---
license: apache-2.0
library_name: dinov3-dense
pipeline_tag: image-to-image
tags:
  - optical-flow
  - dinov3
  - frozen-backbone
datasets:
  - blanchon/dinoflow-dataset
---

# DinoFlow — DINOv3 ViT-S/16 + correlation-augmented SDT optical-flow head

A compact optical-flow decoder on a **frozen DINOv3 ViT-S/16** backbone, generalizing the
**AnyDepth** SDT recipe (arXiv:2601.02760) to two-frame flow. Only the small decoder is trained; the
DINOv3 encoder is frozen and run on the fly on both frames. Trained on the standard FlowNet/RAFT
**C+T** corpus (FlyingChairs → FlyingThings3D) from
[`blanchon/dinoflow-dataset`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/blanchon/dinoflow-dataset).

Code: <https://github.com/julien-blanchon/dinodepth> (`src/dinov3_dense`).

## Architecture

The depth SDT trunk, reused verbatim, with a flow front-end:

1. The frozen DINOv3 backbone runs on **both** frames (siamese); a shared softmax `WeightedFusion`
   collapses each frame's 4 tapped layers into a feature grid at stride H/16.
2. A **local correlation cost volume** (radius 4 → ±64 px, 81 neighbors) plus the feature difference
   between the two grids form the motion signal.
3. The AnyDepth trunk — `SpatialDetailEnhancer` → two learned `DySample` ×4 stages — upsamples back to
   full resolution, and a final conv emits **2 channels** (u, v) instead of single-channel disparity.

Single forward pass (no RAFT-style iterative refinement). Decoder: **6.88 M** parameters.

## Usage

```python
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
from safetensors.torch import load_file
from dinov3_dense.head import FlowModel, FlowModelConfig

model = FlowModel.from_pretrained(FlowModelConfig(backbone="vits16"))
model.head.load_state_dict(load_file(hf_hub_download("blanchon/dinoflow-model", "flow-vits16.safetensors")))
model.eval()

# image1, image2: float [B, 3, H, W] in [0, 1], H/W multiples of 16
flow = model(image1, image2)   # [B, 2, H, W] -> (u, v) pixels, frame1 -> frame2
```

## Zero-shot benchmark

Full-split evaluation on Sintel (train, 1041 pairs/pass) and KITTI-2015 (train, 200 pairs) with the
standard EPE / Fl-all protocol (no alignment), via `anyflow-benchmark`. **EPE in px, lower is better.**

| Method (C+T) | Sintel-clean EPE | Sintel-final EPE | KITTI-15 EPE | KITTI-15 Fl-all |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAFT | 1.43 | 2.71 | 5.04 | 17.4% |
| FlowFormer | 1.01 | 2.40 | 4.09 | 14.7% |
| SEA-RAFT | 1.19 | 4.11 | 3.62 | 12.9% |
| **DinoFlow ViT-S (ours)** | **3.97** | **5.06** | **19.79** | **61.6%** |

Pixel accuracy (fraction within threshold): Sintel-clean px3 0.81 / px5 0.87; Sintel-final px3 0.77.

**Honest positioning.** This is a deliberately **lightweight, single-pass** probe — a frozen backbone
with a tiny decoder and no iterative refinement — so it lands roughly at **FlowNet level**, well
behind the recurrent-refinement SOTA above. The weak spot is KITTI: its large automotive displacements
exceed the ±64 px local-correlation range and the GT is sparse LiDAR, the known failure mode of a lite
correlation head trained on synthetic C+T only. Sintel (moderate motion, dense GT) is far stronger.

## Training

- Frozen DINOv3 ViT-S/16, 4 tapped layers `[2, 5, 8, 11]`, ImageNet-normalized input.
- 24 epochs on combined C+T at 512², global batch 48, AdamW lr 4e-4 (poly decay, 2-epoch warmup),
  masked-L1 end-point loss with a 400 px flow cap, RAFT-style augmentation, bf16 autocast.
- 4×GH200, ~3 h. See the GitHub repo for the exact config and `anyflow-train` command.