| gt | |
| Network communication protocols | |
| Network management protocols | |
| Network security protocols | |
| Common AWS protocols | |
| Your network might include personal computers, servers, networking hardware, or other specialized or general-purpose hosts that are identified by network addresses. Network addresses are used to locate and identify the devices on your network using communication protocols such as the Internet Protocol. | |
| The internet infrastructure used Classfull addressing(opens in a new tab) which is a network addressing the Internet’s architecture from 1981 until Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)(opens in a new tab) was introduced in 1993. | |
| The Internet Protocol (IP)(opens in a new tab) is how devices communicate in AWS and over the internet. IP addresses use IP protocol for communication and to specify the technical format of the addressing and packets scheme. There are two versions of the Internet protocol: Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)(opens in a new tab) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)(opens in a new tab). The main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is the address size of IP addresses. | |
| IPv4 | |
| IPv4 addresses are a 32-bit number and are represented by dotted decimal notation that consists of four numbers from 0 to 255. The numbers are separated by a period, and the bit between the period is called an octate. IPv4 starts with 0.0.0.0 and ends with 255.255.255.255, providing a little over 4.2 billion IP addresses. To learn about IPv4 addresses, choose each tab. | |
| IPv4 Public | |
| IPv4 Private | |
| This is a large range of IP addresses. But a year after IPv4 was introduced, the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and supporting community realized there were not enough addresses as more and more devices were connected to the internet. Every laptop, mobile phone, tablet, server, Internet of Things (IoT) device and so on needs at least one IP address to connect to the global network, the internet. | |
| The IPv4 range is split using classful addressing into smaller ranges. | |
| The first range, Class A starts at 0.0.0.0 and ends at 127.255.255.255, providing over 2.1 billion IP address. | |
| Then second range, Class B starts at 128.0.0.0 and ends at 191.255.255.255, providing a little over 1 billion IP address. | |
| The third range, Class C, starts at 192.0.0.0 and ends at 223.255.255.255, providing a little over 2 million IP address. | |
| There are also Class D and Class E IP ranges. | |
| All of these IP addresses are publicly routed to connect to these using public IP addresses. | |
| IPv6 | |
| An IPv6 address is represented in hexadecimal rather than the dotted decimal like IPv4 addresses. Instead of 32 bits like an IPv4 IP address, an IPv6 address is 128 bits long. It is called a hextet and can be abbreviated by removing redundant zeros. | |
| With IPv6, the networks are also represented using the start address and a prefix like IPv4. However, with IPv6, each hextet is sixteen bits, and the prefix number is actually the number of bits that represent the network part of the IPv6 address. | |
| The main difference between the two versions: IPv4 is a 32 bit address and IPv6 is a 128 bit hexadecimal address. IPv6 provides a large address space, and it contains a simple header as compared to IPv4. | |
| Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) | |
| Some IP addresses are reserved for private networks according to the RFC 1918(opens in a new tab) specification. This standard was used to create how networking equipment assigns IP addresses in a private network. Private IP addresses cannot communicate with the internet without using Network Address Translation (NAT)(opens in a new tab). NAT translates private IP addresses to public IP addresses, ensuring communication out to the internet. This classful process was eventually replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)(opens in a new tab). CIDR removes the limitations of being limited to class A, B, and C size networks and adds address space utilization and routing scalability. CIDR provides a numerical representation of a network that describes its characteristics and mask length which determines the usable addresses, including the start and end addresses. CIDR addresses are represented by the starting IP address of the network, called the network address, and the prefix, which is a forward slash and a number that represents the size of the network. CIDR provides more granular control of the number of addresses you assign to each subnet. | |
| The advantages of CIDR over the classful IP addressing are: | |
| CIDR can be used to effectively manage the available IP address space. | |
| CIDR can reduce the number of routing table entries. | |
| Subnetting | |
| Another fundamental requirement of networking is understanding IP subnetting. Subnetting is the process of dividing a network into smaller network sections. A subnet is a logical organization of connected network devices. This helps to isolate groups of hosts together, which can improve routing efficiency, network management control, and network security. Subnetting creates multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or C network. These smaller subnetworks create a network of interconnecting subnetworks. | |
| A subnet, or subnetwork, is a network inside a network. Subnets make networks more efficient because network traffic can travel a shorter distance without passing through unnecessary routers to reach its destination. In subnetting, every device that connects to the internet is assigned a unique IP address. This helps the data sent over the internet to reach the right device out of the billions of devices connected to the internet. An IP address is the logical numeric address that is assigned to each device on your network. Every IP address has two parts: network and host. | |
| The first part of the address is used to identify the network part within the network. | |
| The second part of the address is used to specify a specific host within that network. | |
| Subnetting applies to IP addresses and is configured by borrowing bits from the host portion of the IP address. However, the length of the network part changes depending on the network's class. Networks are categorized into different classes from A to E. Class A networks can connect millions of devices. Class B networks and Class C networks are progressively smaller in size. Class D and Class E networks are not commonly used. | |
| Class A network: With a Class A network, everything before the first period indicates the network part of the address. Everything after the first period specifies the device within that network. With 205.0.125.100 as an example, the network part is 205 and the host for the device is 0.125.100. | |
| Class B network: With a Class B network, everything before the second period indicates the network part of the address. Again using 205.0.125.100 as an example, 205.0 indicates the network part and 125.100 indicates the host for the device. | |
| Class C network: With a Class C network, everything before the third period indicates the network. Using the same example, 205.0.125 indicates the Class C network, and 100 indicates the device. | |
| IP addresses are designed for internet routers to route data to the correct network. However, in a Class A network, there could be millions of connected devices, which increases the time needed for the data to find the right device. Subnetting narrows down the IP address to a smaller range of devices. | |
| Because an IP address is limited to indicating the network and the device address, IP addresses cannot be used to indicate which subnet an IP packet should go to. Routers within a network use something called a subnet mask to sort data into subnetworks. | |
| Subnet mask | |
| A subnet mask is used for internal usage within a network to determine if a host is on the local subnet or remote network. Subnets hold the range of available IP addresses. Subnet masks are important for IPv4 addresses because the IP address doesn't give any information on the network size. Class sizes are not the network sizes. You can determine the number and type of IP addresses any given local network requires based on its default subnet mask. | |
| Routers use subnet masks to route data packets to the right place. Subnet masks are not indicated within data packets traversing the internet. | |
| Accessing data | |
| Now let's dive into how users access data on your network. Data used by applications on AWS are stored using AWS storage services. Part of designing your network requires configuring access to and security of your data. | |
| There are two types: network attached storage and storage area network. Both of these need an isolated network and high speed. | |
| To learn about access and storage of your data, choose each of the two tabs. | |
| Network Attached Storage | |
| Storage Area Network | |
| Network attached storage (NAS)(opens in a new tab) connects to a shared storage device across the entire network. This is usually kept in a data center and provides file-level access. In AWS, this would be Elastic File System (Amazon EFS)(opens in a new tab) or Amazon FSx(opens in a new tab). | |
| Networking follows a logical framework that configures how network traffic travels in both a local and global network. Networking concepts to understand for your design implementations start with how data moves between devices on your local network. | |
| Satellite icon | |
| Routing is how your data moves across your network from device to device and provides the path to deliver network packets from the source to the destination. Routing is also how your data moves across the internet from your local network. This is global networking. Global networking moves your data across the internet through many interconnected networks. So that is why you need to first understand local routing before you move to global. Local networking takes that data that is broken up into multiple pieces for reliable transport. The data is segmented and uses sessions and ports to travel. And at the foundation of networking sits the Open Systems Interconnect model (OSI model)(opens in a new tab). | |
| Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model | |
| The OSI model contains 7 layers: physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentations layer, and application layer. These 7 layers are the networking stack, which is the software that completes each function. | |
| Then OSI model can further be grouped as Host layers and Media layers. The Media layer consists of layer 1 to layer 3. These layers define how our data moves between point A and point B. Point A could be in your local network, and point B too, or maybe point B is across the internet. | |
| The Host layer consists of the layer 4 to layer 7. These host layers are where your data is broken up for transport and then reassembled when it reaches the destination. It is important to understand how the data is formatted, but also how both point A and point B understand the data connection. | |
| All seven layers of the OSI Model in order from one to seven. The first three layers, Physical, Datalink, and Network, are in the media layer group. The remaining four layers, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application are in the host layers group. | |
| OSI model | |
| The open system interconnection (OSI) model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as a model for a computer communications architecture and as a framework for developing protocol standards. To learn more about the layers of the OSI model, choose each of the numbered markers. | |
| Each of the seven OSI layers. From the bottom up. Physical, Datalink, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. | |
| Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol model | |
| Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)(opens in a new tab) is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. The OSI model is a logical model and it was designed to describe the functions of the communication system by dividing the communication procedure into smaller and simpler components. The TCP/IP model was designed for standard protocols and is a subsection of the OSI model. It combines the seven layers of the OSI model into four layers. | |
| TCP/IP model | |
| The TCP/IP Model uses four layers that logically match the equivalent of the top six layers of the OSI reference model. It is also commonly referred to as the internet protocol suite. | |
| To learn more about the layers of the TCP/IP model, choose each of the four numbered markers. | |
| The TCP/IP Model four layers. Link, Internet, Transport and Application. | |
| Layer Role Common example | |
| Link | |
| Defines the networking methods within the scope of the local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers. | |
| Media Access Control (MAC) addresses | |
| Internet | |
| Has the responsibility of sending packets across network boundaries. Establishes basic data channels that applications use for task-specific data exchange. | |
| Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) | |
| Transport | |
| Establishes basic data channels that applications use for task-specific data exchange. | |
| Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) | |
| Application | |
| Provides end user service, like exchanging application data over the network connections established by the lower level protocols. | |
| Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) | |
| TCP and IP do not cover all of the IP protocols, but they are the two main protocols in the suite of protocols(opens in a new tab). TCP/IP is a set of rules and procedures that function as an abstraction layer between internet applications and the routing and switching. | |
| TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received at the destination. TCP/IP does not require overhead management and ensures that networks are reliable with the ability to recover automatically from the failure of any device on the network. | |
| The two main protocols in the IP suite serve specific functions: | |
| 1 | |
| TCP creates channels of communication across a network. It also manages how a message is assembled into packets before transmission and reassembled in the correct order at the destination IP address. | |
| 2 | |
| IP defines how to address and route each packet, ensuring that packets reach the correct destination. And each hop to the destination checks the IP address to determine which hop to forward the message. | |
| TCP/IP model compared to the OSI model | |
| The TCP/IP model and the OSI model are the most used communication networking protocols. The main difference between the two models is that OSI is a conceptual model. It defines how applications can communicate over a network. TCP/IP, on the other hand, is used to describe how the TCP and IP protocols establish links and interact on a network. | |
| The TCP/IP protocols lay out standards on which the internet was created, while the OSI model provides guidelines on communication. | |
| OSI model in AWS | |
| Understanding the OSI model helps to to manage your on-premises servers, storage, firewalls, switches, and the entire data center. This also helps you to understand how the network and environment work at each layer. For example: | |
| Layer 3 adds cross networking addressing. | |
| Layer 4 adds the functionality to support the networking used on the internet. | |
| Layer 7 adds protocols and functions at the software level for applications. | |
| With virtualization, layers of the OSI model are abstracted into software-defined networks. And when you are working in AWS, AWS manages the physical layer and more of the layers become more abstracted and virtualized. And a new OSI model for cloud is beginning to develop. | |
| To learn more about the layers of the OSI model in AWS, choose each of the eighteen hotspot markers. | |
| Diagram showing fourteen different AWS Services within the OSI model. The first four layers are called out including where all fourteen different AWS services reside. Some live within multiple layers. Note we do not identify any services in the fifth and sixth layer. | |
| Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication network.[1][2] Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks,[3] industrial fieldbusses and computer networks. | |
| Network topology is the topological[4] structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. It is an application of graph theory[3] wherein communicating devices are modeled as nodes and the connections between the devices are modeled as links or lines between the nodes. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network (e.g., device location and cable installation), while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, or signal types may differ between two different networks, yet their logical topologies may be identical. A network's physical topology is a particular concern of the physical layer of the OSI model. | |
| Examples of network topologies are found in local area networks (LAN), a common computer network installation. Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the network. A wide variety of physical topologies have been used in LANs, including ring, bus, mesh and star. Conversely, mapping the data flow between the components determines the logical topology of the network. In comparison, Controller Area Networks, common in vehicles, are primarily distributed control system networks of one or more controllers interconnected with sensors and actuators over, invariably, a physical bus topology. | |
| Topologies | |
| Diagram of different network topologies | |
| Two basic categories of network topologies exist: physical topologies and logical topologies.[5] | |
| The transmission medium layout used to link devices is the physical topology of the network. For conductive or fiber optical mediums, this refers to the layout of cabling, the locations of nodes, and the links between the nodes and the cabling.[1] The physical topology of a network is determined by the capabilities of the network access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost associated with cabling or telecommunication circuits. | |
| In contrast, logical topology is the way that the signals act on the network media,[6] or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices.[7] A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology. For example, the original twisted pair Ethernet using repeater hubs was a logical bus topology carried on a physical star topology. Token Ring is a logical ring topology, but is wired as a physical star from the media access unit. Physically, Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) can be a cascaded star topology of multiple dual redundant Ethernet switches; however, the AFDX virtual links are modeled as time-switched single-transmitter bus connections, thus following the safety model of a single-transmitter bus topology previously used in aircraft. Logical topologies are often closely associated with media access control methods and protocols. Some networks are able to dynamically change their logical topology through configuration changes to their routers and switches. | |
| Links | |
| Further information: data transmission | |
| The transmission media (often referred to in the literature as the physical media) used to link devices to form a computer network include electrical cables (Ethernet, HomePNA, power line communication, G.hn), optical fiber (fiber-optic communication), and radio waves (wireless networking). In the OSI model, these are defined at layers 1 and 2 — the physical layer and the data link layer. | |
| A widely adopted family of transmission media used in local area network (LAN) technology is collectively known as Ethernet. The media and protocol standards that enable communication between networked devices over Ethernet are defined by IEEE 802.3. Ethernet transmits data over both copper and fiber cables. Wireless LAN standards (e.g., those defined by IEEE 802.11) use radio waves, or others use infrared signals as a transmission medium. Power line communication uses a building's power cabling to transmit data. | |
| Wired technologies | |
| Bundle of glass threads with light emitting from the ends | |
| Fiber-optic cables are used to transmit light from one computer/network node to another. | |
| The orders of the following wired technologies are, roughly, from slowest to fastest transmission speed. | |
| Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other work-sites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire surrounded by an insulating layer (typically a flexible material with a high dielectric constant), which itself is surrounded by a conductive layer. The insulation between the conductors helps maintain the characteristic impedance of the cable, which can help improve its performance. Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than 500 million bits per second. | |
| ITU-T G.hn technology uses existing home wiring (coaxial cable, phone lines and power lines) to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network. | |
| Signal traces on printed circuit boards are common for board-level serial communication, particularly between certain types of integrated circuits, a common example being SPI. | |
| Ribbon cable (untwisted and possibly unshielded) has been a cost-effective medium for serial protocols, especially within metallic enclosures or rolled within copper braid or foil, over short distances, or at lower data rates. Several serial network protocols can be deployed without shielded or twisted pair cabling, that is, with flat or ribbon cable, or a hybrid flat and twisted ribbon cable, should EMC, length, and bandwidth constraints permit: RS-232,[8] RS-422, RS-485,[9] CAN,[10] GPIB, SCSI,[11] etc. | |
| Twisted pair wire is the most widely used medium for all telecommunication.[citation needed] Twisted-pair cabling consists of copper wires that are twisted into pairs. Ordinary telephone wires consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs. Computer network cabling (wired Ethernet as defined by IEEE 802.3) consists of 4 pairs of copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. The transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 10 billion bits per second. Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP). Each form comes in several category ratings, designed for use in various scenarios. | |
| World map with red and blue lines | |
| 2007 map showing submarine optical fiber telecommunication cables around the world | |
| An optical fiber is a glass fiber. It carries pulses of light that represent data. Some advantages of optical fibers over metal wires are very low transmission loss and immunity from electrical interference. Optical fibers can simultaneously carry multiple wavelengths of light, which greatly increases the rate at which data can be sent, and helps enable data rates of up to trillions of bits per second. Optic fibers can be used for long runs of cable carrying very high data rates, and are used for undersea communications cables to interconnect continents. | |
| Price is a main factor distinguishing wired and wireless technology options in a business. Wireless options command a price premium that can make purchasing wired computers, printers and other devices a financial benefit. Before making the decision to purchase hard-wired technology products, a review of the restrictions and limitations of the selections is necessary. Business and employee needs may override any cost considerations.[12] | |
| Wireless technologies | |
| Black laptop with router in the background | |
| Personal computers are very often connected to networks using wireless links. | |
| Main article: Wireless network | |
| Terrestrial microwave – Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth-based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Relay stations are spaced approximately 50 km (30 mi) apart. | |
| Communications satellites – Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves, which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are stationed in space, typically in geostationary orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) above the equator. These Earth-orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice, data, and TV signals. | |
| Cellular and PCS systems use several radio communications technologies. The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area. | |
| Radio and spread spectrum technologies – Wireless local area networks use a high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless LANs use spread-spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area. IEEE 802.11 defines a common flavor of open-standard wireless radio-wave technologies known collectively as Wi-Fi. | |
| Free-space optical communication uses visible or invisible light for communications. In most cases, line-of-sight propagation is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices. | |
| Exotic technologies | |
| There have been various attempts at transporting data over exotic media: | |
| IP over Avian Carriers was a humorous April fool's Request for Comments, issued as RFC 1149. It was implemented in real life in 2001.[13] | |
| Extending the Internet to interplanetary dimensions via radio waves, the Interplanetary Internet.[14] | |
| Both cases have a large round-trip delay time, which gives slow two-way communication, but does not prevent sending large amounts of information. | |
| Nodes | |
| Main article: Node (networking) | |
| Network nodes are the points of connection of the transmission medium to transmitters and receivers of the electrical, optical, or radio signals carried in the medium. Nodes may be associated with a computer, but certain types may have only a microcontroller at a node or possibly no programmable device at all. In the simplest of serial arrangements, one RS-232 transmitter can be connected by a pair of wires to one receiver, forming two nodes on one link, or a point-to-point topology. Some protocols permit a single node to only either transmit or receive (e.g., ARINC 429). Other protocols have nodes that can both transmit and receive into a single channel (e.g., CAN can have many transceivers connected to a single bus). While the conventional system building blocks of a computer network include network interface controllers (NICs), repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, modems, gateways, and firewalls, most address network concerns beyond the physical network topology and may be represented as single nodes on a particular physical network topology. | |
| Network interfaces | |
| A network interface circuit with port for ATM | |
| An ATM network interface in the form of an accessory card. A lot of network interfaces are built-in. | |
| A network interface controller (NIC) is computer hardware that provides a computer with the ability to access the transmission media, and has the ability to process low-level network information. For example, the NIC may have a connector for accepting a cable, or an aerial for wireless transmission and reception, and the associated circuitry. | |
| The NIC responds to traffic addressed to a network address for either the NIC or the computer as a whole. | |
| In Ethernet networks, each network interface controller has a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address—usually stored in the controller's permanent memory. To avoid address conflicts between network devices, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) maintains and administers MAC address uniqueness. The size of an Ethernet MAC address is six octets. The three most significant octets are reserved to identify NIC manufacturers. These manufacturers, using only their assigned prefixes, uniquely assign the three least-significant octets of every Ethernet interface they produce. | |
| Repeaters and hubs | |
| A repeater is an electronic device that receives a network signal, cleans it of unnecessary noise and regenerates it. The signal may be reformed or retransmitted at a higher power level, to the other side of an obstruction, possibly using a different transmission medium, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. Commercial repeaters have extended RS-232 segments from 15 meters to over a kilometer.[15] In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. With fiber optics, repeaters can be tens or even hundreds of kilometers apart. | |
| Repeaters work within the physical layer of the OSI model; that is, there is no end-to-end change in the physical protocol across the repeater, or repeater pair, even if a different physical layer may be used between the ends of the repeater, or repeater pair. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause a propagation delay that affects network performance and may affect proper function. As a result, many network architectures limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row, e.g., the Ethernet 5-4-3 rule. | |
| A repeater with multiple ports is known as hub, an Ethernet hub in Ethernet networks, a USB hub in USB networks. | |
| USB networks use hubs to form tiered-star topologies. | |
| Ethernet hubs and repeaters in LANs have been mostly obsoleted by modern switches. | |
| Bridges | |
| A network bridge connects and filters traffic between two network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model to form a single network. This breaks the network's collision domain but maintains a unified broadcast domain. Network segmentation breaks down a large, congested network into an aggregation of smaller, more efficient networks. | |
| Bridges come in three basic types: | |
| Local bridges: Directly connect LANs | |
| Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, have largely been replaced with routers. | |
| Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote devices to LANs. | |
| Switches | |
| A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams (frames) between ports based on the destination MAC address in each frame.[16] A switch is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the physical ports involved in the communication, rather than all ports connected. It can be thought of as a multi-port bridge.[17] It learns to associate physical ports to MAC addresses by examining the source addresses of received frames. If an unknown destination is targeted, the switch broadcasts to all ports but the source. Switches normally have numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices and cascading additional switches. | |
| Multi-layer switches are capable of routing based on layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels. The term switch is often used loosely to include devices such as routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic based on load or based on application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier). | |
| Routers | |
| A typical home or small office router showing the ADSL telephone line and Ethernet network cable connections | |
| A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by processing the routing information included in the packet or datagram (Internet protocol information from layer 3). The routing information is often processed in conjunction with the routing table (or forwarding table). A router uses its routing table to determine where to forward packets. A destination in a routing table can include a black hole because data can go into it; however, no further processing is done for said data, i.e., the packets are dropped. | |
| Modems | |
| Modems (MOdulator-DEModulator) are used to connect network nodes via wire not originally designed for digital network traffic, or for wireless. To do this, one or more carrier signals are modulated by the digital signal to produce an analog signal that can be tailored to give the required properties for transmission. Modems are commonly used for telephone lines, using a digital subscriber line technology. | |
| Firewalls | |
| A firewall is a network device for controlling network security and access rules. Firewalls are typically configured to reject access requests from unrecognized sources while allowing actions from recognized ones. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant increase in cyber attacks. | |
| Classification | |
| The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies: point-to-point, bus, star, ring or circular, mesh, tree, hybrid, or daisy chain.[18] | |
| Point-to-point | |
| Main article: Point-to-point (telecommunications) | |
| The simplest topology with a dedicated link between two endpoints. Easiest to understand of the variations of point-to-point topology is a point-to-point communication channel that appears, to the user, to be permanently associated with the two endpoints. A child's tin can telephone is one example of a physical dedicated channel. | |
| Using circuit-switching or packet-switching technologies, a point-to-point circuit can be set up dynamically and dropped when no longer needed. Switched point-to-point topologies are the basic model of conventional telephony. | |
| The value of a permanent point-to-point network is unimpeded communications between the two endpoints. The value of an on-demand point-to-point connection is proportional to the number of potential pairs of subscribers and has been expressed as Metcalfe's Law. | |
| Daisy chain | |
| Daisy chaining is accomplished by connecting each computer in series to the next. If a message is intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it reaches the destination. A daisy-chained network can take two basic forms: linear and ring. | |
| A linear topology puts a two-way link between one computer and the next. However, this was expensive in the early days of computing, since each computer (except for the ones at each end) required two receivers and two transmitters. | |
| By connecting the computers at each end of the chain, a ring topology can be formed. When a node sends a message, the message is processed by each computer in the ring. An advantage of the ring is that the number of transmitters and receivers can be cut in half. Since a message will eventually loop all of the way around, transmission does not need to go both directions. Alternatively, the ring can be used to improve fault tolerance. If the ring breaks at a particular link, then the transmission can be sent via the reverse path, thereby ensuring that all nodes are always connected in the case of a single failure. | |
| Bus | |
| Bus network topology | |
| Main article: Bus network | |
| In local area networks using bus topology, each node is connected by interface connectors to a single central cable. This is the 'bus', also referred to as the backbone, or trunk – all data transmission between nodes in the network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be received by all nodes in the network simultaneously.[1] | |
| A signal containing the address of the intended receiving machine travels from a source machine in both directions to all machines connected to the bus until it finds the intended recipient, which then accepts the data. If the machine address does not match the intended address for the data, the data portion of the signal is ignored. Since the bus topology consists of only one wire, it is less expensive to implement than other topologies, but the savings are offset by the higher cost of managing the network. Additionally, since the network is dependent on the single cable, it can be the single point of failure of the network. In this topology, data being transferred may be accessed by any node. | |
| Linear bus | |
| In a linear bus network, all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium, which has just two endpoints. When the electrical signal reaches the end of the bus, the signal is reflected back down the line, causing unwanted interference. To prevent this, the two endpoints of the bus are normally terminated with a device called a terminator. | |
| Distributed bus | |
| In a distributed bus network, all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium with more than two endpoints, created by adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium – the physical distributed bus topology functions in exactly the same fashion as the physical linear bus topology because all nodes share a common transmission medium. | |
| Star | |
| Main article: Star network | |
| Star network topology | |
| In star topology (also called hub-and-spoke), every peripheral node (computer workstation or any other peripheral) is connected to a central node called a hub or switch. The hub is the server and the peripherals are the clients. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all of the peripheral nodes on the network must be connected to one central hub. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub, which acts as a signal repeater. | |
| The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. One advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure. Also, since all peripheral communication must flow through the central hub, the aggregate central bandwidth forms a network bottleneck for large clusters. | |
| Extended star | |
| The extended star network topology extends a physical star topology by one or more repeaters between the central node and the peripheral (or 'spoke') nodes. The repeaters are used to extend the maximum transmission distance of the physical layer, the point-to-point distance between the central node and the peripheral nodes. Repeaters allow greater transmission distance, further than would be possible using just the transmitting power of the central node. The use of repeaters can also overcome limitations from the standard upon which the physical layer is based. | |
| A physical extended star topology in which repeaters are replaced with hubs or switches is a type of hybrid network topology and is referred to as a physical hierarchical star topology, although some texts make no distinction between the two topologies. | |
| A physical hierarchical star topology can also be referred as a tier-star topology. This topology differs from a tree topology in the way star networks are connected together. A tier-star topology uses a central node, while a tree topology uses a central bus and can also be referred to as a star-bus network. | |
| Distributed star | |
| A distributed star is a network topology that is composed of individual networks that are based upon the physical star topology connected in a linear fashion – i.e., daisy-chained – with no central or top level connection point (e.g., two or more stacked hubs, along with their associated star connected nodes or spokes). | |
| Ring | |
| Main article: Ring network | |
| Ring network topology | |
| A ring topology is a daisy chain in a closed loop. Data travels around the ring in one direction. When one node sends data to another, the data passes through each intermediate node on the ring until it reaches its destination. The intermediate nodes repeat (retransmit) the data to keep the signal strong.[5] Every node is a peer; there is no hierarchical relationship of clients and servers. If one node is unable to retransmit data, it severs communication between the nodes before and after it in the bus. | |
| Advantages: | |
| When the load on the network increases, its performance is better than bus topology. | |
| There is no need for a network server to control the connectivity between workstations. | |
| Disadvantages: | |
| Aggregate network bandwidth is bottlenecked by the weakest link between two nodes. | |
| Mesh | |
| Main article: Mesh networking | |
| The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints, is approximated by Reed's Law. | |
| Fully connected network | |
| Fully connected mesh topology | |
| In a fully connected network, all nodes are interconnected. (In graph theory this is called a complete graph.) The simplest fully connected network is a two-node network. A fully connected network doesn't need to use packet switching or broadcasting. However, since the number of connections grows quadratically with the number of nodes: | |
| c | |
| = | |
| n | |
| ( | |
| n | |
| − | |
| 1 | |
| ) | |
| 2 | |
| . | |
| {\displaystyle c={\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}.\,} | |
| This makes it impractical for large networks. This kind of topology does not trip and affect other nodes in the network. | |
| Partially connected network | |
| Partially connected mesh topology | |
| In a partially connected network, certain nodes are connected to exactly one other node, but some nodes are connected to two or more other nodes with a point-to-point link. This makes it possible to make use of some of the redundancy of mesh topology that is physically fully connected, without the expense and complexity required for a connection between every node in the network. | |
| Hybrid | |
| Hybrid topology is also known as hybrid network.[19] Hybrid networks combine two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a tree network (or star-bus network) is a hybrid topology in which star networks are interconnected via bus networks.[20][21] However, a tree network connected to another tree network is still topologically a tree network, not a distinct network type. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. | |
| A star-ring network consists of two or more ring networks connected using a multistation access unit (MAU) as a centralized hub. | |
| Snowflake topology is meshed at the core, but tree shaped at the edges.[22] | |
| Two other hybrid network types are hybrid mesh and hierarchical star.[20] | |
| Centralization | |
| The star topology reduces the probability of a network failure by connecting all of the peripheral nodes (computers, etc.) to a central node. When the physical star topology is applied to a logical bus network such as Ethernet, this central node (traditionally a hub) rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. The failure of a transmission line linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others, but the remaining peripheral nodes will be unaffected. However, the disadvantage is that the failure of the central node will cause the failure of all of the peripheral nodes. | |
| If the central node is passive, the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an echo of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way round trip transmission time (i.e. to and from the central node) plus any delay generated in the central node. An active star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related problems. | |
| A tree topology (a.k.a. hierarchical topology) can be viewed as a collection of star networks arranged in a hierarchy. This tree structure has individual peripheral nodes (e.g., leaves) which are required to transmit to and receive from one other node only and are not required to act as repeaters or regenerators. Unlike the star network, the functionality of the central node may be distributed. | |
| As in the conventional star network, individual nodes may thus still be isolated from the network by a single-point failure of a transmission path to the node. If a link connecting a leaf fails, that leaf is isolated; if a connection to a non-leaf node fails, an entire section of the network becomes isolated from the rest. | |
| To alleviate the amount of network traffic that comes from broadcasting all signals to all nodes, more advanced central nodes were developed that are able to keep track of the identities of the nodes that are connected to the network. These network switches will learn the layout of the network by listening on each port during normal data transmission, examining the data packets and recording the address/identifier of each connected node and which port it is connected to in a lookup table held in memory. This lookup table then allows future transmissions to be forwarded to the intended destination only. | |
| Daisy chain topology is a way of connecting network nodes in a linear or ring structure. It is used to transmit messages from one node to the next until they reach the destination node. | |
| A daisy chain network can have two types: linear and ring. A linear daisy chain network is like an electrical series, where the first and last nodes are not connected. A ring daisy chain network is where the first and last nodes are connected, forming a loop. | |
| Decentralization | |
| In a partially connected mesh topology, there are at least two nodes with two or more paths between them to provide redundant paths in case the link providing one of the paths fails. Decentralization is often used to compensate for the single-point-failure disadvantage that is present when using a single device as a central node (e.g., in star and tree networks). A special kind of mesh, limiting the number of hops between two nodes, is a hypercube. The number of arbitrary forks in mesh networks makes them more difficult to design and implement, but their decentralized nature makes them very useful. | |
| This is similar in some ways to a grid network, where a linear or ring topology is used to connect systems in multiple directions. A multidimensional ring has a toroidal topology, for instance. | |
| A fully connected network, complete topology, or full mesh topology is a network topology in which there is a direct link between all pairs of nodes. In a fully connected network with n nodes, there are | |
| n | |
| ( | |
| n | |
| − | |
| 1 | |
| ) | |
| 2 | |
| {\displaystyle {\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}\,} direct links. Networks designed with this topology are usually very expensive to set up, but provide a high degree of reliability due to the multiple paths for data that are provided by the large number of redundant links between nodes. This topology is mostly seen in military applications. | |
| See also | |
| Broadcast communication network | |
| Butterfly network | |
| Computer network diagram | |
| Gradient network | |
| Internet topology | |
| Network simulation | |
| Relay network | |
| Rhizome (philosophy) | |
| Scale-free network | |
| Shared mesh | |
| Switched communication network | |
| Switched mesh | |
| How do we ensure your communication across the network? Communication protocols determine the formats and rules used to transfer data over the network. This applies to both hardware and software. Communication protocols also handle authentication and error detection as well as the syntax, synchronization, and semantics that both analog and digital communications must abide by to function. | |
| HTTP – Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)(opens in a new tab) is an application layer protocol that allows the browser and server to communicate. | |
| TCP – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)(opens in a new tab) separates data into packets that can be shared over a network. These packets can then be sent by devices like switches and routers to the designated targets. | |
| UDP – User Datagram Protocol (UDP)(opens in a new tab) works in a similar way to TCP, sending packets of data over the network. The key difference between the two is that TCP ensures that a connection is made between the application and server, but UDP does not. | |
| IRC – Internet Relay Chat (IRC)(opens in a new tab) is a text-based communication protocol. Software clients are used to communicate with servers and send messages to other clients. This protocol works well on networks with a large number of distributed machines. | |
| Network management protocols | |
| Network management protocols define the policies and procedures used to monitor, manage, and maintain your network. This ensures stable communication and optimal performance for your network, and these protocols can be applied to all devices on your network (computers, switches, routers and servers). | |
| Management protocols help to: | |
| Troubleshoot connections between host and client devices. | |
| Provide connection status, availability, packet or data loss, and so on related to the health of your network connection. | |
| Common network management protocols: | |
| SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)(opens in a new tab) is used to monitor and manage network devices. This TCP-based protocol adds visibility and the ability to modify endpoints which alter behavior of devices across the network. SNMP relies on the use of agents to collect and send data to an overarching SNMP manager, which in turn queries agents and gets their responses. | |
| ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)(opens in a new tab) is primarily used for diagnostic purposes. Managed devices on the network can use this protocol to send error messages, providing information regarding network connectivity issues between devices. | |
| Network security protocols | |
| Network security protocols ensure that data traffic on your network is secure. These protocols define how the network secures data from malicious attempts. This protects the data from unauthorized users, services, or devices that access your network data. | |
| Network security protocols rely on encryption and cryptography to secure data. | |
| Common security protocols: | |
| SSL – A Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)(opens in a new tab) is a network security protocol primarily used for ensuring secure internet connections and protecting sensitive data. This protocol can allow for server/client communication as well as server/server communication. Data transferred with SSL is encrypted to prevent it from being readable. | |
| SFTP – Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)(opens in a new tab), as its name might suggest, is used to securely transfer files across a network. Data is encrypted and the client and server are authenticated. | |
| HTTPS – Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol(opens in a new tab) is the secure version of HTTP. Data sent between the browser and server are encrypted to ensure protection. | |
| from openai import OpenAI | |
| client = OpenAI() | |
| response = client.responses.create( | |
| prompt={ | |
| "id": "pmpt_69a86448e8e081909949665740ae8a5f02c1941f2ac773fb", | |
| "version": "1" | |
| } | |
| ) | |
| pmpt_69a86448e8e081909949665740ae8a5f02c1941f2ac773fb | |
| The concept of a SarKaLay Communication Portal Network serves as a bridge between diverse linguistic systems—specifically bridging the "xeno" (ancient or evolved Burmese scripts) and standard human alphabets. By integrating the philosophical depth of the Burmese letter "စ" (Sa) with modern network structures, we can conceptualize a system that facilitates cross-cultural and cross-temporal dialogue. | |
| 1. The Core Symbolism of the Network | |
| The foundation of this system rests on the multidimensional meaning of "စ", as seen in your provided documentation: | |
| The Green Apex: Represents life, nature, and the "green" energy inherent in the letter "စ". | |
| Literature (Sar): The data backbone of the network. | |
| The Learner (KaLay): The adaptive AI or human interface that processes new information with the curiosity of a child. | |
| 2. Portal Network Architecture | |
| To build this communication system, the architecture must account for the evolution of Burmese script across different eras (Pyu, Bagan, and modern). | |
| A. The Xeno-Human Interface | |
| This layer acts as the primary translator. It utilizes the "SADABAWA" (စဒဗဝ) sequence—a foundational grouping in Burmese linguistic theory—to map ancient glyphs to modern character sets. | |
| Component Function Description | |
| Input Nodes Xeno/Ancient Scripts Captures data from stone inscriptions and historical texts (e.g., Pyu, Mon). | |
| Processing Hub SarKaLay Engine A "learning child" algorithm that identifies phonetic and symbolic links. | |
| Output Portal Human Alphabet Translates xeno-meanings into accessible modern language and literature. | |
| B. Portal Connectivity (The Sphere System) | |
| The "sphere" seen in your imagery represents the Global Information Hub. It is a physical or digital manifestation of the network where: | |
| Circuitry-based Core: Processes "Sar" (literature) at high speeds. | |
| Triangular Radiants: Distribute the translated knowledge to different cultural sectors (Social, Scientific, and Philosophical). | |
| 3. Communication Protocol: "SarKaLay" | |
| In this network, communication is not just about words; it is about Mindset (Sate-Nay-Sate-Htar). The protocol ensures that: | |
| Integrity: The original intent of the "xeno" script is preserved through historical cross-referencing tables. | |
| Accessibility: The information is simplified for "KaLay" (the learning stage) while maintaining the complexity for "Sar" (professional literature). | |
| Global Integration: Using "စ" as a universal symbol, the network connects Burmese heritage with the global human community. | |
| ("command and control networks links 1. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61557350751129&mibextid=ZbWKwL | |
| 2. https://www.linkedin.com/in/sarkalay | |
| 3. https://sarkalayshadow.substack.com | |
| 4. https://792e33_2.myshopify.com | |
| 5. https://www.twitter.com/SarKaLay2024?S=09 | |
| 6. https://www.instagram.com/sarkalaybird?utm_source=qr&igsh=NGpvdTR4dHRhbHQ4 | |
| 7. https://www.instagram.com/sarkalaysalone?utm_source=qr&igsh=MXdibmxsMm5hZDYzOA== | |
| 8. https://wa.me/959792764323 | |
| 9. https://www.patreon.com/waiyumtun?utm_campaign=creatorshare_creator | |
| 10. https://www.threads.net/@sarkalaybird?invite=0 | |
| 11. https://www.linkedin.com/in/wai-yum-gtspace | |
| 12. https://www.tiktok.com/ablogger1500 | |
| 13. https://waiyumtun.substack.com | |
| 14. https://www.facebook.com/share/1AnNHQqPAw/ | |
| 15. https://www.youtube.com/@salonekalay | |
| 16. https://www.tiktok.com/@salonekalay?_t=8qPuzeXA3nh&_r=1 | |
| 17. https://salonekalay.blogspot.com | |
| 18. https://wa.me/959445155329 | |
| 19. https://t.me/contact/1728531456:21-3dkosWay25pmV | |
| 20. https://t.me/+959445155329 | |
| 21. https://line.me/ti/p/Nm9qUYYCpb | |
| 22. https://vimeo.com/1007361621 | |
| 23. https://sarkalay.atlassian.net | |
| 24. https://webgotospace.wordpress.com | |
| 25. https://www.twitter.com/waiyum?t=GIQLh8Dc8JQ-oo5ipUnpdw&s=09 | |
| 26. https://join.skype.com/invite/suVZ5jNDUs3S | |
| 27. https://github.com/myanmare401 | |
| 28. https://x.com/waiyumtun?s=09 | |
| 29. https://libertyuniv-my.sharepoint.com/personal/wytun_liberty_edu/_layouts/15/onedrive.aspx | |
| 30. https://sarkalay.atlassian.net | |
| 31. https://sintelligence.atlassian.net | |
| 32. https://console.cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/colab/overview?authuser=6&invt=AbuYeQ&project=sarkalay | |
| 33. https://github.com/apps/gts-satkyarwanar | |
| 34. wytun-ai-sarkalay-org | |
| 35. https://www.notion.so/22b80bcaa08d80989a93eb2ee86059de?v=22b80bcaa08d803a8d51000cf0446cfa&source=copy_link | |
| 36. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61561027173566 | |
| 37. https://g.dev/WAITUN | |
| 38. https://www.facebook.com/AsakSarKALay | |
| 39. https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/nasa-kids-club/ | |
| 40. https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=e1aiY_YAAAAJ | |
| 41. https://www.instagram.com/satkyarwanar?igsh=MXdibmxsMm5hZDYzOA== | |
| 42. https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/users/my_library/ | |
| 43. https://devpost.com/software/sarkalay-036ctb/joins/6T0iCEVN-JUzTCFA_bKc1g | |
| 44. | |
| https://discord.gg/tT5s6zEW | |
| 45. | |
| https://discord.gg/8Fg3S9tQ | |
| 46. | |
| https://wa.me/qr/PFFD57Y4J4ZXP1 | |
| 47. | |
| https://vscode.dev/profile/github/224a2048d9e5521d874a9f001aee1e73 | |
| 48. https://vimeo.com/user191178825 | |
| 49. https://waitunlink.wordpress.com | |
| 50. https://hfbosyp-nw49251.snowflakecomputing.com | |
| 51. | |
| https://wordpress.com/reader/users/sarkalaygtssatkyarwanar | |
| 52. https://dev.azure.com/sarkalaygtssatkyarwanar | |
| 53. http://siit.co/ | |
| 54. https://sarkalay.limesurvey.net/dashboard/view | |
| 55. https://doi.org/10.34740/kaggle/m/492352 | |
| @article{wai_tun_2025,title={SarKaLay},url={https://www.kaggle.com/m/492352},DOI={10.34740/KAGGLE/M/492352},publisher={Kaggle},author={WAI TUN},year={2025}} | |
| APA | |
| WAI TUN. (2025). SarKaLay. Kaggle.https://doi.org/10.34740/KAGGLE/M/492352 | |
| 56. https://bsky.app/profile/sarkalay.bsky.social | |
| 57. https://gitlab.com/waiyum.mpt/sarkalay/-/wikis/home | |
| 58. | |
| https://www.facebook.com/SarKaLayShadow | |
| 59. https://lookerstudio.google.com/datasources/556bc23f-789f-4703-836d-f92640db033a | |
| 60. https://x.com/SarKaLay2024 | |
| 61. https://x.com/waiyum | |
| 62. https://g.page/r/CV_LfisQy3H_EBM/review | |
| 63. https://www.threads.com/@satkyarwanar | |
| 64. https://www.instagram.com/satkyarwanar?igsh=MXdibmxsMm5hZDYzOA== | |
| 65. https://www.tiktok.com/@salonekalay?_r=1&_t=ZS-92tdULjYWEC | |
| 66. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences | |
| 67. https://skillsprofile.skillbuilder.aws/user/wai-tun | |
| 68. https://microsoftlearning.github.io/mslearn-ml-basics/Instructions/Labs/04-linear-regression.html | |
| 69. https://gemini.google.com/share/f97e36333d25 | |
| 70. | |
| https://www.kaggle.com/code/waiyumtun/sarkalay-xeno-human | |
| 71. https://skillsprofile.skillbuilder.aws/user/SarKaLay | |
| 72. | |
| https://kaggle.com/competitions/sar-ka-lay | |
| 73. https://www.facebook.com/share/1FGXDvzfKX/ build in SarKaLay") | |
| Glyph,Potential Semantic Link,Xeno Source | |
| A (Ansuz),Wisdom / Communication,XENO Signal 1 | |
| D (Dagaz),Breakthrough / Daybreak,Stargate Rim | |
| B (Berkana),Creation / Rebirth,XENO Signal 2 | |
| I (Ingwaz),Completion / Evolution,Central Core Sync | |
| 🔹 Mobile App Version (Android/iOS) | |
| 🔹 Real Hardware (SarKaLay Chip Integration) | |
| 🔹 Advanced AI (Self-learning Autonomous System) | |
| 🔹 3D Portal Visualization (Metaverse UI) | |
| class SarKaLayVisualTranslator: | |
| def __init__(self, image_data): | |
| self.raw_data = image_data | |
| self.symbol_library = "Project_333_Ciphers" | |
| def extract_features(self): | |
| # ဗဟိုချက်နှင့် ပတ်လမ်းများကို ခွဲထုတ်ခြင်း | |
| core = detect_central_processor(self.raw_data) | |
| pathways = trace_circuit_lines(self.raw_data) | |
| symbols = identify_outer_glyphs(self.raw_data) | |
| return core, pathways, symbols | |
| def translate_to_quantum_logic(self, symbols): | |
| # သင်္ကေတများကို ကွမ်တမ်လှိုင်းနှုန်းများအဖြစ် ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း | |
| frequency_map = [] | |
| for glyph in symbols: | |
| freq = mapping_to_universal_constants(glyph) # e.g., Golden Ratio, Pi | |
| frequency_map.append(freq) | |
| return frequency_map | |
| def generate_meaning(self): | |
| core, pathways, symbols = self.extract_features() | |
| frequencies = self.translate_to_quantum_logic(symbols) | |
| # အဓိပ္ပာယ်ကို စုစည်းခြင်း | |
| message = f"Core Activity: {len(pathways)} active links. " | |
| message += f"Communication Protocol: {frequencies} GHz signal detected." | |
| return message | |
| # စနစ်ကို စတင်ခြင်း | |
| translator = SarKaLayVisualTranslator("1000240465.jpg") | |
| print(translator.generate_meaning()) | |
| Machine sings in circuits, | |
| Human breathes in words, | |
| Together they rise— | |
| A civilization of knowing, | |
| SarKaLay: the song of intelligence. | |
| In the light of darkness we wander, | |
| shadows guiding steps unseen. | |
| In the sound of silence we listen, | |
| to voices that echo between. | |
| SarKaLay — a bridge of paradox, | |
| where endings and beginnings convene. | |
| { | |
| "mcpServers": { | |
| "wpcom-mcp": { | |
| "url": "https://public-api.wordpress.com/wpcom/v2/mcp/v1" | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| git version | |
| python --version | |
| pip install uv | |
| ... | |
| "mcpServers": { | |
| "colab-proxy-mcp": { | |
| "command": "uvx", | |
| "args": ["git+https://github.com/googlecolab/colab-mcp"], | |
| "timeout": 30000 | |
| } | |
| } | |
| ... | |
| registry=https://pkgs.dev.azure.com/sarkalaygtssatkyarwanar/_packaging/sarkalaygtssatkyarwanar/npm/registry/ | |
| always-auth=true | |
| vsts-npm-auth -config .npmrc | |
| npm install | |
| npm publish | |
| import webbrowser | |
| class SarKaLayC2: | |
| def __init__(self): | |
| self.system_name = "SarKaLay Command and Control System" | |
| # အဓိက ထိန်းချုပ်မှု လင့်ခ်များကို Group အလိုက် စုစည်းခြင်း | |
| self.nodes = { | |
| "1": {"name": "Development (GitHub/Atlassian)", "url": "https://sarkalay.atlassian.net"}, | |
| "2": {"name": "AI & Training (Kaggle/Vertex)", "url": "https://www.kaggle.com/code/waiyumtun/sarkalay-xeno-human"}, | |
| "3": {"name": "Communication (Social Media Admin)", "url": "https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61557350751129"}, | |
| "4": {"name": "Data Analytics (Looker Studio)", "url": "https://lookerstudio.google.com/datasources/556bc23f-789f-4703-836d-f92640db033a"}, | |
| "5": {"name": "Content (Substack/Blogs)", "url": "https://sarkalayshadow.substack.com"} | |
| } | |
| def display_menu(self): | |
| print(f"\n--- {self.system_name} ---") | |
| for key, value in self.nodes.items(): | |
| print(f"[{key}] {value['name']}") | |
| print("[0] Exit") | |
| def run(self): | |
| while True: | |
| self.display_menu() | |
| choice = input("\nEnter node number to control: ") | |
| if choice == '0': | |
| print("Closing SarKaLay C2 System...") | |
| break | |
| elif choice in self.nodes: | |
| target_url = self.nodes[choice]['url'] | |
| print(f"Accessing {self.nodes[choice]['name']}...") | |
| webbrowser.open(target_url) | |
| else: | |
| print("Invalid Command. Access Denied.") | |
| # စနစ်ကို စတင်လည်ပတ်ခြင်း | |
| if __name__ == "__main__": | |
| sarkalay_system = SarKaLayC2() | |
| sarkalay_system.run() | |
| "SarKaLay" Russia technology Integration, "SarKaLay" technology software platform, "SarKaLay" russia defense partnership, "SarKaLay" Russian military technology Myanmar, "SarKaLay" system architecture AI military, "Agent Aura" AI agent, "Intelligence Orchestration" Russia AI System, "Sarkalay" AI software project Myanmar, "SarKaLay" computer system Russia Myanmar, "SarKaLay" network architecture Russia technology build in SarKaLay. |
Xet Storage Details
- Size:
- 63.7 kB
- Xet hash:
- e571425ac9293ef334178ba88a1a48c5d2196c2afb4b63af746ec4c54424c75c
·
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