentatious display of such expensive animals in official art directly associated them with kingship and power. A pair of seals from the period, including one from Nagar, depict equids with gods in the divine realm. == Hybrid nature ==
Contemporary descriptions of the production of the kunga seem to indicate that they were hybrids, and there are indications that, like most hybrid equids, they were sterile. For example, foals are described in nursery herds with adult donkeys or onagers and donkey foals, never with kunga parents. Production would thus have been an intensive process: they would not have established a domesticated line, but rather each individual kunga had to be produced de novo by breeding two parental species anew, without the opportunity for improvement through selective breeding. Likewise, the necessity of repeated purchase of new animals from their limited production centers to maintain a stable of kunga suggests they could not be bred. == Depictions ==

Kunga were used as draft animals, with smaller males and females used for pulling plows, while 'superior' males are described in more ceremonial and martial roles, pulling the four-wheeled war wagons and chariots of kings and gods. Equids appear in this role in official imagery such as the ca. 2600 BCE Standard of Ur mosaic and numerous surviving seals, while a rein ring similar to those depicted in the mosaic has been found at Ur, decorated with an equid. These depictions are likely kunga rather than donkeys, which appear only in lesser roles in descriptions. Illustrations appear to show the draft team of equids being controlled by strings passed through rings placed in the equids' upper lips.",384
2206,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunga_(equid),Kunga (equid),"These depictions are likely kunga rather than donkeys, which appear only in lesser roles in descriptions. Illustrations appear to show the draft team of equids being controlled by strings passed through rings placed in the equids' upper lips. Their appearance in formal administrative cuneiform and official art seems to parallel the contemporary development of kingships in the region, suggesting a propagandistic association of the kunga with royalty. == Archaeology and paleogenomics ==
They are known to have been used for funerary purposes, as demonstrated by high-status-funeral disbursement records for harnesses, and they have been identified with more than 40 equids that were sacrificed and ceremonially buried in elite graves at Umm el-Marra, Syria, in separate chambers from the burials of adult humans but many accompanied by human infants with signs of having been sacrificed. These buried kunga may have been intended either as offerings to deities, or as companions of the buried human elites, while such burials may also have served a legitimizing role for the royal lines and elite, with sacrificed 'royal' equids serving as analogs of human royals. Like the 'superior' kunga of cuneiform, these equids were all male, ranging in size from 1.19 m to 1.36 m. There are inherent challenges in identifying the species of equid skeletons, but the Umm el-Marra equids shared signs of domestication such as bit wear and evidence of foddering rather than grazing. They had a prominent overbite, while their bones had a combination of onager and donkey characteristics, being sized more like the former, but with the greater robustness of the latter, as might be expected in a hybrid between the two equid species. Such a hybrid would have been stronger and faster than the donkey, while less intractable to taming than the Syrian wild ass.",392
2207,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunga_(equid),Kunga (equid),"They had a prominent overbite, while their bones had a combination of onager and donkey characteristics, being sized more like the former, but with the greater robustness of the latter, as might be expected in a hybrid between the two equid species. Such a hybrid would have been stronger and faster than the donkey, while less intractable to taming than the Syrian wild ass. Their hypothesized taxonomic identity was proven by a genomic analysis reported in 2022 that compared genomes from several of these skeletons with those of extant and extinct equids, and concluded that all of the Umm el-Marra skeletons were F1 hybrid progeny of captured male Syrian wild asses with female domesticated donkeys (jenny). These results make the kunga the earliest known human-engineered hybrid animal, predating the earliest mule by about 1500 years. The preference for a jenny over a jack (male) as the donkey parent represents a conscious choice to have the more tractable domestic species as the maternal parent for simpler husbandry. That all tested individuals were F1 hybrids reinforces the likelihood that kunga were sterile. == Fate ==
Though the kunga held its elite status for half a millennium, it would be supplanted by both domestic horses and their donkey hybrid, the mule, introduced to the region at the end of the third millennium BCE and after that time seen filling the roles previously occupied by the kunga, which rapidly disappear from the historical record. A similar hybrid was reportedly produced at the London Zoo in 1883, but the subsequent extinction of the Syrian wild ass makes it impossible now to reproduce the kunga's precise taxonomic cross. == References ==",341
2208,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Liping,Chen Liping,"Chen Liping (born  Tan Lee Peng on 22 August 1965) is a Singaporean actress. Formerly with Mediacorp and Hype Records, Chen won three Best Actress Awards in the Star Awards awarded by Mediacorp. == Career ==
Chen began her acting career in 1985 with the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation after completing the drama training course. She is best known for her role as Shen Rong or ""Miss Ai-Yo-Yo"" (哎哟哟老师) in the Singapore Chinese drama series Good Morning, Sir!, which earned her a ""Most Unforgettable TV Character"" Award in Star Awards 2003. Her character was also voted the most memorable character at MediaCorp Channel 8's 45th anniversary special in 2008 and the top 5 most memorable characters poll at the Star Awards 2007 anniversary special celebrating 25 years of Chinese language drama in Singapore. In 2003, Chen won her first Best Actress Award for her role, Mo Wanwan in Holland V. She won the Best Actress Award for the second time in Star Awards 2010 for her role as a thrifty housewife in Reunion Dinner. In 2014, Chen won the Best Actress award once again for her role as Yao-Zhu Kangli, a successful career woman in the media industry facing marital issues in The Dream Makers. In 2017, she completed the drama Mightiest Mother-in-Law, followed by the long-form drama Life Less Ordinary. In 2018, she appeared in Say Cheese along with Joanne Peh. She appeared in dialect drama How Are You and in 2019, appeared in long-form drama, Old is Gold along with Rui En, Xu Bin and Bonnie Loo. In March 2023, Chen portrayed her first English drama role in the second season of Titoudao: Dawn Of New Stage, a televised drama adaptation of a stageplay with the same title.",386
2209,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Liping,Chen Liping,"She appeared in dialect drama How Are You and in 2019, appeared in long-form drama, Old is Gold along with Rui En, Xu Bin and Bonnie Loo. In March 2023, Chen portrayed her first English drama role in the second season of Titoudao: Dawn Of New Stage, a televised drama adaptation of a stageplay with the same title. In January 2025, Chen announced she left Mediacorp but will continue in the industry. == Personal life ==
Chen attended Crescent Girls' School from 1978 to 1983. She married fellow actor Rayson Tan in 1998, and they have a son born in 2002. == Filmography ==


=== Television series ===


=== Film ===


== Awards and nominations ==


== References ==


== External links ==

Chen Li Ping's portfolio on SBC
Profile on xin.msn.com",182
2210,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Aldridge_(boxer),George Aldridge (boxer),"George Aldridge (born 1 February 1936) is a former middleweight boxer who was British champion from 1962 to 1963 and fought for the European title in 1963. == Career ==
Born in London, Aldridge was raised in Market Harborough in Leicestershire after his family were evacuated during World War II; There he joined the Market Harborough Amateur Boxing Club, and made his professional debut in October 1956 with a draw against Paddy Delargy. A string of wins in 1957 led to a fight for the Midlands Area title in February 1958, which he won by a points decision over Les Allen. In July 1962 he fought Pat O'Grady for the vacant Southern Area title, winning on points over ten rounds. In November that year he beat John McCormack by a sixth-round knockout to become British champion, setting up a challenge for the European title against László Papp in Vienna in February 1963, which he lost by TKO in the fifteenth and final round. He defended his British title in May against Mick Leahy, losing by a first-round TKO after 1 minute 45 seconds. After two fights in December 1963 he retired from boxing. Between 1973 and 1988 Aldridge ran The Talbot pub in Market Harborough. == References ==


== External links ==
Career record at boxrec.com",272
2211,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Gunst,Anatoly Gunst,"Anatoly Ottovich Gunst (Russian: Анатолий Оттович Гунст; 19 November 1858, Moscow – 27 November 1919, Moscow) was a Russian architect, artist, teacher and actor. == Biography ==
He was born to a family of Russified Germans from Kazan. His father, Otto Gunst, and cousin Alexander Gunst (1862—1938), were also architects. His youngest brother, Yevgeny, was a composer and pianist. In 1878, he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, from which he graduated in 1882. During his studies, he was a construction assistant for the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, as well as several smaller projects, and taught drawing at the Komissarov Technical School. From 1882 to 1884, he was a teacher at Moscow State School 57. He later took study trips to Austria, Germany and Italy. In 1886, with support from the Rumyantsev Museum, he founded the Gunst School of Fine Arts; the first private art school in Russia. It offered six-year courses for both men and women. Especially talented students were allowed to attend for free. Exhibitions were held where they could sell their work. He applied for government certification, to give his students the same status as those in public institutions, but both major schools in Moscow, his alma mater and the Stroganov Moscow State Academy of Arts and Industry, were against the proposal. It closed, for financial reasons, in 1891. In 1894, he became a member of the Moscow Architectural Society. Two years later, he was appointed a district architect. In 1904, he received the post of supernumerary technician of the Construction Department of the Moscow Governorate. From 1905 to 1906, he served on the municipal Construction Council.",396
2212,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Gunst,Anatoly Gunst,"In 1904, he received the post of supernumerary technician of the Construction Department of the Moscow Governorate. From 1905 to 1906, he served on the municipal Construction Council. He was also an amateur actor; participating in the Drama Salon Society, whose members included Maria Yermolova and Alexander Yuzhin. In his later years, he was a member of the ""League of Performing Arts Lovers"". Together with Yevgeny Vakhtangov, he helped create the Studio of Dramatic Art which, in 1921, became the Vakhtangov Theatre. In 1917, he acted at the Maly Theatre. He was married to Matilda Caesarevna Rober-Niku, a native of Switzerland. Their son, Yevgeny, was a well-known translator and literary critic. == Sources ==

Maria Nashchokina; Архитекторы московского модерна. Творческие портреты (Moscow Art Nouveau architects. Creative portraits), 3rd ed. Жираф, 2005 pp.161—164 ISBN 5-89832-043-1
Зодчие Москвы времени эклектики, модерна и неоклассицизма (The architects of Moscow of the time of eclecticism, modernity and neoclassicism), Museum of Architecture, А. V. Shchuseva et al. (Eds. ), 1998 pgs.",382
2213,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Gunst,Anatoly Gunst,"(Eds. ), 1998 pgs. 86-87 ISBN 5-900395-17-0
Московская энциклопедия (Moscow encyclopedia), S. O. Schmidt (Ed. ), Издательский центр «Москвоведение», 2007 pg.465 ISBN 978-5-903633-01-2


== External links ==
 Media related to Anatoly Gunst at Wikimedia Commons

Gunst, Anatoly Ottovich @ Biografiya
Galina Kirillova; Дворец архаровцев и академиков (Palace of Arkharovtsy and Academicians) @ Moscow Perspective",205
2214,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_Sathyan,Odessa Sathyan,"Cheeram Veetti Sathyan (10 October 1957 – 19 August 2014), popularly known as Odessa Sathyan was an Indian documentary filmmaker and social activist, known for his involvement in the naxal movements of the seventies in Kerala and his association with Odessa Collective, a people's film movement which was founded by the noted Malayalam filmmaker, John Abraham. He received the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi award, for his musical documentary Balikurup, a film on Malayalam poet, A. Ayyappan. == Biography ==
C. V. Sathyan was born on 10 October 1957, at Vatakara, in Kozhikode district, in the South Indian state of Kerala, to Cheeramveettil Kunkan and Cheeru. He was attracted by the leftist movement early on in his life and was associated with the social activism, in the district of Kozhikode, in the 1970s. These activities gathered momentum when he joined the naxalite movement. The next phase of his life started with his association with the renowned filmmaker John Abraham. Together, they launched Odessa Collective, a people's film movement, which made films such as Amma Ariyan, which gained critical and social acclaim. With John Abraham's death, in 1987, the movement lost its steam but Sathyan tried to carry it forward singlehandedly by founding Odessa Movies and keeping the free public screening of films on with a small projector. Sathyan was married to Jennifer, a college lecturer, and had two daughters, Sandra and Soya. He died on 19 August 2014, aged 56, succumbing to pancreatic cancer at the Kozhikode Medical College. His body was laid to rest at his residence at Narayana Nagar, Kozhikode.",380
2215,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_Sathyan,Odessa Sathyan,"He died on 19 August 2014, aged 56, succumbing to pancreatic cancer at the Kozhikode Medical College. His body was laid to rest at his residence at Narayana Nagar, Kozhikode. == Social activism ==
Sathyan's social life was kickstarted by the trade union movements of 1970s, in Kerala, when he got actively involved in many of the leftist activities during that time in Kozhikode. He was reported to have been associated with the trade union strikes at Iringalpara and other areas in Kozhikode. Later, Sathyan joined the naxalite movement and became the Kozhikode district Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) and had to undergo imprisonment during the Emergency period of 1975–77. He was said to be one of the leaders of a people's mass trial, conducted by the CPI ML, at the Kozhikode Medical College Campus. == Film career ==
The friendship with John Abraham influenced Sathyan to join the Odessa Collective initiative. He participated the activities of the movement and the group, by collecting donations from the public, produced Amma Ariyan, widely regarded as the first people's cinema in India, and exhibited the film all over Kerala, free of charge. With John Abraham's death in 1987, the movement withered but Sathyan established Odessa Movies to carry the activities forward. His active association with the movement earned him the nickname Odessa Sathyan. Sathyan made five documentaries and a musical album. Ithrayum Yathabhagam (The Path Traversed): a documentary on the life and works of noted Malayalam poet, A. Ayyappan. Sathyan's relationship with the poet was widely known and the documentary was the filmmaker's attempt to look at the poet's life from the perspective of an insider.",392
2216,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_Sathyan,Odessa Sathyan,"Ithrayum Yathabhagam (The Path Traversed): a documentary on the life and works of noted Malayalam poet, A. Ayyappan. Sathyan's relationship with the poet was widely known and the documentary was the filmmaker's attempt to look at the poet's life from the perspective of an insider. Vettayadappetta Manasu (The Haunted Mind) : The documentary narrates the story of Ramachandran Nair, a police officer who made headlines by confessing on killing the Naxalite leader, Varghese. Mortuary of Love: A documentary on emotional and carnal natures of love and sexual exploitation of young girls. Agnirekha (The Blazing Course): A documentary on the life of Angadippuram Balakriishnan, a Naxal activist hailed as a martyr by the movement. Visudha Pashu (The Holy Cow): In the post production stage, under editing. Balikurippu (The Sacrificial Note): A musical on the life of the poet, A. Ayyappan. == Awards and recognitions ==
His musical documentary, Balikurippu, has received Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi award in the category musical videos. Balikurippu also won the Special Jury Award, at the 6th International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala, in 2013.",297
2217,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa_Sathyan,Odessa Sathyan,"== Awards and recognitions ==
His musical documentary, Balikurippu, has received Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi award in the category musical videos. Balikurippu also won the Special Jury Award, at the 6th International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala, in 2013. == See also ==
John Abraham (director)
A. Ayyappan


== References ==


== External links ==
Documentary on the life of Sathyan – Kairali TV video – Part 1
Documentary on the life of Sathyan – Kairali TV video – Part 2
Sathyan at the 18th International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK)
News report on Madhyamam daily
News report on Mathrubhumi News
News report on Kaiali TV (YouTube video)
Ayyappan, Sathyan and Jennifer (8 December 2010). Lives Less Ordinary – Ayyappan with Sathyan and Jenny – Part 1 (Video). Kozhikode: Sudhi Narayanan. Ayyappan, Sathyan and Jennifer (8 December 2010). Lives Less Ordinary – Ayyappan with Sathyan and Jenny – Part 2 (Video). Kozhikode: Sudhi Narayanan. Ayyappan, Sathyan and Jennifer (8 December 2010). Lives Less Ordinary – Ayyappan with Sathyan and Jenny – Part 3 (Video). Kozhikode: Sudhi Narayanan. Profile write up of Odessa Sathyan in www.malayalasangeetham.info",341
2218,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogfish,Hogfish,"The hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus), also known as boquinete, doncella de pluma, or pez perro in Mexico is a species of wrasse native to the western Atlantic Ocean, living in a range from Nova Scotia, Canada, to northern South America, including the Gulf of Mexico. This species occurs around reefs, especially preferring areas with plentiful gorgonians. It is a carnivore that feeds on molluscs, crabs, and sea urchins. This species is currently the only known member of its genus. == Description ==

The hogfish possesses a very elongated snout, which it uses to search for crustaceans buried in the sediment. This very long ""pig-like"" snout and its rooting behavior give the hogfish its name. A prominent black spot behind the pectoral fins differentiates males from females. The dorsal fin usually is composed of three or four long dorsal spines followed by a series of shorter dorsal spines. Hogfish reach a maximum of 90 cm (35 in) in total length and a weight around 11 kg (24 lb). Females and juveniles usually start out as pale gray, brown, or reddish-brown in color, with a paler underside and no distinct patterns. Males are distinguished by a deep, dark band spanning from the snout to the first dorsal spine, and by a lateral black spot behind the pectoral fins. Hogfish also have a form of active camouflage with the assist of dermal photoreception, a sensory capability allowing them to detect light through their skin. Specialized cells containing opsins, located beneath chromatophores, enable hogfish to perceive changes in ambient light.",352
2219,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogfish,Hogfish,"Hogfish also have a form of active camouflage with the assist of dermal photoreception, a sensory capability allowing them to detect light through their skin. Specialized cells containing opsins, located beneath chromatophores, enable hogfish to perceive changes in ambient light. == Lifecycle ==

Like many wrasses, the hogfish is a sequential hermaphrodite, meaning it changes sex during different life stages; it is a protogynous, ""first female"" hermaphrodite; juvenile hogfish start out as female and then mature to become male. The change usually occurs around three years of age and about 36 cm (14 in) in length. Hogfish have been recorded to live up to 11 years. Spawning in South Florida occurs from November through June. Hogfish social groups are organized into harems where one male mates with and protects a group of females in his territory. == Economic importance ==

Florida landings of hogfish totaled 139,232 kg (306,953 lb) in 2007. The fish stocks are regulated by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Bag, size, and gear limits all have been placed on this species to ensure a healthy stock and to protect it from overfishing. == Gallery ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Florida Museum of Natural History: Hogfish
Photos of Hogfish in the Sealife Collection",295
2220,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handsome_Family,The Handsome Family,"The Handsome Family is an American music duo consisting of husband and wife Brett and Rennie Sparks formed in Chicago, Illinois, and as of 2001 based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They are perhaps best known for their song ""Far from Any Road"" from the album Singing Bones, which was used as the main title theme for the first season of the 2014 crime drama True Detective. The band's tenth album, Unseen, was released in 2016. The band's 11th studio album Hollow, was released on September 8, 2023. == History ==
Husband-and-wife duo Brett Sparks (vocals, guitar, keyboards) and Rennie Sparks (bass, banjo, vocals) formed the band in 1993, along with drummer Mike Werner. The band would later revolve around Rennie, who writes the lyrics, and Brett, who writes the music. Guest musicians complete the band line-up for recordings and live work. Regarding the band name, Brett said in an interview: ""It's just kind of a stupid name. We used to have this really obnoxious drummer, and he used to call me 'Handsome', that was his nickname for me, I think for sarcastic reasons...  And he wanted to call it the Handsome Family... and we thought it was funny, too. We thought it was a good name."" Brett is originally from Odessa, Texas and Rennie from Suffolk County, Long Island. The band toured extensively throughout both America and Europe in support of early releases Odessa (1994) and Milk and Scissors (1996). During that time, Brett suffered an emotional breakdown, resulting in his hospitalization and diagnosis of bipolar disorder. They wrote their third full-length album, Through the Trees, in the aftermath of these events, and included a song, ""My Ghost"", inspired by Brett's experiences in the psychiatric unit.",384
2221,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handsome_Family,The Handsome Family,"During that time, Brett suffered an emotional breakdown, resulting in his hospitalization and diagnosis of bipolar disorder. They wrote their third full-length album, Through the Trees, in the aftermath of these events, and included a song, ""My Ghost"", inspired by Brett's experiences in the psychiatric unit. They recorded the album in 1998, using Jeff Tweedy's mobile studio, and brought the band to a wider audience. Uncut named it the ""Best New Country Album of the Year"". A growing following and raised profile allowed Brett and Rennie to give up their day jobs and work on the band full time. They toured America and Europe again in support of the 2000 album In the Air. That year, Rennie's book of short stories, Evil, was released by Chicago publisher Black Hole Press. In 2001, they moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and released Twilight, with Allmusic opining that the album leads ""the listener down a lovely yet dark trail few would dare tread twice"". In 2002, they released a live album, Live at Schuba's Tavern, a recording from the In the Air tour from Chicago in December 2000. The duo appeared in the 2003 documentary Searching for the Wrong-Eyed Jesus, as well as the soundtrack album released two years later. They have subsequently released the albums Singing Bones (2003), Last Days of Wonder (2006), Honey Moon (2009), Wilderness (2013), and Unseen (2016) as well as the collections Smothered and Covered (2003) and Scattered (2010). Their latest album, Hollow, was released in September 2023. The track ""Far from Any Road"", from the album Singing Bones, was used as the main title theme song for HBO's 2014 crime drama True Detective by the show's music director, T Bone Burnett. The Sydney Morning Herald included season one's opening sequence in their list of the ""Ten of the Best"" title sequences on television.",395
2222,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handsome_Family,The Handsome Family,"The track ""Far from Any Road"", from the album Singing Bones, was used as the main title theme song for HBO's 2014 crime drama True Detective by the show's music director, T Bone Burnett. The Sydney Morning Herald included season one's opening sequence in their list of the ""Ten of the Best"" title sequences on television. The song later appeared in an episode of The Simpsons, and was used as intro music during Guns N' Roses' 2014 tour. The band's tenth album, Unseen, was released on September 16, 2016, the first new release on the band's own label Milk & Scissors Music and through long-time label Loose in Europe. In a departure from recent prior albums, the main duo of Brett and Rennie Sparks were joined by three guest musicians: David Gutierrez (mandolin and dobro), Alex McMahon (guitar, baritone guitar, pedal steel), and Jason Toth (drums). The band's 11th studio album Hollow, was released on September 8, 2023. The songs were written during the COVID-19 pandemic. The chorus of the album's lead single, ""Joseph"", was inspired by a nightmare of lyricist Rennie Sparks, who began talking in her sleep one night, shouting, ""Come into the circle, Joseph. There’s no moon tonight!"" Brett wrote the words down, and the duo fleshed out the song the next day. == Musical style ==
The Handsome Family's music has been classified as gothic country or gothic Americana, alternative country, avant-country, country, country blues, country rock, gothic folk, roots rock and traditional country. The Handsome Family's style is a blend of country, bluegrass, and murder ballads. Early recordings have rock elements, but these were less evident from 1996's Milk and Scissors onwards.",388
2223,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handsome_Family,The Handsome Family,"The Handsome Family's style is a blend of country, bluegrass, and murder ballads. Early recordings have rock elements, but these were less evident from 1996's Milk and Scissors onwards. The duo's penchant for a tongue-in-cheek, macabre approach has been noted by many critics; Andy Fyfe of Mojo called them ""Americana's ghostly Sonny & Cher."" A.V. Club reviewer Christopher Bahn compared their music to ""a collaboration between Hank Williams and Edgar Allan Poe."" Rennie's lyrics have a strong storytelling component, drawing on themes from Gothic fiction, as well as American folk music, and often involving macabre subjects as murders, suicides and ghosts. Some songs are also based on actual historical figures or events, including the lives and deaths of Amelia Earhart (""Amelia Earhart vs. the Dancing Bear"", on Milk and Scissors), Emily Shore (""Emily Shore 1819–1839"", on Milk and Scissors), Robert Wadlow (""The Giant of Illinois"", on Through the Trees), Natalie Wood (""Natalie Wood"", an outtake from Twilight, which appears on Smothered and Covered), and Nikola Tesla (""Tesla's Hotel Room"", on Last Days of Wonder). The title of Last Days of Wonder is a reference to Puritan scientist and witch-hunter Cotton Mather's 1693 book Wonders of the Invisible World, which Rennie found intriguing because of what she called its ""madness brimming under the surface of things."" == Covers ==
The Handsome Family's songs have been covered repeatedly by musician Andrew Bird, including a full-length album of covers released in 2014, Things Are Really Great Here, Sort Of…
Wilco’s Jeff Tweedy regularly performs ""So Much Wine"" in concert.",365
2224,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handsome_Family,The Handsome Family,"The title of Last Days of Wonder is a reference to Puritan scientist and witch-hunter Cotton Mather's 1693 book Wonders of the Invisible World, which Rennie found intriguing because of what she called its ""madness brimming under the surface of things."" == Covers ==
The Handsome Family's songs have been covered repeatedly by musician Andrew Bird, including a full-length album of covers released in 2014, Things Are Really Great Here, Sort Of…
Wilco’s Jeff Tweedy regularly performs ""So Much Wine"" in concert. Sally Timms of the Mekons covered three Handsome Family songs—""The Sad Milkman"", ""Snowbird"", and ""Drunk By Noon""—on her 1999 album Cowboy Sally's Twilight Laments for Lost Buckaroos. In 2022, Bird also contributed to Phoebe Bridgers's holiday cover of their song ""So Much Wine"" from In the Air alongside Irish actor Paul Mescal and bandmates Marshall Vore and Harrison Whitford. The proceeds from sales of the cover, as with all of Bridgers's holiday covers, go to the Los Angeles LGBT Center. == Honors and awards ==
In 2014, Chicago city alderman Robert Fioretti sponsored a resolution declaring September 5, 2014 as ""Brett and Rennie Sparks Day"" in Chicago ""for their exceptional and distinctive talents and noteworthy artistic contributions"".",282
2225,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handsome_Family,The Handsome Family,"The proceeds from sales of the cover, as with all of Bridgers's holiday covers, go to the Los Angeles LGBT Center. == Honors and awards ==
In 2014, Chicago city alderman Robert Fioretti sponsored a resolution declaring September 5, 2014 as ""Brett and Rennie Sparks Day"" in Chicago ""for their exceptional and distinctive talents and noteworthy artistic contributions"". == Discography ==


=== Albums ===
Odessa (1994) Carrot Top / Scout Releases
Milk and Scissors (1996) Carrot Top / Scout Releases
Through the Trees (1998) Carrot Top / Loose
In the Air (2000) Carrot Top / Loose
Twilight (2001) Carrot Top / Loose
Singing Bones (2003) Carrot Top / Loose
Last Days of Wonder (2006) Carrot Top / Loose
Honey Moon (2009) Carrot Top / Loose
Wilderness (2013) Carrot Top / Loose
Unseen (2016) Milk & Scissors Music / Loose
Hollow (2023) Milk & Scissors Music
Compilations and live albums

Down in the Valley (1999) Independent Records (Ireland-only release)
Live at Schuba's [sic] Tavern (2002) Digital Club Network [The tavern is actually named Schubas, for the two Schuba brothers.]",289
2226,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handsome_Family,The Handsome Family,"== Honors and awards ==
In 2014, Chicago city alderman Robert Fioretti sponsored a resolution declaring September 5, 2014 as ""Brett and Rennie Sparks Day"" in Chicago ""for their exceptional and distinctive talents and noteworthy artistic contributions"". == Discography ==


=== Albums ===
Odessa (1994) Carrot Top / Scout Releases
Milk and Scissors (1996) Carrot Top / Scout Releases
Through the Trees (1998) Carrot Top / Loose
In the Air (2000) Carrot Top / Loose
Twilight (2001) Carrot Top / Loose
Singing Bones (2003) Carrot Top / Loose
Last Days of Wonder (2006) Carrot Top / Loose
Honey Moon (2009) Carrot Top / Loose
Wilderness (2013) Carrot Top / Loose
Unseen (2016) Milk & Scissors Music / Loose
Hollow (2023) Milk & Scissors Music
Compilations and live albums

Down in the Valley (1999) Independent Records (Ireland-only release)
Live at Schuba's [sic] Tavern (2002) Digital Club Network [The tavern is actually named Schubas, for the two Schuba brothers.] Smothered and Covered (2002) Handsome Family Music
Scattered (2010) Handsome Family Music
""Tower of Song"" - Too Late to Pray: Defiant Chicago Roots (2019) Bloodshot Records


=== EPs ===
Invisible Hands (1997) Carrot Top Records / Scout Releases (Vinyl-only release)
 In the Forest of Missing Airplanes (2007)


=== Singles ===
""My Beautiful Bride"" b/w ""Destroy, Destroy"" (1999) Magwheel  (7"" split w/ Sackville)
""Drunk by Noon"" b/w ""The Blizzard"" (2008) Carrot Top Records
""Far from Any Road"" (2015)


== References ==


== External links ==

Official website
The Handsome Family at AllMusic 
The Handsome Family discography at Discogs 
The Handsome Family discography at MusicBrainz 
2009 The Handsome Family Interview at Bandega.com
the Handsome Family article May 2009
Article
Glorious Noise: interview
Interview
WTF Pod with Marc Maron podcast episode interview",503
2227,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulama,Gulama,"Gulama (Kannada:ಗುಲಾಮ) is a 2009 Kannada-language film directed by Tushar Ranganath and produced by Ramu. The film stars Prajwal Devraj and Bianca Desai in the lead roles. Music was composed by Gurukiran. The film released statewide on 1 January 2009. Gulama means bondsman in Kannada. == Cast ==
Prajwal Devaraj as Anil
Sonu as Divya
Bianca Desai as Priyanka
Rangayana Raghu as Police Constable Nanjundaswamy, Anil's Father
Avinash as Police Commissioner Vijay kumar singh
Lakshman Rao
Ganesh Rao Kesarkar
Sudha Belawadi as Vanajakshi, Anil's Mother
Shailaja Joshi
M. N. Lakshmi Devi
Kaddipudi Chandru as Babloo Chandra
Malavalli Saikrishna
Vishwa Kaddi as Pagal Seena
Sanketh Kashi
N. Vinod Kumar
Yogi. G. Raj
Kung-fu Chandru
Maafi Gowda as himself
Raghu Samrat
K. V. Manjayya
Malathi Sardeshpande
Mallesh Mysore


== Synopsis ==
The film is about a love triangle: Anil loves Priyanka, and Divya loves Anil. == Soundtrack ==

The film has five songs composed by Gurukiran, with the lyrics primarily penned by Tushar Ranganath and Kaviraj.",360
2228,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulama,Gulama,"G. Raj
Kung-fu Chandru
Maafi Gowda as himself
Raghu Samrat
K. V. Manjayya
Malathi Sardeshpande
Mallesh Mysore


== Synopsis ==
The film is about a love triangle: Anil loves Priyanka, and Divya loves Anil. == Soundtrack ==

The film has five songs composed by Gurukiran, with the lyrics primarily penned by Tushar Ranganath and Kaviraj. == Reception ==


=== Critical response ===
R G Vijayasarathy of Rediff.com scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says ""Guru Kiran does not make any impact with his music compositions. Vishnuvardhan's cinematography and Danny's fights choreography are better handled. Gulama may impress the mass audience to some extent, but it is not meant for the family audience. ""Bangalore Mirror wrote ""The background music could have ensured that flashbacks and current narratives are differentiated, but it does not.For the record, the film is dedicated to Vinod Kumar, the aspiring actor shot dead by producer Govardhan Murthy last year."" Manjju Shettar of Mid-Day scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and says ""Prajwal and Biyanka are matured in their acting and Sonu will attract the audience. Rangayana Raghu and other actors have done well with their performances. Film's settings are highly rich but choreography has failed. Cameraman K M Vishnuvardan has done a good job with creativity."" == References ==


== External links ==
Gulama at IMDb
Official website
review by Yahoo
Soundtrack at Kannadaaudio.com",370
2229,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury,_Derbyshire","Sudbury, Derbyshire","Sudbury is a village and civil parish in Derbyshire, England, located about 9 miles (14 km) south of Ashbourne. It is part of the Derbyshire Dales district. The population as recorded at the 2001 Census was 976, increasing to 1,010 at the 2011 Census. The £0.5m A50 bypass opened in 1972. The parish includes the hamlets of Aston, Aston Heath, Dalebrook and Oaks Green. Sudbury Hall and HM Prison Sudbury are located here. == History ==
Sudbury was mentioned in the Domesday Book as belonging to Henry de Ferrers and was worth twenty shillings. Sudbury previously had its own railway station that is now closed. === 1955 mid-air collision ===

On Wednesday 21 September 1955 at 12.25am, two Gloster Meteor aircraft collided at 20,000ft, flying on a night exercise from RAF North Luffenham in Rutland. Three aircrew parachuted, but one did not. A pilot and navigator parachuted on to the land of Fred Lemon of Longford, where the navigator parachuted into a tree and Derbyshire Fire Service had to reach him. Fire engines came from Burton, Uttoxeter and Tutbury. Ambulances came from Burton and Uttoxeter. Lemon gave the two aircrew a cup of tea. After a three-hour search, a pilot, 21-year-old Pilot Officer Michael Aubrey Longman, of 17 Allandale Crescent, Potters Bar, was found dead in a grass field; he flew Meteor WS621. The surviving pilot was Pilot Officer Anthony John Gladwell, 22, of 622 Wollaton Road, Nottingham, who had attended Nottingham High School and flew Meteor WS683. The two surviving navigators were Pilot Officer David James Harrington, and Pilot Officer Brian Morton Bayley.",385
2230,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury,_Derbyshire","Sudbury, Derbyshire","The surviving pilot was Pilot Officer Anthony John Gladwell, 22, of 622 Wollaton Road, Nottingham, who had attended Nottingham High School and flew Meteor WS683. The two surviving navigators were Pilot Officer David James Harrington, and Pilot Officer Brian Morton Bayley. == Famous residents ==
Thomas Alleyne (c. 1488–1558), priest who founded several schools. George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon (1709–1780), politician from Sudbury Hall, MP for Lichfield, 1731/1747 and Derby, 1754/1762
Edward Harcourt (1757–1847), Archbishop of York, was born here. William Harcourt (1789–1871), founder of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, was born here. George John Venables-Vernon, 5th Baron Vernon (1803–1866), M.P. for Derbyshire 1831/1835 and Dante enthusiast, died locally
William Henry Holmes (1812–1885), pianist, composer and teacher at the Royal Academy of Music. == See also ==
Listed buildings in Sudbury, Derbyshire


== References ==


== External links ==
 Media related to Sudbury, Derbyshire at Wikimedia Commons",270
2231,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_US_Open_(tennis),1970 US Open (tennis),"The 1970 US Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, in New York City, New York. The tournament was held from September 2 until September 13, 1970. It was the 90th staging of the US Open, and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of 1970. It was the first Grand Slam tournament in which the tiebreak was used to decide the set at a 6–6 score. The 1970 US Open was the first tournament to introduce a final set tie-break in a Grand Slam. It differed from the current tie-break scoring in that it was won by the first player to reach five points with a sudden death at 4–4. A red flag would be put up by the umpire's seat to draw fan attention to the tiebreaker in progress. Most players disapproved of the tiebreaker but the visitors loved it. == Finals ==


=== Men's singles ===

 Ken Rosewall defeated  Tony Roche, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(5–2), 6–3  

• It was Rosewall's 6th career Grand Slam singles title, his 2nd during the Open Era and his 2nd and last at the US Open. === Women's singles ===

 Margaret Court defeated  Rosemary Casals, 6–2, 2–6, 6–1 

• It was Court's 20th career Grand Slam singles title, her 7th during the Open Era and her 4th at the US Open. With this title, Court completed the Grand Slam (winning all 4 major tournaments in one calendar year). === Men's doubles ===

 Pierre Barthès /  Nikola Pilić defeated  Roy Emerson /  Rod Laver, 6–3, 7–6, 4–6, 7–6

• It was Barthès' 1st and only career Grand Slam doubles title.",397
2232,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_US_Open_(tennis),1970 US Open (tennis),"With this title, Court completed the Grand Slam (winning all 4 major tournaments in one calendar year). === Men's doubles ===

 Pierre Barthès /  Nikola Pilić defeated  Roy Emerson /  Rod Laver, 6–3, 7–6, 4–6, 7–6

• It was Barthès' 1st and only career Grand Slam doubles title. • It was Pilić's 1st and only career Grand Slam doubles title. === Women's doubles ===

 Margaret Court /  Judy Tegart-Dalton defeated  Rosemary Casals /  Virginia Wade, 6–3, 6–4 

• It was Court's 10th career Grand Slam doubles title, her 5th during the Open Era and her 3rd at the US Open. • It was Tegart Dalton's 7th career Grand Slam doubles title, her 4th during the Open Era and her 1st at the US Open. === Mixed doubles ===

 Margaret Court /  Marty Riessen defeated  Judy Tegart-Dalton /  Frew McMillan, 6–4, 6–4 


== Prize money ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Official US Open website",254
2233,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abebe_Dinkesa,Abebe Dinkesa,"Abebe Dinkesa Negera (born 6 March 1984) is an Ethiopian professional long-distance runner who specializes in the 10,000 metres. He came to prominence with a silver medal at the 2004 African Championships in Athletics and he won a bronze medal in the same event two years later. He is the sixth fastest ever over the 10,000 m with a best time of 26:30.74 set in 2005. He was fourth at the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and also represented Ethiopia at the World Championships in Athletics later that year. An Achilles tendon problem ruled him out entirely in 2007 and affected his later performances. He won the African Mountain Running Championships at the Obudu Ranch Race in 2010. He also competes in road running competitions, having won at the BOclassic and Great Ethiopian Run as well as coming fifth at the World Half Marathon Championships in 2005. == Career ==
His first outing at a major event was at the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. He finished ninth in the junior race and shared the team silver medal alongside race winner Gebregziabher Gebremariam. Two years later he began making an impact in the senior ranks by winning the silver medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2004 African Championships in Athletics behind Charles Kamathi. He was selected to represent Ethiopia at the 2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and he finished in tenth place. He fared better the following month as he helped his country to victory at the International Chiba Ekiden in Japan and then won at the Great Ethiopian Run in a course record time. Dinkesa ended the year with a win at the Iris Lotto Cross Cup in Belgium.",341
2234,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abebe_Dinkesa,Abebe Dinkesa,"He fared better the following month as he helped his country to victory at the International Chiba Ekiden in Japan and then won at the Great Ethiopian Run in a course record time. Dinkesa ended the year with a win at the Iris Lotto Cross Cup in Belgium. He competed at the global level on all surfaces in 2005: he was fourth at the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships (taking the team gold with the winner Kenenisa Bekele), managed seventh in the 10,000 m at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, and then set a half marathon personal best of 1:01:53 to take fifth place and the team title at the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. He elevated himself to the fifth fastest 10,000 m runner of all-time at the FBK Games in Hengelo, completing the distance in a time of 26:30.74 (although Bekele finished ahead of him). He also ran at the 2005 IAAF World Athletics Final, finishing ninth over 5000 metres. At the end of the year he retained his title at the Lotto Cross Cup and won the 10K race at the BOclassic in Bolzano. He won the 2006 Cross Internacional de Itálica but his season was interrupted by typhoid fever, causing him to give poor performances at the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. He recovered and won the 10,000 m bronze medal at the 2006 African Championships in Athletics. At the end of the year and went on to win the Cross Internacional de Venta de Baños in Spain. He was absent from competition for the 2007 season due to an Achilles injury. He returned at the 2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, but was far from his top form and finished in 41st place. His performance at the 2008 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships marked a return to fitness as he took seventh place.",386
2235,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abebe_Dinkesa,Abebe Dinkesa,"He returned at the 2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, but was far from his top form and finished in 41st place. His performance at the 2008 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships marked a return to fitness as he took seventh place. He won the Obudu Ranch International Mountain Race in 2008 and his course record breaking performance earned him US$50,000 (the greatest prize available for a mountain race). Dinkesa took a victory over major rivals at the Great Edinburgh Cross Country in January the following year, beating Zersenay Tadese and Eliud Kipchoge to the finish. He missed out on qualification for that year's Cross Country Championships but he did gain selection for the 2009 World Championships in Athletics. He competed in the 10,000 m, but he failed to finish the race. He finished third at the Obudu Race in December, which was also the first African Mountain Running Championships. He won the African title in 2010, holding off a challenge from Habtamu Fikadu. He began his 2011 season at the Egmond Half Marathon and he came third overall. == Achievements ==


=== Personal bests ===
3000 metres - 7:53.7 min (2002)
5000 metres - 12:55.58 min (2005)
10,000 metres - 26:30.74 min (2005)
Half marathon - 1:01:53 hrs (2005)


== References ==


== External links ==
Abebe Dinkesa at World Athletics",310
2236,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathoclea_(mistress),Agathoclea (mistress),"Agathoclea (Greek: Ἀγαθόκλεια; c. 247 BC/mid-230s BC – 203/202) was the favourite mistress of the Greco-Egyptian Pharaoh Ptolemy IV Philopator who reigned 221–205; sister of Ptolemy IV’s minister Agathocles. Agathoclea was an Egyptian noblewoman. She was one of the daughters born to Oenanthe of Egypt. The name of her father is uncertain. Polybius states Agathoclea had relatives who served the Ptolemaic dynasty: Nikon a nauarch under Ptolemy IV; and Philammon who was  appointed libyarch of Cyrene by her brother. Agathoclea may have been an owner of a grain boat. Agathoclea and her brother, who both exercised almost unlimited influence over the Pharaoh, were introduced to him by their ambitious mother. Polybius (15.31.13), states that Agathoclea claimed to have a wet-nurse to the son of Ptolemy IV. Despite Ptolemy IV marrying his sister Arsinoe III in 220 BC, Agathoclea continued to be his favourite. In late c. 210 BC, Agathoclea may have given birth to a son from her affair with Ptolemy IV, who may have died shortly after his birth, and it has also been suggested that Ptolemy V was in fact born of Agathoclea. On the death of Ptolemy IV in 205, Agathoclea and her friends kept the event secret, that they might have an opportunity of plundering the royal treasury.",371
2237,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathoclea_(mistress),Agathoclea (mistress),"In late c. 210 BC, Agathoclea may have given birth to a son from her affair with Ptolemy IV, who may have died shortly after his birth, and it has also been suggested that Ptolemy V was in fact born of Agathoclea. On the death of Ptolemy IV in 205, Agathoclea and her friends kept the event secret, that they might have an opportunity of plundering the royal treasury. They also formed a conspiracy with Sosibius aimed at placing Agathocles on the throne or at least making him regent for the new king, Ptolemy V Epiphanes. With the support of Sosibios, they murdered Arsinoe III. Agathocles then acted as guardian to the young king Ptolemy V. 
In 203/202, the Egyptians and Greeks of Alexandria, exasperated at Agathocles' outrages, rose against him, and the military governor Tlepolemus placed himself at their head. They surrounded the palace in the night, and forced their way in. Agathocles and his sister begged for mercy, but in vain. Agathocles was killed by his friends, to avoid an even more cruel fate. Agathoclea with her sisters, and Oenanthe, who had taken refuge in a temple, were dragged out, and in a state of nakedness exposed to the fury of the multitude, who literally tore them limb from limb. All their relations and those who had had any share in the murder of Arsinoe III were likewise put to death. There was another Agathoclea, the daughter of a man named Aristomenes, who was by birth an Acarnanian, and rose to great power in Egypt.",375
2238,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathoclea_(mistress),Agathoclea (mistress),"All their relations and those who had had any share in the murder of Arsinoe III were likewise put to death. There was another Agathoclea, the daughter of a man named Aristomenes, who was by birth an Acarnanian, and rose to great power in Egypt. == Ancestry ==


== Notes ==


== References ==
 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Mason, Charles Peter (1870). ""Agathoclea"". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 63.",129
2239,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_166,Tennessee State Route 166,"State Route 166 (SR 166) is a north–south state highway in southern Middle Tennessee, traversing Giles and Maury counties. == Route description ==


=== Giles County ===
Alabama State Route 127 becomes SR 166 at the Alabama state line in the Bethel community of southern Giles County. SR 166 goes north as a 2-lane highway and intersects SR 273, and then goes north through rural and hilly terrain before coming to an intersection with US 64 and entering Pulaski. SR 166 then becomes concurrent with SR 11, widens to an undivided 4-lane highway, and crosses a bridge over Richland Creek to enter downtown and come to an intersection with SR 15, where SR 166 splits from SR 11 to follow SR 15 west as a 2-lane. They then leave downtown and comes to another intersection with US 64, where they become concurrent with US 64 and SR 15 becomes unsigned. They then leave Pulaski and continue west as a 4-lane undivided highway for a little over a mile SR 166 splits off from US 64/SR 15 and turns northward as a 2-lane highway. SR 166 then passes through rural areas before passing through Campbellsville and having an intersection with SR 245. It then continues north to cross into Maury County. === Maury County ===
SR 166 continues northwest to enter Mount Pleasant, where it intersects and becomes concurrent with SR 243. They then enter downtown, where SR 166 splits off and goes west to have an intersection with US 43 (SR 6). SR 166 then turns northwest to leave Mount Pleasant and pass through rural areas before entering Hampshire and coming to an end at an intersection with US 412 (SR 99). == Major intersections ==


== See also ==
 U.S.",359
2240,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_166,Tennessee State Route 166,"SR 166 then turns northwest to leave Mount Pleasant and pass through rural areas before entering Hampshire and coming to an end at an intersection with US 412 (SR 99). == Major intersections ==


== See also ==
 U.S. Roads portal
 United States portal


== References ==
Mileage retrieved from DeLorme Street Atlas USA
Official Tennessee Highway Maps Archived June 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine


== External links ==

Tennessee Department of Transportation Archived June 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine",112
2241,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Alexander_Fagan,Louis Alexander Fagan,"Louis Alexander Fagan (7 February 1845 – 5 January 1903) was an Anglo-Italian writer and artist. He worked in the Department of Prints and Drawings for the British Museum from 1869 to 1894, and wrote various books on the department. A painting of him by John Singer Sargent sold at auction for $118,750 in 2020. == Early life ==
Louis Alexander Fagan was born in 1845 in Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to George Fagan and his wife Maria, their second son out of three sons and four daughters. His grandfather was Robert Fagan, a painter, diplomat and archaeologist. His younger brother, Charles Edward Fagan, later became the secretary of the Natural History Department at the British Museum. In 1860, he was sent to England by a Queen's Messenger and was taken care of by Sir Anthony Panizzi, a friend of his father's who he would later write a biography on. == Career ==
In 1869, Fagan began working at the Department of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum and in 1875, he was recorded to have a salary of £215 (£32,000 in today's money) for his role ""act[ing] as Assistant Keeper in the Print Room"". In 1881, Thom's Irish Almanac and Official Directory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland listed him as ""Assistant, Second Class...(acting Assistant Keeper)"". In 1882, the Post Office London Directory, 1882 recorded him as the same. In 1893, John Singer Sargent painted a 30.25x25.125 inch oil on canvas portrait of Fagan, which was sold in 2020 at Doyle's for $118, 750
In his lifetime he wrote 92 articles for the original 1985-1900 Dictionary of National Biography. == Death ==
He retired in 1894 from ill health, and on 5 January 1903, he died in Florence.",397
2242,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Alexander_Fagan,Louis Alexander Fagan,"In 1893, John Singer Sargent painted a 30.25x25.125 inch oil on canvas portrait of Fagan, which was sold in 2020 at Doyle's for $118, 750
In his lifetime he wrote 92 articles for the original 1985-1900 Dictionary of National Biography. == Death ==
He retired in 1894 from ill health, and on 5 January 1903, he died in Florence. His painting was donated by his wife to the Reform Club in 1911. == Family ==
On 8 November 1887, he married Caroline Frances Purves. == Literary works ==


=== English ===
Handbook to the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum (1876)
The Life of Sir Anthony Panizzi, K.C.B (1881) in 2 vols. The Art of Michel' Angelo Buonarroti as Illustrated by the Various Collections in the British Museum (1883)
Collectors' Marks (1183)
A Catalogue Raisonné of the Engraved Works of William Woollett (1885)
1836-1886. The Reform Club: Its Founders and Architect (1887)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Engraved Works of William Faithorne (1888)
An easy walk through the British museum, or, How to see it in a few hours (1891)


=== Italian ===
Vita di Michelangelo Buonarroti.",301
2243,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Alexander_Fagan,Louis Alexander Fagan,"The Art of Michel' Angelo Buonarroti as Illustrated by the Various Collections in the British Museum (1883)
Collectors' Marks (1183)
A Catalogue Raisonné of the Engraved Works of William Woollett (1885)
1836-1886. The Reform Club: Its Founders and Architect (1887)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Engraved Works of William Faithorne (1888)
An easy walk through the British museum, or, How to see it in a few hours (1891)


=== Italian ===
Vita di Michelangelo Buonarroti. Catalogo dei disegni, sculture [&c.] di Michelangelo Buonarroti esistenti in Inghilterra, compilato da L. Fagan (1875)
Lettere ad Antonio Panizzi di uomini illustri e di amici italiani, 1823-1870 (1880)


=== Contributions to other literary works ===
He edited Letters of Prosper Merimée to Panizzi (1881) in 2 vols. as well as their French and Italian counterparts. He also translated The Masters of Raffaello (Raphael Sanzio) (1882) by Marco Minghetti into English. == Artwork ==


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==
Works by Louis Fagan at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Louis Alexander Fagan at the Internet Archive",319
2244,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_leafbird,Javan leafbird,"The Javan leafbird (Chloropsis cochinchinensis) is a species of leafbird found in old-growth and second growth forests in Java. It was formerly considered as conspecific with the widespread blue-winged leafbird. == Taxonomy ==
The Javan leafbird was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the thrushes in the genus Turdus and coined the binomial name Turdus cochinchinensis. Gmelin based his account on ""Le verdin de la Cochinchine"" that had been described in 1775 by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in his multi-volume work Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. A hand-coloured engraving by François-Nicolas Martinet was published separately to accompany Buffon's text. Cochinchina is a historical name for Vietnam. The Javan leafbird is now one of 12 leafbirds placed in the genus Chloropsis that was introduced in 1827 by William Jardine & Prideaux Selby. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the blue-winged leafbird (Chloropsis moluccensis). == Status ==
The species is endangered largely due to overexploitation for the Asian songbird trade. Although leafbirds were a moderately popular choice of cage birds for many years, the popularity of leafbirds skyrocketed in recent years after the greater green leafbird (C. sonnerati) became exceptionally sought after. As the Javan leafbird is a primarily lowland-dwelling species, it is at high risk of severe overexploitation as its entire range is accessible to trappers.",382
2245,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_leafbird,Javan leafbird,"Although leafbirds were a moderately popular choice of cage birds for many years, the popularity of leafbirds skyrocketed in recent years after the greater green leafbird (C. sonnerati) became exceptionally sought after. As the Javan leafbird is a primarily lowland-dwelling species, it is at high risk of severe overexploitation as its entire range is accessible to trappers. There have been reports of loss of C. cochinchinensis from previously occupied sites while the habitat remains unchanged, indicating the risks that trapping poses to the species. == References ==",119
2246,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody,Brody,"Brody (Ukrainian: Броди, IPA: [ˈbrɔdɪ] ; Polish: Brody; German: Brody; Yiddish: בראָד, romanized: Brod) is a city in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, western Ukraine. It is located in the valley of the upper Styr River, approximately 90 kilometres (56 miles) northeast of the oblast capital, Lviv. Brody hosts the administration of Brody urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 23,134 (2022 estimate). Brody is the junction of the Druzhba and Odesa–Brody oil pipelines. == History ==
The first mention of a settlement on the site of Brody is dated 1084 (Instructions by Vladimir Monomach). It is believed to have been destroyed by Batu Khan in 1241. === Polish Kingdom ===
From 1441 Brody was the property of different feudal families (Jan Sieniński; from 1511, Kamieniecki). Brody was granted Magdeburg town rights by Polish King Stephen Báthory by virtue of a privilege issued in Lublin on 22 August 1584. It was named Lubicz after the Lubicz coat of arms of the founder, Stanisław Żółkiewski, one of the most accomplished military commanders in Polish history (not to be confused with Lubech, Lubecz). The king also set up three annual fairs. These privileges were confirmed by King Sigismund III Vasa in 1597 at the Warsaw Sejm. Already in documents from 1598 the city appeared under the name Brody. It was a private town of the Polish Crown, owned by houses of Żółkiewski, Koniecpolski and Potocki.",397
2247,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody,Brody,"Already in documents from 1598 the city appeared under the name Brody. It was a private town of the Polish Crown, owned by houses of Żółkiewski, Koniecpolski and Potocki. From the 17th century until the Holocaust the city was populated not only by Ruthenians and Poles, but also by a significant number of Jews (70% of the town's population), Armenians, and Greeks. From 1629, the city became the property of Stanisław Koniecpolski, another of the most distinguished military commanders in Polish history, who ordered the construction of the Brody Castle (1630–1635). The castle, or rather the fortress, was designed by the French military engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan. It was one of the strongest fortresses located on the route of frequent Tatar and Cossack invasions. King Władysław IV Vasa, wanting to reward and assist Koniecpolski in the construction of the fortress, issued a privilege in 1633 in Kraków, in which he equated fairs in Brody with those in Lublin and Toruń, granted staple right and exempted city residents from taxes for 15 years. Under the patronage of Koniecpolski, the city flourished. In 1637 he founded a school in which he employed lecturers from the Kraków Academy, Poland's leading university. Its first director was Jan Marcinkowski. In 1643 he founded a silk and wool fabric manufacture in the city, one of the leading manufactories of this type throughout Poland. Stanisław Koniecpolski died in Brody on 11 March 1646. On 30 June funeral ceremonies took place in Brody. In 1648, during the Cossack uprising, the castle took eight weeks for Bohdan Khmelnytsky to capture.",393
2248,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody,Brody,"On 30 June funeral ceremonies took place in Brody. In 1648, during the Cossack uprising, the castle took eight weeks for Bohdan Khmelnytsky to capture. Notably, according to the book History of the Rus, the town's Jewish population was spared after the sack. The Cossacks destroyed and plundered the city. The Jews of Brody were found not to have been engaged in alleged maltreatment of the Orthodox Christian (Rus) population and were only required to pay a ""moderate tribute"" in kind. In 1704, Brody was purchased by Potocki family. In 1734, the fortress was destroyed by Russian troops and was later replaced by Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki's palace in the Baroque style. === Austrian Empire ===

As a result of the First Partition of Poland, in 1772, Brody became a part of the Habsburg Empire (from 1804 the Austrian Empire). During the Austro-Polish War (part of Polish national liberation fights), on 27 May 1809, the city was captured by Poles without a fight. In 1812, Wincenty Potocki was forced by the Austrian government to remove the city's fortifications. In 1817 a secondary school (Realschule) was founded in Brody, transformed in 1865 into a gymnasium. After the liberalization of Austrian policies in the Austrian Partition of Poland, after 1904 German was gradually replaced by Polish at this school. === Polish Republic ===
In 1919, Brody became part of the Second Polish Republic, after Poland regained independence a year earlier. It was the site of a battle during the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 and heavy destruction by both Polish and Russian forces, and is described extensively in stories of the Red Cavalry by Isaac Babel.",377
2249,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody,Brody,"=== Polish Republic ===
In 1919, Brody became part of the Second Polish Republic, after Poland regained independence a year earlier. It was the site of a battle during the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 and heavy destruction by both Polish and Russian forces, and is described extensively in stories of the Red Cavalry by Isaac Babel. Administratively Brody was the seat of Brody County located in the Tarnopol Voivodeship. Brody was an important military base, with the Kresowa Cavalry Brigade headquarters established there. In 1936, the People's University in Brody (Uniwersytet Ludowy w Brodach) was founded for farmers from the surrounding area. === World War II ===
After the Soviet invasion of Poland, during World War II, in September 1939, Brody was occupied by the Red Army. The Soviets deported mainly Polish people deep into the USSR. Between 26 and 30 June 1941, a tank battle was fought nearby between the German Panzer Group 1 and five Soviet mechanized corps with heavy losses on both sides. From 1941 to 1944 it was occupied by Germany. The local Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (see below). During July–August 1944, Brody and nearby areas saw the battles of the strategically important Lvov-Sandomierz Operation (a.k.a. Brodovkiy Kotel) where the Soviet army successfully encircled and destroyed German forces. It was occupied by the Soviets again, and in 1945, it was taken from Poland and annexed to the USSR. Brody held the headquarters of German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt. === The Jews in Brody ===

A crossroads and a Jewish trade center in the 19th century, the city is considered to be one of the shtetls.",369
2250,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody,Brody,"Brody held the headquarters of German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt. === The Jews in Brody ===

A crossroads and a Jewish trade center in the 19th century, the city is considered to be one of the shtetls. It was particularly famous for the Brodersänger or Broder singers, who were among the first to publicly perform Yiddish songs outside of Purim plays and wedding parties. The promulgation of the May Laws, and the massive exodus of Russian Jews which was its result, took the leaders of Western Jewry completely by surprise. Throughout 1881, hundreds of immigrants kept arriving in Brody daily. Their arrival placed the existing Austrian and German-influenced ethnic Jews in a quandary. The comfortable middle-class Jewish community of Central and Western Europe looked instinctively to the Alliance Israélite Universelle, the world's largest and most respected Jewish philanthropic agency, to bring order out of chaos, to cope with the huge influx of newcomers. Throughout centuries of Jewish life in Brody until the murderous events of the Holocaust, Jews and Gentiles lived a mostly segregated life, with distinct and separate social as well as religious life. === Holocaust in Brody ===

When German troops occupied the city on 1 July 1941, the Jewish population of some 9,000 was forced to wear an arm band with the yellow badge. Two hundred fifty intellectuals were arrested on 15 July 1941 and shot two days later at the Jewish cemetery after being brutally tortured. Encouraged by German occupation authorities, the Ukrainian population started a pogrom in August 1941, looting Jewish possessions. The Judenrat had to provide labor for repairs and maintenance on the roads and bridges as well as for work in army depots. From December 1941 young people were arrested on the streets and sent to forced labor camps in the vicinity. In September 1942 the Aktion Reinhardt started in Brody, leaving 300 people dead.",400
2251,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody,Brody,"From December 1941 young people were arrested on the streets and sent to forced labor camps in the vicinity. In September 1942 the Aktion Reinhardt started in Brody, leaving 300 people dead. Two thousand people were deported to Bełżec where they would be murdered in the gas chambers. In December 1942 the German occupiers forced the Jewish population to resettle in a ghetto inside the town, where 6,000 people lived in January 1943. During 1943, Aktion Reinhardt was continued with thousands being killed in the nearby woods in March and April, the Ghetto being liquidated on 21 May 1943. More than 3,000 inhabitants were deported, presumably to Majdanek, but hundreds had already been killed in the Ghetto. Many houses were set on fire to drive out those who had remained hidden there. === After the war ===
During the Cold War, Brody air base served Soviet Air Force regiments, while the city was noticeably militarized. Parts of the city to this day are being referred to as Bili Kazarmy (the White Barracks) and as Chervoni Kazarmy (the Red Barracks). The Brody Museum of History and District Ethnography was founded in 2001. Until 18 July 2020, Brody was the administrative center of Brody Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions in Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion. See German-language article.",320
2252,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody,Brody,"The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion. See German-language article. Israel Zolli, former Chief Rabbi of Rome who converted to Catholicism
Oksana Lyniv, Ukrainian conductor, since February 2017 chief conductor of the Graz Opera


== Nearby towns ==
Zolochiv
Oles'ko
Pidhirtsi (Szwaby, Schwabendorf), German settlement
Busk
Pidkamin
Zboriv
Berezhany


== See also ==
Odesa–Brody pipeline


== References ==


=== Notes ===


=== Sources ===
Howard M. Sachar, The Course of modern Jewish history. Vintage Books (a division of Random House) Chapter 15
Kuzmany, Börries, Brody: A Galician Border City in the Long Nineteenth Century (Brill, Leiden/Boston 2017). The German version is open access: Kuzmany, Börries: Brody. Eine galizische Grenzstadt im langen 19. Jahrhundert (Böhlau, Vienna/Cologne/Weimar 2011). ISBN 978-3-205-78763-1 (PDF; 16,9 MB)
Hamann, David. David Hamann: Ein Billett von Brody über Berlin nach New York: Organisierte Solidarität deutscher Juden für osteuropäische jüdische Transmigrant*innen 1881/82 (= Europäisch-jüdische Studien Bd. 67) (Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg 2023).",362
2253,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brody,Brody,"David Hamann: Ein Billett von Brody über Berlin nach New York: Organisierte Solidarität deutscher Juden für osteuropäische jüdische Transmigrant*innen 1881/82 (= Europäisch-jüdische Studien Bd. 67) (Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg 2023). == External links ==

Brody in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
(in Polish) Brody in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1880)
(in English) About Brody museum Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
(in Ukrainian) Brody site Archived 2020-08-03 at the Wayback Machine
Brody, Ukraine at JewishGen
(in English) ShtetLinks Site for Brody
(in English) Brody under Austrian Rule
(in Russian) Photo Gallery of Brody (1.03.2008, 51 photos) Archived 2012-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
Live webcam of the Market Square (ploshcha Rynok).",243
2254,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_(icebreaker),Stalingrad (icebreaker),"Stalingrad (Russian: Сталинград) is a Russian Project 22220 nuclear-powered icebreaker under construction at Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg. == Development and construction ==


=== Background ===

In the late 1980s, the Russian research institutes and design bureaus developed a successor for the 1970s Arktika-class nuclear-powered icebreakers as part of a wider icebreaker fleet renewal program initiated shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The new 60-megawatt icebreaker, referred to using a type size series designation LK-60Ya, would feature a so-called dual-draft functionality which would allow the vessel to operate in shallow coastal areas after de-ballasting. Although the preliminary designs had been developed almost two decades earlier, the LK-60Ya design was finalized in 2009 as Project 22220 by Central Design Bureau ""Iceberg"" and the construction of the first vessel was awarded to Saint Petersburg-based Baltic Shipyard in August 2012. Three additional contracts in May 2014, August 2019 and February 2023 have increased the number of Project 22220 icebreakers under construction or on order to seven. === Construction and career ===
On 2 February 2023, FSUE Atomflot signed a contract for the construction of two additional Project 22220 icebreakers with Baltic Shipyard. The construction of the seventh Project 22220 icebreaker began with a steel cutting ceremony on 7 April 2025 and the keel was laid on 18 November 2025. The vessel is expected to enter service by December 2030. The new icebreaker was initially to be named Sakhalin (Russian: Сахалин) after the Sakhalin island, but in November 2023 it was announced that instead it would be named Stalingrad (Russian: Сталинград) to commemorate the Battle of Stalingrad.",397
2255,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_(icebreaker),Stalingrad (icebreaker),"The vessel is expected to enter service by December 2030. The new icebreaker was initially to be named Sakhalin (Russian: Сахалин) after the Sakhalin island, but in November 2023 it was announced that instead it would be named Stalingrad (Russian: Сталинград) to commemorate the Battle of Stalingrad. It is the first Soviet or Russian icebreaker to bear the previous name of the present-day Volgograd which was awarded the Soviet title of Hero City in 1965. == Design ==

Stalingrad will be 173.3 metres (569 ft) long overall and have a maximum beam of 34 metres (112 ft). Designed to operate efficiently both in shallow Arctic river estuaries as well as along the Northern Sea Route, the draught of the vessel can be varied between about 9 and 10.5 metres (30 and 34 ft) by taking in and discharging ballast water, corresponding to a displacement between 25,540 and 33,530 tonnes (25,140 and 33,000 long tons). Stalingrad will feature a nuclear-turbo-electric powertrain. The onboard nuclear power plant will consist of two 175 MWt RITM-200 pressurized water reactors fueled by up to 20% enriched Uranium-235 and two 36 MWe turbogenerators. The propulsion system will follow the classic polar icebreaker pattern with three 6.2-metre (20 ft) four-bladed propellers driven by 20-megawatt (27,000 hp) electric motors.",333
2256,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad_(icebreaker),Stalingrad (icebreaker),"The onboard nuclear power plant will consist of two 175 MWt RITM-200 pressurized water reactors fueled by up to 20% enriched Uranium-235 and two 36 MWe turbogenerators. The propulsion system will follow the classic polar icebreaker pattern with three 6.2-metre (20 ft) four-bladed propellers driven by 20-megawatt (27,000 hp) electric motors. With a total propulsion power of 60 megawatts (80,000 hp), Stalingrad is designed to be capable of breaking 2.8 metres (9 ft) thick level ice at a continuous speed of 1.5–2 knots (2.8–3.7 km/h; 1.7–2.3 mph) at full power when operating in deep water at design draught. == Notes ==


== References ==",176
2257,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dobson_(businessman),Michael Dobson (businessman),"Michael William Romsey Dobson (born 13 May 1952) is a British businessman. He is a former chairman and chief executive (CEO) of Schroders plc, a British multinational asset management company. == Early life ==
He was educated at Eton and has an MA in modern languages from Trinity College, Cambridge. == Career ==
Dobson has been the chairman of Schroders since April 2016. Previously, he served as chief executive of Schroders from November 2001 to April 2016. From 1973 to 2000, he worked at Morgan Grenfell and Deutsche Bank. He served as chief executive at Morgan Grenfell Group from 1989 to 1996 and member of the board of managing directors of Deutsche Bank AG from 1996 to 2000. Dobson founded asset management firm Beaumont Capital Management in 2000, which was acquired by Schroders in 2001. His move from CEO to chairman of Schroders was widely criticised; for example, in The Independent, ""City in uproar as Schroder's tycoons flout the rules on good governance"". Dobson serves as the chairman of the investment board of the Cambridge University endowment fund and a member of the advisory committee of the staff retirement plan of the International Monetary Fund. Dobson stepped down as chairman of Schroders in April 2022 and was succeeded by Elizabeth Corley. He then joined Berkeley Group Holdings as chairman in September that year. == Personal life ==
He is married with two daughters. He plays tennis and golf and enjoys skiing and watching Chelsea play football. == References ==",311
2258,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazedoxifene,Bazedoxifene,"Bazedoxifene, used as bazedoxifene acetate, is a medication for bone problems and possibly (pending more study) for cancer. It is a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Since late 2013 it has had U.S. FDA approval for bazedoxifene as part of the combination drug Duavee in the prevention (not treatment) of postmenopausal osteoporosis. It is also being studied for possible treatment of breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. == Medical uses ==
Bazedoxifene is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporosis represents a major public health concern, especially as the number of postmenopausal women continues to rise. As a result, the need for innovative treatments has become increasingly important. Bazedoxifene (BZA) has emerged as a promising option for postmenopausal osteoporosis due to its demonstrated effectiveness in reducing bone loss and fractures, as well as its strong safety and tolerability profile. For women who cannot or prefer not to use bisphosphonates, owing to gastrointestinal side effects, safety risks, or contraindications, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like BZA may serve as a suitable alternative. SERMs may also benefit younger women who are at higher risk of fractures and require long-term treatment. Furthermore, BZA has been paired with conjugated estrogens (TSEC) for both osteoporosis prevention and the management of menopausal symptoms. Given its positive safety record and efficacy in preventing fractures, BZA is becoming an increasingly important option within the current landscape of osteoporosis therapies. === Available forms ===
Bazedoxifene is marketed both alone and in combination with conjugated estrogens.",372
2259,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazedoxifene,Bazedoxifene,"Given its positive safety record and efficacy in preventing fractures, BZA is becoming an increasingly important option within the current landscape of osteoporosis therapies. === Available forms ===
Bazedoxifene is marketed both alone and in combination with conjugated estrogens. == Pharmacology ==


=== Pharmacodynamics ===
Bazedoxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), or a mixed agonist and antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER) in different tissues. == Chemistry ==
The drug is a member of the 2-phenylindole group of SERMs, along with zindoxifene and pipendoxifene. == History ==


=== Approval ===
The drug was approved in the European Union by the European Medicines Agency on April 27, 2009. == Society and culture ==


=== Brand names ===
Bazedoxifene is marketed alone under the brand names Conbriza and Viviant and in combination with conjugated estrogens under the brand names Duavee and Duavive. == See also ==
Bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens


== References ==",238
2260,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiyin,Ma Xiyin,"Ma Xiyin (馬希隱) was a member of the Ma ruling house of Chu, one of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms states of China. After Chu's fall, he briefly continued to hold control of Chu's Jingjiang Circuit (靜江, headquartered in modern Guilin, Guangxi) before abandoning it in face of a Southern Han attack, allowing Southern Han to seize control of the circuit. == Background ==
Ma Xiyin was a son of Chu's founder Ma Yin (King Wumu) — the youngest, according to the Zizhi Tongjian. During the subsequent reign of Ma Xiyin's older brother (Ma Yin's fourth son) Ma Xifan (Prince Wenzhao), Ma Xiyin was made the deputy military governor of Jingjiang. By 950, Chu was embroiled in a civil war between Ma Xiyin's older brothers Ma Xiguang (Ma Yin's 35th son), who had taken the throne after Ma Xifan's death, and Ma Xi'e (Prince Gongxiao, Ma Yin's 30th son), who considered himself to have a superior claim on the throne. In light of Chu's civil war, Liu Sheng, the emperor of Chu's southern neighbor Southern Han, sent the eunuch general Wu Huai'en (吳懷恩) to the border between Southern Han and Jingjiang, trying to see if he could take advantage of the situation, so Ma Xiguang sent the general Peng Yanhui (彭彥暉) to Longtong (龍桐, in modern Guilin) to help defend the circuit.",357
2261,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiyin,Ma Xiyin,"By 950, Chu was embroiled in a civil war between Ma Xiyin's older brothers Ma Xiguang (Ma Yin's 35th son), who had taken the throne after Ma Xifan's death, and Ma Xi'e (Prince Gongxiao, Ma Yin's 30th son), who considered himself to have a superior claim on the throne. In light of Chu's civil war, Liu Sheng, the emperor of Chu's southern neighbor Southern Han, sent the eunuch general Wu Huai'en (吳懷恩) to the border between Southern Han and Jingjiang, trying to see if he could take advantage of the situation, so Ma Xiguang sent the general Peng Yanhui (彭彥暉) to Longtong (龍桐, in modern Guilin) to help defend the circuit. After Ma Xi'e defeated Ma Xiguang around new year 951 and took over the throne, Ma Xi'e promoted Peng to be the overseer of Jingjiang's capital Gui Prefecture (桂州) and acting military governor, displeasing Ma Xiyin. Ma Xiyin secretly summoned the general Xu Keqiong, who was then serving as the prefect of Meng Prefecture (蒙州, in modern Wuzhou, Guangxi), to come to Gui to oppose Peng with him. Xu thereafter arrived at Gui and defeated Peng in battle; Peng abandoned Gui and fled to Hengshan (衡山, in modern Hengyang, Hunan), where Ma Xi'e was at that time after being overthrown by another brother, Ma Xichong. Xu stayed at Gui, in alliance with Ma Xiyin.",372
2262,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiyin,Ma Xiyin,"Xu thereafter arrived at Gui and defeated Peng in battle; Peng abandoned Gui and fled to Hengshan (衡山, in modern Hengyang, Hunan), where Ma Xi'e was at that time after being overthrown by another brother, Ma Xichong. Xu stayed at Gui, in alliance with Ma Xiyin. == After Chu's fall ==
Xu Keqiong's abandoning of Meng allowed Wu Huai'en to seize it, and then approach Gui, pillaging the territory of Jingjiang. Meanwhile, Ma Xichong, finding his own position untenable, surrendered the remaining parts of the Chu realm that he still had control over to Southern Tang, leaving Ma Xiyin without possible reinforcements from Chu proper. Ma Xiyin and Xu did not know what to do, and then spent time drinking and crying together. Liu Sheng (whose father Liu Yan had married Ma Xiyin's sister as his empress, and therefore would refer to the Ma brothers as uncles even though he was not born of her), then wrote a letter to Ma Xiyin, claiming that his intent was to aid Ma Xiyin:

King Wumu (i.e., Ma Yin) took over the entire Chu territory and built up a rich, powerful, and peaceful state for 50-some years. It was unfortunate that Uncle 35 [(i.e., Ma Xiguang)] and Uncle 30 [(i.e., Ma Xi'e)] fought with and slaughtered each other, such that they surrendered the ancestral foundation to the enemy to the north. I heard that the Tang forces have already taken over [(Chu's capital)] Changsha, and I have to believe in my heart that Guilin would be their next target. Our empire had long been in alliance with your kingdom, and the relationship was strengthened by marital relations.",391
2263,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiyin,Ma Xiyin,"I heard that the Tang forces have already taken over [(Chu's capital)] Changsha, and I have to believe in my heart that Guilin would be their next target. Our empire had long been in alliance with your kingdom, and the relationship was strengthened by marital relations. Now that I see that you are about to fall, so how can I not save you? I have launched an army to head toward you by both water and land, and I will surely let you, Uncle Chancellor, always have a military command and always control territory. Ma Xiyin considered surrendering to Southern Han, but could not decide immediately. When Wu quickly reached Gui Prefecture, Ma Xiyin and Xu instead abandoned it and fled to Quan Prefecture (全州, in modern Guilin). Wu subsequently captured the rest of Jingjiang for Southern Han. Ma Xiyin later went to Southern Tang and was settled at Yang Prefecture (揚州, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) with Ma Xichong and the rest of the Ma family. In 956, Southern Tang came under attack by its northern neighbor Later Zhou, and Yang Prefecture fell to the invading Later Zhou forces. Later Zhou's emperor Guo Rong ordered that Ma Xichong (along with Wang Jiyi (王繼沂), the son of Min's last emperor Wang Yanzheng, who was also settled by Southern Tang at Yang) be located and comforted. Subsequently, when Later Zhou forces were forced to abandon Yang, Ma Xichong took 17 brothers and/or cousins to the Later Zhou capital Daliang, including Ma Xiyin. Ma Xiyin was made an army commander under a military governor. That was the last historical reference to Ma Xiyin, and it is not known when he died. == Notes and references ==

Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol.",399
2264,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiyin,Ma Xiyin,"That was the last historical reference to Ma Xiyin, and it is not known when he died. == Notes and references ==

Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 71. Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 290.",53
2265,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_U_OK_(song),R U OK (song),"""R U OK"" (often stylised in lowercase) is a song by Canadian singer Tate McRae. It was released on December 13, 2020, through RCA Records as the second single from McRae's second extended play, Too Young to Be Sad. The song was written by McRae, Bryan Fryzel and Lowell. == Background ==
Tate McRae uploaded a snippet of the song on TikTok a few days prior to its release, describing it as a sequel to her breakthrough 2020 single ""You Broke Me First"". In the press release for the song she remarked, ""'r u ok' is a song that I never thought I'd write. It has a very sassy and feisty tone, which made it a challenge to dive into that perspective – as I think I'm quite the opposite. I love that in this song there is a lot of emotional meaning behind the lyrics, with very trappy, bright and contrasting production at the same time"". McRae explained that she wrote the song with Lowell ""on Zoom with [Lowell's] ukulele, just chilling on [her] bed"" at home. She also compared the song to her track ""You Broke Me First"", describing ""R U OK"" as ""the continued story of it, going into depth about the relationship from a person who's completely moved on"". == Critical reception ==
The song topped Billboard's list of ""10 cool new pop songs to get you through the week"". It was also featured on Mark Beaumont of The Guardian's list of tracks of the week and was said to give an update to the story told in ""You Broke Me First"". Dork described the song as stunning, calling it an ""unstoppable slice of heartbreak pop"" and a ""hypnotic and smooth new anthem"".",378
2266,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_U_OK_(song),R U OK (song),"It was also featured on Mark Beaumont of The Guardian's list of tracks of the week and was said to give an update to the story told in ""You Broke Me First"". Dork described the song as stunning, calling it an ""unstoppable slice of heartbreak pop"" and a ""hypnotic and smooth new anthem"". Alexandra Pollard of The Independent remarked that the song offers ""tongue-in-cheek broodiness"" and noted that McRae has honed an artistic identity of mood-pop songs. == Personnel ==
Credits adapted from Tidal. Frequency – producer
Lowell – producer
Bryan Fryzel – lyricist
Elizabeth Lowell Boland – lyricist
Tate McRae – lyricist, associated performer
Dave Kutch – mastering engineer
Jeff Juliano – mixing engineer
David Cook – editor, engineer


== Charts ==


== Certifications ==


== Release history ==


== References ==",201
2267,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Town_Square,Richmond Town Square,"Richmond Town Square was a super regional shopping mall known locally as 'Richmond' or 'Richmond Mall', located in Richmond Heights, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, at the intersection of Richmond Road and Wilson Mills Road. It opened on September 22, 1966 as Richmond Mall, and was developed by mall developer Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. Original anchors were Sears and JCPenney, alongside a Loews Theater and Woolworths. The mall included in-line tenants such as Richman Brothers and Winkelman's. == Mall features ==
The Richmond Town Square Branch of the Cuyahoga County Public Library opened in the mall in 1988. Originally housed in a freestanding boutique kiosk, the branch showed significant circulation growth. The kiosk was forced to close in August 1998 due to a major renovation of the mall, but the branch library reopened in September 1999 in a 1,200-square-foot (110 m2) location by the northeast mall entrance, next to Sears. == History ==
The Richmond Town Square opened in September 1966 as Richmond Mall. In 1997, Woolworths closed its store at the mall. In 1998, Kaufmann's was added to the mall as an anchor, originally located at the Euclid Square Mall in Euclid, Ohio, the anchor changes included the expansion of the Loews Theater from a 10-screen theater to a 20-screen theater, and the addition a junior-anchor, Barnes & Noble. Also in 1998, DeBartolo Realty Corp. merged with Simon Property Group, and in the same year Simon remodeled the mall, expanded it, and renamed it. This renovation took advantage of new and emerging technologies ""in materials, as well as architectural and decorative innovations"" The total cost of the renovation was reported as US$100 million. In 2006, Kaufmann's was rebranded to Macy's as a part of the Federated–May merger.",397
2268,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Town_Square,Richmond Town Square,"This renovation took advantage of new and emerging technologies ""in materials, as well as architectural and decorative innovations"" The total cost of the renovation was reported as US$100 million. In 2006, Kaufmann's was rebranded to Macy's as a part of the Federated–May merger. Also in 2006, the Loews Theater was rebranded to Regal Cinemas. In 2010, the Barnes & Noble store at the mall closed as a round of closures by the company. In 2012, Planet Fitness opened a fitness center in the building. On May 28, 2014, it was revealed that Richmond Town Square was one of two malls along with Great Lakes Mall in northeast Ohio that would have its ownership transferred from Simon Property Group to its spin-off Washington Prime Group (which is now known as WP Glimcher). In January 2015, Macy's announced the store at the mall would be closing as part of a plan to close 14 of its stores nationwide. As of mid March 2015, the Macy's store was shuttered, with all exterior signage removed. The mall was sold to the Kohan Retail Investment Group for $7.25 million in November 2016. On January 4, 2017, Sears announced that its store would be closing in March 2017. On March 17, 2017, JCPenney announced they would close their location on July 31, 2017. On August 31, 2020, Kohan Retail Investment Group announced that the mall would close permanently to allow for redevelopment to take place. The only remaining anchors at the mall are a 20-screen Regal Cinemas theater  LifeStorage, of which is in the former Macy's building (former Kaufmann's), and Planet Fitness of which occupies the former Barnes & Noble building, while the two other anchors spaces, Sears, and JCPenney remain vacant and have since their 2017 closures.",373
2269,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Town_Square,Richmond Town Square,"On August 31, 2020, Kohan Retail Investment Group announced that the mall would close permanently to allow for redevelopment to take place. The only remaining anchors at the mall are a 20-screen Regal Cinemas theater  LifeStorage, of which is in the former Macy's building (former Kaufmann's), and Planet Fitness of which occupies the former Barnes & Noble building, while the two other anchors spaces, Sears, and JCPenney remain vacant and have since their 2017 closures. == Revitalization ==
On July 2, 2018, DealPoint Merrill announced they would spend $69 million to bring apartments, a hotel, and a park to the north end of the mall where the vacant Sears building and parking lot are located. On May 1, 2019, DealPoint Merrill revealed early site plans for their proposed luxury apartments. The development is named Belle Oaks at Richmond. Richmond Town Square was planned to be demolished in fall 2020. However, the mall remained open throughout the rest of 2020 and until May 6, 2021 when it finally closed for good. In June 2021, an event was held in the parking lot of the former Sears showing locals the plans of Belle Oaks. The mall was planned to be demolished in the fall of 2021. The remaining portion of the mall was sold to DealPoint Merrill in July 2021. Demolition began on September 18, 2023. == External links ==
Richmond Town Square official website
Photo Library - Post-Closing - Photos by Johnny Joo


== References ==",306
2270,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Aka%C3%AFchi,Ahmed Aka%C3%AFchi,"Ahmed Akaïchi (Arabic: أحمد العكايشي; born 23 February 1989) is a Tunisian professional footballer who plays as a striker. == Club career ==
Akaïchi was born in Bizerte, Tunisia. Prior to the 2009–10 season, he played up front for Étoile du Sahel. On 22 August 2009, he scored four goals in one game against local rivals ES Hammam-Sousse in a 5–1 win. In the summer of 2011, Akaïchi left Tunisia and joined German second division club FC Ingolstadt 04. During July 2015, Akaïchi went on trial with English Championship side Reading, but did not earn a contract. In February 2022, returned to Lebanese Premier League club Ahed, ahead of the second leg of the 2021–22 season. == International career ==
Akaïchi earned his first call up to the Tunisia national team when he was selected for the 2010 African Cup of Nations, held in Angola. Akaïchi represented Tunisia at the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, scoring in a 1–1 draw with the Democratic Republic of the Congo to ensure that Tunisia qualified for the knockout stage. After being named in Tunisia’s preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia, he was one of six players to not make the final 23-man squad. == Career statistics ==


=== International ===
Scores and results list Tunisia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Akaïchi goal.",322
2271,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Aka%C3%AFchi,Ahmed Aka%C3%AFchi,"After being named in Tunisia’s preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia, he was one of six players to not make the final 23-man squad. == Career statistics ==


=== International ===
Scores and results list Tunisia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Akaïchi goal. == Honours ==
Espérance de Tunis

Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1: 2013–14
Étoile du Sahel

Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1: 2015–16
Al-Ittihad

Crown Prince Cup: 2016–17
King Cup: 2018
Ahed

AFC Cup: 2019
Lebanese Premier League: 2021–22
Lebanese Super Cup: 2019


== References ==


== External links ==

Ahmed Akaïchi at National-Football-Teams.com
Ahmed Akaïchi at fussballdaten.de (in German)
Ahmed Akaïchi at Soccerway
Ahmed Akaïchi at FA Lebanon
Ahmed Akaïchi at Lebanon Football Guide",245
2272,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Hearts,Guardian Hearts,"Guardian Hearts (がぁーでぃあんHearts) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Sae Amatsu, published from 2001 to 2005 in Monthly Shōnen Ace. An OVA series was released in 2003, with three sets of episodes. Two years later, a new OVA series was released, named ""Guardian Hearts - Power Up"". == Brief summary ==
A guardian heart by the name of Hina accidentally reveals herself to a boy. The two then begin living together. As the story progresses, more girls begin living with them for the same reason. == Characters ==
Watari Kazuya
Voiced by: Takahiro Sakurai 
The male protagonist of the show. Fortunately, or perhaps unfortunately, he discovers the secrets and  identities of a number of girls throughout the series. The first girl being the Guardian Heart, Hina, and to keep her identity secret he has no choice but to let her live with him. To make matters more interesting, every girl whose secret or identity he discovers also comes to live with him and Hina. Hina
Voiced by: Rie Kugimiya 
One of the main female characters. She is a Guardian Heart, a protector of the peace and well-being of an assigned planet, who must always keep her identity a secret. Hina is sent to Earth as a last chance to redeem her previous failures at keeping her identity a secret (said to be equal to a record). This fails spectacularly as Kazuya witnesses her arrival (thus setting a new record for the fastest that a Guardian Heart's identity has been found out). She asks Kazuya to let her live with him (since he has seen her naked) so that they can pretend to be a family and so her allow her to stay, since family members are exempt from the keeping her identity secret requirement.",386
2273,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Hearts,Guardian Hearts,"This fails spectacularly as Kazuya witnesses her arrival (thus setting a new record for the fastest that a Guardian Heart's identity has been found out). She asks Kazuya to let her live with him (since he has seen her naked) so that they can pretend to be a family and so her allow her to stay, since family members are exempt from the keeping her identity secret requirement. Kazuya's mother who arrives on the scene a little later agrees to this arrangement over his strenuous objections. In addition to her duties she also has to complete tests given by her superiors so that she can stay on Earth. She loves Kazuya and pushes the other girls away when she feels they're getting too close to him. Chelsea
Voiced by: Haruna Ikezawa 
One of the main female characters. She is a princess from a magical world who came to Earth looking for a husband who is also secretly a magical girl. After her accidental meeting with Kazuya she becomes convinced that he is fated to become her husband, especially since Kazuya found out her true identity. She is very obsessed with Kazuya and constantly daydreams about him. She hates the Guardian Heart for always preventing her from getting close to Kazuya and is unaware that Hina is the Guardian Heart. Maya
Voiced by: Kae Araki 
One of the main female characters. She is known as ""Black Maya"" by her ninja clan. Although she is a runaway ninja (for reasons unknown), she still calls herself a ninja from her clan and upholds the clan traditions. One of these traditions is to keep their identity secret, and kill anyone who knows their identity. Kazuya finds out about her identity as a ninja when he discovers her ninja tools. She attempts to kill Kazuya but Hina intervenes and they face off. Kazuya helps Maya escape from Hina, saving her life.",394
2274,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Hearts,Guardian Hearts,"She attempts to kill Kazuya but Hina intervenes and they face off. Kazuya helps Maya escape from Hina, saving her life. Since ninjas of Maya's clan must always repay their debts she also comes to live with him, looking for the opportunity to repay the favor. Initially she hates Kazuya, especially since according to her clan's traditions she has no choice but to become his wife (because not only has he seen her naked twice, he has also kissed her twice). As the story progresses, she warms up to him as she realizes he is reliable and kind. Consequently, she comes to believe that Kazuya is fated to be her husband, although she has difficulty in expressing her feelings. She hates the Guardian Heart for beating her in their fight. Kurusu
Voiced by: Kyouko Tsuruno 
One of the main female characters. Kurusu is an alien who comes from a planet whose people have the power to use the skills and powers shown by the clothes they are wearing (mostly uniforms), and so she always cosplays. She fell in love with Kazuya at first glance, since she immediately confessed her identity to him on their meeting for the first time, but their conversation was interrupted by Guardian Heart. She also hates the Guardian Heart for interrupting her confession to Kazuya. She also lives with Kazuya. Kotono
Voiced by: Hisayo Mochizuki 
One of the female characters that lives together with Kazuya. She is a miko (priestess) from the planet Karutei, and so she can sense spiritual power and also exorcise spirits. Her reason for staying with Kazuya is unknown, but she apparently lives with him when the rest of the girls starting living with him as well. She loves to eat, and can digest foodstuffs that are deadly to humans.",392
2275,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Hearts,Guardian Hearts,"Her reason for staying with Kazuya is unknown, but she apparently lives with him when the rest of the girls starting living with him as well. She loves to eat, and can digest foodstuffs that are deadly to humans. Daisy
Voiced by: Mayumi Shintani 
A female talking cat who started living at Kazuya's house but is closer to his mother than him. She gets along with Kazuya and the girls, except Chelsea whom she started teasing even before she started living with Kazuya (for some reason). She encourages all of the girls except Chelsea to become closer to Kazuya. When her ear is pulled three times she turns into a big monster which just looks like a Godzilla-sized white cat. Tori
Voiced by: Omi Minami 
A yellow bird, who can transform into a girl. Her true identity is unknown, but she apparently has the power to transform Kazuya into a heroic figure. She is the only character who cares for everyone's well-being and doesn't take sides. She is also the narrator in the series. == Themes ==
Opening theme
Nagareboshi no hi by Sleepin' Johnny Fish
Ending theme
Glassdama by Sleepin' Johnny Fish


== References ==


== Further reading ==
Guie, Phil (16 September 2008). ""Guardian Hearts, Vol. 1"". Pop Culture Shock. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Arbogast, Samuel (15 October 2004). ""Guardian Hearts"". T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews. Thompson, Jason (1 June 2010). ""365 Days of Manga, Day 250: Guardian Hearts"". Unbound Worlds. Penguin Random House. == External links ==
Guardian Hearts (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia",379
2276,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_(Sanctus_Real_album),The Dream (Sanctus Real album),"The Dream is the seventh album from American Christian rock band Sanctus Real, released by Sparrow Records on October 14, 2014. Sanctus Real worked with producers Pete Kipley and Christopher Stevens in the creation of this album. == Reception ==

Indicating in a four star out of five review for AllMusic, David Jeffries mentioning, Sanctus Real are ""Mellowing with age but as robust as ever, The Dream proves that Sanctus Real might very well be Christian rock's version of fine wine."" Andy Argyrakis, agrees it is a four star album for CCM Magazine, declaring ""Sanctus Real continues to shuffle up its established pop/rock sound with elements as diverse as dusty guitars, synthesizers and varied background vocals."" Also in agreement is New Release Tuesday's Sarah Fine, with it being considered a four star release, declaring, ""This is a solid release from one of Christian music's most established acts."" Shaving a half star off his rating compared to the rest of the pack, John ""Flip"" Choquette realizing, ""This album isn't perfect, but it's not bad either. It's not innovative, but it's not entirely generic either."" Paul S. Ganney, in a seven out of ten review for Cross Rhythms, explaining, ""Kicking off with the guitar-driven title track, then moving into electronica, this album gives you a good idea of the bases it'll cover right from the start: heavily echoed guitars, driving bass, wonderfully clear vocals."" Awarding the album four and a half stars for Louder Than the Music, Jono Davies writes, ""The songs have great lyrics and melodies and they just keep getting better with every listen."" Amanda Brogan, rating the album a 4.4 out of five at Christian Music Review, says, ""The Dream is classic Sanctus Real as you know and love them.""",388
2277,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_(Sanctus_Real_album),The Dream (Sanctus Real album),"Awarding the album four and a half stars for Louder Than the Music, Jono Davies writes, ""The songs have great lyrics and melodies and they just keep getting better with every listen."" Amanda Brogan, rating the album a 4.4 out of five at Christian Music Review, says, ""The Dream is classic Sanctus Real as you know and love them."" Awarding the album an eight and a half star review for Jesus Wired, Rebekah Joys writes, ""The album is full of inspirational, encouraging, and thought-provoking messages accompanied by upbeat and fun sounds to make it overall an album full of future hits."" Christian St. John, rating the album five stars at Christian Review Magazine, states, Sanctus Real ""have improved their music tenfold"" on ""a great album"". Signaling in a four and a half star review from 365 Days of Inspiring Media, Joshua Andre replies, ""Though the 11 track work of art [is] a masterpiece in its own right, [it] is sure to have its doubters... [because] ...they have taken the route of rock to CCM in a span of a few albums; as a pop/rock and CCM lover, this album is one of their best.""",256
2278,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_(Sanctus_Real_album),The Dream (Sanctus Real album),"Christian St. John, rating the album five stars at Christian Review Magazine, states, Sanctus Real ""have improved their music tenfold"" on ""a great album"". Signaling in a four and a half star review from 365 Days of Inspiring Media, Joshua Andre replies, ""Though the 11 track work of art [is] a masterpiece in its own right, [it] is sure to have its doubters... [because] ...they have taken the route of rock to CCM in a span of a few albums; as a pop/rock and CCM lover, this album is one of their best."" == Track listing ==


== Personnel ==
Sanctus Real

Matt Hammitt – vocals
Seth Huff – pianos, guitars
Chris Rohman – synthesizers, guitars
Jake Rye – bass
Mark Graalman – drums
Additional musicians

Bryan Fowler – programming
Christopher Stevens – programming
The Roy G. Biv String Vibe – strings


== Production ==
Brad O'Donnell – A&R
Pete Kipley – producer, engineer
Christopher Stevens – producer (8, 11)
Mike ""X"" O'Connor – engineer, editing
Bryan Fowler – assistant engineer
Jericho Scroggins – assistant engineer
Neal Avron – mixing
Sean Moffitt – mixing
Mark Needham – mixing
Warren David – mix assistant
Ben O'Neill – mix assistant
Scott Skrzynski – mix assistant
Joe LaPorta – mastering
Sarah Sung – package design
Tyler Hays – logo design
Mark Anderson – photography
Jake Harsh – photography


== Charts ==


== References ==",348
2279,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Swamp_Creek,Bear Swamp Creek,"Bear Swamp Creek is a tributary of Tunkhannock Creek in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 4.3 miles (6.9 km) long and flows through Gibson Township and Clifford Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of 3.92 square miles (10.2 km2). The creek has no named tributaries, and is not designated as an impaired waterbody. It does pass through a wetland known as Bear Swamp. The drainage basin of the creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. == Course ==
Bear Swamp Creek begins on the western side of East Mountain in Gibson Township. It flows west-southwest into a valley for several tenths of a mile before turning southwest. After several tenths of a mile, the creek reaches the bottom of the mountain, passes through an unnamed lake and turns south-southwest, receiving an unnamed tributary from the left. After a few miles, the creek enters a wetland known as Bear Swamp and passes into Clifford Township. Here, it turns west and then north, flowing alongside Carey Hill and reentering Gibson Township after a few tenths of a mile. The creek then turns north-northwest for several tenths of a mile before turning north. A few tenths of a mile further downstream, it reaches its confluence with Tunkhannock Creek. Bear Swamp Creek is approximately 4.3 miles (6.9 km) long. The creek joins Tunkhannock Creek 29.39 miles (47.30 km) upstream of its mouth. == Hydrology, geography and geology ==
The elevation near the mouth of Bear Swamp Creek is 942 feet (287 m) above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is 1,703 feet (519 m) above sea level.",387
2280,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Swamp_Creek,Bear Swamp Creek,"== Hydrology, geography and geology ==
The elevation near the mouth of Bear Swamp Creek is 942 feet (287 m) above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is 1,703 feet (519 m) above sea level. The surficial geology near the mouth of Bear Swamp Creek mainly consists of a till known as Wisconsinan Till, plus some patches of alluvium. However, the nearby Carey Hill has surficial geology consisting almost entirely of bedrock consisting of sandstone and shale. There are some patches of peat bogs, wetlands, and lakes near the creek, but the surficial geology in the upper reaches mostly consists of alluvium and Wisconsinan Till, with some bedrock further away. Bear Swamp is not designated as an impaired waterbody. == Watershed and biology ==
The watershed of Bear Swamp Creek has an area of 3.92 square miles (10.2 km2). The mouth of the creek is in the United States Geological Survey of Lenoxville. Its source is in the quadrangle of Clifford. The creek's mouth is located within 1 mile (1.6 km) of South Gibson. A swamp known as Bear Swamp is located in the vicinity of Bear Swamp Creek. The drainage basin of Bear Swamp Creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. The designated use of the creek is aquatic life. == History ==
Bear Swamp Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1168952. Bear Swamp, which is located near Bear Swamp Creek, received its name after John Collar, one of the earliest settlers on Tunkhannock Creek in Gibson Township, trapped nine bears there in one season. An unsuccessful oil well was once sunk at Bear Swamp.",374
2281,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Swamp_Creek,Bear Swamp Creek,"Bear Swamp, which is located near Bear Swamp Creek, received its name after John Collar, one of the earliest settlers on Tunkhannock Creek in Gibson Township, trapped nine bears there in one season. An unsuccessful oil well was once sunk at Bear Swamp. == See also ==
Bell Creek (Tunkhannock Creek), next tributary of Tunkhannock Creek going downstream
Rock Creek (Tunkhannock Creek), next tributary of Tunkhannock Creek going upstream
List of rivers of Pennsylvania


== References ==",117
2282,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo,Tomatillo,"The tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica and Physalis ixocarpa), also known as the Mexican husk tomato, is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical, and green or green-purple fruit. Tomatillos originated in Mexico and were cultivated in the pre-Columbian era. A staple of Mexican cuisine, they are eaten both raw and cooked in a variety of dishes, notably salsa verde. The tomatillo is a perennial plant, but is generally grown for agriculture each year as if it were an annual. == Names ==
The tomatillo (from Nahuatl, tomatl) is also known as husk tomato, Mexican groundcherry, large-flowered tomatillo, or Mexican husk tomato. Some of these names, however, can also refer to other species in the genus Physalis. Other names are Mexican green tomato and miltomate. In Spanish, it is called tomate de cáscara (husk tomato), tomate de fresadilla (little strawberry tomato), tomate milpero (field tomato), tomate verde (green tomato), tomatillo (Mexico; this term means ""little tomato"" elsewhere), miltomate (Mexico, Guatemala), farolito (little lantern), or simply tomate (in which case the tomato is called jitomate from Nahuatl xitomatl). The tomatillo genus name Physalis is from New Latin physalis, coined by Linnaeus from Ancient Greek φυσαλλίς (physallís, ""bladder, wind instrument""), itself from φυσιόω (physióō, ""to puff up, blow up""), φυσώ (physṓ).",370
2283,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo,Tomatillo,"In Spanish, it is called tomate de cáscara (husk tomato), tomate de fresadilla (little strawberry tomato), tomate milpero (field tomato), tomate verde (green tomato), tomatillo (Mexico; this term means ""little tomato"" elsewhere), miltomate (Mexico, Guatemala), farolito (little lantern), or simply tomate (in which case the tomato is called jitomate from Nahuatl xitomatl). The tomatillo genus name Physalis is from New Latin physalis, coined by Linnaeus from Ancient Greek φυσαλλίς (physallís, ""bladder, wind instrument""), itself from φυσιόω (physióō, ""to puff up, blow up""), φυσώ (physṓ). Ixocarpa means ""slimy fruit"", referencing a sticky or slimy coat often on a tomatillo before it ruptures from the calyx. == Distribution ==
Tomatillos are native to Central America and Mexico, having a wild growth range from Mexico to Costa Rica. The plant is grown mostly in the Mexican states of Hidalgo and Morelos, and in the highlands of Guatemala where it is known as miltomate. In the United States, tomatillos have been cultivated since 1863, with one dubbed ""jamberry"" in 1945 and others with the names ""Mayan husk tomato"" and ""jumbo husk tomato"". Further distribution occurred in the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Florida. By the middle of the 20th century, the plant was further exported to India, Australia, South Africa, and Kenya. The wild tomatillo and related plants are found everywhere in the Americas except in the far north, with the highest diversity in Mexico.",385
2284,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo,Tomatillo,"By the middle of the 20th century, the plant was further exported to India, Australia, South Africa, and Kenya. The wild tomatillo and related plants are found everywhere in the Americas except in the far north, with the highest diversity in Mexico. In 2017, scientists reported on their discovery and analysis of Physalis infinemundi, a fossil Physalis found in the Patagonian region of Argentina, dated to 52 million years BP. The finding has pushed back the earliest appearance of the Solanaceae plant family and the Physalis genus of which the tomatillo is a part. == Cultivation ==


=== History ===

Tomatillos were domesticated in Mexico before the coming of Europeans and played an important part in the culture of the Maya and the Aztecs, more important than the tomato. The specific name philadelphica dates to the 18th century. === Production ===
There is limited information about tomatillo production, even though tomatillos are distributed and grown worldwide as a home-grown garden plant. Tomatillos are mainly cultivated in outdoor fields in Mexico and Guatemala on a large scale. Smaller crops are planted in many parts of the United States. In Mexico, tomatillos are planted within a wide range of altitudes. === Soil and climate requirements ===
In general, tomatillo plants are tolerant of many different soil conditions. However, they do best in well-drained, sandy, fertile soil conditions with a pH between 5.5 and 7.3. Tomatillo plants are cold sensitive. They grow best at 25 to 32 °C (77 to 90 °F). Below 16 °C (61 °F), growth is very poor. Tomatillo plants prefer full sun exposure and warm locations. === Seedbed requirement and sowing ===
Transplanting is the most common practice for planting tomatillo plants. Transplants are produced in greenhouses or transplant beds.",395
2285,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo,Tomatillo,"=== Seedbed requirement and sowing ===
Transplanting is the most common practice for planting tomatillo plants. Transplants are produced in greenhouses or transplant beds. Germination occurs at 20 to 27 °C (68 to 81 °F). Transplanting occurs 6 to 8 weeks after seeding and when the risk of frost is past. Transplants produced indoors need to harden off in a warm, sunny place for a few days before being planted outside. Direct outdoor seeding can only be done if no frost risk exists and soil temperature is higher than 15 °C (59 °F). Direct outdoor seeding leads to the shortening of the vegetation period. Due to its branching growing pattern, a single plant requires sufficient growing space. Tomatillos are typically grown in rows 0.7 to 1.6 m (2 ft 4 in to 5 ft 3 in) apart. Although tomatillo is a perennial plant, overwintering is difficult, so it is normally cultivated as an annual plant. === Fertilization and field management ===
Tomatillo plants can reach heights of 1.5 to 2 meters (5 to 6+1⁄2 ft). Due to their rapid and branching growth, it is recommended to stake them. Staking also facilitates later harvesting and prevents the fruit from touching the ground, which reduces damage to fruit and husk. Staking can also reduce disease and slug damage. Fertilization is recommended at a moderate level. An application of 40–90 kg/ha (36–80 lb/acre) of phosphorus is common. Other nutrients and fertilizers (N/ K) may be required depending on soil type and irrigation. For non-commercial production, regular fertilization is recommended. Although tomatillo plants become more drought-tolerant as they age, regular watering is required. Tomatillo plants require 25–38 mm (1–1+1⁄2 in) of water per week.",400
2286,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo,Tomatillo,"Although tomatillo plants become more drought-tolerant as they age, regular watering is required. Tomatillo plants require 25–38 mm (1–1+1⁄2 in) of water per week. Water can come from rainfall or irrigation. Irrigation can be managed by drip, sprinkler, furrow, or watering can. Irrigation frequency depends on weather and the crop's growth stage, ranging from once or twice a week to daily during hot weather. Weeds are a serious challenge in tomatillo production and are especially important during the first few weeks. Plastic and organic mulches help to control weeds effectively. Applications of plastic mulches also help to restrict soil water evaporation and modify microclimate, thereby affecting tomatillo growth and yield. === Harvest and postharvest treatment ===
Tomatillos are harvested when the fruits fill the calyx. This state is normally achieved 65 to 100 days after transplanting. Fruit production continues for 1 to 2 months or until the first frost. Harvesting occurs regularly, typically every day, and is done by hand. A plant produces 60 to 200 fruits within a single growing season, with an average yield of about 20 tonnes per hectare (9 short tons per acre). Tomatillos can be stored for up to three weeks in a cold and humid environment. == Culinary uses ==
Tomatillos can be harvested at different stages of ripeness. For salsa verde, harvesting may be done early when the fruit is sour with a light flavor. Tomatillos can be picked later when the fruits are seedier for a sweeter taste. Tomatillos have diverse uses in stews, soups, salads, curries, stirfries, baking, cooking with meats, marmalade, and desserts. Tomatillos are a key ingredient in fresh and cooked Mexican and Central-American green sauces.",388
2287,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo,Tomatillo,"Tomatillos have diverse uses in stews, soups, salads, curries, stirfries, baking, cooking with meats, marmalade, and desserts. Tomatillos are a key ingredient in fresh and cooked Mexican and Central-American green sauces. The green color and tart flavor are the main culinary contributions of the fruit. Purple and red-ripening cultivars often have a slight sweetness, unlike the green- and yellow-ripening cultivars, so they generally are used in jams and preserves. Like their close relative, the Cape gooseberry, tomatillos have a high pectin content. Another characteristic is that they tend to have a varying degree of a sappy, sticky coating, mostly when used on the green side out of the husk. Ripe tomatillos keep refrigerated for about two weeks. They keep longer with the husks removed and the fruit refrigerated in sealed plastic bags. They may also be frozen whole or sliced. Tomatillos can also be dried to enhance the sweetness of the fruit in a way similar to dried cranberries, with a hint of tomato flavor. The tomatillo flavor is used in fusion cuisines for blending flavors from Latin American dishes with those of Europe and North America. == Botany ==


=== Description ===
P. ixocarpa is often confused with P. philadelphica due to morphological similarities and the fact that neither species have had a clear type designation. Physalis ixocarpa and Physalis philadelphica have blue anthers that twist after opening, a yellow corolla with five blue-tinged spots or smudges, and a 10-ribbed calyx filled or burst by the berry. The two species differ in flower size and stigma type. P. philadelphica grow up to 15 to 60 cm (6 to 24 in) and have few hairs on the stem.",396
2288,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo,Tomatillo,"The two species differ in flower size and stigma type. P. philadelphica grow up to 15 to 60 cm (6 to 24 in) and have few hairs on the stem. The leaves have acute and irregularly separated dents on the side. They are typically about one meter (3 ft) in height, and can be either compact and upright or prostrate with a wider, less dense canopy. The leaves are typically serrated and can be either smooth or pubescent. === Classification ===
The tomatillo is a member of the genus Physalis, classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck described the tomatillo under the name Physlis philadelphica in 1786. Other species, such as P. aeuata and P. violacea were described later. The tomatillo is also often classified as P. ixocarpa Brot. However, P. philadelphica is the most important species economically. The nomenclature for Physalis has changed since the 1950s. P. philadelphica was at one time classified as a variety of P. ixocarpa. Later, the classification of P. ixocarpa was revised under the species of P. philadelphica. Today, the name P. ixocarpa is commonly used for the domestic plant and P. philadelphica for the wild one. === Flower ===
Flowers come in several colors: white, light green, bright yellow, and sometimes purple. Flowers may or may not have purple spots toward the center of the corolla. The anthers are typically dark purple to pale blue. Tomatillo plants are highly self-incompatible, and two or more plants are needed for proper pollination. Thus, isolated tomatillo plants rarely set fruit.",378
2289,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo,Tomatillo,"Tomatillo plants are highly self-incompatible, and two or more plants are needed for proper pollination. Thus, isolated tomatillo plants rarely set fruit. === Fruit ===
The tomatillo fruit is surrounded by an inedible, paper-like husk formed from the calyx. As the fruit matures, it fills the husk and can split it open by harvest time. The husk turns brown, and the fruit can be ripe in several colors, including yellow, green, or even purple. The freshness and greenness of the husk are quality criteria.Flower types:


=== Varieties ===
There are several varieties of tomatillos, with differences in tastes, traits, and ripening colors. Some cultivars include Amarylla, Chupon, Gigante, Green Husk, Mexican, Pineapple, Purple de Milpa, Rio Grande Verde, and Yellow. === Genetic ===


==== Self-incompatibility trait ====
Although self-compatibility is common among wild populations, tomatillos carry self-incompatible traits. The plant, i.e., the fertile hermaphrodite, is not able to produce zygotes after self-pollination occurs. This limits the ability to improve tomatillo production regarding the seed quality and the production of varieties. The self-compatibility gene is situated in the chromosomes of the tomatillo and is not inherited through cytoplasm. Only heterozygous plants can be self-compatible as the trait is controlled by a dominant gene. Tomatillo can thus produce seeds through self-pollination due to the involvement of self-compatibility traits, but the germination viability is different throughout the produced seeds. This suggests that not only incompatible pollen is involved but also inviability at the seedling stage.",371
2290,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatillo,Tomatillo,"Tomatillo can thus produce seeds through self-pollination due to the involvement of self-compatibility traits, but the germination viability is different throughout the produced seeds. This suggests that not only incompatible pollen is involved but also inviability at the seedling stage. A study in 2022 using a commercial cultivar found that it was self-compatible and demonstrated incompatibility only in some of the inter-specific hybrid pollinations that were attempted. == Diseases ==
Tomatillo is generally a resistant crop as long as its climatic requirements are met. However, as with all crops, mass production brings exposure to pests and diseases. As of 2017, two diseases affecting tomatillos have been documented, namely tomato yellow leaf curl virus and turnip mosaic virus. Symptoms of tomato yellow leaf curl virus, including chlorotic margins and interveinal yellowing, were found in several tomato and tomatillo crops in Mexico and Guatemala in 2006. After laboratory tests, the virus was confirmed. Symptomatic plants were associated with the presence of whiteflies, which were likely the cause of this outbreak. Turnip mosaic virus was discovered in several tomatillo crops in California in 2011, rendering 2% of commercially grown tomatillo plants unmarketable, with severe stunting and leaf distortion. The green peach aphid is a common pest in California, and since it readily transmits the turnip mosaic virus, this could be a threat to tomatillo production in California. == See also ==

Physalis peruviana
Salsa (sauce)


== References ==


== External links ==

Jepson Manual Treatment
Physalis names
""Tomatillo Fossils, 52 Million Years Old, Are Discovered in Patagonia"", New York Times, January 9, 2017",362
2291,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Haynie,Kristin Haynie,"Kristin Lynne Haynie (born June 17, 1983) is an American former basketball player in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and current head coach for the Central Michigan women's team. == Early life ==
Haynie was raised in Mason, Michigan. In high school, she played on the varsity team since her freshman year, and graduated from Mason High School in 2001. == College career ==
Haynie was the starting point guard for the Michigan State University Spartans all four years. She was instrumental in their 2005 Big Ten Championship and first ever trip to the Final 4. During her senior year, the Michigan State Women's Basketball Team had an excellent season, capturing 33 wins (including beating powerhouse programs like UConn, Tennessee and Notre Dame). Michigan State finally fell to Baylor University in the National Championship game. Haynie is frequently mentioned in the Michigan State Women's Basketball Record Book. One of her most impressive accomplishments was being the first and only woman (until 2017) to complete a triple double (points, assists and steals) in the NCAA tournament. == Professional career ==
Haynie was drafted by the Sacramento Monarchs ninth overall in the 2005 WNBA draft. The Monarchs ended up winning the 2005 WNBA Championship in her rookie year. She is the only player to have played in the NCAA finals as well as the WNBA finals in the same year. On February 6, 2008, Haynie was selected by the Atlanta Dream in their expansion draft. She also played for Paleo Faliro in Greece during the 2008–09 WNBA off-season. She returned to the Sacramento Monarchs after being traded from the Detroit Shock halfway through the 2009 season, and remained until the team was disbanded at the end of that season. Haynie was selected by the Washington Mystics in the 2010 dispersal draft, but never played a game in a Mystics uniform, and has not signed with another WNBA team since, though she continued to play professionally in Europe.",400
2292,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Haynie,Kristin Haynie,"She returned to the Sacramento Monarchs after being traded from the Detroit Shock halfway through the 2009 season, and remained until the team was disbanded at the end of that season. Haynie was selected by the Washington Mystics in the 2010 dispersal draft, but never played a game in a Mystics uniform, and has not signed with another WNBA team since, though she continued to play professionally in Europe. == Coaching career ==


=== Assistant coaching ===
After completion of the 2012 professional season in Italy, Haynie was hired as a women's basketball assistant coach at Eastern Michigan University. After two seasons with the Eagles and developing a point guard of the year, she went into personal training. About row months later, Central Michigan (CMU)'s head coach, Sue Guevara, offered her a position on her coaching staff. Haynie helped lead Central Michigan to 2015 and 2016 MAC West Championships. In 2016 her point guard, Presley Hudson, was awarded Freshman of the Year. In 2017 CMU won the regular season conference outright, with the point guard earning 1st Team all MAC honors. Haynie was an assistant coach at Michigan State from 2018 to the end of the 2022-23 season. Haynie became an assistant coach for the Minnesota Lynx of the WNBA in March 2023. === Head coaching ===
On April 20, 2023, soon after being hired by the Lynx, Haynie returned to CMU to become their new head coach. == Career statistics ==


=== Regular season ===


=== Playoffs ===


=== College ===


== Head coaching record ==


=== College ===


== Personal life ==
Haynie is married and has two children. Haynie was inducted into the Michigan State University Athletic Hall of Fame in 2017.",365
2293,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Haynie,Kristin Haynie,"== Career statistics ==


=== Regular season ===


=== Playoffs ===


=== College ===


== Head coaching record ==


=== College ===


== Personal life ==
Haynie is married and has two children. Haynie was inducted into the Michigan State University Athletic Hall of Fame in 2017. == References ==


== External links ==
Central Michigan bio
Official website
WNBA stats
Career statistics from WNBA.com · Basketball Reference 
Atlanta expansion draft/analysis",104
2294,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Allen_(American_football),Randy Allen (American football),"Randy Allen (born c. 1950) is an American high school football coach. He is the head football coach at Highland Park High School in Dallas, Texas, and is the winningest active high school football coach in Texas with 460 victories through the end of the 2024 season. He is currently second in victories to retired coach Phil Danaher who has 490 wins. == Playing career ==
A native of Abilene, Texas, Allen attended 1960's football powerhouse Abilene Cooper High School. With Allen at tailback and slotback, Cooper made it to the 1967 state final against Austin Reagan at Fort Worth's Amon G. Carter Stadium, but lost 20-19 after two controversial last-second decisions by the officials. After graduating in 1968, Allen went on to play at Southern Methodist University in Dallas for coach Hayden Fry. == Coaching career ==
Allen's first coaching was at Bryan High School as an assistant under his former high school football coach, Merrill Green. Eight years later, Allen landed his first head coaching job at Ballinger High School. Ballinger had not had a winning season in five years prior to Allen's arrival. The Bearcats compiled a 44–15–2 record under Allen the following five years. In 1986, Allen was selected to succeed Gordon Wood at Brownwood High School. Facing enormous expectations, Allen managed to compile a 43–13–2 record in five seasons. In 1991, he chose to return to his alma mater Abilene Cooper, which had gone 1–9 in 1990. In 1996, Allen guided the Cougars to their first state final appearance since 1967 - a game in which Allen played in. Cooper lost 55-15 to Austin Westlake, led by Drew Brees. Leaving Abilene in 1999, Allen became head coach at Highland Park High School in Dallas. With Allen as head coach, Highland Park had 10+ win seasons every year, except in 2004 when they finished 8-2.",397
2295,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Allen_(American_football),Randy Allen (American football),"Leaving Abilene in 1999, Allen became head coach at Highland Park High School in Dallas. With Allen as head coach, Highland Park had 10+ win seasons every year, except in 2004 when they finished 8-2. In 2005, Highland Park went undefeated for the first time in school history. They won the 4A state title for the first time in 48 years. Led by quarterback Matthew Stafford, the Scots defeated Marshall 59-0. On October 14, 2011, Allen became the 10th man in Texas high school football history to coach his teams to 300 wins with Highland Park's 41-27 win over JJ Pearce High School. Highland Park became the first Texas high school football team to win 800 games with a 31-24 victory over Denton Ryan in the Texas State Semi-Finals on December 10, 2016. In 2016, Allen led the Scots to their second state title during his tenure, winning the AAAAA Division I Championship 16-7 against Temple High School. Allen was named the Don Shula National Coach of the Year for 2016. In 2017, Allen led Highland Park to its fifth state championship and the third during his tenure, in a win against Manvel High School, 53-49. He announced his retirement in the spring of 2018 thereafter. He rescinded his retirement only three weeks later. The following year, Allen led Highland Park to its sixth state championship and fourth title during his tenure. Highland Park defeated Shadow Creek High School 27-17 in the AAAAA Division I State Championship. On September 9, 2022, Allen became the 2nd winningest coach in Texas high school football history with win number 427 over Lake Highlands 52-21. As of the beginning of the 2025 season, Coach Allen remains the winningest active football coach in the state of Texas. == Awards and accolades ==
2006 National High School Coaches Association Football Coach of the Year
2013 Grant Teaff Fellowship of Christian Athletes Lifetime Achievement Award.",393
2296,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Allen_(American_football),Randy Allen (American football),"As of the beginning of the 2025 season, Coach Allen remains the winningest active football coach in the state of Texas. == Awards and accolades ==
2006 National High School Coaches Association Football Coach of the Year
2013 Grant Teaff Fellowship of Christian Athletes Lifetime Achievement Award. 2015 recipient of the AFCA Power of Influence Award
2016 NFL Don Shula National High School Coach of the Year Award
2017 SMU Distinguished Alumni Award
2018 National High School Coaches Association National Football Coach of the Year
2024 THSCA Tom Landry Award Winner
2024 - Highlander Stadium Field was renamed Randy Allen Field in his honor


== Head coaching record ==


== References ==",142
2297,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Cruz_S%C3%A1nchez,Jos%C3%A9 de la Cruz S%C3%A1nchez,"José de la Cruz Sánchez (November 8, 1799 – 1878) was a Californio statesman and ranchero who served as the eleventh Alcalde of San Francisco. == Life ==

José de la Cruz Sánchez was born on November 8, 1799, in Santa Clara, California. He was the eldest son of Ana Josefa Soto and José Antonio Sánchez (1773–1843), a land grantee of Rancho Buri Buri (also called Sánchez Rancho) in present-day San Mateo County. Rancho Buri Buri extended between the north line of South San Francisco and the middle of Burlingame, and from the San Francisco Bay to the top of the Peninsula ridge and included present-day Lomita Park, Millbrae, South San Francisco, San Bruno, and the northern part of Burlingame. José de la Cruz married Josefa Ramona Eduarda Mercado y Sal and together they had eight children. José de la Cruz Sánchez's brother, Francisco Sanchez, was also an alcalde of San Francisco. == Sánchez family of California ==

José de la Cruz Sánchez's father Jose Antonio Sanchez (1773–1843), was born in Sinaloa, Mexico and came to California with his father also named Jose Antonio Sanchez (1751–1805), with the De Anza Expedition of 1776. He became a soldier at the San Francisco Presidio. Rancho Buri Buri was provisionally given to him by the Mexican government in 1827. He retired from active service in 1836 and died in 1843. He is buried at Mission Dolores cemetery in San Francisco.",368
2298,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Cruz_S%C3%A1nchez,Jos%C3%A9 de la Cruz S%C3%A1nchez,"He retired from active service in 1836 and died in 1843. He is buried at Mission Dolores cemetery in San Francisco. José de la Cruz Sánchez's four brothers were Francisco Sanchez, Manuel Sánchez, Jose Ysidro (Chino) Sánchez and Ysidro Sánchez. José de la Cruz Sánchez's five sisters were married to Francisco De Haro (Emiliana Sanchez), Candelario Valencia (Paula Sánchez), a Valencia, Leonardo Feliz and John Reed (Hilaria Sanchez). == See also ==
Darius Ogden Mills


== References ==",134
2299,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JONAH,JONAH,"Jews Offering New Alternatives for Healing (JONAH), previously Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality, was a Jewish non-profit organization which offered conversion therapy to persons who sought sexual orientation change. JONAH stated that it was ""dedicated to educating the world-wide Jewish community about the social, cultural and emotional factors which lead to same-sex attractions"". JONAH's leaders disagreed with the consensus of mainstream science and the world's major mental health organizations who say that non-heterosexual sexual orientation is not a disorder. In 2015, a landmark trial found that JONAH's claims to be able to change sexual orientation constituted consumer fraud. The organization was ordered to pay restitution to the plaintiffs and shut down within thirty days. Eleven days after the verdict, the founders created a conversion therapy organization called Jewish Institute for Global Awareness (JIFGA) using JONAH's assets. In June 2019, a New Jersey judge ordered JIFGA to shut down within thirty days and pay $3.5 million to victims. == History ==
JONAH was created in 1999 in Jersey City, New Jersey, by two married couples, Theodore and Elaine Berk and Arthur and Jane Goldberg. Arthur Goldberg is a former secretary-treasurer of the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality. The organization was formed after the founders' sons experienced unwanted homosexual attractions and were unable to obtain professional assistance in resolving or overcoming those attractions. The organization did not use the phrase ""conversion therapy"" to describe its activities. In 2000, JONAH provided literature and outreach to gay and bisexual Jews, and their families of all denominations, in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, advertising their supposed methods of reducing and eliminating homosexuality. JONAH eventually became a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation and expanded to include members in the United States, Israel, Canada, and various European nations.",390
2300,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JONAH,JONAH,"In 2000, JONAH provided literature and outreach to gay and bisexual Jews, and their families of all denominations, in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, advertising their supposed methods of reducing and eliminating homosexuality. JONAH eventually became a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation and expanded to include members in the United States, Israel, Canada, and various European nations. During JONAH's 2014 consumer fraud trial, it was revealed that Goldberg's license as a board certified professional counselor was revoked in 2011 because the American Psychotherapy Association learned that Goldberg had lied on his application by failing to disclose his prior felony conviction as a Wall Street municipal bonds manager. == Methodology ==
JONAH held a core belief that homosexuality is a spiritual problem rooted in childhood trauma. JONAH emphasized the Talmudic understanding of homosexuality as ""being led astray"" (Nedarim 51a); therefore, consistent with its view of the Jewish principle of repentance (teshuvah), the organization viewed homosexual persons as being able ""to return"" from homosexuality. According to JONAH, same-sex attractions may be mitigated and potentially eliminated. JONAH employed the techniques of Richard Cohen, an unlicensed counselor who promotes conversion therapy. Techniques for overcoming homosexual urges included undressing in front of other men, pummeling an effigy of one's mother, and re-enacting traumatic childhood experiences. On 29 November 2012, the Orthodox Rabbinical Council of America issued a statement indicating that it did not endorse JONAH'S methods.",316
2301,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JONAH,JONAH,"Techniques for overcoming homosexual urges included undressing in front of other men, pummeling an effigy of one's mother, and re-enacting traumatic childhood experiences. On 29 November 2012, the Orthodox Rabbinical Council of America issued a statement indicating that it did not endorse JONAH'S methods. The Council added that it made this decision ""based on consultation with a wide range of mental health experts and therapists who informed us of the lack of scientifically rigorous studies that support the effectiveness of therapies to change sexual orientation, a review of literature written by experts and major medical and mental health organizations, and based upon reports of the negative and, at times, deleterious consequences to clients of some of the interventions endorsed by JONAH"". == Ferguson v. JONAH ==

In July 2010, a video published by the organization Truth Wins Out features two former participants of JONAH, Ben Unger and Chaim Levin, alleging that Alan Downing, a life coach connected with JONAH, demanded that his participants strip off all of their clothing in front of a mirror and touch their genitals in his presence. Downing released a statement in response denying the charges. After emails were sent to the Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists linking to the video, the organization initially rescinded a previous invitation to JONAH's founder Arthur Goldberg to speak at their annual convention, but later allowed him to speak. Yael Respler of The Jewish Press printed a letter by Goldberg about the incident and noted in response that she herself had engaged in reparative therapy (also called conversion therapy). In November 2012, the Southern Poverty Law Center filed the lawsuit Ferguson v. JONAH against JONAH, Goldberg, and Downing on behalf of Michael Ferguson, Ben Unger, Chaim Levin, and two of the participants' mothers for fraudulent practices which are illegal under New Jersey's consumer protection laws. JONAH challenged the veracity of the plaintiffs' allegations.",395
2302,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JONAH,JONAH,"In November 2012, the Southern Poverty Law Center filed the lawsuit Ferguson v. JONAH against JONAH, Goldberg, and Downing on behalf of Michael Ferguson, Ben Unger, Chaim Levin, and two of the participants' mothers for fraudulent practices which are illegal under New Jersey's consumer protection laws. JONAH challenged the veracity of the plaintiffs' allegations. In 2014, Superior Court Judge Peter Bariso ruled that JONAH and its co-defendants could have to pay three times the cost paid by the participants for therapy they said they needed because of JONAH's conversion therapy. In February 2015, Judge Bariso ruled that JONAH's claims of gay conversion therapy that describe homosexuality as a curable mental disorder were illegal based on the state's Consumer Fraud Act. Judge Bariso also said it is fraudulent to offer ""success statistics"" because ""there is no factual basis for calculating such statistics"". The judge also excluded expert testimony from leading conversion therapy proponents, Joseph Nicolosi and Christopher Doyle, ruling that their opinions were based on the false premise that homosexuality is a disorder. Bariso wrote that ""the theory that homosexuality is a disorder is not novel but – like the notion that the earth is flat and the sun revolves around it – instead is outdated and refuted"". In response to Judge Bariso's ruling, David Dinielli, deputy legal director for the Southern Poverty Law Center, said, ""This is the principal lie the conversion therapy industry uses throughout the country to peddle its quackery to vulnerable clients. Gay people don't need to be cured, and we are thrilled that the court has recognized this"". === Trial ===
On 25 June 2015, in the first-ever trial of conversion therapy in the United States, a New Jersey jury found JONAH guilty of consumer fraud for promising to be able to change its clients' sexual urges and determined its commercial practices to be unconscionable.",389
2303,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JONAH,JONAH,"Gay people don't need to be cured, and we are thrilled that the court has recognized this"". === Trial ===
On 25 June 2015, in the first-ever trial of conversion therapy in the United States, a New Jersey jury found JONAH guilty of consumer fraud for promising to be able to change its clients' sexual urges and determined its commercial practices to be unconscionable. The jury voted unanimously to convict JONAH under the Consumer Fraud Act of New Jersey. The verdict required JONAH and Downing to refund thousands of dollars paid by former clients. === Permanent injunction ===
In December 2015, the parties entered into a settlement agreement that required JONAH to shut down entirely and prohibited founder Arthur Goldberg and counselor Alan Downing from engaging in any form of conversion therapy in New Jersey. Under the settlement, the defendants were obliged to pay the full US$72,400 in damages awarded by the jury to compensate the plaintiffs for the fees they paid to JONAH and for remedial mental health counseling for one plaintiff. The proposed judgment included a $3.5 million award of legal fees. The plaintiffs agreed to accept an undisclosed portion of that award, but the defendants would remain liable for the full amount if they violated the agreement. === Aftermath ===
Eleven days after the verdict, JONAH was reincorporated as JIFGA, ""Jewish Institute for Global Awareness"", keeping JONAH's assets, leadership and operations, as well as the same address and phone number. The Southern Poverty Law Center says that this is an attempt to evade the shutdown order and has appealed to the courts to enforce the previous ruling against JIFGA. In June 2019, Judge Bariso found that JIFGA was an illegitimate attempt to continue JONAH in violation of the court order. He ordered JIFGA to shut down within thirty days and pay a $3.5 million fine to victims of the scam.",389
2304,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JONAH,JONAH,"In June 2019, Judge Bariso found that JIFGA was an illegitimate attempt to continue JONAH in violation of the court order. He ordered JIFGA to shut down within thirty days and pay a $3.5 million fine to victims of the scam. The judge forbade Arthur Goldberg and Elaine Berk from serving in executive leadership or on the board of any nonprofit organization. == See also ==

Atzat Nefesh
Ex-Ex-Gay
Ex-gay movement


== Notes ==


== References ==


== External links ==
""Official website"". Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. ""Clinical division of JONAH"". Archived from the original on 14 June 2012.",150
2305,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Australian_Capital_Territory_election,2004 Australian Capital Territory election,"Elections to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly were held on Saturday, 16 October 2004. The incumbent Labor Party, led by Jon Stanhope, was challenged by the Liberal Party, led by Brendan Smyth. Candidates were elected to fill three multi-member electorates using a single transferable vote method, known as the Hare-Clark system. The result was a clear majority of nine seats in the 17-member unicameral Assembly for Labor. It marked the first and so far only time in the history of ACT self-government that one party was able to win a majority in its own right. Stanhope was elected Chief Minister at the first sitting of the sixth Assembly on 4 November 2004. The election was conducted by the ACT Electoral Commission and was the second time in Australia's history that an electronic voting and counting system was used for some, but not all, polling places, expanding on the initial trial of the system at the 2001 ACT election. == Key dates ==


== Overview ==
The incumbent centre-left Labor Party, led by Chief Minister Jon Stanhope, attempted to win re-election for a second term after coming to power in 2001. Labor was challenged by the opposition centre-right Liberal Party, led by Brendan Smyth, who assumed the Liberal leadership in November 2002. A third party, the ACT Greens, held one seat in the Assembly through retiring member, Kerrie Tucker. The election saw all 17 members of the Assembly face re-election, with members being elected by the Hare-Clark system of proportional representation. The Assembly is divided into three electorates: five-member Brindabella (including Tuggeranong and parts of the Woden Valley) and Ginninderra (including Belconnen and suburbs) and seven-member Molonglo (including North Canberra, South Canberra, Gungahlin, Weston Creek, and the remainder of the Woden Valley).",392
2306,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Australian_Capital_Territory_election,2004 Australian Capital Territory election,"The election saw all 17 members of the Assembly face re-election, with members being elected by the Hare-Clark system of proportional representation. The Assembly is divided into three electorates: five-member Brindabella (including Tuggeranong and parts of the Woden Valley) and Ginninderra (including Belconnen and suburbs) and seven-member Molonglo (including North Canberra, South Canberra, Gungahlin, Weston Creek, and the remainder of the Woden Valley). Election dates are set in statute to occur once every four years; the government has no ability to set the election date. Following the 2001 election outcome, Labor held eight seats; the opposition Liberal Party held seven seats; with the Greens holding a further one seat; and the Democrats also holding one seat. In September 2002, Helen Cross resigned from the Liberal Party, and remained in the Assembly, sitting as an independent. Gary Humphries, the former Liberal leader, resigned from the Assembly on 25 November 2002 to fill a casual vacancy in the Australian Senate following the resignation of Margaret Reid. Humphries was replaced in the Assembly by Jacqui Burke who was sworn in on 18 February 2003. == Candidates ==

Sitting members at the time of the election are listed in bold. Tickets that elected at least one MLA are highlighted in the relevant colour. Successful candidates are indicated by an asterisk (*). === Retiring Members ===


==== Labor ====
Bill Wood (Brindabella)


==== Liberal ====
Greg Cornwell (Molonglo)


=== Brindabella ===
Five seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending three seats. The Liberal Party was defending two seats. === Ginninderra ===
Five seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending two seats. The Liberal Party was defending two seats. The Australian Democrats were defending one seat.",390
2307,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Australian_Capital_Territory_election,2004 Australian Capital Territory election,"The Liberal Party was defending two seats. The Australian Democrats were defending one seat. === Molonglo ===
Seven seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending three seats. The Liberal Party had won three seats in 2001 but after Helen Cross's departure from the party in 2002 was defending two seats. The Greens were defending one seat. Helen Cross was also defending her seat with an independent list. == Results ==

On election night 16 October 2004, four hours after the close of polling, with 78 per cent of the vote counted, Liberal leader, Brendan Smyth, conceded defeat to Labor. Smyth conceded that the incumbent Labor Government had been returned for a second term and appeared set to win the Territory's first ever majority mandate. Labor had obtained 47 per cent of the vote across the ACT, with the Liberals at 34.8 per cent and the Greens at 9.2 per cent. Swings were recorded towards Labor (+5.3 per cent), Liberal (+3.2 per cent) and the ACT Greens (+0.1 per cent). Support for the Democrats collapsed and they lost their one and only seat. Counting continued up until 27 October 2004, when all preferences were distributed, resulting in Labor winning nine seats, the Liberals winning seven seats, while the Greens won one seat. The ACT Electoral Commission determined and announced the election's final results on 29 October 2004. The result marked the first time in the history of ACT self-government that one party was able to win a majority in its own right. In Brindabella, Labor retained its three seats and the Liberals retained its two seats. Government minister John Hargreaves and backbencher Karin MacDonald were re-elected; with Mick Gentleman replacing the retired former Government minister Bill Wood. For the Liberal Party, leader Brendan Smyth and shadow minister Steve Pratt were both re-elected.",376
2308,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Australian_Capital_Territory_election,2004 Australian Capital Territory election,"Government minister John Hargreaves and backbencher Karin MacDonald were re-elected; with Mick Gentleman replacing the retired former Government minister Bill Wood. For the Liberal Party, leader Brendan Smyth and shadow minister Steve Pratt were both re-elected. Labor gained a seat in Ginninderra, where Democrats sitting member Roslyn Dundas unsuccessfully sought re-election. The Liberals retained their two seats. Chief Minister Jon Stanhope and Labor Speaker Wayne Berry were both re-elected, with Mary Porter winning the additional seat for Labor. Both Bill Stefaniak and Vicki Dunne retained their seats for the Liberal Party. In seven-member Molonglo, there was no change to representation from the 2001 ACT election with both Labor and the Liberals retaining three seats, and the Greens retaining one seat. Labor Deputy Chief Minister Ted Quinlan, and ministers Katy Gallagher and Simon Corbell all won re-election. The Liberal benches saw the re-election of one member, Jacqui Burke and two new members, Zed Seselja and Richard Mulcahy; following the retirement of long-serving member and former Speaker, Greg Cornwell. Helen Cross, elected as a Liberal member at the 2001 ACT election, resigned from the Liberal Party in September 2002 to become an independent. Cross failed to get re-elected at the 2004 ACT election. The Greens sitting member, Kerrie Tucker, resigned from the Assembly less than one month before the election. The Greens endorsed Deb Foskey, who was elected as the sole Green in the Assembly. === Electronic voting and counting system ===


==== Overview ====
The ACT's electronic voting system was first used at the 2001 election and was again used at the 2004 election. The system used standard personal computers as voting terminals, with voters using a barcode to authenticate their votes. Voting terminals were linked to a server in each polling location using a secure local area network.",388
2309,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Australian_Capital_Territory_election,2004 Australian Capital Territory election,"The system used standard personal computers as voting terminals, with voters using a barcode to authenticate their votes. Voting terminals were linked to a server in each polling location using a secure local area network. No votes were taken or transmitted over a public network like the Internet. The electronic voting system was used in the pre-poll voting centres, which were open for three weeks before polling day, and which opened on election day as ordinary polling places. In polling places that did not have electronic voting, voters used traditional paper ballots. In electronic polling places, voters were given a choice of voting electronically or on paper. Electronic counting, which combines the counting of electronic votes and paper ballots, was first used in the ACT at the 2001 election and was again used in the 2004 election. In 2001 and 2004, preferences shown on paper ballots were data-entered by two independent operators, electronically checked for errors, and manually corrected if required. This data was then combined with the results of the electronic voting, and the computer program distributed preferences under the ACT's Hare-Clark electoral system. The software for the electronic voting and counting system was built using Linux open source software, which was chosen specifically for the electoral system to ensure that election software is open and transparent and could be made available to scrutineers, candidates and other participants in the electoral process. ==== 2004 statistics ====
In 2004, a total of 28,169 electronic votes were recorded at four pre-poll voting centres and at eight polling places on polling day. This number of electronic votes represented a 70 per cent increase on the 16,559 electronic votes cast at the 2001 election. The proportion of electronic votes in relation to all votes counted increased from 8.3 per cent in 2001 to 13.4 per cent in 2004. At each electronic polling place the number of voting machines was increased from ten in 2001 to at least fifteen in 2004 to ensure that those that wished to use computers to vote could do so with minimal queues.",397
2310,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Australian_Capital_Territory_election,2004 Australian Capital Territory election,"The proportion of electronic votes in relation to all votes counted increased from 8.3 per cent in 2001 to 13.4 per cent in 2004. At each electronic polling place the number of voting machines was increased from ten in 2001 to at least fifteen in 2004 to ensure that those that wished to use computers to vote could do so with minimal queues. The ACT Electoral Commission claims that interim results for 20,722 votes using the electronic voting system were available through the Commission's website by ten minutes after the close of polls on polling night. Later in the night, a further 7,447 electronic votes cast were made available. Before 10:00pm, interim preference results from all formal electronic votes cast were available, representing 13.6 per cent of all formal votes. Based on these, and other results, the Commission claims that commentators were able to accurately predict the election outcome. Of the seventeen candidates indicated as elected on election night using the 27,849 formal electronic votes, sixteen were ultimately elected. Only one candidate indicated as elected on election night was not ultimately successful – Labor candidate Andrew Barr was the last candidate indicated as elected in Molonglo on election night. After the full distribution of all preferences, the last position in Molonglo was taken by Liberal candidate Zed Seselja. == See also ==
Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, 2004-2008
Second Stanhope Ministry
List of Australian Capital Territory elections


== References ==


== External links ==
ACT Electoral Commission - 2004 ACT Legislative Assembly Election
ACT Legislative Assembly - List of Members (1989 - 2008)",323
2311,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Palmer_Cup,Farah Palmer Cup,"The Farah Palmer Cup (formerly known as Women's Provincial Championship until 2016), is the highest level domestic women's rugby union competition in New Zealand and is named after the former Black Ferns captain, Farah Palmer. It is held annually from early July to mid September and managed by the New Zealand Rugby Union, or NZRU. The competition was first introduced in 1999, with a total of fourteen teams competing initially. The number of teams increased to eighteen in the year 2000, but has decreased to as few as six teams, with 13 currently featured. Canterbury are the current holders of the JJ Stewart Trophy, the women's equivalent of the Ranfurly Shield. The Farah Palmer Cup is an amateur competition; players are not paid salaries and hold jobs outside of rugby. The competition was previously played under such names as the Women's National Provincial Championship, the Lion Foundation Cup, the Women's Championship, and the Women's Competition. == Competition format ==
Originally, the cup was arranged in one division, with all 12 teams facing each other at least once. The top four teams then met in semi-finals. From 2011 to 2014, the semi-finals round was eliminated and the top two teams automatically qualified for the finals. In 2015, the semi-finals round was reintroduced. In 2017, the Farah Palmer Cup was split into two divisions with promotion and relegation between the two. The top division was named the Premiership while the bottom was called the Championship. A team played every team in their division once in the regular season before a semi-final and final for each division. In 2019 Northland joined the competition, causing the Premiership to expand to seven teams and leaving the Championship with six. In 2020 the competition was instead run in two pools split geographically between the north and south of New Zealand. The north pool contained seven teams and the south pool contained six; a single round robin was played in each pool.",388
2312,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Palmer_Cup,Farah Palmer Cup,"In 2020 the competition was instead run in two pools split geographically between the north and south of New Zealand. The north pool contained seven teams and the south pool contained six; a single round robin was played in each pool. The top two teams from each pool took part in crossover semi-finals, with the final being held a week later. In 2021 and 2022, the FPC reverted to its 2017 format with the 13 teams being split into Premiership and Championship. As before, a round-robin format was used in the regular season, followed by semi-finals and a grand final. == Teams ==

Note: Taranaki has been removed from the main Farah Palmer Cup competition as they are instead playing in a Northern Regions Development Competition. Taranaki still have ties to the Chiefs Manawa Super Rugby Aupiki team. 1. * Denotes Town/City named the same as the region. == Champions ==


=== Premiership ===


=== Championship ===


== Past Premierships ==


== Total Wins ==


== Notes and references ==


== External links ==
Official Facebook of the New Zealand Women's Rugby
Official website of the ITM Cup",243
2313,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Cup,USL Cup,"The USL Cup is an annual soccer competition in men's domestic American soccer. The USL Cup is currently known as the Prinx Tires USL Cup after its title sponsor, Prinx Tires. The competition is open to all clubs in USL Championship and USL League One. == History ==
The first USL Cup featured teams exclusively in USL League One; however, USL already intended to expand the cup beyond just that league. Richmond Kickers chairman Rob Ukrop stated at the time of the announcement that another league had been invited to participate, but wasn't “ready to jump in yet.”
The format of the 2024 USL Cup allowed a balanced league schedule for the 2024 USL League One season, with each team playing each other twice and also preserving the length of the season. Previous to the creation of the USL Cup, the league had regularly played an unbalanced schedule of 28–32 games, often playing other teams in the league three times. The introduction of USL Championship sides into the competition in 2025 re-introduced an unbalanced schedule to USL League One. In an interview, USL Championship president Jeremy Alumbaugh and USL League One president Lee O'Neill stated that both USL Championship and USL League Two were being considered to enter the competition in future years. However, the USL Cup was not considered to be a replacement for the U.S. Open Cup, and USL teams would continue competing in future U.S. Open Cup tournaments. O'Neill emphasized in USL's announcement of the tournament that the creation of the USL Cup would ""open up more possibilities for the competitive structure going forward."" The announcement also hinted that the tournament could be a precursor to a promotion and relegation system within the professional levels of the USL. The 2025 edition of the USL Cup saw the addition of USL Championship clubs to the competition, keeping a similar format to the previous year's edition.",377
2314,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Cup,USL Cup,"The announcement also hinted that the tournament could be a precursor to a promotion and relegation system within the professional levels of the USL. The 2025 edition of the USL Cup saw the addition of USL Championship clubs to the competition, keeping a similar format to the previous year's edition. == Competition format ==
If a game is tied at the end of regulation, a penalty kick shootout will occur. A regulation win is worth three points, a shootout win worth two, and a shootout loss worth one. The teams participating in the competition are split into groups of six to seven teams, with each team facing two teams in their group at home, and two others away. The top team from each group advances to a knockout round, in addition to the two teams with the most points that do not win their group. The first edition of the competition split the teams into three groups of four teams. Teams played the other three teams in their group twice, home and away. They played an additional two games against two teams in other groups, one at home and one away. The top team from each group, plus the team with the most goals scored that did not win their group, advanced to the knockout round. == Sponsorship ==
Jägermeister was announced as the title sponsor for the USL Cup on March 18, 2024, three months after the initial announcement of the tournament and one month before the competition's kickoff. The announcement of Jägermeister's sponsorship stated that it was a multi-year agreement. USL Championship president Paul McDonough confirmed in an interview with Sports Business Journal that the agreement with Jägermeister was for two seasons, running through the 2025 edition of the competition. A lawsuit by ownership of Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC placed the cost of the sponsorship at $300,000 per year. On December 16, 2025, USL announced that the USL Cup would be sponsored by Prinx Tires for its 2026 edition.",391
2315,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Cup,USL Cup,"A lawsuit by ownership of Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC placed the cost of the sponsorship at $300,000 per year. On December 16, 2025, USL announced that the USL Cup would be sponsored by Prinx Tires for its 2026 edition. == Broadcasting ==
In February 2024, USL announced that ESPN+ would be the exclusive broadcaster for all matches in the 2024 USL Cup. For the 2025 USL Cup, games will continue to be broadcast by ESPN+, with the possibility of also being aired by various CBS networks. == List of USL Cup finals ==

The ""Season"" column refers to the season the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season. == Winners and finalists ==


== References ==",148
2316,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Street,_Mayfair","Charles Street, Mayfair","Charles Street is a street in the Mayfair area of the City of Westminster, London. Many buildings along the street are listed by Historic England and a number have had distinguished residents over the years. == Location ==
Charles Street runs roughly north-east from Waverton Street in the west to Berkeley Square in the east, bending slightly northward halfway along. The southwestern end is narrower. It is within the Mayfair Conservation Area. == History ==
The street is named after a member of the Berkeley family, and it was built when Lord Berkeley's estate was developed. Most properties along the street were constructed between about 1745 and 1750, chiefly by carpenter John Phillips. Many of them are now listed by Historic England. Most early residents were upper class and wealthy. There were no shops. After the death of Edward Bulwer Lytton in 1873, a proposal was made to rename the street as Lytton Street. Lytton had resided at 8 Charles Street for two years from 1837. After the success of his novel The Last days of Pompeii, Lytton decked out the drawing room of no. 8 into a replica of a chamber seen at Pompeii. The renaming was quashed following objections from residents led by Lady Dorothy Nevill. The Cosmopolitan Club met at 30 Charles Street until its demise in 1903. In 1970, a block consisting of nos. 6–14 Charles Street and 4–12 Hays Mews was the subject of a planning application for a 250–300 bedroom hotel designed by Sir Hugh Casson. Westminster Council's planning department rejected the plan. Alderman David Cobbold, chairman of the planning committee, commented that the scheme was "". . . an inadequate substitute for Charles Street — a street of high intrinsic value"". == Notable residents ==

Charles Towneley, MP for Sligo Borough and a family trustee at the British Museum lived at number 14 in 1850.",392
2317,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Street,_Mayfair","Charles Street, Mayfair","an inadequate substitute for Charles Street — a street of high intrinsic value"". == Notable residents ==

Charles Towneley, MP for Sligo Borough and a family trustee at the British Museum lived at number 14 in 1850. Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, British prime minister, was born in his father's house at 20 Charles Street in 1847. Claude Watney lived at 20 Charles Street in the early 1900s. Sydney Smith, wit, writer, and Anglican cleric  resided at number 33. Major-General Villiers Hatton lived at 34 Charles Street at the time of his death in 1914. Beau Brummell, the famed dandy resided at no. 42, circa 1792. Society hostess, Lady Dorothy Nevill lived at no. 45 from 1873 until her death there in 1913. Her son, Mayfair historian, Ralph Nevill grew up in the house. Francis Chantrey, sculptor. == Listed buildings ==


=== Grade II* ===
16 Charles Street is a Grade II* listed four-storey town house with basement and attic, built in 1753 for Francis Willoughby, 2nd Baron Middleton. After Willoughby's death, the house was bought by the Craven family. William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven was the first family member to permanently reside there. The Craven's tenure came to an end after the death in 1883 of George Craven, 3rd Earl. Charles Magniac, MP for Bedford occupied the house in 1885. The next owner was William McEwan MP and founder of Scottish brewers, McEwan's. The house was bequeathed to McEwan's stepdaughter, the society hostess Margaret Greville, who in 1913–14 commissioned extensions and a remodelled interior by architects Mewes and Davis.",383
2318,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Street,_Mayfair","Charles Street, Mayfair","The next owner was William McEwan MP and founder of Scottish brewers, McEwan's. The house was bequeathed to McEwan's stepdaughter, the society hostess Margaret Greville, who in 1913–14 commissioned extensions and a remodelled interior by architects Mewes and Davis. Between the two World Wars, royal guests at 16 Charles Street included Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII), Fuad I of Egypt, and monarchs of Greece and Spain. Joachim von Ribbentrop, German Ambassador to the United Kingdom was also a guest. The building was used by the Guards Club from 1945 until 1976. Externally, the building features obelisk stone gate piers and a stone Ionic columned doorway. 22 Charles Street was originally a three-storey terraced house with basement, built circa 1753 by William Timbrell and John Phillips. Two attic storeys were added in the early to mid-nineteenth century. Listed as Grade II* by English Heritage since 9 January 1970, it has been the residence of the Duke of Clarence (later William IV), Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough and Anne Grenville. 37 and 38 Charles Street, originally two separate houses, were combined to form a grand mansion in 1890–91 by William Cubitt & Co for the banker Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke. The mansion was acquired by William Legge, 6th Earl of Dartmouth, who named it Dartmouth House. Since 1926, Dartmouth House has been the home of the educational charity, English-Speaking Union. Art historian, Bevis Hillier wrote in 1970, that it is ""by far the grandest building in Charles Street"". The building has been Grade II* listed since 1 December 1987. 39 Charles Street, a three-storey terrace house, was built from 1750 to 1753.",390
2319,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Street,_Mayfair","Charles Street, Mayfair","The building has been Grade II* listed since 1 December 1987. 39 Charles Street, a three-storey terrace house, was built from 1750 to 1753. It has been listed as Grade II* since 24 February 1958. 40 Charles Street, a four-storey terrace house, was built from 1750 to 1753 by John Phillips and George Shakespear. It has been listed as Grade II* since 24 February 1958. 41 Charles Street, a three-storey terrace house, was built from 1750 to 1753 by John Phillips and George Shakespear. It has been listed as Grade II* since 24 February 1958. === Grade II ===
2 Charles Street, a three-storey house, was built in the eighteenth century. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 1 December 1987. William Seymour Conway, Member of Parliament for Orford is noted residing here in a 1792 directory. 7 Charles Street is a five-storey house built with Portland stone. It has been listed as Grade II since 1 December 1987. 8 Charles Street is a four-storey house built circa 1753. It has been listed as Grade II since 1 December 1987. 10 Charles Street, a four-storey terrace house with Doric columns on the porch, was built circa 1753. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 9 January 1970. 17 Charles Street, a five-storey terrace house, was built circa 1753. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 9 January 1970. 18 Charles Street, a four-storey terrace house, was built circa 1753. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 9 January 1970. 18a Charles Street, a four-storey terrace house on the corner of Charles Street and Chesterfield Hill, was built from 1750 to 1753.",388
2320,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Street,_Mayfair","Charles Street, Mayfair","It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 9 January 1970. 18a Charles Street, a four-storey terrace house on the corner of Charles Street and Chesterfield Hill, was built from 1750 to 1753. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 1 December 1987. 18B, 19A and 19 Charles Street are four-storey houses built with Bath stone, circa 1900. They have been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 1 December 1987. 19A has been the Burma/Myanmar Embassy since 1951. 20, Charles Street, a three-storey terrace house, was built from 1750 to 1753. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 9 January 1970. 21 Charles Street, a three-storey terrace house, was built from 1750 to 1753. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 23 December 1969. 23 Charles Street, a four-storey terrace house, was built circa 1753. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 1 December 1987. 25, 26 and 27 Charles Street, three four-storey terrace houses, were built circa 1753. They have been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 9 January 1970. 27a Charles Street, a three-storey terrace house on the corner of Charles Street and Waverton Street, was built in the late eighteenth century. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 9 January 1970. 28 Charles Street, also known as Crewe House, is a detached mansion built by Edward Shepherd in 1730. It has been listed as Grade II* since 24 February 1958. 29 Charles Street, a four-storey terrace house, was built from 1710 to 1753. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 24 February 1958.",382
2321,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Street,_Mayfair","Charles Street, Mayfair","29 Charles Street, a four-storey terrace house, was built from 1710 to 1753. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 24 February 1958. 48 Charles Street is a four-storey terraced house plus attic and basement, built from 1750 to 1753 probably by John Phillips and George Shakespear. Listed as Grade II since 24 February 1958, it is identifiable by its stone obelisk gate piers. In 1970, when occupied by book publisher, Heinemann, it retained a ""magnificent"" ballroom and original kitchen. Winston Churchill lived here when a young boy. 50 Charles Street, a three-storey terrace house, was built from 1751 to 1752 by John Phillips and George Shakespear. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 1 December 1987. 51 Charles Street, a four-storey house, was built in the mid-19th century. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since  3 October 2000. 52 and 52a Charles Street, a four-storey house on the corner of Charles Street and Berkeley Square, was built from 1750 to 1770. It has been listed as Grade II by English Heritage since 24 February 1958. == See also ==
The Only Running Footman
Mark's Club
Cosmopolitan Club (London)


== References ==
Citations

Sources


== External links ==
 Media related to Charles Street, Mayfair at Wikimedia Commons

Internal images of vacant 16 Charles Street in 2022",320
2322,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazela,Gazela,"Gazela is a wooden tall ship, built in 1901, whose home port is Philadelphia. She was built as a commercial fishing vessel, and used in that capacity for more than sixty years. She now serves as the maritime goodwill ambassador for the City of Philadelphia, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the Ports of Philadelphia and Camden, New Jersey. She has been featured in a number of films, and participated in domestic and international events, including OpSail 2000. == History ==
The barquentine Gazela Primeiro (meaning Gazelle the First in Portuguese) was built in the shipyard of J. M. Mendes in Setúbal, Portugal in 1883. At that time the Portuguese fisheries authorities had a regulation prohibiting the construction of new vessels for the Grand Banks cod fishery. It was however permissible to modify or ""rebuild"" an existing vessel. The best information available indicates that the registration of a much smaller, two-masted vessel built in Cacilhas in 1883, named Gazella (spelled with two Ls), was transferred by the owners to the newly built vessel in 1901. There is no evidence that any timbers from the earlier vessel were re-used in the construction of the later one; a practice which would make no sense to a commercial wooden shipbuilder in the 1900s. Gazela was built to carry fishermen to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Every spring she would leave Lisbon, laden with as many as 35 dories stacked on deck like drinking cups, a crew of 40 men (35 fishermen/sailors, two cooks, two mates and the captain), and a couple of apprentices. Her cargo hold would be full of salt as ballast. The salt would be used for the fish that were caught (cod, flounder, halibut, haddock and perch), preserving them for the long trip home.",385
2323,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazela,Gazela,"Her cargo hold would be full of salt as ballast. The salt would be used for the fish that were caught (cod, flounder, halibut, haddock and perch), preserving them for the long trip home. Gazela could stow upwards of 350 tons of salted fish in her holds. Gazela was engine-less until 1938, when a Mannheim-Benz diesel engine was installed. With the depletion of cod on the Grand Banks, vessels were being forced to fish the Davis Strait, between Greenland and Baffin Island, Canada. The contrary winds and frequent icebergs in this area made life difficult for ships without engines. To accommodate the propeller, a new rudder post was installed and her counter was extended approximately 10–12 feet, giving her a long overhanging transom. After a remarkably long commercial career, Gazela's last voyage to the Grand Banks of Newfoundland as a commercial fishing ship was made in 1969. == Philadelphia ==
Gazela was purchased by philanthropist William Wikoff Smith for the Philadelphia Maritime Museum in 1971. The ship sailed for Philadelphia on May 24, 1971, with a crew of Americans (including one former Gazela engineer Manuel M. Rocha). She traced Columbus' route via the Canary Islands and San Juan, Puerto Rico and on Thursday, July 8, made her first entrance into Philadelphia. In 1985, Gazela was transferred to the Philadelphia Ship Preservation Guild, the not-for-profit corporation that now maintains and operates the vessel with the help of donors and volunteers, sending her as Philadelphia's tall ship to events up and down the eastern seaboard of the U.S. Gazela spends the spring and summer months cruising the Delaware River and the Atlantic Coast. In the winter months Gazela is maintained by volunteer members of the Philadelphia Ship Preservation Guild.",373
2324,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazela,Gazela,"In 1985, Gazela was transferred to the Philadelphia Ship Preservation Guild, the not-for-profit corporation that now maintains and operates the vessel with the help of donors and volunteers, sending her as Philadelphia's tall ship to events up and down the eastern seaboard of the U.S. Gazela spends the spring and summer months cruising the Delaware River and the Atlantic Coast. In the winter months Gazela is maintained by volunteer members of the Philadelphia Ship Preservation Guild. == Gallery ==


== In print and film ==
Civil War Gold, a National Geographic documentary chronicling the history of the SS Republic, a Civil War sidewheel steamship. 2003. The Widow of Saint-Pierre, a French film nominated for a Golden Globe. 2000. The Irish In America, a PBS documentary tracing the ethnic history of Irish immigrants to the United States. 1998. Interview With A Vampire, a dramatic feature film starring Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt. 1994. Alan Villiers; The Quest of the Schooner Argus (1951 Charles Scribner's Sons) Includes pictures and narrative of interaction with Gazela. == References ==


== Further reading ==
Philadelphia Ship Preservation Guild: Gazela Primeiro (1883) Archived 2013-11-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 June 08. Saville, Allison (1978) Gazela Primeiro. Leeward Publications ISBN 0-915268-14-0


== External links ==
Official website
http://www.sailtraining.org Archived 2017-07-18 at the Wayback Machine",322
2325,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_North,Toms River High School North,"Toms River High School North is a four-year comprehensive public high school, and was the second public high school established in Toms River, in Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as part of the Toms River Regional Schools. Toms River High School North is the largest of all schools in the Toms River Regional School district. The TRHSN mascot is the Mariner, and the school colors are navy blue and gold. The other high schools in the district are Toms River High School East and Toms River High School South. As of 2020, the school day starts at 7:15 am and lasts six hours and 20 minutes. Toms River high schools have some of the earliest daily opening and closing high schools in New Jersey, closing at 1:35 pm every day. Parents lobbied for later high school start times in 2014, but the district found that the cost to purchase the additional buses and additional drivers necessary to accommodate the change would be prohibitive. As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,962 students and 136.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.4:1. There were 608 students (31.0% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 130 (6.6% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. == History ==
Constructed at a cost of $3.9 million (equivalent to $33.1 million in 2024), the school opened in 1969 in order to alleviate overcrowding in the original high school (which was renamed as Toms River High School South), which was found to be too small to accommodate the fast-growing community. When the school opened it served students living north of Route 37, while those living south of that line would attend Toms River South, including those from the constituent districts of Beachwood, Pine Beach and South Toms River.",399
2326,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_North,Toms River High School North,"== History ==
Constructed at a cost of $3.9 million (equivalent to $33.1 million in 2024), the school opened in 1969 in order to alleviate overcrowding in the original high school (which was renamed as Toms River High School South), which was found to be too small to accommodate the fast-growing community. When the school opened it served students living north of Route 37, while those living south of that line would attend Toms River South, including those from the constituent districts of Beachwood, Pine Beach and South Toms River. The first class to graduate wasn't until 1971, since all of the seniors were kept at TRHSS for the class of 1970. == Awards, recognition and rankings ==
The school was the 154th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's ""Top Public High Schools"", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 228th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 222nd in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 212th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 178th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. == Athletics ==
The Toms River High School North Mariners compete in Division A South of the Shore Conference, an athletic conference comprised of public and private high schools in Monmouth and Ocean counties along the Jersey Shore. The league operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 1,504 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,060 to 5,049 students in that grade range.",384
2327,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_North,Toms River High School North,"The league operates under the jurisdiction of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 1,504 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,060 to 5,049 students in that grade range. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group V South for football for 2024–2026, which included schools with 1,333 to 2,324 students. Toms River North has had notable teams in football, including perennial powers in girls' swimming, boys' and girls' cross country, tennis and outdoor track teams. The girls spring / outdoor track team won the Group IV state championship in 1976 (as co-champion with Toms River High School South). The girls' cross country team won the Group IV state championship in 1978 and 2007. The football team won the South Jersey Group IV state sectional championships in 1979, 1991, 1994, 1997 and 2007, and won the South Jersey Group V title in 2015. They also won the inaugural Group V state title in 2022 after an undefeated season. The 1979 team finished the season with a 9–2 record after using a successful two-point conversion to provide the 15–14 winning margin in the South Jersey Group IV championship game at Giants Stadium against a Brick Township High School team that came into the game undefeated and had beaten Toms River North 24–15 a week earlier in a conference playoff game. The 2007 team won the South Jersey Group IV sectional title with a 22–19 win against Mainland Regional High School to finish the season 12–0. After a 1–9 record in 2013, the team finished the 2015 season with an 11–1 record after winning the South Jersey Group V state championship, defeating Williamstown High School by a score of 14–7 in the tournament final.",398
2328,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_North,Toms River High School North,"The 2007 team won the South Jersey Group IV sectional title with a 22–19 win against Mainland Regional High School to finish the season 12–0. After a 1–9 record in 2013, the team finished the 2015 season with an 11–1 record after winning the South Jersey Group V state championship, defeating Williamstown High School by a score of 14–7 in the tournament final. In 2022, the Mariners won the Group V state title by a score of 28–7 against the Passaic Tech Bulldogs in the finals at Rutgers University's SHI Stadium to finish the season with a 14–0 record. In 2023, the Mariners repeated as Group V champions with a 23–13  win against Passaic Tech, ending the season with a 12–2 record, going undefeated against public schools and becoming the first public school team in state history to repeat as football state champions. Each year, students, parents, teachers, alumni, and administrators gather for the annual Toms River High School North vs. Toms River High School South football game, also known as the ""Civil War"". The game is considered to be the biggest event of the year for students. The annual rivalry began in the fall of 1972. In 2024, Toms River North won 41–0, the team's 24th win in the previous 31 meetings of the schools, to bring the overall record to 26–26–1. The field hockey team won the South Jersey Group IV sectional title in 1980 and 1987, and won the Central Jersey Group IV title in 1987; the team won the Group IV state championship in 1987. In 2004, the team took the Central Jersey Group IV title, edging Shawnee High School 1–0 in the tournament final. The boys' cross country team won Group IV state championships in 1982, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990 and 2002.",377
2329,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_North,Toms River High School North,"In 2004, the team took the Central Jersey Group IV title, edging Shawnee High School 1–0 in the tournament final. The boys' cross country team won Group IV state championships in 1982, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990 and 2002. Under the tutelage of Matt Jelley, who was coach at Toms River North from 2000 until 2007 when he was hired to become coach at Temple University, the team won six county titles, a Shore Conference title, three South Jersey Group IV state titles, a Group IV state championship, and was ranked in the top 25 of the country four times reaching a high of 17th in 2004, with Jelley named by The Star-Ledger as its coach of the year for cross country in 2001. The boys' soccer team finished the 1983 season with a record of 18–6–1, having earned the South Jersey, Group IV sectional title as the tenth seed with a 3–1 win against Vineland High School and came back from a two-goal deficit at halftime to win the state Group IV title in 1983 with a 3–2 win over Kearny High School in the tournament final played at Princeton University. The team earned the South, Group IV sectional title in 2004 with a 2–1 victory against Shawnee High School. The boys bowling team won the overall state championship in 1987. The wrestling team won the South Jersey Group IV state sectional title in 1990. The ice hockey team won the overall state championship in 1993. From 2004 to 2006 the men's ice hockey team was considered a top public power. The Mariners finished the 2004–05 season with a 17–4–1 record and were Shore Conference Champions but were ineligible for state playoffs due to receiving three disqualifications (game ejections) in regular season play.",365
2330,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_North,Toms River High School North,"From 2004 to 2006 the men's ice hockey team was considered a top public power. The Mariners finished the 2004–05 season with a 17–4–1 record and were Shore Conference Champions but were ineligible for state playoffs due to receiving three disqualifications (game ejections) in regular season play. In the 2005–06 season, Kevin Raylman took over as head coach of the program, while the team was in a very competitive, predominantly private school division, they were able to compile a 19–8–2 record. In the state tournament, the Mariners received the #3 rank in public schools and were able to make it to the semi-finals, where they lost to eventual state champions Randolph High School, 3–1. The competition cheerleading squad, led by Ida Clendenin, has won the 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2001 Ocean County championships, and was the 1999 NJCCA State Champion Stunt Group and the 1999 NCA Myrtle Beach Spring Classic champions. The girls' bowling team won the overall state championship in 1996 and won the Group IV title in 2018, 2019 and 2020. The team won the Tournament of Champions in 2018 and 2019. The 2019 team won the Group IV state title with 2,858 pins, the highest in the competition, and went into the Tournament of Champions as the top seed, defeating runner-up Freehold Township High School to win the program's second straight ToC title. The girls' gymnastics team has won the team state championship in 1997, 1998 and 2000; the three titles are tied for the most of any public school in the state. The girls' basketball team won the Group IV state championship in 2000, defeating Bloomfield High School by a score of 50–48 in the tournament final. The team won the 2000 South Jersey, Group IV state sectional championship with a 63–42 win.",384
2331,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_North,Toms River High School North,"The girls' basketball team won the Group IV state championship in 2000, defeating Bloomfield High School by a score of 50–48 in the tournament final. The team won the 2000 South Jersey, Group IV state sectional championship with a 63–42 win. The team took the title again in 2004 with a one-point victory against Absegami High School in the tournament final. The baseball team won the state championship in both 2008 and 2009, coached since the early 1990s by Ted Schelmay. The team won the 2009 South Jersey Group IV title with an 8–6 win over Cherokee High School in a game in which Cherokee committed nine errors in the field. The school's girls' lacrosse team won division championships in 2009 through 2011, led by Tatum Coffey, who scored 123 goals and 65 assists in her senior year. The school's marching band, the Toms River North Marching Mariners, were Tournament of Bands Region 7 and New Jersey state champions in the 3A class in the 2023 season. == RWJBarnabas Health Arena ==

The RWJBarnabas Health Arena is a public arena connected to the school. The centerpiece of the Toms River Regional School District, the facility opened on June 19, 2003, as the Ritacco Center, named for a long-time district administrator. It has had many sponsorships and name changes since its opening, including the Poland Springs Arena and the Pine Belt Arena. The 3,500-seat facility received its current name, the RWJBarnabas Health Arena, under the terms of a five-year deal reached in December 2017 under which the district will be paid $600,000 for the naming rights. == Administration ==
The school's principal is Edward W. Keller. His core administration team includes three assistant principals. Keller was named the school's principal in July 2011, replacing James Hauenstein who was promoted to an Assistant Superintendent.",393
2332,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_River_High_School_North,Toms River High School North,"His core administration team includes three assistant principals. Keller was named the school's principal in July 2011, replacing James Hauenstein who was promoted to an Assistant Superintendent. Keller had previously been principal at North Dover Elementary School and before that at West Dover.",49
2333,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_Beryl,FB Beryl,"The karabinek szturmowy wzór 96 ""Beryl"" (English: assault rifle pattern 1996 ""Beryllium"", abbreviated kbs wz. 96) is a Polish 5.56mm assault rifle, designed and produced by the Fabryka Broni Radom. The rifle replaced the 5.45×39mm FB Tantal and 7.62×39mm AKM rifles as the standard-issue service rifle of the Polish Armed Forces. == Development ==

Development work on a new service rifle (both a standard and carbine variant) adapted to use the intermediate 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge had been undertaken in 1995, however a functioning 5.56 mm rifle and carbine variant had already been available in Radom since 1991, known as the wz. 1991 (a rechambered wz. 88 Tantal rifle). The new weapon's specifications were approved in February 1995 and in December the same year, a prototype production batch consisting of 11 Beryl rifles was produced. In 1997 the weapon had been successfully evaluated and adopted into service as the 5,56 mm karabinek szturmowy wz. 1996 (""assault carbine pattern 1996""), but serial production started in 1999. The Beryl subsequently became the standard Polish rifle. In 2011, there were more than 45,000 in the inventory, accounting for about half of the assault rifles in the Polish Army. On May 25, 2016, FB ""Łucznik"" Radom announced an order from the Polish Army for 26,000 Beryls and Mini-Beryls, though did not break it down by system. Apart from Poland, 80 wz. 96A Beryls and 10 wz.",363
2334,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_Beryl,FB Beryl,"Apart from Poland, 80 wz. 96A Beryls and 10 wz. 96A Mini Beryls are used by Lithuania (donated in May 2000 by Poland, including 10 rifles with Pallad grenade launcher and 10 rifles with CWL-1 scope with integrated laser rangefinder). Until 2002/2003 they were equipment of a special forces unit SOJ Aitvaras, operating in Afghanistan. == Design ==

The Beryl's design layout and system of operation are similar to those of the Tantal rifle, and the principal differences, resulting primarily from using a different cartridge, include the following components: the barrel, receiver housing, buttstock, foregrip, muzzle device, sight system and magazine. With an adapter, it can use the M-16 NATO standard magazine. The 457 mm-long barrel, has six right-hand grooves and a 228 mm (1:9 in) twist rate. The barrel's external profile (from the breech to the front sight base) is identical to the Tantal's barrel, but the length from the foresight base has a visible tapered contour with a decreasing diameter towards the muzzle end, used to mount a flash suppressor. The flash hider can be used to mount and launch rifle grenades. The flash hider has a slight taper at the front that supports a bayonet and a little further to the rear – six side ports arranged in pairs. These ports are placed asymmetrically around the circumference of the flash hider and stabilize the weapon during continuous fire. Internally the flash suppressor features threading at the muzzle used to screw-in a blank firing attachment. Located mid-length on the flash hider is a cut-out with a ring retainer spring that secures a rifle grenade to the barrel. The receiver housing contains several modifications over the receiver of the wz. 1988 rifle.",384
2335,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_Beryl,FB Beryl,"The receiver housing contains several modifications over the receiver of the wz. 1988 rifle. It uses a reinforced rear stock trunnion, adapted for the new shoulder stock and a top-mounted Picatinny rail for mounting optical sights. The side-folding tubular metal stock is coated with a thermal polymer shrink film. It has a metal shoulder stop covered with a rubber recoil pad. More recent models come with a collapsible stock (see picture of wz. 2004 model on right side of page). The standard lower handguard features an angled rib pattern designed to enhance gripping by the support hand. The rear of the handguard features two molded notches that enable the 40 mm wz. 1974 grenade launcher to be mounted under the barrel (early versions of the wz. 1996 lacked these notches, fitted instead with handguards with lateral grooves). Some Beryl handguards are equipped with short Picatinny rails and an integral vertical foregrip. The Beryl's sighting system is very similar to the setup used on the Tantal, it does however differ with the addition of twin cuts made into the sides of rear sight base that are used to fasten a bracket for mounting the following optical sights: the passive PCS-6 night sight, a CK-3 reflex optical collimator (red dot sight), LKA-4 telescopic sight and CWL-1 scope with integrated laser rangefinder. However, the most used additional sight for Beryl is EOTech 552 holographic weapon sight and PCS-5M passive night sight. PCS-6 and CWL-1 are introduced in small number. The weapon's unique magazine is molded from plastic and is not interchangeable with magazines from the kbk wz. 1988 Tantal.",358
2336,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_Beryl,FB Beryl,"The weapon's unique magazine is molded from plastic and is not interchangeable with magazines from the kbk wz. 1988 Tantal. The Beryl has a long, trapezoid-shaped safety switch, similar to those found on the AK-47 or almost all of the AK series, but unlike the archetype, it does not act as a fire selector (its function is performed by a separate switch on the other side of the receiver). The Beryl fires 5.56×45mm ammunition with a steel-core standard round, a tracer cartridge and a training slug, which are produced by Zakłady Metalowe Mesko in the town of Skarżysko-Kamienna. Standard equipment shipped with the rifle includes: three spare magazines, four 15-round stripper clips, a stripper clip guide, bayonet, cleaning kit, lubricant bottle, cleaning rod (two-piece, stored in the cleaning kit pouch), sling, a magazine pouch and bipod. The rifle can also be fitted with a mounting system for optical sights and a blank-firing adaptor. The Beryl was used to create a carbine variant known as the Mini-Beryl. == Variants ==

kbs wz. 96A Beryl (1996): standard version of Beryl, the most produced version for Polish Forces, some examples were equipped with POPC I rail, where Polish sights (CWL-1, CK-3, LKA-4, PCS-6) could be mounted, but most mounted rail is POPC III. In Iraq, some Beryls were modified in the field and received wooden foregrip from PM md. 63
kbs wz. 96B Beryl (2004): same as standard version, but with fixed foregrip and rails on it.",372
2337,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_Beryl,FB Beryl,"63
kbs wz. 96B Beryl (2004): same as standard version, but with fixed foregrip and rails on it. Also, ""B"" version gets new rail, POPC II (short) and POPC III (long) which subtended the Picatinny standard (however, some ""B"" Beryls get POPC I rail). kbs wz. 96C Beryl (2009): version with new buttstock (which is fixed and telescopic), new rails (POPC IV), new handguard, magazines and new foregrip. kbs wz. 96D Beryl: an option available by the manufacturer, which allows to freely complete the rifle from elements of versions A, B and C
Beryl M545 (2011): proposed 5.45×39mm export variant
Beryl M762 (2013): ""C"" export variant chambered to fire 7.62×39mm ammunition. Bought by Nigeria. == Users ==

 Lithuania: 90 units of which 80 are wz. 96A in use by special forces and recon units (10 with wz. 74 Pallad grenade launcher and 10 with CWL-1 telescopic sight with laser pointer) and 10 are wz. 96 Mini-Beryl variant. Until 2003 used by SOJ Aitvaras elite special forces unit in Afghanistan. Nigeria: 3,200 M762 rifles (in March 2018, the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria signed a letter of intent to manufacture the rifles in Nigeria)
 Poland: Current standard-issue rifle of the Polish Land Forces, with around 86,000 units in service. == See also ==
FB Mini-Beryl
FB MSBS
FB Tantal
Kbkg wz.",361
2338,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FB_Beryl,FB Beryl,"Nigeria: 3,200 M762 rifles (in March 2018, the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria signed a letter of intent to manufacture the rifles in Nigeria)
 Poland: Current standard-issue rifle of the Polish Land Forces, with around 86,000 units in service. == See also ==
FB Mini-Beryl
FB MSBS
FB Tantal
Kbkg wz. 1960


== References ==


== External links ==

Fabryka Broni ""Łucznik"" Radom home page Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine",123
2339,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_Cabra,Sopa de Cabra,"Sopa de Cabra ('Goat Soup') is a musical group from Girona, Catalonia, Spain, active from 1986 to 2002 and since 2015. They are considered to be one of the leading representatives of the rock català movement, though the band prefer not to be placed in the same category as other Catalan-language groups, some of whom had very different musical styles, simply on the basis of singing in Catalan. Sopa de Cabra's classic songs include L'Empordà, Camins (""Paths"") and El Far del Sud (""The Southern Lighthouse""). In September 2011, the band reunited temporarily to mark the 25th anniversary of their formation and the tenth of their final performances with a tour of seven concerts. They reformed in 2015 and have since released two albums. == History ==


=== Origins, 1979–1986 ===
Sopa de Cabra's origins can be traced to several bands formed in Girona in the early 1980s, and to the fact that all the members of what became Sopa de Cabra knew each other at that period. The band Copacabana, formed in 1979 by secondary school classmates, included Josep Thió, and was important because some of the early songs, including the classic L'Empordà, were originally written for Copacabana by its lead singer, Jaume Rufí, and Thió. This band dissolved in 1984 when Thió left to complete then-obligatory military service and Rufí went to study in Barcelona. Upon returning to Girona, Thió set about forming a new band, which would become Sopa de Cabra, recruiting bassist Francesc 'Cuco' Lisícic, guitarist Joan 'Ninyín' Cardona and drummer Josep 'Pep' Bosch. The line-up was completed with the addition of Gerard Quintana as lead singer.",394
2340,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_Cabra,Sopa de Cabra,"Upon returning to Girona, Thió set about forming a new band, which would become Sopa de Cabra, recruiting bassist Francesc 'Cuco' Lisícic, guitarist Joan 'Ninyín' Cardona and drummer Josep 'Pep' Bosch. The line-up was completed with the addition of Gerard Quintana as lead singer. Cardona, Lisícic and Quintana had formerly worked together in 'Ninyín's Mine Workers Union Band', which may therefore also be seen as one of the direct progenitors of Sopa de Cabra. The name of the band ('Goat Soup'), was inspired by the 1973 Rolling Stones album Goat's Head Soup. The basic line-up of the band as founded in 1986 remained virtually unchanged throughout its 15-year history. Julio Lobos became the regular keyboard player from 1994, and was succeeded in 1998 by Eduard Font. The guitarist Jaume Soler (‘Peck’) joined the group in 1997, because Joan Cardona's deteriorating state of health began to make it difficult for him to perform regularly. He was diagnosed with a genetically influenced form of colon cancer. Ninyín died on January 20, 2002, less than three months after the band's final concert in Barcelona, where he had managed to appear on stage for a few numbers. He was 42. === 1986–2001 ===
Sopa de Cabra's first album (Sopa de Cabra,) was released in 1989, and already included many songs that continued to be a regular part of the band's repertoire, such as L’Empordà, El boig de la ciutat, and El sexo, que me hace feliz (composed by ‘Ninyín’ Cardona and his brother Pau, with disarmingly joyful and explicit lyrics in Spanish).",384
2341,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_Cabra,Sopa de Cabra,"He was 42. === 1986–2001 ===
Sopa de Cabra's first album (Sopa de Cabra,) was released in 1989, and already included many songs that continued to be a regular part of the band's repertoire, such as L’Empordà, El boig de la ciutat, and El sexo, que me hace feliz (composed by ‘Ninyín’ Cardona and his brother Pau, with disarmingly joyful and explicit lyrics in Spanish). The second album, La Roda  (‘The Wheel’) followed in 1990, by which time the group was well established as a significant force in Catalan popular music. Most of the band's material was original, with Quintana and Thió as the chief composers of lyrics and music. In 1991, the live concert double album Ben Endins (‘Deep’) marked the first high point in the group's evolution. It includes many classic tracks and two interesting cover versions, respectively Led Zeppelin’s Rock’n’Roll (sung in English), and Bob Marley’s War, in a Catalan translation written by Quintana. 1991 also saw the band take part in a huge concert at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, which celebrated Catalan popular music and also featured the three other leading Catalan bands of the time, Sau, Els Pets and Sangtraït. The decision to record an album entirely in Spanish was taken in a bid to widen the group’s appeal and sales further, but this experiment (Mundo Infierno, 1993) failed.",337
2342,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_Cabra,Sopa de Cabra,"1991 also saw the band take part in a huge concert at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, which celebrated Catalan popular music and also featured the three other leading Catalan bands of the time, Sau, Els Pets and Sangtraït. The decision to record an album entirely in Spanish was taken in a bid to widen the group’s appeal and sales further, but this experiment (Mundo Infierno, 1993) failed. The band had included some compositions in Spanish in their repertoire from the start (of the ten tracks on the first album, seven are in Catalan and three in Spanish), and were not at that time overtly political in their Catalan identity, but many fans saw the change of language as a betrayal, and made their opinions known. Mundo infierno was not a commercial success, and this period was a low point in the group's career. However, to anyone without partisan feelings about the linguistic and political landscape of Catalonia, the record is a fine one, with a darker and more haunting quality than its predecessors. Six more albums followed between 1994 and 2001, during which time Sopa’s popularity and success recovered completely. The live album La nit des anys, 1997 (‘The night of the year’) moved away somewhat from the group's rock’n’roll roots, with the inclusion of additional singers and a wider range of instrumentation than the classic guitars, bass, drums and keyboards (strings, saxophone, harmonica, etc.). The final CD before the formal dissolution of Sopa de Cabra was Plou i fa sol (2001)  (‘It is raining and sunny’). A tour culminated in three final concerts at the Razzmatazz club in Barcelona, in November 2001;  a CD and DVD of this live performance came out in 2002, under the title of Bona nit, malparits!",387
2343,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_Cabra,Sopa de Cabra,"The final CD before the formal dissolution of Sopa de Cabra was Plou i fa sol (2001)  (‘It is raining and sunny’). A tour culminated in three final concerts at the Razzmatazz club in Barcelona, in November 2001;  a CD and DVD of this live performance came out in 2002, under the title of Bona nit, malparits! (‘Good night, bastards!’), a catch-phrase regularly used on stage by Quintana. === Since 2001 ===
All the members of the band have continued their musical careers, probably the most high-profile being that of Gerard Quintana, as a singer, writer, actor and radio presenter. In 2003, another album, El llarg viatge (‘The long journey’), was released as a CD and DVD, based on recordings of the final 2001 tour. In 2006, five years after the formal disbanding of the group, other successful Catalan musicians compiled a tribute album, Podré tornar enrere. El tribut a Sopa de Cabra (‘I will be able to come back’), performing Sopa de Cabra's songs. Sopa de Cabra themselves came together again to record the final track, a new song with lyrics by Gerard Quintana and music by Josep Thió. Entitled seguirem somiant, (‘keep on dreaming’), it is a very moving and poignant piece in memory of Ninyín. === 2011 ===
On March 2, 2011 Quintana, Thió, Lisicic, Bosch and Soler announced at a press conference that they would reunite for a single concert on September 9 at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona. Subsequently, the high demand for tickets led to a second, and then a third, concert being arranged, for the three days 9, 10 and 11 September.",397
2344,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_Cabra,Sopa de Cabra,"=== 2011 ===
On March 2, 2011 Quintana, Thió, Lisicic, Bosch and Soler announced at a press conference that they would reunite for a single concert on September 9 at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona. Subsequently, the high demand for tickets led to a second, and then a third, concert being arranged, for the three days 9, 10 and 11 September. The timing of this reunion in 2011 is significant, taking place twenty-five years after the formation of the band, twenty years after the major 1991 concert in Barcelona that featured all the leading elements in Catalan popular music, and ten years after Sopa's 'final concert' in 2001. On July 5, the members of the group announced yet another concert in 2011, to be held in their home town of Girona on September 30, and two more concerts, in Palma and Tarragona, were announced later in July. A final, second concert in Girona on October 1 was announced in August, making seven gigs in all. The members of Sopa de Cabra in 2011 are the same as in 2001, including Eduard Font on keyboards, with the addition of one musician who belongs to a younger generation of Catalan music: Xarim Aresté, singer, guitarist and songwriter with the group Very Pomelo. All seven concerts of the 2011 'anniversary' tour were sold out: over 65,000 tickets in all. The songs performed at the concerts were all from the original, 1980s-1990s repertoire of the group with the addition of Seguirem somiant, the haunting song written by Quintana and Thió in memory of their deceased friend and colleague, Joan Cardona. Ten years after the last public appearance of the band, their triumphant, albeit temporary, return demonstrates Sopa de Cabra's pre-eminent and lasting place in Catalan popular music.",392
2345,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_Cabra,Sopa de Cabra,"The songs performed at the concerts were all from the original, 1980s-1990s repertoire of the group with the addition of Seguirem somiant, the haunting song written by Quintana and Thió in memory of their deceased friend and colleague, Joan Cardona. Ten years after the last public appearance of the band, their triumphant, albeit temporary, return demonstrates Sopa de Cabra's pre-eminent and lasting place in Catalan popular music. === 2015 Comeback ===

Following the success of the 'return' concerts in 2011, members of the band went back to own projects, but there were persistent rumours of a more permanent reincarnation. On 28 March 2015, the group played a surprise concert on the roof of Girona's tourist office, after dropping hints that something would occur during the preceding weeks. Singer Gerard Quintana announced that the group would be recording a new album. The album, entitled Cercles (Circles) came out in November 2015. This album was not another interpretation of the band's existing repertoire, but a selection of completely new songs by the well-established songwriting team, music by Josep Thió and lyrics by Gerard Quintana. An extensive promotional tour followed throughout 2016 (the thirtieth anniversary of the band's foundation) and 2017. There were two concerts outside Catalonia in 2016, in Madrid and London. At this stage, two new members of the line-up were established, Ricard Sohn on keyboards and Valen Nieto on percussion and guitar. After a hiatus in 2018 to 2019, another studio album was released at the end of February 2020: La gran onada ('The great wave'). The tour planned for 2020 was naturally severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, although several concerts did take place.",363
2346,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_Cabra,Sopa de Cabra,"After a hiatus in 2018 to 2019, another studio album was released at the end of February 2020: La gran onada ('The great wave'). The tour planned for 2020 was naturally severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, although several concerts did take place. (2002) (Live)
El llarg viatge                                (2003)
Podré tornar enrere. El tribut a Sopa de Cabra (2006)
Cercles                                        (2015)
La nit dels sopa                               (2018) (Live)
La gran onada                                  (2020)


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website",266
2347,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Strogy_(1939),Soviet destroyer Strogy (1939),"Strogy (Russian: Строгий, lit. 'Strict') was one of 18 Storozhevoy-class destroyers (officially known as Project 7U) built for the Soviet Navy during the late 1930s. Although she began construction as a Project 7 Gnevny-class destroyer, Strogy was rebuilt to the modified Project 7U design. Still under construction when Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941, the destroyer was placed in service as a floating artillery battery in September. Strogy spent the Siege of Leningrad providing naval gunfire support and was completed in September 1942. After the war, she officially joined the Baltic Fleet and began a refit in 1953. The latter became a conversion into a rescue ship ultimately designated SS-18 and she was transferred to the Northern Fleet after the completion of the conversion in 1958. Reduced to a missile target ship in 1963, she was struck from the Navy List a year later, then scrapped. == Design and description ==

Originally built as a Gnevny-class ship, Strogy and her sister ships were completed to the modified Project 7U design after Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ordered that the latter be built with their boilers arranged en echelon, instead of linked as in the Gnevnys, so that a ship could still move with one or two boilers disabled. Like the Gnevnys, the Project 7U destroyers had an overall length of 112.5 meters (369 ft 1 in) and a beam of 10.2 meters (33 ft 6 in), but they had a reduced draft of 3.98 meters (13 ft 1 in) at deep load. The ships were slightly overweight, displacing 1,727 metric tons (1,700 long tons) at standard load and 2,279 metric tons (2,243 long tons) at deep load.",398
2348,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Strogy_(1939),Soviet destroyer Strogy (1939),"Like the Gnevnys, the Project 7U destroyers had an overall length of 112.5 meters (369 ft 1 in) and a beam of 10.2 meters (33 ft 6 in), but they had a reduced draft of 3.98 meters (13 ft 1 in) at deep load. The ships were slightly overweight, displacing 1,727 metric tons (1,700 long tons) at standard load and 2,279 metric tons (2,243 long tons) at deep load. The crew complement of the Storozhevoy class numbered 207 in peacetime, but this increased to 271 in wartime, as more personnel were needed to operate additional equipment. Each ship had a pair of geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller, rated to produce 54,000 shaft horsepower (40,000 kW) using steam from four water-tube boilers, which the designers expected would exceed the 37-knot (69 km/h; 43 mph) speed of the Project 7s because there was additional steam available. Some fell short of it, although specific figures for most individual ships have not survived. Variations in fuel oil capacity meant that the range of the Project 7Us varied from 1,380 to 2,700 nautical miles (2,560 to 5,000 km; 1,590 to 3,110 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph), that upper figure demonstrated by Storozhevoy. The Project 7U-class ships mounted four 130-millimeter (5.1 in) B-13 guns in two pairs of superfiring single mounts fore and aft of the superstructure.",337
2349,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Strogy_(1939),Soviet destroyer Strogy (1939),"Variations in fuel oil capacity meant that the range of the Project 7Us varied from 1,380 to 2,700 nautical miles (2,560 to 5,000 km; 1,590 to 3,110 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph), that upper figure demonstrated by Storozhevoy. The Project 7U-class ships mounted four 130-millimeter (5.1 in) B-13 guns in two pairs of superfiring single mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a pair of 76.2-millimeter (3 in) 34-K AA guns in single mounts and three 45-millimeter (1.8 in) 21-K AA guns, as well as four 12.7-millimeter (0.50 in) DK or DShK machine guns. They carried six 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in two rotating triple mounts amidships. The ships could also carry a maximum of 58 to 96 mines and 30 depth charges. They were fitted with a set of Mars hydrophones for anti-submarine work, although these were useless at speeds over 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). === Modifications ===
In mid-1943, Strogy received a Soyuz-7U anti-aircraft director for her 34-K guns. While effective against targets flying level, it was useless against dive bombers. Before the end of the war, the ship had exchanged both of her 21-K mounts for six 37-millimeter (1.5 in) 70-K AA guns in single mounts and an additional 34-K mount. By the end of the war, she had received a British ASDIC system and a Soviet-built Gyuys-1 early-warning radar.",380
2350,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Strogy_(1939),Soviet destroyer Strogy (1939),"Before the end of the war, the ship had exchanged both of her 21-K mounts for six 37-millimeter (1.5 in) 70-K AA guns in single mounts and an additional 34-K mount. By the end of the war, she had received a British ASDIC system and a Soviet-built Gyuys-1 early-warning radar. After the war, all of her AA guns were replaced by eight water-cooled V-11M versions of the 70-K gun in twin mounts. Deemed obsolete by the early 1950s, Strogy and several of her sisters were rebuilt as Project 32 rescue and decontamination ships as the Soviet Naval command considered it necessary to have ships capable of rendering assistance to ships attacked by nuclear or other weapons of mass destruction. In event of war, the rebuilt ships were to conduct nuclear, biological, and chemical reconnaissance in areas that such weapons were used, tow damaged ships as large as light cruisers out of the contaminated zone, assist ship crews in pumping and firefighting and treating wounded, and carry out decontamination of ship interiors. They were also capable of assisting the crews of sunken submarines. To create space for the additional equipment, the torpedo tubes were removed and the original gun armament replaced by two twin 57-millimeter (2.2 in) ZiF-31BS guns. The brigade was widened and a windshield installed, and the mast converted into a tripod mounting antennas for the Lin-M guidance radar, Stvor navigational radar, and Nikhrom identification friend or foe system. Special equipment included a dosimetry unit, chemical-control station, automatic toxic-substances signaling device, foam-extinguishing system, water-protection system for flushing substances overboard, and two decontamination stations.",368
2351,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Strogy_(1939),Soviet destroyer Strogy (1939),"The brigade was widened and a windshield installed, and the mast converted into a tripod mounting antennas for the Lin-M guidance radar, Stvor navigational radar, and Nikhrom identification friend or foe system. Special equipment included a dosimetry unit, chemical-control station, automatic toxic-substances signaling device, foam-extinguishing system, water-protection system for flushing substances overboard, and two decontamination stations. Two pumps were installed in the former magazines and winches, cable hangers, compressed air cylinders, and decompression chambers were fitted on the deck and superstructure. == Construction and World War II ==
Strogy was laid down in Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov) in Leningrad with the yard number 523 on 26 October 1936 as a Gnevny-class destroyer. She was relaid down as a Project 7U destroyer on 26 October 1938, and launched on 31 December 1939. By the 22 June 1941 beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, she was 60% complete with turbines and piping installed. The workload of the shipyard and the Siege of Leningrad prevented a quick completion, although on 30 August the Soviet naval jack was raised aboard her and she was conditionally accepted by the navy on 28 September. By this time the 45 mm anti-aircraft gunners of Strogy had fired upon an airstrike of a dozen bombers on 2 August, and on 30 August she fired her 130 mm armament for the first time. During September she was towed to a position in the area of Nevsky Forest Park, bombarding German troops in 118 firings and claiming one aircraft downed by a 12.7 mm machine gun.",352
2352,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Strogy_(1939),Soviet destroyer Strogy (1939),"By this time the 45 mm anti-aircraft gunners of Strogy had fired upon an airstrike of a dozen bombers on 2 August, and on 30 August she fired her 130 mm armament for the first time. During September she was towed to a position in the area of Nevsky Forest Park, bombarding German troops in 118 firings and claiming one aircraft downed by a 12.7 mm machine gun. Towed to a new position farther up the Neva River near the Novosaratovkoye colony on 9 November, she received two direct hits from an artillery battery on 26 November that peppered her with splinters, killing one and wounding two sailors. During the year Strogy expended 2,234 main-gun shells in support of the defenders of Leningrad. Placed in a floating dry dock at Peter and Paul Fortress and moved to Shipyard No. 190 for completion that was finished on 22 September 1942, the hull of the destroyer was reinforced during October and November. Wartime conditions prevented sea trials, but the destroyer was considered complete by the end of the year. For the rest of the war Strogy remained on the Neva, providing fire support to ground troops and counter-battery fire. She expended 1,167 and 979 130 mm shells in 1942 and 1943, respectively. In three days of bombardment during the Krasnoye Selo–Ropsha Offensive between 14 and 16 January 1944, the destroyer fired 314 shells from her main guns. She expended a total of 4,669 shells during the siege; the intense fire rate required changing the barrel lining twice. == Postwar ==
Postwar, between August and October 1945, Strogy completed sea trials before officially joining the Baltic Fleet on 10 December.",356
2353,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Strogy_(1939),Soviet destroyer Strogy (1939),"She expended a total of 4,669 shells during the siege; the intense fire rate required changing the barrel lining twice. == Postwar ==
Postwar, between August and October 1945, Strogy completed sea trials before officially joining the Baltic Fleet on 10 December. Transferred to the 4th Fleet between 25 February 1946 and 4 January 1956 when the Baltic Fleet was split, Strogy was modernized at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad from 30 November 1953; this became a conversion to a Project 32 rescue and decontamination ship on 17 February 1956. During this period she was renamed SDK-13 on 20 March 1956 and then SS-18 on 27 December of that year, the latter after the Soviet Navy decided to classify her as a regular rescue ship. On 11 October 1958, after the completion of the conversion, she joined the Northern Fleet via the White Sea–Baltic Canal before being converted into a floating target ship for missile testing designated SM-16 on 14 September 1963. The former destroyer was struck from the Soviet Navy on 26 June 1964 and scrapped at Murmansk between 1964 and 1965. == Citations ==


== Sources ==
Balakin, Sergey (2007). Легендарные ""семёрки"" Эсминцы ""сталинской"" серии [Legendary Sevens: Stalin's Destroyer Series] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza/Eksmo. ISBN 978-5-699-23784-5. Berezhnoy, Sergey (2002). Крейсера и миноносцы. Справочник [Guide to Cruisers and Destroyers] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.",393
2354,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_destroyer_Strogy_(1939),Soviet destroyer Strogy (1939),"Справочник [Guide to Cruisers and Destroyers] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN 5-203-01780-8. Hill, Alexander (2018). Soviet Destroyers of World War II. New Vanguard. Vol. 256. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-2256-7. Platonov, Andrey V. (2002). Энциклопедия советских надводных кораблей 1941–1945 [Encyclopedia of Soviet Surface Ships 1941–1945] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Poligon. ISBN 5-89173-178-9. Rohwer, Jürgen & Monakov, Mikhail S. (2001). Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4895-7. Yakubov, Vladimir & Worth, Richard (2008). ""The Soviet Project 7/7U Destroyers"". In Jordan, John & Dent, Stephen (eds.). Warship 2008. London: Conway. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-1-84486-062-3. == Further reading ==
Budzbon, Przemysaw (1980). ""Soviet Union"". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 318–346. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.",346
2355,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Australian_region_cyclone_season,1968%E2%80%9369 Australian region cyclone season,"The 1968–69 Australian region cyclone season was an above-average tropical cyclone season, featuring 15 tropical lows, of which 12 of them are named. Amber was the only hurricane-strength tropical cyclone of the season, however, it did not affect any landmasses. It ran from 1 November 1968 to 30 April 1969, with the regional tropical cyclone operational plan defining a ""tropical cyclone year"" separately from a ""tropical cyclone season"", with the ""tropical cyclone year"" for this season lasting from 1 July 1968 to 30 June 1969. == Season summary ==


== Systems ==


=== Tropical Cyclone Adele ===

On November 22, a tropical depression formed near Papua New Guinea and moved to the southwest. It failed to strengthen until the 27th of November when it briefly reached tropical storm status and was named Adele. The storm then weakened and dissipated the next day. === Tropical Cyclone Amber ===

On December 19, a tropical low developed to the southwest of Jakarta. It further strengthened to a tropical cyclone, earning the name Amber. It briefly reached Category 1-equivalent hurricane before weakening. It was last noted on December 22. === Tropical Cyclone Beatie ===

Beatie was a weak tropical cyclone that originated to the south of Java. It moved westward, passing to the south of Christmas Island. It remained weak until it dissipated on December 24. === Tropical Cyclone Bettina-Berthe ===

A tropical low to the west of Cocos Islands strengthened to Tropical Cyclone Bettina. However, it exited the basin towards the South-West Indian Ocean basin, early the next day. === Tropical Cyclone Cheri ===

Cheri was first noted on December 27 forming to the west of Christmas Island. It briefly strengthened to a Category 1 tropical cyclone before it was last noted dissipating on December 30.",392
2356,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Australian_region_cyclone_season,1968%E2%80%9369 Australian region cyclone season,"=== Tropical Cyclone Cheri ===

Cheri was first noted on December 27 forming to the west of Christmas Island. It briefly strengthened to a Category 1 tropical cyclone before it was last noted dissipating on December 30. === Tropical Low Bridget ===

Another weak cyclone, Bridget was seen developing to the south of Papua New Guinea. It moved to the south before it was last noted to the north of Townsville. === Tropical Cyclone Colleen ===

A tropical low was noted forming near the Solomon Islands on January 27. It failed to develop and moved into the South Pacific basin, where it was named Colleen before striking New Caledonia. It entered the basin again on February 4; however, it wasn't renamed. It reexited the region, the next day, shortly before transitioning to an extratropical cyclone. === Tropical Cyclone Gladys ===

Gladys formed over Western Australia, to the south-southwest of Derby. It moved offshore on the same day and moved to the west before it was last noted dissipating to the north-northwest of Exmouth. === Tropical Cyclone Irene ===

The weakening Irene from the South Pacific basin entered the region on February 21. The storm weakened as it executed a loop before it was last noted on February 24 to the east of Cairns. === Tropical Cyclone Audrey-Bonnie ===

A tropical low developed to become Tropical Cyclone Audrey on March 1. However, it made landfall near Maningrida on March 3. It weakened inland as it moved southwestward; however, it regenerated to a tropical cyclone to the northwest of Broome, with the BoM renaming the system Bonnie. It weakened again as it moved further inland, and it was last noted on March 9. === Tropical Cyclone Leonie ===

Leonie developed to the north of Cocos Islands.",394
2357,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Australian_region_cyclone_season,1968%E2%80%9369 Australian region cyclone season,"It weakened again as it moved further inland, and it was last noted on March 9. === Tropical Cyclone Leonie ===

Leonie developed to the north of Cocos Islands. Moving southward, the cyclone slowly weakened and transitioned to an extratropical storm before it was last noted inland,  to the south of Jingalup. === Tropical Cyclone Esther ===

The last named tropical cyclone of the season, Esther formed to the east of Port Moresby on April 25. The system then performed a loop before exiting the basin on April 30. Formed east of Papua New Guinea, executed a loop, and moved eastward into the South Pacific basin. === Other systems ===
A tropical depression formed on December 16 and later moved into the neighboring South-West Indian Ocean, becoming Cyclone Amber. Tropical Cyclone Enid formed on the extreme western portion of the basin on an unknown date; it later moved on the South-West Indian Ocean basin and was renamed Fanny. There were two storms in April that exited off the northeast coast of Australia. The first one developed on April 8 to the southwest of Honiara, Solomon Islands. It moved to the northwest, then turned to the southwest, before it was last noted on April 15, midway between Queensland and New Caledonia. The second one formed on April 11 near the island nation and was last seen to the south-southwest of Brisbane on April 16. == Season effects ==


== See also ==

Australian region tropical cyclone
List of Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons: 1968, 1969
Eastern Pacific hurricane seasons: 1968, 1969
Western Pacific typhoon seasons: 1968, 1969
North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 1968, 1969
1968–69 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
1968–69 South Pacific cyclone season


== References ==",385
2358,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_immigration_to_the_United_States,Guatemalan immigration to the United States,"== Migration by the numbers ==

According to the 2010 US Census, the Guatemalan-born population totaled 1,044,209 people, comprising 2.1% of the overall immigrant population of the US, and making Guatemala the 10th highest sender of immigrants in the US. Up until the 1960s, Guatemalan migration to the US was negligible. The Department of Homeland Security's  (DHS) Office of Immigration Statistics notes the first trickles of migration in the 1940s and 50s, but migration truly began to increase through the 1970s and 80s. By the 1990s, more than 100,000 migrants were coming into the US by means of green cards each decade and then that number slightly dipped in the early 2000s. More recent data is harder to gauge, as majority of Guatemalan migration is predicted to be unauthorized. The US Census data in 2000 marked 372,487 Guatemalans in the US and by 2020, the number had reached over 1 million, showing a 183% increase in Guatemalans in the US over the decade. This shows that even though legal migration may have slowed, migration as a whole from the country is on the rise. == Means of entry ==
In the past decade, legal Guatemalan migration to the US has been predominantly through immediate relative petitions and family sponsorship, whereas ""temporary"" visas have been granted primarily through the H2A and H1A programs for seasonal agricultural and non-agricultural labor. These numbers are relatively small though (in 2016, about 13,000 Guatemalans were granted legal permanent residency, compared to about 174,500 Mexicans, Guatemala's neighbor, and about 7,500 Guatemalans were granted temporary work visas, compared to about 843,500 Mexicans). Very few Guatemalans have furthermore been granted citizenship. DHS data traces a range of about 6,500-9,700 Guatemalans granted citizenship annually since 2006.",390
2359,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_immigration_to_the_United_States,Guatemalan immigration to the United States,"Very few Guatemalans have furthermore been granted citizenship. DHS data traces a range of about 6,500-9,700 Guatemalans granted citizenship annually since 2006. In 2015, only 27% of the Guatemalans in the US were citizens. Many Guatemalans, who are undocumented or on a temporary status, are blocked from a pathway to citizenship. Facing immigration restrictions, such as the ceiling placed on relative-based immigration in the Immigration Act of 1990 and the massive amounts of border patrol that have increased through acts in 1996, 2001, 2005, and 2006, Guatemalans have predominantly had to enter the US without documentation. Furthermore, despite a recent spike in asylum claims, according to a 2017 report by the Center for Migration Studies, many Guatemalans with legitimate claims of persecution are being rejected and deported back to the situations of violence from which they had fled. Asylum law depends on very specific instances of perception on the basis of race, religion, political opinion, nationality or membership in a social group in order to prove that one is a bona fide refugee and immigration attorneys have struggled to make the argument that being a victim of gang violence places a person in one of those categories. Furthermore, as many Guatemalans must claim their need for asylum at the border with minimal to no legal support in developing their claim, it is extremely difficult to win cases and many end up being subject to removal. Despite the clear violence that more recent Guatemalan immigrants are fleeing (in 2014, Guatemala had the 9th highest murder rate in the world with 31.2 murders/100,000 residents) and the recent skyrocketing of asylum claims, the asylum grant rate has remained at an outrageously low 3-5%. Fearful of this reality, many who can, end up entering the US via what the immigration theorist Philip Martin calls the ""back door"" route—entering unauthorized.",380
2360,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_immigration_to_the_United_States,Guatemalan immigration to the United States,"Despite the clear violence that more recent Guatemalan immigrants are fleeing (in 2014, Guatemala had the 9th highest murder rate in the world with 31.2 murders/100,000 residents) and the recent skyrocketing of asylum claims, the asylum grant rate has remained at an outrageously low 3-5%. Fearful of this reality, many who can, end up entering the US via what the immigration theorist Philip Martin calls the ""back door"" route—entering unauthorized. In fact, Pew Hispanic cites that in 2015, unauthorized migration made up the majority (56%) of Guatemalan migration, approximating 550,000 unauthorized Guatemalan immigrants that year. Some Guatemalans have qualified for the program of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) since the Obama Administration instituted it in 2012, but Pew Hispanic estimates that only about 17,700 Guatemalans satisfied the requirements to receive DACA status, which is currently being contested by the Trump administration. == Geographic destinations ==
Guatemalans have primarily settled in California, Florida and Texas. As of 2015, 29% of Guatemalans in the US lived in California while 8% respectively lived in Florida and Texas. Within California, Guatemalans are concentrated in Los Angeles (20%). Within these cities, ethnic enclaves and already-present communities help receive new migrants, connecting them with jobs and easing the transition, thus decreasing the linguistic and cultural costs of migration. == References ==",292
2361,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"IBM CICS (Customer Information Control System) is a family of mixed-language application servers that provide online transaction management and connectivity for applications on IBM mainframe systems under  z/OS and z/VSE. CICS family products are designed as middleware and support rapid, high-volume online transaction processing. A CICS transaction is a unit of processing initiated by a single request that may affect one or more objects. This processing is usually interactive (screen-oriented), but background transactions are possible. CICS Transaction Server (CICS TS) sits at the head of the CICS family and provides services that extend or replace the functions of the operating system. These services can be more efficient than the generalized operating system services and also simpler for programmers to use, particularly with respect to communication with diverse terminal devices. Applications developed for CICS may be written in a variety of programming languages and use CICS-supplied language extensions to interact with resources such as files, database connections, terminals, or to invoke functions such as web services. CICS manages the entire transaction such that if for any reason a part of the transaction fails all recoverable changes can be backed out. While CICS TS has its highest profile among large financial institutions, such as banks and insurance companies, many Fortune 500 companies and government entities are reported to run CICS. Other, smaller enterprises can also run CICS TS and other CICS family products. CICS can regularly be found behind the scenes in, for example, bank-teller applications, ATM systems, industrial production control systems, insurance applications, and many other types of interactive applications. Recent CICS TS enhancements include new capabilities to improve the developer experience, including the choice of APIs, frameworks, editors, and build tools, while at the same time providing updates in the key areas of security, resilience, and management.",373
2362,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"CICS can regularly be found behind the scenes in, for example, bank-teller applications, ATM systems, industrial production control systems, insurance applications, and many other types of interactive applications. Recent CICS TS enhancements include new capabilities to improve the developer experience, including the choice of APIs, frameworks, editors, and build tools, while at the same time providing updates in the key areas of security, resilience, and management. In earlier, recent CICS TS releases, support was provided for Web services and Java, event processing, Atom feeds, and RESTful interfaces. == History ==

CICS was preceded by an earlier, single-threaded transaction processing system, IBM MTCS. An 'MTCS-CICS bridge' was later developed to allow these transactions to execute under CICS with no change to the original application programs. IBM's Customer Information Control System (CICS) was first developed in conjunction with Michigan Bell in 1966. Ben Riggins was an IBM systems engineer at Virginia Electric Power Co. when he came up with the idea for the online system. CICS was originally developed in the United States out of the IBM Development Center in Des Plaines, Illinois, beginning in 1966 to address requirements from the public utility industry. The first CICS product was announced in 1968, named Public Utility Customer Information Control System, or PU-CICS. It became clear immediately that it had applicability to many other industries, so the Public Utility prefix was dropped with the introduction of the first release of the CICS Program Product on July 8, 1969, not long after IMS database management system. For the next few years, CICS was developed in Palo Alto and was considered a less important ""smaller"" product than IMS which IBM then considered more strategic. Customer pressure kept it alive, however.",368
2363,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"For the next few years, CICS was developed in Palo Alto and was considered a less important ""smaller"" product than IMS which IBM then considered more strategic. Customer pressure kept it alive, however. When IBM decided to end development of CICS in 1974 to concentrate on IMS, the CICS development responsibility was picked up by the IBM Hursley site in the United Kingdom, which had just ceased work on the PL/I compiler and so knew many of the same customers as CICS. The core of the development work continues in Hursley today alongside contributions from labs in India, China, Russia, Australia, and the United States. === Early evolution ===
CICS originally only supported a few IBM-brand devices like the 1965 IBM 2741 Selectric (golf ball) typewriter-based terminal. The 1964 IBM 2260 and 1972 IBM 3270 video display terminals were widely used later. In the early days of IBM mainframes, computer software was free –  bundled at no extra charge with computer hardware. The OS/360 operating system and application support software like CICS were ""open"" to IBM customers long before the open-source software initiative. Corporations like Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco) made major contributions to CICS. The IBM Des Plaines team tried to add support for popular non-IBM terminals like the ASCII Teletype Model 33 ASR, but the small low-budget software development team could not afford the $100-per-month hardware to test it. IBM executives incorrectly felt that the future would be like the past, with batch processing using traditional punch cards.",328
2364,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"The IBM Des Plaines team tried to add support for popular non-IBM terminals like the ASCII Teletype Model 33 ASR, but the small low-budget software development team could not afford the $100-per-month hardware to test it. IBM executives incorrectly felt that the future would be like the past, with batch processing using traditional punch cards. IBM reluctantly provided only minimal funding when public utility companies, banks and credit-card companies demanded a cost-effective interactive system (similar to the 1965 IBM Airline Control Program used by the American Airlines Sabre computer reservation system) for high-speed data access-and-update to customer information for their telephone operators (without waiting for overnight batch processing punch card systems). When CICS was delivered to Amoco with Teletype Model 33 ASR support, it caused the entire OS/360 operating system to crash (including non-CICS application programs). The majority of the CICS Terminal Control Program (TCP –  the heart of CICS) and part of OS/360 had to be laboriously redesigned and rewritten by Amoco Production Company in Tulsa Oklahoma. It was then given back to IBM for free distribution to others. In a few years, CICS generated over $60 billion in new hardware revenue for IBM, and became their most-successful mainframe software product. In 1972, CICS was available in three versions –  DOS-ENTRY (program number 5736-XX6) for DOS/360 machines with very limited memory, DOS-STANDARD (program number 5736-XX7), for DOS/360 machines with more memory, and OS-Standard v2 (program number 5734-XX7) for the larger machines which ran OS/360. In early 1970, a number of the original developers, including Ben Riggins (the principal architect of the early releases) relocated to California and continued CICS development at IBM's Palo Alto Development Center.",391
2365,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"In 1972, CICS was available in three versions –  DOS-ENTRY (program number 5736-XX6) for DOS/360 machines with very limited memory, DOS-STANDARD (program number 5736-XX7), for DOS/360 machines with more memory, and OS-Standard v2 (program number 5734-XX7) for the larger machines which ran OS/360. In early 1970, a number of the original developers, including Ben Riggins (the principal architect of the early releases) relocated to California and continued CICS development at IBM's Palo Alto Development Center. IBM executives did not recognize value in software as a revenue-generating product until after federal law required software unbundling. In 1980, IBM executives failed to heed Ben Riggins' strong suggestions that IBM should provide their own EBCDIC-based operating system and integrated-circuit microprocessor chip for use in the IBM Personal Computer as a CICS intelligent terminal (instead of the incompatible Intel chip and relatively immature MS-DOS). Because of the limited capacity of even large processors of that era every CICS installation was required to assemble the source code for all of the CICS system modules after completing a process similar to system generation (sysgen), called CICSGEN, to establish values for conditional assembly-language statements. This process allowed each customer to exclude support from CICS itself for any feature they did not intend to use, such as device support for terminal types not in use. CICS owes its early popularity to its relatively efficient implementation when hardware was very expensive, its multi-threaded processing architecture, its relative simplicity for developing terminal-based real-time transaction applications, and many open-source customer contributions, including both debugging and feature enhancement. === Z notation ===
Part of CICS was formalized using the Z notation in the 1980s and 1990s in collaboration with the Oxford University Computing Laboratory, under the leadership of Tony Hoare.",396
2366,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"CICS owes its early popularity to its relatively efficient implementation when hardware was very expensive, its multi-threaded processing architecture, its relative simplicity for developing terminal-based real-time transaction applications, and many open-source customer contributions, including both debugging and feature enhancement. === Z notation ===
Part of CICS was formalized using the Z notation in the 1980s and 1990s in collaboration with the Oxford University Computing Laboratory, under the leadership of Tony Hoare. This work won a Queen's Award for Technological Achievement. === CICS as a distributed file server ===
In 1986, IBM announced CICS support for the record-oriented file services defined by Distributed Data Management Architecture (DDM). This enabled programs on remote, network-connected computers to create, manage, and access files that had previously been available only within the CICS/MVS and CICS/VSE transaction processing environments. In newer versions of CICS, support for DDM has been removed. Support for the DDM component of CICS z/OS was discontinued at the end of 2003, and was removed from CICS for z/OS in version 5.2 onward. In CICS TS for z/VSE, support for DDM was stabilised at V1.1.1 level, with an announced intention to discontinue it in a future release. In CICS for z/VSE 2.1 onward, CICS/DDM is not supported. === CICS and the World Wide Web ===
CICS Transaction Server first introduced a native HTTP interface in version 1.2, together with a Web Bridge technology for wrapping green-screen terminal-based programs with an HTML facade. CICS Web and Document APIs were enhanced in CICS TS V1.3 to enable web-aware applications to be written to interact more effectively with web browsers.",375
2367,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"=== CICS and the World Wide Web ===
CICS Transaction Server first introduced a native HTTP interface in version 1.2, together with a Web Bridge technology for wrapping green-screen terminal-based programs with an HTML facade. CICS Web and Document APIs were enhanced in CICS TS V1.3 to enable web-aware applications to be written to interact more effectively with web browsers. CICS TS versions 2.1 through 2.3 focused on introducing CORBA and EJB technologies to CICS, offering new ways to integrate CICS assets into distributed application component models. These technologies relied on hosting Java applications in CICS. The Java hosting environment saw numerous improvements over many releases. A multi-threaded JVM resource called the JVMSERVER was introduced during the CICS TS version 4.1 release, this was further enhanced to use 64-bit JVM technology in version 5.1. Version 5.1 also saw the introduction of the WebSphere Liberty profile web-container. Ultimately WebSphere Liberty was fully embedded into CICS Transaction Server in version 5.3. Numerous web facing technologies could be hosted in CICS using Java, this ultimately resulted in the removal of the native CORBA and EJB technologies. CICS TS V3.1 added a native implementation of the SOAP and WSDL technologies for CICS, together with client side HTTP APIs for outbound communication. These twin technologies enabled easier integration of CICS components with other Enterprise applications, and saw widespread adoption. Tools were included for taking traditional CICS programs written in languages such as COBOL, and converting them into WSDL defined Web Services, with little or no program changes. This technology saw regular enhancements over successive releases of CICS. CICS TS V4.1 and V4.2 saw further enhancements to web connectivity, including a native implementation of the Atom publishing protocol.",382
2368,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"This technology saw regular enhancements over successive releases of CICS. CICS TS V4.1 and V4.2 saw further enhancements to web connectivity, including a native implementation of the Atom publishing protocol. Many of the newer web facing technologies were made available for earlier releases of CICS using delivery models other than a traditional product release. This allowed early adopters to provide constructive feedback that could influence the final design of the integrated technology. Examples include the Soap for CICS technology preview SupportPac for TS V2.2, or the ATOM SupportPac for TS V3.1. This approach was used to introduce JSON support for CICS TS V4.2, a technology that went on to be integrated into CICS TS V5.2. The JSON technology in CICS is similar to earlier SOAP technology, both of which allowed programs hosted in CICS to be wrapped with a modern facade. The JSON technology was in turn enhanced in z/OS Connect Enterprise Edition, an IBM product for composing JSON APIs that can leverage assets from several mainframe subsystems. Many partner products have also been used to interact with CICS. Popular examples include using the CICS Transaction Gateway for connecting to CICS from JCA compliant Java application servers, and IBM DataPower appliances for filtering web traffic before it reaches CICS. Modern versions of CICS provide many ways for both existing and new software assets to be integrated into distributed application flows. CICS assets can be accessed from remote systems, and can access remote systems; user identity and transactional context can be propagated; RESTful APIs can be composed and managed; devices, users and servers can interact with CICS using standards-based technologies; and the IBM WebSphere Liberty environment in CICS promotes the rapid adoption of new technologies.",360
2369,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"Modern versions of CICS provide many ways for both existing and new software assets to be integrated into distributed application flows. CICS assets can be accessed from remote systems, and can access remote systems; user identity and transactional context can be propagated; RESTful APIs can be composed and managed; devices, users and servers can interact with CICS using standards-based technologies; and the IBM WebSphere Liberty environment in CICS promotes the rapid adoption of new technologies. === MicroCICS ===
By January, 1985 a 1969-founded consulting company, having done ""massive on-line systems"" for Hilton Hotels, FTD Florists, Amtrak, and Budget Rent-a-Car, announced what became MicroCICS. The initial focus was the IBM XT/370 and IBM AT/370. === CICS Family ===
Although when CICS is mentioned, people usually mean CICS Transaction Server, the CICS Family refers to a portfolio of transaction servers, connectors (called CICS Transaction Gateway) and CICS Tools. CICS on distributed platforms—not mainframes—is called IBM TXSeries. TXSeries is distributed transaction processing middleware. It supports C, C++, COBOL, Java™ and PL/I applications in cloud environments and traditional data centers. TXSeries is available on AIX, Linux x86, Windows, Solaris, and HP-UX platforms. CICS is also available on other operating systems, notably IBM i and OS/2. The z/OS implementation (i.e., CICS Transaction Server for z/OS) is by far the most popular and significant. Two versions of CICS were previously available for VM/CMS, but both have since been discontinued. In 1986, IBM released CICS/CMS, which was a single-user version of CICS designed for development use, the applications later being transferred to an MVS or DOS/VS system for production execution.",392
2370,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"Two versions of CICS were previously available for VM/CMS, but both have since been discontinued. In 1986, IBM released CICS/CMS, which was a single-user version of CICS designed for development use, the applications later being transferred to an MVS or DOS/VS system for production execution. Later, in 1988, IBM released CICS/VM. CICS/VM was intended for use on the IBM 9370, a low-end mainframe targeted at departmental use; IBM positioned CICS/VM running on departmental or branch office mainframes for use in conjunction with a central mainframe running CICS for MVS. === CICS Tools ===
Provisioning, management and analysis of CICS systems and applications is provided by CICS Tools. This includes performance management as well as deployment and management of CICS resources. In 2015, the four core foundational CICS tools (and the CICS Optimization Solution Pack for z/OS) were updated with the release of CICS Transaction Server for z/OS 5.3. The four core CICS Tools: CICS Interdependency Analyzer for z/OS, CICS Deployment Assistant for z/OS, CICS Performance Analyzer for z/OS and CICS Configuration Manager for z/OS. === Releases and versions ===
CICS Transaction Server for z/OS has used the following release numbers:


== Programming ==


=== Programming considerations ===
Multiple-user interactive-transaction application programs were required to be quasi-reentrant in order to support multiple concurrent transaction threads. A software coding error in one application could block all users from the system. The modular design of CICS reentrant / reusable control programs meant that, with judicious ""pruning,"" multiple users with multiple applications could be executed on a computer with just 32K of expensive magnetic core physical memory (including the operating system).",390
2371,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"A software coding error in one application could block all users from the system. The modular design of CICS reentrant / reusable control programs meant that, with judicious ""pruning,"" multiple users with multiple applications could be executed on a computer with just 32K of expensive magnetic core physical memory (including the operating system). Considerable effort was required by CICS application programmers to make their transactions as efficient as possible. A common technique was to limit the size of individual programs to no more than 4,096 bytes, or 4K, so that CICS could easily reuse the memory occupied by any program not currently in use for another program or other application storage needs. When virtual memory was added to versions OS/360 in 1972, the 4K strategy became even more important to reduce paging and thrashing unproductive resource-contention overhead. The efficiency of compiled high-level COBOL and PL/I language programs left much to be desired. Many CICS application programs continued to be written in assembler language, even after COBOL and PL/I support became available. With 1960s-and-1970s hardware resources expensive and scarce, a competitive ""game"" developed among system optimization analysts. When critical path code was identified, a code snippet was passed around from one analyst to another. Each person had to either (a) reduce the number of bytes of code required, or (b) reduce the number of CPU cycles required. Younger analysts learned from what more-experienced mentors did. Eventually, when no one could do (a) or (b), the code was considered optimized, and they moved on to other snippets. Small shops with only one analyst learned CICS optimization very slowly (or not at all). Because application programs could be shared by many concurrent threads, the use of static variables embedded within a program (or use of operating system memory) was restricted (by convention only).",386
2372,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"Small shops with only one analyst learned CICS optimization very slowly (or not at all). Because application programs could be shared by many concurrent threads, the use of static variables embedded within a program (or use of operating system memory) was restricted (by convention only). Unfortunately, many of the ""rules"" were frequently broken, especially by COBOL programmers who might not understand the internals of their programs or fail to use the necessary restrictive compile time options. This resulted in ""non-re-entrant"" code that was often unreliable, leading to spurious storage violations and entire CICS system crashes. Originally, the entire partition, or Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) region, operated with the same memory protection key including the CICS kernel code. Program corruption and CICS control block corruption was a frequent cause of system downtime. A software error in one application program could overwrite the memory (code or data) of one or all currently running application transactions. Locating the offending application code for complex transient timing errors could be a very-difficult operating-system analyst problem. These shortcomings persisted for multiple new releases of CICS over a period of more than 20 years, in spite of their severity and the fact that top-quality CICS skills were in high demand and short supply. They were addressed in TS V3.3, V4.1 and V5.2 with the Storage Protection, Transaction Isolation and Subspace features respectively, which utilize operating system hardware features to protect the application code and the data within the same address space even though the applications were not written to be separated. CICS application transactions remain mission-critical for many public utility companies, large banks and other multibillion-dollar financial institutions. === Macro-level programming ===
When CICS was first released, it only supported application transaction programs written in IBM 360 Assembler. COBOL and PL/I support were added years later.",388
2373,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"=== Macro-level programming ===
When CICS was first released, it only supported application transaction programs written in IBM 360 Assembler. COBOL and PL/I support were added years later. Because of the initial assembler orientation, requests for CICS services were made using assembler-language macros. For example, the request to read a record from a file were made by a macro call to the ""File Control Program"" of CICS might look like this:

DFHFC TYPE=READ,DATASET=myfile,TYPOPER=UPDATE,....etc. This gave rise to the later terminology ""Macro-level CICS."" When high-level language support was added, the macros were retained and the code was converted by a pre-compiler that expanded the macros to their COBOL or PL/I CALL statement equivalents. Thus preparing a HLL application was effectively a ""two-stage"" compile –  output from the preprocessor fed into the HLL compiler as input. COBOL considerations: unlike PL/I, IBM COBOL does not normally provide for the manipulation of pointers (addresses). In order to allow COBOL programmers to access CICS control blocks and dynamic storage the designers resorted to what was essentially a hack. The COBOL Linkage Section was normally used for inter-program communication, such as parameter passing. The compiler generates a list of addresses, each called a Base Locator for Linkage (BLL) which were set on entry to the called program. The first BLL corresponds to the first item in the Linkage Section and so on. CICS allows the programmer to access and manipulate these by passing the address of the list as the first argument to the program. The BLLs can then be dynamically set, either by CICS or by the application to allow access to the corresponding structure in the Linkage Section.",389
2374,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"CICS allows the programmer to access and manipulate these by passing the address of the list as the first argument to the program. The BLLs can then be dynamically set, either by CICS or by the application to allow access to the corresponding structure in the Linkage Section. === Command-level programming ===
During the 1980s, IBM at Hursley Park produced a version of CICS that supported what became known as ""Command-level CICS"" which still supported the older programs but introduced a new API style to application programs. A typical Command-level call might look like the following:

The values given in the SEND MAPSET command correspond to the names used on the first DFHMSD macro in the map definition given below for the MAPSET argument, and the DFHMSI macro for the MAP argument. This is pre-processed by a pre-compile batch translation stage, which converts the embedded commands (EXECs) into call statements to a stub subroutine. So, preparing application programs for later execution still required two stages. It was possible to write ""Mixed mode"" applications using both Macro-level and Command-level statements. Initially, at execution time, the command-level commands were converted using a run-time translator, ""The EXEC Interface Program"", to the old Macro-level call, which was then executed by the mostly unchanged CICS nucleus programs. But when the CICS Kernel was re-written for TS V3, EXEC CICS became the only way to program CICS applications, as many of the underlying interfaces had changed. === Run-time conversion ===
The Command-level-only CICS introduced in the early 1990s offered some advantages over earlier versions of CICS. However, IBM also dropped support for Macro-level application programs written for earlier versions. This meant that many application programs had to be converted or completely rewritten to use Command-level EXEC commands only.",398
2375,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"However, IBM also dropped support for Macro-level application programs written for earlier versions. This meant that many application programs had to be converted or completely rewritten to use Command-level EXEC commands only. By this time, there were perhaps millions of programs worldwide that had been in production for decades in many cases. Rewriting them often introduced new bugs without necessarily adding new features. There were a significant number of users who ran CICS V2 application-owning regions (AORs) to continue to run macro code for many years after the change to V3. It was also possible to execute old Macro-level programs using conversion software such as APT International's Command CICS. === New programming styles ===
Recent CICS Transaction Server enhancements include support for a number of modern programming styles. CICS Transaction Server Version 5.6 introduced enhanced support for Java to deliver a cloud-native experience for Java developers. For example, the new CICS Java API (JCICSX) allows easier unit testing using mocking and stubbing approaches, and can be run remotely on the developer's local workstation. A set of CICS artifacts on Maven Central enable developers to resolve Java dependencies using popular dependency management tools such as Apache Maven and Gradle. Plug-ins for Maven (cics-bundle-maven) and Gradle (cics-bundle-gradle) are also provided to simplify automated building of CICS bundles, using familiar IDEs like Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, and Visual Studio Code. In addition, Node.js z/OS support is enhanced for version 12, providing faster startup, better default heap limits, updates to the V8 JavaScript engine, etc. Support for Jakarta EE 8 is also included.",356
2376,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"In addition, Node.js z/OS support is enhanced for version 12, providing faster startup, better default heap limits, updates to the V8 JavaScript engine, etc. Support for Jakarta EE 8 is also included. CICS TS 5.5 introduced support for IBM SDK for Node.js, providing a full JavaScript runtime, server-side APIs, and libraries to efficiently build high-performance, highly scalable network applications for IBM Z.
CICS Transaction Server Version 2.1 introduced support for Java. CICS Transaction Server Version 2.2 supported the Software Developers Toolkit. CICS provides the same run-time container as IBM's WebSphere product family so Java EE applications are portable between CICS and Websphere and there is common tooling for the development and deployment of Java EE applications. In addition, CICS placed an emphasis on ""wrapping"" existing application programs inside modern interfaces so that long-established business functions can be incorporated into more modern services. These include WSDL, SOAP and JSON interfaces that wrap legacy code so that a web or mobile application can obtain and update the core business objects without requiring a major rewrite of the back-end functions. == Transactions ==
A CICS transaction is a set of operations that perform a task together. Usually, the majority of transactions are relatively simple tasks such as requesting an inventory list or entering a debit or credit to an account. A primary characteristic of a transaction is that it should be atomic. On IBM Z servers, CICS easily supports thousands of transactions per second, making it a mainstay of enterprise computing. CICS applications comprise transactions, which can be written in numerous programming languages, including COBOL, PL/I, C, C++, IBM Basic Assembly Language, Rexx, and Java. Each CICS program is initiated using a transaction identifier.",371
2377,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"CICS applications comprise transactions, which can be written in numerous programming languages, including COBOL, PL/I, C, C++, IBM Basic Assembly Language, Rexx, and Java. Each CICS program is initiated using a transaction identifier. CICS screens are usually sent as a construct called a map, a module created with Basic Mapping Support (BMS) assembler macros or third-party tools. CICS screens may contain text that is highlighted, has different colors, and/or blinks depending on the terminal type used. An example of how a map can be sent through COBOL is given below. The end user inputs data, which is made accessible to the program by receiving a map from CICS. For technical reasons, the arguments to some command parameters must be quoted and some must not be quoted, depending on what is being referenced. Most programmers will code out of a reference book until they get the ""hang"" or concept of which arguments are quoted, or they'll typically use a ""canned template"" where they have example code that they just copy and paste, then edit to change the values. === Example of BMS Map Code ===
Basic Mapping Support defines the screen format through assembler macros such as the following. This was assembled to generate both the physical map set –  a load module in a CICS load library –  and a symbolic map set –  a structure definition or DSECT in PL/I, COBOL, assembler, etc. which was copied into the source program. == Structure ==

In the z/OS environment, a CICS installation comprises one or more ""regions"" (generally referred to as a ""CICS Region""), spread across one or more z/OS system images. Although it processes interactive transactions, each CICS region is usually started as a batch processing|batch address space with standard JCL statements: it's a job that runs indefinitely until shutdown.",398
2378,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"== Structure ==

In the z/OS environment, a CICS installation comprises one or more ""regions"" (generally referred to as a ""CICS Region""), spread across one or more z/OS system images. Although it processes interactive transactions, each CICS region is usually started as a batch processing|batch address space with standard JCL statements: it's a job that runs indefinitely until shutdown. Alternatively, each CICS region may be started as a started task. Whether a batch job or a started task, CICS regions may run for days, weeks, or even months before shutting down for maintenance (MVS or CICS). Upon restart a parameter determines if the start should be ""Cold"" (no recovery) or ""Warm""/""Emergency"" (using a warm shutdown or restarting from the log after a crash). Cold starts of large CICS regions with many resources can take a long time as all the definitions are re-processed. Installations are divided into multiple address spaces for a wide variety of reasons, such as:

application separation,
function separation,
avoiding the workload capacity limitations of a single region, or address space, or mainframe instance in the case of a z/OS SysPlex. A typical installation consists of a number of distinct applications that make up a service. Each service usually has a number of ""Terminal-Owning Region"" (TORs) that route transactions to multiple ""Application-Owning Regions"" (AORs), though other topologies are possible. For example, the AORs might not perform File I/O. Instead there would be a ""File-Owning Region"" (FOR) that performed the File I/O on behalf of transactions in the AOR –  given that, at the time, a VSAM file could only support recoverable write access from one address space at a time.",388
2379,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"For example, the AORs might not perform File I/O. Instead there would be a ""File-Owning Region"" (FOR) that performed the File I/O on behalf of transactions in the AOR –  given that, at the time, a VSAM file could only support recoverable write access from one address space at a time. But not all CICS applications use VSAM as the primary data source (or historically other single-address-space-at-a-time datastores such as CA Datacom) − many use either IMS/DB or Db2 as the database, and/or MQ as a queue manager. For all these cases, TORs can load-balance transactions to sets of AORs which then directly use the shared databases/queues. CICS supports XA two-phase commit between data stores and so transactions that spanned MQ, VSAM/RLS and Db2, for example, are possible with ACID properties. CICS supports distributed transactions using SNA LU6.2 protocol between the address spaces which can be running on the same or different clusters. This allows ACID updates of multiple datastores by cooperating distributed applications. In practice there are issues with this if a system or communications failure occurs because the transaction disposition (backout or commit) may be in-doubt if one of the communicating nodes has not recovered. Thus the use of these facilities has never been very widespread. == Sysplex exploitation ==

At the time of CICS ESA V3.2, in the early 1990s, IBM faced the challenge of how to get CICS to exploit the new z/OS Sysplex mainframe line. The Sysplex was to be based on CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon) rather than the existing ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) hardware.",388
2380,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"== Sysplex exploitation ==

At the time of CICS ESA V3.2, in the early 1990s, IBM faced the challenge of how to get CICS to exploit the new z/OS Sysplex mainframe line. The Sysplex was to be based on CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon) rather than the existing ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) hardware. The cost of scaling the mainframe-unique ECL was much higher than CMOS which was being developed by a keiretsu with high-volume use cases such as Sony PlayStation to reduce the unit cost of each generation's CPUs. The ECL was also expensive for users to run because the gate drain current produced so much heat that the CPU had to packaged into a special module called a Thermal Conduction Module (TCM) that had inert gas pistons and needed plumbed with high-volume chilled water to be cooled. However, the air-cooled CMOS technology's CPU speed initially was much slower than the ECL (notably the boxes available from the mainframe-clone makers Amdahl and Hitachi). This was especially concerning to IBM in the CICS context as almost all the largest mainframe customers were running CICS and for many of them it was the primary mainframe workload. To achieve the same total transaction throughput on a Sysplex, multiple boxes would need to be used in parallel for each workload. However, a CICS address space, due to its quasi-reentrant application programming model, could not exploit more than about 1.5 processors on one box at the time –  even with use of MVS sub-tasks. Without enhanced parallelism, customers would tend to move to IBM's competitors rather than use Sysplex as they scaled up the CICS workloads.",375
2381,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"However, a CICS address space, due to its quasi-reentrant application programming model, could not exploit more than about 1.5 processors on one box at the time –  even with use of MVS sub-tasks. Without enhanced parallelism, customers would tend to move to IBM's competitors rather than use Sysplex as they scaled up the CICS workloads. There was considerable debate inside IBM as to whether the right approach would be to break upward compatibility for applications and move to a model like IMS/DC which was fully reentrant, or to extend the approach customers had adopted to more fully exploit a single mainframe's power –  using multi-region operation (MRO). Eventually the second path was adopted after the CICS user community was consulted. The community vehemently opposed breaking upward compatibility given that they had the prospect of Y2K to contend with at that time and did not see the value in re-writing and testing millions of lines of mainly COBOL, PL/I, or assembler code. The IBM-recommended structure for CICS on Sysplex was that at least one CICS Terminal Owning Region was placed on each Sysplex node which dispatched transactions to many Application Owning Regions (AORs) spread across the entire Sysplex. If these applications needed to access shared resources they either used a Sysplex-exploiting datastore (such as IBM Db2 or IMS/DB) or concentrated, by function-shipping, the resource requests into singular-per-resource Resource Owing Regions (RORs) including File Owning Regions (FORs) for VSAM and CICS Data Tables, Queue Owning Regions (QORs) for MQ, CICS Transient Data (TD) and CICS Temporary Storage (TS). This preserved compatibility for legacy applications at the expense of operational complexity to configure and manage many CICS regions.",397
2382,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"If these applications needed to access shared resources they either used a Sysplex-exploiting datastore (such as IBM Db2 or IMS/DB) or concentrated, by function-shipping, the resource requests into singular-per-resource Resource Owing Regions (RORs) including File Owning Regions (FORs) for VSAM and CICS Data Tables, Queue Owning Regions (QORs) for MQ, CICS Transient Data (TD) and CICS Temporary Storage (TS). This preserved compatibility for legacy applications at the expense of operational complexity to configure and manage many CICS regions. In subsequent releases and versions, CICS was able to exploit new Sysplex-exploiting facilities in VSAM/RLS, MQ for zOS and placed its own Data Tables, TD, and TS resources into the architected shared resource manager for the Sysplex: the Coupling Facility or CF, dispensing with the need for most RORs. The CF provides a mapped view of resources including a shared timebase, buffer pools, locks and counters with hardware messaging assists that made sharing resources across the Sysplex both more efficient than polling and reliable (utilizing a semi-synchronized backup CF for use in case of failure). By this time, the CMOS line had individual boxes that exceeded the power available by the fastest ECL box with more processors per CPU. When these were coupled together, 32 or more nodes would be able to scale two orders of magnitude greater in total power for a single workload. For example, by 2002, Charles Schwab was running a ""MetroPlex"" consisting of a redundant pair of mainframe Sysplexes in two locations in Phoenix, AZ, each with 32 nodes driven by one shared CICS/DB/2 workload to support the vast volume of pre-dotcom-bubble web client inquiry requests.",389
2383,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"When these were coupled together, 32 or more nodes would be able to scale two orders of magnitude greater in total power for a single workload. For example, by 2002, Charles Schwab was running a ""MetroPlex"" consisting of a redundant pair of mainframe Sysplexes in two locations in Phoenix, AZ, each with 32 nodes driven by one shared CICS/DB/2 workload to support the vast volume of pre-dotcom-bubble web client inquiry requests. This cheaper, much more scalable CMOS technology base, and the huge investment costs of having to both get to 64-bit addressing and independently produce cloned CF functionality drove the IBM-mainframe clone makers out of the business one by one. == CICS Recovery/Restart ==
The objective of recovery/restart in CICS is to minimize and if possible eliminate damage done to Online System when a failure occurs, so that system and data integrity is maintained. If the CICS region was shut down instead of failing it will perform a ""Warm"" start exploiting the checkpoint written at shutdown. The CICS region can also be forced to ""Cold"" start which reloads all definitions and wipes out the log, leaving the resources in whatever state they are in. Under CICS, following are some of the resources which are considered recoverable. If one wishes these resources to be recoverable then special options must be specified in relevant CICS definitions:

VSAM files
CMT CICS-maintained data tables
Intrapartition TDQ
Temporary Storage Queue in auxiliary storage
I/O messages from/to transactions in a VTAM network
Other database/queuing resources connected to CICS that support XA two-phase commit protocol (like IMS/DB, Db2, VSAM/RLS)
CICS also offers extensive recovery/restart facilities for users to establish their own recovery/restart capability in their CICS system.",400
2384,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"Under CICS, following are some of the resources which are considered recoverable. If one wishes these resources to be recoverable then special options must be specified in relevant CICS definitions:

VSAM files
CMT CICS-maintained data tables
Intrapartition TDQ
Temporary Storage Queue in auxiliary storage
I/O messages from/to transactions in a VTAM network
Other database/queuing resources connected to CICS that support XA two-phase commit protocol (like IMS/DB, Db2, VSAM/RLS)
CICS also offers extensive recovery/restart facilities for users to establish their own recovery/restart capability in their CICS system. Commonly used recovery/restart facilities include:

Dynamic Transaction Backout (DTB)
Automatic Transaction Restart
Resource Recovery using System Log
Resource Recovery using Journal
System Restart
Extended Recovery Facility


== Components ==
Each CICS region comprises one major task on which every transaction runs, although certain services such as access to IBM Db2 data use other tasks (TCBs). Within a region, transactions are cooperatively multitasked –  they are expected to be well-behaved and yield the CPU rather than wait. CICS services handle this automatically. Each unique CICS ""Task"" or transaction is allocated its own dynamic memory at start-up and subsequent requests for additional memory were handled by a call to the ""Storage Control program"" (part of the CICS nucleus or ""kernel""), which is analogous to an operating system. A CICS system consists of the online nucleus, batch support programs, and applications services.",344
2385,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"Each unique CICS ""Task"" or transaction is allocated its own dynamic memory at start-up and subsequent requests for additional memory were handled by a call to the ""Storage Control program"" (part of the CICS nucleus or ""kernel""), which is analogous to an operating system. A CICS system consists of the online nucleus, batch support programs, and applications services. === Nucleus ===
The original CICS nucleus consisted of a number of functional modules written in 370 assembler until V3:

Task Control Program (KCP)
Storage Control Program (SCP)
Program Control Program (PCP)
Program Interrupt Control Program (PIP)
Interval Control Program (ICP)
Dump Control Program (DCP)
Terminal Control Program (TCP)
File Control Program (FCP)
Transient Data Control Program (TDP)
Temporary Storage Control Program (TSP)
Starting in V3, the CICS nucleus was rewritten into a kernel-and-domain structure using IBM's PL/AS language –  which is compiled into assembler. The prior structure did not enforce separation of concerns and so had many inter-program dependencies which led to bugs unless exhaustive code analysis was done. The new structure was more modular and so resilient because it was easier to change without impact. The first domains were often built with the name of the prior program but without the trailing ""P"". For example, Program Control Domain (DFHPC) or Transient Data Domain (DFHTD). The kernel operated as a switcher for inter-domain requests –  initially this proved expensive for frequently called domains (such as Trace) but by utilizing PL/AS macros these calls were in-lined without compromising on the separate domain design. In later versions, completely redesigned domains were added like the Logging Domain DFHLG and Transaction Domain DFHTM that replaced the Journal Control Program (JCP).",394
2386,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"The kernel operated as a switcher for inter-domain requests –  initially this proved expensive for frequently called domains (such as Trace) but by utilizing PL/AS macros these calls were in-lined without compromising on the separate domain design. In later versions, completely redesigned domains were added like the Logging Domain DFHLG and Transaction Domain DFHTM that replaced the Journal Control Program (JCP). === Support programs ===
In addition to the online functions CICS has several support programs that run as batch jobs. High-level language (macro) preprocessor
Command language translator
Dump utility – prints formatted dumps generated by CICS Dump Management
Trace utility – formats and prints CICS trace output
Journal formatting utility –  prints a formatted dump of the CICS region in case of error


=== Applications services ===
The following components of CICS support application development. Basic Mapping Support (BMS) provides device-independent terminal input and output
APPC Support that provides LU6.1 and LU6.2 API support for collaborating distributed applications that support two-phase commit
Data Interchange Program (DIP) provides support for IBM 3770 and IBM 3790 programmable devices
2260 Compatibility allows programs written for IBM 2260 display devices to run on 3270 displays
EXEC Interface Program –  the stub program that converts calls generated by EXEC CICS commands to calls to CICS functions
Built-in Functions – table search, phonetic conversion, field verify, field edit, bit checking, input formatting, weighted retrieval


== Pronunciation ==
Different countries have differing pronunciations

Within IBM (specifically Tivoli) it is referred to as . In the US, it is more usually pronounced by reciting each letter . In Australia, Belgium, Canada, Hong Kong, the UK and some other countries, it is pronounced . In Denmark, it is pronounced kicks.",394
2387,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"In Australia, Belgium, Canada, Hong Kong, the UK and some other countries, it is pronounced . In Denmark, it is pronounced kicks. In Finland, it is pronounced [kiks]
In France, it is pronounced [se.i.se.ɛs]. In Germany, Austria and Hungary, it is pronounced [ˈtsɪks] and, less often, [ˈkɪks]. In Greece, it is pronounced kiks. In India, it is pronounced kicks. In Iran, it is pronounced kicks. In Italy, is pronounced [ˈtʃiks]. In Poland, it is pronounced [ˈkʲiks]. In Portugal and Brazil, it is pronounced [ˈsiks]. In Russia, it is pronounced kiks. In Slovenia, it is pronounced kiks. In Spain, it is pronounced [ˈθiks]. In Sweden, it is pronounced kicks. In Uganda, it is pronounced kicks. In Turkey, it is pronounced kiks. == See also ==
IBM TXSeries (CICS on distributed platforms)
IBM WebSphere
IBM 2741
IBM 2260
IBM 3270
OS/360 and successors
Source Program Maintenance Online II (early online editor running under CICS)
Transaction Processing Facility
Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM)


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website
Why to choose CICS Transaction Server for new IT projects –  IBM CICS whitepaper
IBM Software – CICS – 35 year Anniversary (2004) at the Wayback Machine (archived February 4, 2009)
Support Forum for CICS Programming
CICS User Community website for CICS related news, announcements and discussions Archived 5 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Bob Yelavich's CICS focused website.",381
2388,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS,CICS,"In Turkey, it is pronounced kiks. == See also ==
IBM TXSeries (CICS on distributed platforms)
IBM WebSphere
IBM 2741
IBM 2260
IBM 3270
OS/360 and successors
Source Program Maintenance Online II (early online editor running under CICS)
Transaction Processing Facility
Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM)


== References ==


== External links ==
Official website
Why to choose CICS Transaction Server for new IT projects –  IBM CICS whitepaper
IBM Software – CICS – 35 year Anniversary (2004) at the Wayback Machine (archived February 4, 2009)
Support Forum for CICS Programming
CICS User Community website for CICS related news, announcements and discussions Archived 5 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Bob Yelavich's CICS focused website. (This site uses frames, but on high-resolution screens the left-hand frame, which contains the site index, may be hidden. Scroll right within the frame to see its content.) at the Wayback Machine (archived February 5, 2005)",234
2389,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbeare_Mudstone_Group,Aylesbeare Mudstone Group,"The Aylesbeare Mudstone Group is an early Triassic lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in southwest England. The name is derived from the village of Aylesbeare in east Devon. The Group comprises the Littleham Mudstone Formation, the Exmouth Mudstone and Sandstone Formation and the underlying Clyst St Lawrence Formation. The strata are exposed on the coast between Exmouth and Budleigh Salterton where the type section is defined. The rocks of the Aylesbeare Mudstone Group have also previously been known as the Aylesbeare Group and the Aylesbeare Mudstone Formation. == Stratigraphy ==


=== Exmouth Mudstone and Sandstone Formation ===
Around 200 - 255m of silty mudstones between the coast near Exmouth north to Aylesbeare, beyond which it is not separately mapped. It includes numerous sandstone lenses which can be up to 30m thick. This sequence has been known by various names in the past including the Exmouth Sandstones, Exmouth Formation and the Exmouth Mudstone and Sandstone Member amongst others. The type section is in the coastal exposures between Exmouth and Straight Point. === Littleham Mudstone Formation ===
Around 200m of silty mudstone in the Exeter area rising to 275m thickness on the coast between Littleham Cove and Budleigh Salterton (type section). The formation has been mapped northwards from Littleham to the vicinity of Aylesbeare but is not separately distinguished beyond there. This sequence has previously been referred to variously as the Littleham Beds, the Littleham Formation and the Littleham Mudstones. === Clyst St Lawrence Formation ===
The formation comprises between 30 and 50m of sand and silt, representing weathered sandstone and siltstone, at outcrop between the east Devon hamlets of Westwood and Mutterton. == References ==",393
2390,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Loughlin,Gerard Loughlin,"Gerard Patrick Loughlin is an English Roman Catholic theologian and religious scholar. He is Professor of Theology and Religion at the University of Durham, England. He is the author of Telling God's Story: Bible Church and Narrative Theology (1996) and Alien Sex: The Body and Desire in Cinema and Theology (2004). == Biography ==
A gay Roman Catholic, some of Loughlin's work is in the sub-discipline of queer theology. He is the coeditor (with Jon Davies) of Sex These Days: Essays on Theology, Sexuality and Society (Continuum 1997) and editor of Queer Theology: Rethinking the Western Body (Blackwell, 2007). He serves on the editorial board of Literature and Theology (Oxford University Press) and is co-editor (with Elizabeth Stuart and Kent Brintnall) of Theology and Sexuality (Taylor&Francis). His master's thesis is titled The Novels of Modernism: The Embodiment of Roman Catholic Modernism in the Literature of Religious Turmoil and Faith at the Turn of the Century, c. 1888–1914. His doctoral thesis, which he wrote under the supervision of John Robinson, is titled Mirroring God's World: A Critique of John Hick's Speculative Theology. == Published works ==
Telling God's Story: Bible, Church and Narrative Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) ISBN 9780758218896
(ed. with Jon Davies) Sex These Days: Essays on Theology, Sexuality and Society (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997) ISBN 9781850758044
Alien Sex: The Body and Desire in Cinema and Theology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004) ISBN 9780631211808
(ed.)",380
2391,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Loughlin,Gerard Loughlin,"== Published works ==
Telling God's Story: Bible, Church and Narrative Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) ISBN 9780758218896
(ed. with Jon Davies) Sex These Days: Essays on Theology, Sexuality and Society (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997) ISBN 9781850758044
Alien Sex: The Body and Desire in Cinema and Theology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004) ISBN 9780631211808
(ed.) Queer Theology: Rethinking the Western Body (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007) ISBN 9780631216087


== See also ==
Postliberal theology
Radical orthodoxy


== References ==


== External links ==
Faculty profile at Durham University",166
2392,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_V._Rothlin,Carla V. Rothlin,"Carla V. Rothlin is an Argentinian immunologist. She is a professor of immunobiology at Yale University, where she holds the Dorys McConnell Duberg Professorship, and also serves as a professor of pharmacology. Rothlin is the co-leader of the Cancer Immunology Program at Yale Cancer Center and a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator Faculty Scholar. Rothlin studies the mechanisms that regulate immune homeostasis and wound repair, with specific interests in cell death recognition, immune checkpoints, and cellular crosstalk in the context of injury and cell turnover. She has made fundamental discoveries about the roles of TAM receptors tyrosine kinase and their ligands in the regulation of inflammation. Rothlin is also a co-founder of the Global Immunotalks, a weekly series of virtual lectures on recent immunological research, which began in 2020. == Early life and education ==
Rothlin grew up in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She was one of four daughters, raised by her mother, a physician, and her father, a pharmacology researcher. From a young age, she was surrounded by laboratory science and clinical cases. After high school, Rothlin earned both her undergraduate and graduate degrees in biochemistry from the University of Buenos Aires. She was mentored by Ana Belén Elgoyhen and studied the biochemical properties of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the inner ear. Her work helped further scientific understanding of how efferent cholinergic fibers and inner ear hair cells communicate information from the brain back to the ear to mediate sensory tuning. Rothlin completed her graduate studies in 2002 and moved to San Diego, California, for her postdoctoral work under Greg Lemke at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. There, she became fascinated by TAM receptors, which Lemke had discovered in the 1990s, and their roles in immune homeostasis.",382
2393,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_V._Rothlin,Carla V. Rothlin,"Rothlin completed her graduate studies in 2002 and moved to San Diego, California, for her postdoctoral work under Greg Lemke at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. There, she became fascinated by TAM receptors, which Lemke had discovered in the 1990s, and their roles in immune homeostasis. This interest led her to focus on immunology in her postdoctoral research. During her postdoctoral studies, Rothlin was part of a team that discovered the role of TAM receptor tyrosine kinases—Tyro3, Axl, and MerTk—in regulating inflammation. They found that these receptors inhibit Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and TLR-induced cytokine cascades in the innate immune response. Specifically, cytokine-dependent TAM signaling is upregulated by type I interferon-STAT1 signaling, leading to the expression of cytokine and TLR suppressors. This process acts as a negative feedback loop in inflammation. == Career and research ==
In 2009, Rothlin was recruited to Yale University, where she started a lab with her partner from Salk, Sourav Ghosh. Rothlin became an Assistant Professor of Immunobiology at Yale, and in 2016, she joined the faculty of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 2018, Rothlin became the Director of Graduate Studies in Immunobiology at Yale. In 2019, she was appointed the Dorys McConnell Duberg Professor of Immunobiology. She is also a Professor of Pharmacology, a member of the Yale Cancer Center, and the Co-Leader of the Cancer Immunology Program at Yale. Rothlin is a co-director of the Rothlin Ghosh Lab, which focuses on exploring the mechanisms of immune regulation and homeostasis. The Rothlin Ghosh Lab has made critical discoveries regarding TAM receptor tyrosine kinases, their ligands, and the roles their interactions play as innate immune checkpoints in regulating the immune response.",394
2394,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_V._Rothlin,Carla V. Rothlin,"Rothlin is a co-director of the Rothlin Ghosh Lab, which focuses on exploring the mechanisms of immune regulation and homeostasis. The Rothlin Ghosh Lab has made critical discoveries regarding TAM receptor tyrosine kinases, their ligands, and the roles their interactions play as innate immune checkpoints in regulating the immune response. They have specifically found that TAM receptors help inhibit the innate immune response, that the TAM ligand protein S can mediate the ability of T cells to limit dendritic cell activation, and their roles in controlling type 2 immunity and the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. === TAM receptors and immune homeostasis ===
Rothlin and her team discovered a mechanism by which the adaptive immune system helps regulate chronic inflammation through the control of dendritic cells (DCs). They found that T cells produce the TAM ligand protein S, which acts on TAM receptors on DCs to limit their activation. When they knocked out the Pros1 gene, which encodes protein S, in T cells, they observed an enhanced immune response and increased colitis. They further demonstrated that this mechanism of immune regulation is conserved in humans. Additionally, they showed how viruses can exploit TAM-mediated immune regulation to avoid destruction. They found that viruses coated with TAM ligands activate TAMs on dendritic cells, which limits interferon signaling and helps the viruses evade immune responses and enable replication. Since inhibiting TAM receptors can promote resistance to infection, this could be used as a therapeutic target for viral diseases. In 2015, Rothlin's group characterized MERTK as a potent inhibitor of T cell activation through its interactions with the Pros1 ligand in humans. === Innate immune checkpoints in cancer ===
Rothlin's lab also explores the role TAMs play in cellular immunology and innate immune checkpoints in cancer.",376
2395,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_V._Rothlin,Carla V. Rothlin,"In 2015, Rothlin's group characterized MERTK as a potent inhibitor of T cell activation through its interactions with the Pros1 ligand in humans. === Innate immune checkpoints in cancer ===
Rothlin's lab also explores the role TAMs play in cellular immunology and innate immune checkpoints in cancer. Historically, immune checkpoint blockade therapy has focused on the adaptive immune system, targeting cellular braking systems on T cells (such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors) to enhance the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment and cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating cells. Rothlin and her team are working upstream of T cell exhaustion markers, targeting the innate immune system checkpoints that involve TAMs. Since Rothlin has found that TAMs mediate repair and regrowth aspects of the innate immune response, blocking these molecules holds promise for keeping the immune system in an inflammatory or defensive state to promote anti-tumor immunity. In collaboration with Miriam Merad's group, Rothlin and her team found that Axl signalling induces the expression of PD-L1 on dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment, supporting the TAM receptor pathway as an upstream target for immunotherapy. In 2017, Rothlin and her team further elucidated the roles of Axl in tumor growth. They found that Axl expression is upregulated in colorectal cancer and that limiting Axl expression prevented tumor cell migration and invasion. They also discovered that Axl plays a role in B cell migration to tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer, and that blocking Axl signaling limits B cell migration. == Scientific outreach ==
Rothlin aims to improve the scientific community through her leadership roles and outreach projects. She is a committee member of the Minority Affairs Committee for the American Association of Immunologists and serves as a senior editor for Immunology and Inflammation at eLife.",381
2396,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_V._Rothlin,Carla V. Rothlin,"== Scientific outreach ==
Rothlin aims to improve the scientific community through her leadership roles and outreach projects. She is a committee member of the Minority Affairs Committee for the American Association of Immunologists and serves as a senior editor for Immunology and Inflammation at eLife. Rothlin is also the co-founder of the Global Immunotalks Lectures, which she started in 2020 with her colleague, friend, and fellow immunologist Elina Zúñiga. The initiative aims to make cutting-edge immunology accessible to a global audience without the need for travel. Every Wednesday, Rothlin and Zúñiga invite a renowned immunologist to share their latest findings with a global audience via Zoom. The talks are recorded and posted on YouTube. Rothlin and Zúñiga were motivated to create these talks to increase access to the latest discoveries in an egalitarian manner, recognizing that not everyone has access to seminars and conferences. The Global Immunotalks proved highly successful in bringing people together virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the series continued into 2021 due to its success. == Awards and honors ==
2020 Career Enhancement Program and Developmental Research Program Awards
2016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Faculty Scholar
2011 Early Excellence Award – American Asthma Foundation
2011 Novel Research Grant – Lupus Research Institute
2010 Senior Research Award – Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America
2008 Special Fellow – Leukemia and Lymphoma Society
2008 Scientist Development Award – American Heart Association
2002 Pew Foundation Fellow
2002 Bernardo Houssay Award – Sociedad Argentina de Biologia


== References ==",328
2397,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020,Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020,"Latvia was set to be represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 with the song ""Still Breathing"" written by Samanta Tīna and Aminata Savadogo. The song was performed by Samanta Tīna. Songwriter Aminata Savadogo represented Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song ""Love Injected"" where she placed sixth in the grand final of the competition. The Latvian broadcaster Latvijas Televīzija (LTV) organized the national final Supernova 2020 in order to select the Latvian entry for the 2020 contest in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Nine songs were selected to compete in the national final on 8 February 2020 where a public televote exclusively selected ""Still Breathing"" performed by Samanta Tīna as the winner. Latvia was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest, which would have taken place on 14 May 2020. However, the contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. == Background ==

Prior to the 2020 contest, Latvia had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest twenty times since its first entry in 2000. Latvia won the contest once in 2002 with the song ""I Wanna"" performed by Marie N. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the 2004, Latvia was able to qualify to compete in the final between 2005 and 2008. Between 2009 and 2014, the nation had failed to qualify to the final for six consecutive years before managing to qualify to the final in 2015 and 2016. Latvia had failed to qualify to the final for three consecutive years since 2017 including with their 2019 entry ""That Night"" performed by Carousel. The Latvian national broadcaster, Latvijas Televīzija (LTV), broadcasts the event within Latvia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry.",379
2398,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020,Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020,"Latvia had failed to qualify to the final for three consecutive years since 2017 including with their 2019 entry ""That Night"" performed by Carousel. The Latvian national broadcaster, Latvijas Televīzija (LTV), broadcasts the event within Latvia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. LTV confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2020 Eurovision Song Contest on 10 October 2019. Latvia has selected their entries for the Eurovision Song Contest through a national final. Since their debut in 2000 until 2012, LTV had organised the selection show Eirodziesma. In a response to the nation's failure to qualify to the final at Eurovision since 2008, between 2013 and 2014, the competition was rebranded and retooled as Dziesma. After failing to produce successful entries those two years, LTV developed and had organised the Supernova national final since 2015. Along with their participation confirmation, the broadcaster announced that they would organise Supernova 2020 in order to select the Latvian entry for the 2020 contest. == Before Eurovision ==


=== Supernova 2020 ===
Supernova 2020 was the sixth edition of Supernova, the music competition that selects Latvia's entries for the Eurovision Song Contest. The competition took place at the LTV studios in Riga on 8 February 2020, hosted by Toms Grēviņš, Ketija Šēnberga and Beta Beidz and broadcast on LTV1 as well as online via the streaming platform Replay.lv. An alternative broadcast also occurred on LTV7 with presentation in sign language. The show was watched by over 145,000 viewers in Latvia, while the online broadcast was watched by over 27,000 users from 75 countries. ==== Format ====
The format of the competition consisted of a final held on 8 February 2020 that selected the Latvian entry for Rotterdam from nine competing entries.",394
2399,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020,Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020,"The show was watched by over 145,000 viewers in Latvia, while the online broadcast was watched by over 27,000 users from 75 countries. ==== Format ====
The format of the competition consisted of a final held on 8 February 2020 that selected the Latvian entry for Rotterdam from nine competing entries. A public vote exclusively determined which entry would be the winner. Viewers were able to vote once per each phone number via telephone or via SMS, while the online vote conducted through the official Supernova website allowed users to vote up to five times per each accepted social network account: Draugiem.lv, Facebook and Twitter. Due to technical issues, only one vote per account was ultimately counted in the online vote. During the show, a jury provided feedback to the competing artists. The panel consisted of:

Maarja Merivoo-Parro – editor-in-chief of Raadio 2 Estonia
Gerūta Griniūtė – Lithuanian cultural presenter and event host
Petri Mannonen – representative of Universal Music Finland and the Baltics
Artis Dvarionas – producer at Radio SWH


==== Competing entries ====
Artists and songwriters were able to submit their entries to the broadcaster between 10 October 2019 and 20 November 2019. A record 126 entries were submitted at the conclusion of the submission period. A jury panel appointed by LTV evaluated the submitted songs and shortlisted 28 entries. The jury panel consisted of:

Auditions in front of alternate jury panel took place on 21 and 22 November 2019 and featured 26 of the 28 shortlisted entries, with their performances being listed online on the official Supernova YouTube channel on 9 January 2020. Eight performers and songs were determined while taking YouTube views of each entry between 9 and 15 January 2020 into consideration. An additional entry, ""Like Me"" performed by Seleste, was selected due to the artist's newcomer status.",396
2400,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020,Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020,"Eight performers and songs were determined while taking YouTube views of each entry between 9 and 15 January 2020 into consideration. An additional entry, ""Like Me"" performed by Seleste, was selected due to the artist's newcomer status. The nine competing artists and songs were announced on 16 January 2020. Among the artists was Katrīna Dimanta who represented Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 as part of Aarzemnieki. ==== Final ====
The final took place on 8 February 2020. Nine acts competed and the song with the highest number of votes from the public, ""Still Breathing"" performed by Samanta Tīna, was declared the winner. == At Eurovision ==
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the ""Big Five"" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 28 January 2020, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Latvia was placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 14 May 2020, and was scheduled to perform in the second half of the show. However, due to 2019-20 pandemic of Coronavirus, the contest was cancelled. Prior to the Eurovision Song Celebration YouTube broadcast in place of the semi-finals, it was revealed on Twitter alongside the opening slot in the first semi-final that Latvia was set to perform last in position 18, after the entry from Bulgaria.",384
2401,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020,Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020,"However, due to 2019-20 pandemic of Coronavirus, the contest was cancelled. Prior to the Eurovision Song Celebration YouTube broadcast in place of the semi-finals, it was revealed on Twitter alongside the opening slot in the first semi-final that Latvia was set to perform last in position 18, after the entry from Bulgaria. == References ==


== External links ==
Official LTV Eurovision site
Official Supernova site",90