programming/general-discussion/authorship-guide.base

                                  Whizzard's
                                    Guide
                                      to
                                     Text
                                   Adventure
                                  Authorship
                                     v2.0

                             by G. Kevin Wilson (c) 1994


   [ Version 2.0 - In this version, I attempt to organize the earlier
   versions, make the guide more suitable for printing, and such.  This
   version supercedes all previous versions.  It attempts to be more
   profession and useful.  This will be the last version of the Guide.  From
   now on, rather than release new guides, a supplement will appear from
   time to time.]

                  /===================================\
                 |-------------------------------------|
                 |-  This guide is dedicated to the   -|
                 |- memory of Infocom.  Although they -|
                 |- live on, it'll never be the same. -|
                 |-------------------------------------|
                  \===================================/

	Thanks also to Stephen Granade, Activision, Origin, and the rest of
the gang at rec.arts.int-fiction.

        ==================================================================
                       The Table of Contents                      | page |
        ==================================================================
            1 ............What does Interactive Fiction mean to me?  2
          2-4 ...........................The three parts of a game.  3
            5 ............Writing IF as compared to writing a book.  6
            6 ................................The Elements of plot.  7
            7 ..The Story, or 'Where do I find an idea for a game?'  8
            8 .......................................The Zen of IF.  8
            9 ..........................The Thirty-Six basic Plots.  9
           10 ..................An in-depth look at my 9 favorites.  14
           11 ...................Developing your game's Atmosphere.  22
           12 .................The other people in your game, NPCs.  24
           13 .....................The player's good buddies, pets.  26
           14 ..Bringing it all together...Writing your first game.  27
           15 .........................................Betatesting.  28
           16 ..............The gimmick and its place in your game.  30
           17 ....Packaging your game with an eye for registration.  30
           18 ................Marketing and distributing your game.  30
           19 .................................Assorted Miscellany.  32
           Afterword and closing comments..........................  49
           Useful Addresses........................................  49
           An advertisement for Vertigo Software...................  50







									1

	Other Sources of Info on Text Adventures

			Internet Newsgroups:

 rec.arts.int-fiction, rec.games.programmer (for graphic adventures and
 programming.), and occasionally rec.games.int-fiction.  If you like to get
 others' opinions of your ideas, or whatever, bring them to r.a.i-f.  It's my
 favorite newsgroup.  It's also a good place to look for betatesters for your
 games and to do a little bit of advertising.  Be sure that you understand
 that r.a.i-f is primarily for discussing authorship, while r.g.i-f
 concentrates on game hints and such, looking for old Infocom games or
 selling them, etc.  See you there!

			      FTP sites:

 ftp.gmd.de is the primary repository of the great IF of our time.  There are
 also several authoring systems, and lots of Infocom information as well.

			   Authoring systems:

 There is an authoring-system-FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) on ftp.gmd.de
 that will cover this section quite well.  Let me recommend either TADS or
 Inform.  They are both excellent systems, each with its own strong points.
 TADS is shareware, registration $40, while Inform is freeware.  I personally
 use TADS though, as I prefer its C formatted programming style.  Inform
 reminds me of LISP a bit.  Most of the authorship systems are available on
 ftp.gmd.de.

			   Other Good Guides:

 TADS Manual - A beautifully bound guide available upon registration of TADS,
 or separately for $25.  See the appropriate version of TADS for more info.

 Inform manual - Contains the Player's Bill of Rights, among other things.
 The Inform manual parts on writing text adventures have been republished as
 "The Craft of the Game", on ftp.gmd.de:/if-archive/info/.

 WorldClass manual - A guide to Dave Baggett's new library file for TADS.  It
 is quite thorough, although it does not contain any general information on
 writing text adventures.  This can be found in
 ftp.gmd.de:/if-archive/programming/WorldClass/.

			       Magazines:

	Currently, there are two magazines concerned with text adventures.
The first is my very own SPAG.  Info can be ftp'ed at ftp.gmd.de in the
/if-archive/SPAG/spag.faq file.
	The other magazine is called XYZZYnews, a relative newcomer to the
IF scene.  Where SPAG focuses on reader submitted reviews, XYZZYnews is more
geared to be a general text adventure magazine, with rumors, interviews, the
whole nine yards.  The contact is Eileen, at XYZZYnews@aol.com.

        My e-mail address is currently whizzard@uclink.berkeley.edu.

Note: Please interpret he as he/she whenever being used to refer to the
player.


									2

1 --------- What does Interactive Fiction mean to me? ----------------------

	Well, IF means a lot of different things to different people.  Hence
the title above.  This is simply an explanation of what IF means to ME.  You
may not agree, that's your right.
	IF is an artform, a work of love.  I use the term to refer to text
adventures exclusively.  So, IF is to graphic games what books are to Network
television.  They are geared towards a more cerebral audience.  The people
that write IF usually have a deep-set love for language and its nuances.  We
are not satisfied with a few little mouse icons as a user interface.  Instead
we try to harness as much natural language as we can.  Thus, you might be
able to type >PICK UP EVERYTHING EXCEPT THE BLOW-UP DOLL, and a good IF game
will understand you.  Bear in mind, however, that any language, such as
English, is hopelessly large.  We simply cannot cover every conceivable word,
but we try.  Also, you should realize that IF has a fairly small market these
days.  It has been shoved aside by graphic games and given a bad name in the
eyes of the new generation of computer users.
	My personal theory is that each new generation is being raised with
more and more emphasis placed on visual stimulus in the form of television,
WINDOWS 3.1, etc.  This carries over into their recreation, and so, we are
left with a smaller percentage of the populace each year that is literate
enough to enjoy a good text adventure and understand the references made in
them.  C'est la vie.  The upshot of this is that, if you enjoy IF, you really
need to support the few authors that produce it, or it's going to die out.
So be sure to register your games and run out and buy Lost Treasures of
Infocom 1 and 2 so that Activision knows what we like.
	There are a few requirements for any would be IF author.  You need
patience, lots of free time, an eye for organization, excellent writing
skills, and, most importantly, a spell checker.  IF players demand literacy
in their games.  You need to have a broad background of reading and playing
IF.  The broader your base, the more ideas you'll find will come to you.
	If you carry a small notebook around with you, you'll never forget a
good idea that hits you at an inopportune moment.  Just scribble it down
really quick, and it's preserved for posterity.  This is good, because,
thanks to Murphy's Law, you will never get a truly good idea when it is
convenient for you to do so.  Mine like to come in the shower, while I'm
shampooing my hair.  Something about shampoo in your eyes attracts ideas like
flies to honey.  You should try it sometime, if you don't believe me.
	So, develop your IF background, and carry a notebook.  There you go,
you're an official IF author.  Here's your membership card, and here's how to
do the secret handshake.  Enjoy.
	Anyways, that's a fair view of my impression of IF.  Oh, here's a
list of my criteria for IF:


	[]  Is it fun to play?
	[]  Does it get my message across?
	[]  Does it allow the player much freedom?
	[]  Are the characters unique and well-done?
	[]  Does it have replayability?
	[]  Does it have a point?







									3

2 ----------- The Three Parts of a Game.  Part 1: The Beginning -----------

	IF can be split into three distinct sections, the beginning, the
middle, and the end.  The beginning should be fast moving, short, and
attention grabbing.  Here is where you will lose most of your potential
players.  If they get bored early on, then they'll delete the game without
ever giving it a chance.  I've been known to do this myself.  Don't make the
initial puzzles too difficult.  Don't worry if the beginning is fairly linear
in nature, you'll have plenty of time to branch it out in the middle.  Also,
if your game has no set main character, here is where you should have the
player decide on the character's sex.  The bathroom approach in Leather
Goddesses of Phobos was a good one, or the ticket in Ballyhoo.  Try to avoid
the generic method of just asking what their sex is though, IF is all about
atmosphere and mood.  Here is a list of important things to do in the
beginning of your game:

	[]  Establish the setting.
	[]  Grab the player's attention.
	[]  Reveal the character's purpose and motivation.
	[]  Establish the character's sex or identity.
	[]  Introduce important characters for later use.

3 ----------------------------- The Middle. --------------------------------

	Now that you've done all that, you've got to start giving the player
some room to maneuver.  There should be several puzzles available to them at
any one time.  Not all of the puzzles should be mandatory, and several should
have multiple solutions that work.  I prefer at least one difficult solution
and one easier solution.  This should be reflected through the points
awarded.  Also, have some areas that are only available to the player if he
solves a puzzle one way, and a different area if he solves it another way.
Here's an example:

      There is corridor ending in a blank wall just ahead.  On the wall is
a lever.  Examining it further, you see a pair of wings above it, and a fish
below it.  The lever sticks out at a 90-degree angle.

Path 1:

>PULL LEVER UP

      The corridor begins to grind upwards.  As it does so, a beam of light
strikes the ground before you, gradually widening as the new exit is
exposed.  Finally, the grinding noises stop, and you are left with a gorgeous
view of the blue sky.

>UP

      You climb up the tilted corridor and find yourself on top of a mesa.
Clouds rush by above you in a manner reminiscent of time-lapse photography.
They seem to flicker through a variety of shapes familiar to you.  Giraffes,
elephants, and horses all dance before you in a vast kaleidoscope of the
heavens.

      There is a pair of wings lying nearby.



									4

> GET WINGS AND WEAR THEM

Ok.

> FLY
(Up.)

       You fly up into the sky, reveling in the magnificent feeling of
freedom that comes over you.  As you climb in altitude, the wax on your
wings begins to melt in the desert sun.

> UP

       You dip and bob on the gentle wind currents, climbing ever higher.
Suddenly, the feathers on your wings begin to flutter off as the wax that
holds them in place melts.  You flail your arms wildly as you plunge
screaming down to the ground, to no avail.

**  YOU HAVE DIED **

Path 2:

>PULL LEVER DOWN

      The corridor begins to grind downwards.  As it does so, the rippling
effect of light reflecting off of water becomes visible to you.  Finally, 
the grinding noises stop, and you are left with a wonderful view of an
underground beach and ocean.

>DOWN

      You climb down the tilted corridor and find yourself on top a deserted
beach.  There is a beautiful ocean stretching out before you in this sunless
grotto.  Waves lap at the white sands, and seashells litter the beach
alongside clumps of pale seaweed and driftwood.  Peering into the shallow
water just offshore, you can just make out the form of a pentagram.

>ENTER PENTAGRAM

      Wading out into the shallows, you cautiously approach the pentragram,
aware of legends that demons or spells are sometimes contained in them.
Reluctantly, you step into the center of it.  Your eyes are blinded by a
bright flash of light.  When you can see again, you realize that you have
been transformed into an octopus.

>SWIM

       Confused at first by your numerous limbs, you gradually get into a
sort of motion that involves pulling yourself along.

       You are surrounded on all sides by a beautiful coral reef.  Your eyes
seem to be quite similar to what they were in human form, so you get the
colors as well.  Tiny fish dart around you, and a succulent crab scuttles
past.




									5

>NORTH

      You have entered a deeper part of the reef.  The coral is less
concealing here, and the fish are bigger.  Much bigger in fact, for there's
a shark swimming right at you!

>SOUTH

     You try to make a break for the safety of the shallower part of the
reef, but your fear agitates the shark, and you end up as a light dish of
kalimari.

** YOU HAVE DIED **

      From that point, the player would either be flying or swimming to his
destination.  Each path would have its own challenges and rewards.  I tend to
try to keep the paths at around the same difficulty level though.  Once the
player has chosen a pathway, make them stick to it.  They can always restore
an old game and try the other path.  That's why you're putting in all
these alternate pathways and multiple solutions, replayability.  You should
design your game so that the player can go through two or three times and see
different puzzles and places each time.  Here's another list of important
things:


	[] Establish a series of sub-goals for the player.
	[] Expand on the characters you introduced in the beginning.
	[] Foreshadow what is to come in the end.
	[] Branch the story out to allow the player more freedom.
	[] Provide a unified theme to the setting and descriptions.
	[] Provide numerous puzzles for the player's enjoyment.

4 ---------------------------- The End. ------------------------------------

	Now it's time to close up all your loose ends, explain anything that
you already haven't explained, and send in your Big Nasty (tm).  The Big
Nasty (tm) is the final challenge, be it monster, man, maze, or whatever.
This is where you want to ham up your writing and get a sense of urgency
going.  There needs to be a time limit for this part of the game.  The bomb
is ticking away its last minute, or the evil Vorlung is about to pull the
switch that will transform beautiful Marie into a six-armed monster.  The
last puzzle shouldn't be all that tough to figure out though.  Understand
that the player has been through hell to get here.  He's flushed and
excited, thrilled to be at the end of the game.  So you want to make him
sweat a bit, but you want to deliver the ending to him as well.  Here's an
example of a decent ending:

>LOOK

       You are in the control room of the alien ship headed for Earth.
Looking out its viewport, you can see an image of your planet swelling in
size as this runaway ship continues on its disastrous collision course.
Looking around, you see a chair, or at least you assume that it's a chair.
It appears to have been designed with someone far thinner and taller than
you in mind.  There is a silver globe on the right armrest and a dull black
cube in the left.

>REMOVE CUBE FROM ARMREST
									6

Ok.

The earth looms immensely in the viewport.  Fire begins to trail off the
nose of the ship as it begins to enter the atmosphere.

>LOOK AT DULL CUBE

The dull cube is exactly the same size and shape as the gold cube, except
that it seems to be burnt on the outside.

The tip of the spaceship is beginning to melt.  The flames lick around the
cockpit viewport.  A small midwestern town seems to be in for a rude surprise
in a minute or two.

>PUT GOLD CUBE IN LEFT ARMREST

      The cube fits snugly into the recess left by the dull black cube.
Immediately the back of the chair lights up with strange scrolling letters
as the ship begins to level out for a more gentle landing in Indiana.  You
sink, exhausted, to the floor, and begin to wonder how to convince the
people gathering outside the ship that you're not an alien invader...

*** YOU HAVE WON ***

      So you see, the game above centers around finding a backup navigation
cube and getting into the control room to repair things before the ship
crashes into the Earth.  The last puzzle is simple, but you have a short
amount of time to work it out, as shown by the reentry flames.  Another good
ending is used in Trinity, where you have to cut the wires and prevent the
atomic test.  Use your imagination and make 'em sweat it out.  One more list:

	[] Use a time limit.
	[] Create a sense of urgency.
	[] Keep the last puzzles simple.

5 ------------- Writing IF as compared to writing a book. ------------------

	There's one primary difference, interaction.  The player MUST be able
to control his own destiny within the context of your story.  You really
should also put in at least one or two 'happy' endings.  Without a worthwhile
endpoint, the player is going to feel reluctant to any more of your games,
for fear of another poor ending.  One nice touch is to have the game post up
some suggestions for things the player can go back and try differently.  So
in my water/wing example, it might suggest that they go back and pull the
lever in the other direction.  Personally, I am going to try to make my
games so that you can never see the entire thing in one run-through.  This
will undoubtedly upset many people, but I feel that it will eventually
become a nice quirk, giving my games a reputation for being worth the money
paid for them.
	Ack, I've done it again.  Way off topic.  Ok, back on track.  I
believe that almost any literary technique is valid in IF.  Anything you can
use in a creative writing class would therefore be appropriate in your game.
This includes things like foreshadowing, characterization, repetition (as in
something that shows up in several settings as a philosophic theme to your
game.  For example, litter might appear in many locations in a game about
environmental decay.) personification, subtle metaphors, etc.  Good writing
is good writing.  There might be a few techniques that I would use, but I
can't think of any at the moment.  And that's about the sum of it.
									7

6 -------------------------- The Elements of Plot --------------------------

	This is a reprint of an article I posted to r.a.i-f:

Anyways, I found a good description of the elements of plot in, of all
places, Vampire RPG.  Here are the parts of plot that they mention:

			Setting the Scene
			The Hook
			The Buildup
			Cliffhangers
			Plot Twists
			Climax
			Resolution

I'll look at each of them in turn as they relate to IF.

Setting the Scene - Give the player a few moments to get used to his
  character before you start throwing things at him.  Allow him to 'look at
  myself' if you want, I find it makes a nice touch to give a physical
  description there. (If you have a pre-arranged character that is.)  Here's
  a good point, if you have a long intro, allow the player the option to
  restore a saved game before you make him sit through it.  I try to put the
  intro a bit into the game, with a relaxed setting for the first scene.

The Hook - Whap!  Something happens.  His best friend comes running in to
  ask him to hide him from the police, his spaceship blows up, a murder
  occurs, etc.  Hollywood Hijinx did a really crappy job of this.  The hook
  is important to the game, vitally so.  Make it dramatic, sudden, and
  give it the promise of exciting adventure.  Tantalize them, draw them into
  the game.  Trinity does a great job of this. [I have had several people
  send me e-mail verifying this particular statement.  One of them was quite
  certain that his game had died for lack of a good hook.]

Buildup - Give the player some challenges to overcome that in some way relate
  to the plot.  Don't let the player get bogged down in one spot, multiple
  solutions are great for avoiding this.  Get the suspense building up as
  soon as possible.  Give the player a sense of accomplishment as he nears
  his goal, but keep drawing him into the game.  Don't let up at all.  As
  Vampire RPG says, "Do not falter."

Cliffhanger - A cliffhanger is pretty much a teaser.  Something that makes
  the player suck in his breath, and then let it out on the next turn.  A
  decent, but not great, example is Trent's multiple deaths in LGOP.  How
  about a lever that, when pulled, does something, but only after a turn has
  passed.  Just as the player is about to scream in frustration, the world
  is okay again, and life is wonderful.

Plot Twist - By all means throw in plot twists.  They keep life interesting.
  Maybe the bad guy is just a puppet controlled by an even greater threat.
  A friend could betray the player.  Or maybe the player really DID commit
  the murder!  Switch gears so fast you strip them.  The player will sit
  there with his mouth open for a moment, then he'll be hooked on your game
  forever.




									8

Climax - Ok, enough dilly-dallying, cries the player.  I've furled the magic
  fumongerabob, and bummoxed the mighty spiffywhacker, where's the Big Nasty
  (tm)?  Give it to them.  Both barrels.  Make their blood run cold as time
  ticks away until the end of the world unless they stop it.  If the player
  isn't breathing hard, you're not doing your job.  Then, if you like, just
  as the Big Nasty (tm) kicks up the white flag, he pulls a fast one, and
  the player has to take him down again.  This is your moment to ham it up,
  don't waste it!

Resolution - The One Ring is molten slag, the damsel is rescued, the
  government is overturned.  Let the player enjoy it with a spectacular
  ending.  (The Rube Goldberg ending in LGOP is classic)  This is the last
  impression your game will leave on the player, make it just as jarring as
  the Hook so he'll come back for the next one.  I've played too many games
  with a crappy ending in reward for solving fiendish puzzles.  It's an
  unbelievable downer when you finish one of them.  Ruins the whole game,
  But on the other hand, keep it fairly short.  Unwind the player, let
  them relax with a job well done.  And, if you want, as a final teaser,
  throw in some foreshadowing... (A shot of an unnoticed Alien egg.)

-----

  As you can see, most of my opinions on the elements of plot are unchanged.
  Moving right along...

7 --------- The Story, or 'Where do I find an idea for a game?' -------------

	Writers often get asked this question.  I don't, but what the hell,
it's my textfile.  I think the trick to coming up with ideas is to have a
broad reading base.  The more stories you've seen and read, the more likely
you are to understand what makes a story 'good'.  So read everything you can
get your hands on.  Then, late at night, or early in the morning, an idea
will hit you.  It takes time and a certain mood.  Once you get the idea,
write it down quick, or you'll lose it forever.  Actually, that's just the
way I do it.  You probably will have some other way to come up with ideas.
I suggest that you play your favorite music and read a good book, while
keeping a notebook handy.  That works for a lot of people.

8 --------------------------- The Zen of IF --------------------------------

	Ok, you've suffered through a fair amount of information on writing
IF, so I thought I'd take some time out and plug a little humor into this now
monstrous manual to Zork, the Universe, and Everything.

The Interactive Fiction Classifieds:

WANTED: A good plot.  We seem to have lost ours.
        Inquire at Activision.

LOST: One umbrella.  Embellished with the slogan, 'All prams lead to
      Kensington Gardens.'  Great sentimental value.  Reward.  Lost up in
      a tree.

FOUND: One battered old text parser.  It seems to somehow portray the lost
       innocence and fun in video games.  Appears to have been carelessly
       tossed aside in the rush to appease mouse-hungry users.


									9
Text from a bottle found washed ashore near the new Infocom's HQ:

  "Help!  We are being held hostage in a soulless land filled with gaudy
graphics, purposeless quests, and (horrors!) a graphical user interface!
Won't that nice gentleman with the brass lantern come to save us, please?"

				-The Inhabitants of Zork.

		  The Bumper Sticker Section

	Here's a collection of bumper stickers for text adventure fans.

		"Text adventures do it with words."
		"Your dungeon or mine?"
		"I brake for text parsers."
		"Imagination sold and serviced here."
		"Danger: A Mind Forever Voyaging at the wheel."
		"I keep my mouse where it belongs, in the closet."
		"I'm a betatester for Logitech...I drop mice off of
		 tall buildings."

Well, I did say 'a little' humor.  Very little.  Feel free to send me some
jokes and such to flesh out this section.

9 ---------------------- The Thirty-Six Basic Plots ------------------------

	Some years ago, a man named Polti noticed that a few basic plots
were fairly commonly used.  Later, a person named Loren J. Miller adapted
this premise to role-playing games like Dungeons & Dragons.  After reading
her work, I brought this article to the Internet.

--

		The Thirty Six Basic Plots in Text Adventures

First of all, _The 36 Basic Dramatic Situations_ by George Polti is the
work that this is based on.  I would also like to thank Loren J. Miller
who published an article in a local gaming magazine.  Her article inspired
this interpretation of Polti's work.  So, without further ado, here are
the 36 Basic Plots....Replete with ideas for using them.  Enjoy, and if you
find this useful, send me some mail and let me know.  Oh, and if you
disagree about these plots, you'll just have to talk to Polti. :-)

1. Supplication: A persecutor and a supplicant take a grievance before a
     power in authority.  This can be any sort of court case or any
     variation on that theme.  Personally, this strikes me as a better
     subplot than a full plot, at least in a text adventure.  I mean, sure,
     Perry Mason is great for TV, but I wouldn't want to play it.

2. Deliverance: An unfortunate or group of unfortunates is delivered from
     a threatener by a Rescuer.  This is one of the classic folklore plots.
     Perfect for text adventures in my opinion, if you use a little
     creativity.  Let's look at the various characters.  The unfortunates can
     be the player, the player's spouse, a friend, a distraught village, or
     even the population of an entire world, or universe.  The threatener can
     be animate or inanimate.  A force of nature is sometimes more
     threatening than a sinister villain.  A whole series of Jaws movies will
     back me up on this one.  You could have a dragon, an army, a robot,
     an earthquake, a volcano, a hurricane, or a breakdown in the laws of
									10

     nature.  The rescuer is most likely to be the player, otherwise they
     might feel a little left out of the game.  But then, you might think of
     a nice plot twist and give that role to another character.

3. Revenge: An avenger and a criminal duke it out.  I really won't dwell on
     this plot because there are a thousand different ways to use it, and a
     thousand motives for revenge.  Look at any of a zillion cornball action
     movies for ideas, or better yet, don't.  I can't stand those movies.

4. Vengeance by family upon family: I'm not sure exactly why Mr. Polti feels
     that this plot is so different from #3, but I suppose he had his
     reasons, like maybe a grudge against his uncle or something.

5. Pursuit: Fugitive from punishment is pursued by a pursuer.  This plot has
     promise.  _The Fugitive_ immediately springs to mind.  Also I could
     see a game of human hunting, in the tradition of all those stories.
     _The Running Man_ has a similar plot (the book, not the movie.).
     A nice gimmick for a game would be to allow the player to try it from
     both viewpoints.

6. Victim of Cruelty or Misfortune: This involves unfortunates and a Master
     or Unlucky person.  I assume that it refers to a slave master here, but
     I wouldn't write about slavery.  It disgusts me.  But then, an unlucky
     person meeting with misfortune isn't too bad an idea.  _Bureaucracy_ was
     based around that theme.  Maybe the main character is cursed by bad
     luck wherever they go.  Or maybe it's just an isolated incident of
     spectacularly bad fortune.  Whatever the case, the point is that there's
     no real villain in this plot, just victims.

7. Disaster: This one says Vanquished power, and a victorious power or
     messenger.  It seems to me that I'm not looking at this the same way.
     I didn't think there were any victors in a disaster, although I guess
     that Polti is referring to the disaster itself, or some sort of
     metaphorical Nature.  Famine, storms, floods, planets being demolished
     to make way for galactic bypasses...good stuff.  Make the player a
     firefighter, or a rescue pilot, or even a super hero.  Then, give them
     some people to save, or a way to avert the whole disaster.

8. Revolt: For this, you need a Tyrant, and some conspirators.  Stir in some
     peasants, evil guards, and shake well.  Or maybe the middle class has
     finally had enough of our bureaucratic government, and the player is a
     cop protecting the system that he doesn't even believe in anymore.  And
     who says that a text adventure has to be set around a human?  Maybe the
     player is an alien, trying to overthrow our government?  All sorts of
     different angles.

9. Daring Enterprise: This involves a Bold Leader (tm), a Goal, and an
     Adversary.  I would say that this plot has a lot of potential for text
     adventures.  Pick your setting at will.  The goal?  Nearly anything.
     I could see the player as the captain of a colonizing ship bound for
     Mars with a traitor on board, and a meteor storm ahead.  This one has
     the added bonus of having a built-in sequel. :)

10. Abduction: An abductee, abductor, and someone who is responsible for the
     abductee (maybe the abductee themself).  This plot would suggest a
     rescue or an escape.  Personally though, I would find a game from the
     viewpoint of a kidnapper in poor taste.  So, I would set it from the

									11

     abductee or guardian's viewpoint.  Watch yourselves if you use this
     plot.  There's a lot of censorship floating around these days.
     (Thanks Tipper. :P )

11. Enigma: You need an interrogator, a seeker, and a problem.  Two words,
     _The Prisoner_.  This was the greatest example I've ever seen of this
     plot, even though I only saw one or two episodes.  (I hope to rectify
     this someday and see the whole thing.)  _Amnesia_ was the text adventure
     version of this plot.  However.  Everything I've heard suggests that
     this plot is bad form for a game.  Look at _Hacker_.  No instructions,
     and just that stupid login prompt.  This plot starts too slowly.  Maybe
     you can develop into this plot, but don't start with it.

12. Obtaining: There are two or more opposing parties, a sought-after object,
     and an optional arbitrator.  Gee.  Here's an original plot.  Go fetch
     the ring, Bilbo.  Bring back the holy Salmon, Mortimer.  We need the
     _______ of Unearthly might, Fred, can you get it for us?  Tried and true
     on one hand, overused on the other.

13. Familial Hatred: Here you need two family members that (well duh) hate
     each other.  That's what familial hatred means, after all.  Anyways,
     here's another subplot for ya.  The trick with this one is that you
     have to overlay it onto some exciting story or another.  Just plain old
     hatred doesn't cut it as a storyline.

14. Familial Rivalry: Preferred kinsman, rejected kinsman, object of their
     desire.  Shades of _Hollywood Hijinx_ here folks.  I'm sure that you
     guys can do better with this one.  (Although, I did like the atomic
     Chihuahua.  That was fun, stomping and smashing things.)

15. Murderous Adultery: Exactly why this is in a seperate category from
     adultery I may never know.  I don't always agree with Polti, but he
     did have several great ideas.  Anyways, you have two adulterers, and
     the betrayed party or parties.  This is a classic for murder mysteries
     all over the world.

16. Madness: Madman, and a victim.  Well then, I don't see why the madman
     can't be his own victim, struggling against the slow fall into
     insanity.  Maybe he's the victim of some exotic poison, working away at
     his mind.  I still like the split personality murder plot, myself.  Or
     any other sort of debilitating madness that the player must overcome.
     Or how's about this?  The player is catatonic, aware only of some
     fantasy world inside his own mind that is slowly becoming hostile to
     him.  Either he has to escape to the real world, or find a way to
     truly enter his world before his family pulls the plug on him.  I like
     madness, it's a good plot.

17. Fatal Imprudence: Sort of like fatal stupidity.  The ambassador to the
     USSR accidentally leaves a compromising document in a briefcase that
     is stolen, or a guard watching the crown jewels falls asleep and well,
     you get the idea.  For this one, you need an Imprudent person and a
     victim or lost object.

18. Involuntary Crimes of Love: I suppose this could be classified as
     Not-quite-Murderous Adultery.  Or maybe the lovers are forced to kill
     someone who stumbles in on their little affair.  Use your imagination.


									12

19. Kinsman kills unrecognized kinsman: Whoa, Oedipus Rex.  Killer,
     unrecognized victim, and a revealer.  Another mystery plot or a nice
     subplot that adds a poignant touch to any game.

20. Self Sacrifice for an Ideal: Hero, Ideal, thing or person sacrificed.
     Just think of the Civil War, thousands of people gave their lives to
     free the slaves in the south, even though they weren't really affected
     by the slavery.  Or the American Revolution's quest for freedom.  There
     have been innumerable causes throughout history, and many many more that
     you could use as the motivation for a heroic sacrifice.

21. Self sacrifice for Kindred: Hero, Kinsman, person or thing sacrificed.
     Not neccessarily a blood relation, just someone the sacrificer really
     cares for and relates to.  It need not be the player that does the
     sacrificing, it could be an NPC sacrificing themselves for the player's
     benefit, or for the benefit of another NPC.

22. All Sacrifice for Passion: Lover, object of passion, person or object
     sacrificed.  Reminds me of _Romeo and Juliet_.  This is an excellent
     plot, but it needs to be garnished with other subplots as well to make
     a really good game.  Really, all plots need that sort of enhancement.

23. Sacrifice of Loved ones: Hero, beloved victim, and a need for sacrifice.
     I'm not really sure what would possess someone to give up someone they
     love, but I'm sure you guys will come up with something clever.  Oh,
     wait, maybe something about a mercy killing, or maybe the loved one is
     needed in a greater cause or something.

24. Rivalry between superior and inferior: Superior, inferior, object of
     rivalry.  Maybe a boss and an employee are both out for the same girl,
     or an aristocrat and a commoner both seek the same public office, etc.
     It's not too difficult to think of other stories for this plot.

25. Adultery: deceived spouse, two adulterers.  Ah, goody, yet ANOTHER
     adulterous plot.  This guy really has a one track mind.  I'll bet he's
     got incest in here somewhere, by George.

26. Crimes of Love: Lover, beloved, theme of dissolution.  Hmm, this sounds
     like The Hand that Rocks the Cradle or some such movie like that.  Lover
     finds out beloved doesn't love him anymore, so he bumps her off.  I hope
     there's at least one good plot in this last batch of 12, or I'm going to
     look pretty silly.

27. Discovery of dishonor of a loved one: Ponder.  Could've sworn he used
     this one already.  Anyways, just think of _The Scarlet Letter_ here.
     This might make an interesting story, but if anyone takes a Victorian
     romance novel and makes it into IF, I'm gonna come a' gunnin' for ya.

28. Obstacles to love: Two Lovers, Obstacle.  What sort of obstacle?  The
     tire run?  :)  Anyhow, this is an element of _Romeo and Juliet_ as well.
     My plot outline for _The Last Day_ uses this as character motivation.
     Really, I can't think of anything better to get a player moving than a
     love interest/promise of nookie in the future.

29. An enemy loved: Beloved enemy, Lover, Hater.  More Romeo, but there's a
     good sci-fi movie that has some of this, called _Enemy Mine_.  Well, _I_
     liked it, anyway.  Not neccessarily love, maybe strong friendship or
     comraderie instead.  An inter-racial friendship in the deep South 10-20
									13

     years ago.  Or, in some places, even today.  The hater is going to take
     his bigotry out on the enemy and lover though, I guar-on-tee it.

30. Ambition: Ambitious person, coveted thing, adversary.  Man, he was hard
     up for ideas toward the end.  Ambition is nearly always a facet of some
     other aspect of a person's makeup.  There are a few people who simply
     lust for power, of course.  They are called politicians.  If you want to
     write the _Dave_ of home computing, don't let me stop you.  Other
     ambitions center around money, love/sex, desire to avoid manual labor,
     etc.  Maybe you could write a game about a would-be video game designer
     who's having trouble breaking into the business. ;)

31. Conflict with a God: Mortal, Immortal.  Hmm, lots of possibilities here.
     You could send the Angel of death after the player in a variety of
     settings, like New York, or WWI or II.  Or maybe you've been hankering
     to write the IF version of Job?  Don't forget the Greek gods, Roman
     Babylonian, Pagan, and a zillion others.  This one is fun because the
     player is faced at an initial disadvantage and has to work from there.

32. Mistaken Jealousy: Jealous one, object of jealousy, supposed accomplice,
     author of mistake.  Oh boy!  _Three's Company_!  Seriously, this is an
     absolutely lame story premise.  I suggest you take up writing sitcoms
     instead of IF.

33. Faulty Judgement: Mistaken one, victim of mistake, author of mistake,
     guilty party.  Hmm...the player is sentenced to death for a murder he
     didn't commit.  This sounds like a good start to a prison escape game,
     where you have to prove you didn't do it, or, alternatively, flee the
     country.

34. Remorse: Culprit, victim, interrogator.  _Interview with a Vampire_?
     The culprit would be confessing a past crime to someone, discussing a
     victim, or so I would suppose.  Of course, I'm not positive on this
     one.  My source gives only a tiny bit of information on it.

35. Recovery of a lost one: Seeker, one found.  _The Vanishing_ would be a
     good example to look at.  This figures into most action movies as a
     sub-plot as well.  Unfortunately, it also figures into way too many
     video games as well.  Super Mario Bros., King Kong, Final Fight, the
     list goes on.

36. Loss of loved ones: Kinsman slain, friendly witness, executioner.
     The player learns of an uncle, sister, parent, etc. who has been

     claimed by some exotic death, or killed simply by some street thug.
     He decides to go see what happened/get revenge on their killer.

     Having reached the end of the 36 plots, I guess I'll finish off by
listing those plots which, in my mind, have the most merit for IF currently.
Here goes, in no particular order:

     Deliverence, Pursuit, Disaster, Daring enterprise, madness, self
sacrifice for love/an ideal, an enemy loved, conflict with a god, and loss
of loved ones.

	That's 9 out of 36 that I think have promise.  You may disagree with 
my choices of course, these are just my particulars, based on this article.  
I hope you enjoyed this post, and I'll be sure to add it into _Whizzard's 
Guide to IF Authorship_.  :)
									14

10 ---------------An indepth look at my 9 Favorites -------------------------

	This part is new.  I decided to spend some more time going over my
favorite plots.  These are the ones that, to me, have the most potential for
use in IF.

1) Deliverence:
          Unfortunate -
                   That blonde bombshell in almost every old detective movie.
                   Scientist's daughter (Mad or otherwise)
                   Mind-controlled innocent.
                   Abused child.
          Group of Unfortunates-
                   The character's village, city, state, country, world,
                   galaxy, universe, and dimension are all good ones.
                   The character's family too.
          Threatener-
                   Any army or other natural disaster.
          Rescuer-
                   The player, of course.

        Setting the scene:
           Portray a tranquil setting, with only a faint hint of what is
    to come.  The rescuer may be on vacation, or whatever you like.

	Hook:
           Something happens to bring the plight of the unfortunate(s) to
    the rescuer's attention.  It may anything from a murder, to an escaped
    dying prisoner, all the way up to an alien invasion.

        Buildup:
	   The rescuer decides to look into the matter.  You need to either
    provide an overwhelming motive for him to get involved, or provide an
    alternate storyline for the character to follow.

        Cliffhanger:
	   Create imminent danger to an unfortunate with a puzzle between
    the rescuer and the rescue.  The buzzsaw scene in Hollywood Hijinx was
    very vaguely an example of this.

        Plot Twist:
	   The unfortunate has been lying to the rescuer in some manner or
    another.  Either the danger was understated, or (for humorous effect)
    greatly overstated.  Perhaps the unfortunate represents the only true
    danger to the rescuer.

        Climax:
	   There should be a confrontation between the rescuer and the
    threatener, whatever it may be.  Be sure to eyeball the section on game
    endings in this guide for general info.  Reveal your plot twists now.

        Resolution:
	   Either the rescuer successfully completes his rescue, or he
    flubs it.  Or perhaps he discovers the true unfortunate held captive by
    the phony one.


									15
2) Pursuit:
          Fugitive from punishment-
	           Ford Harrison (j/k)
	 	   An unjustly accused convict
		   A persecuted minority of some sort, such as a telepath or
		      space alien. (ET!)
		   A falsely villified person (Re, _The_Running_Man_)
          Pursuer-
		   Police, secret service, enemy telepaths, air force.
		   Everyone.

        Setting the scene:
	   Firstly, you need to justify the pursuit.  Tell the player who is
    chasing him and why.  Also give the player an idea of any unusual powers
    or abilities he has, often used in sci-fi versions of this plot.

	Hook:
	   Perhaps the player's escape from his enemies.  Or perhaps a close
    call with an enemy agent.  If the player has powers, give him the chance
    to use them here.

        Buildup:
	   The player begins to see signs of a subtle, but vast network
    that is working against him.  The puzzles get more fiendish as pursuit
    becomes more and more serious.  Helicopters and advanced equipment show
    up more and more until....

        Cliffhanger:
	   Something goes wrong.  An arranged rendevous doesn't show up, or
    some device important to the character's efforts fails him.  He is left
    in a dangerous and precarious position.  Maybe a friendly person has to
    bail him out.  Perhaps a similar fugitive, either an old hand or a
    possible love interest.

        Plot Twist:
	   Friendly fugitive betrays him.  Or perhaps is captured trying to
    protect the character.  Maybe the enemy is just a cover for a deeper,
    more sinister organization planted inside it.

        Climax:
	   The fugitive confronts the head of the organiztion, tries to
    rescue his love interest, is captured by that deeper organization, or
    has to perform something particularly hairy to get away.

        Resolution:
	   The player wins his freedom or flees to another country or what
    have you.  He also defeats the evil organization and rescues his love
    interest.  The player reaches deep inside himself and discovers a new
    power that was previously dormant or supressed and uses that power to
    overcome his enemies.  Any or all of the above are appropriate.

3) Disaster:
          Vanquished Power-
		   Mankind
                   Any government
                   Civilization
          Victorious Power-
		   Mother Nature
		   Atomic War
									16

		   Natural Disaster
		   Pollution
		   Anarchy
          Messenger-
		   TV/Radio
		   A neighbor
		   A raiding party

        Setting the scene:
	   Establish the setting, then add some foreshadowing, like an old
    man with a sign saying 'The End is Near' or something.  Create a feeling
    of tension and suspense for the player.

	Hook:
	   The unthinkable happens.  The end really does come.  Hell, even the
    old man is rather shocked.  Earthquakes are a good, current topic for
    disaster games right now.  Atomic war could be fun to write about too,
    but you'd have to steer clear of anything tying it to Trinity, and watch
    out for reviews comparing your game to it.

        Buildup:
	   The survivors emerge from the rubble.  Frenzied looting and killing
    begins.  The player has to protect himself (and his family?)  I think the
    game I'm describing here is going to need a warning label for Tipper Gore.
    Serious themes abound, maybe tempered with humor from a religious cult or
    crazy old coot.  Anyway, the character's goal is either to save lives, or
    get himself and/or his family to a safe place.  He should accomplish this
    during the buildup.  After all, we have nastier things in store for the
    climax...

        Cliffhanger:
	   The child is hanging from the edge of the cliff, with a slippery
    hold on an exposed root.  The raiders are shooting at you.  The car is
    teetering on the edge of the bridge.  You get the idea.

        Plot Twist:
	   An unexpected source of the disaster.  Secret government 
    experiments gone wrong.  I would avoid any sort of dream sequence/
    earthquake simulator in virtual reality endings.  It cheapens what the
    player has accomplished.  The disaster is real.  It has to be.  Other
    plot twists include follow-up disasters (germ warfare), foreign invaders,
    and betrayal by a friend.

        Climax:
	   Well, admittedly, a disaster is hard to follow-up by definition.
    But still, there are ways to do it.  Any earthquake sufficiently offshore
    can generate a tsunami.  That would one-up it.  An organized, well-armed
    group of raiders, perhaps military, can be a difficult challenge after
    the character has settled into a home.  Whatever you do here, it should
    be exciting and fast-paced, with a time limit.

        Resolution:
	   There are several ways to end a disaster adventure.  Most of them
    involve finally settling down in their safe haven and starting over.  Or
    the rescue team arrives, or the invaders are repulsed.  Use your
    imagination.


									17
4) Daring Enterprise:

          Bold Leader-
		   The character.  He can be:
		   A spaceship captain
		   A military leader
		   A visionary inventor or investor
		   A colonist
		   An engineer
          Goal-
		   Colonize the planet
		   Get the settlers there alive
		   Build your revolutionary invention
		   Get elected
		   Finish your engineering marvel
		   Successfully complete your project or experiment
          Adversary-
		   Saboteur
		   The government
		   A politician
		   The elements
		   An alien race
		   Shortage of funds or materials or labor

        Setting the scene:
	   Define the Daring Enterprise.  What the hell is the player trying
   to do anyways?  How can he possibly pull it off?  Who is his adversary?
   Does he know all this?  Where is the game taking place?  Try to create a
   tone of excitement and breathless anticipation.  The character is excited
   with his project or he wouldn't be a part of it.  His head is filled with
   ambitious dreams and an idealistic outlook.

	Hook:
	   Take great enjoyment in destroying his idealistic outlook.
   Something vital but fairly easily repairable goes wrong.  Perhaps it
   claims the life of his spouse or a dear friend.  Perhaps it was on purpose.
   The player would be rather interested to find that out.

        Buildup:
	   More and more things start to go wrong with the Big Plan.  People
   are becoming worried and many want to pull out.  The player must unify
   them or all is lost.  The player begins to follow a trail of clues that
   leads him towards the climax.

        Cliffhanger:
	   His wife steps into an elevator.  Suddenly it begins falling the
   forty stories to the ground.  He has only a few moments in which to save
   her by activating a backup system, shorting out the control box for the
   runaway elevator, or using some anti-gravity device or another.  Other
   ideas can consist of delayed impending death caused by the things going
   wrong.

        Plot Twist:
	   It isn't sabotage.  The man who sold them their materials was
   pawning off shoddy goods that break easily.

        Climax:
	   The player confronts the source of his difficulties.  Justice is
   tinged with revenge here.  Concentrate on fast-paced action.  I can't
									18

   stress this enough.  The climax HAS to be the most exciting and stressful
   in order to make a successful game.

        Resolution:
	   This should involve the completion of the project or invention.
   Mankind takes a giant step forward thanks to the daring and cleverness of
   the player.  Do a little ego boosting. ;)

5) Madness:

          Madman-
		   The player.  Choose from a wide array of illnesses.
          Victim-
		   Accidentally murdered person.
		   The player.
		   The madman
		   Madman's loved one.

        Setting the scene:
	   You don't necessarily have to make mention of the madness, but you
   had better explain things if its one of the big selling points of your
   game.  I'd like to do a game about a comatose patient lost in his own mind
   or a fantasy world therein.  I would replace the normal status line with
   and EEG graph like _/\_/\_/\_ that progresses to /\/\/\/\/\ then
   __________ or some erratic pattern as the patient's condition worsens.
   The goal would be to either escape your mind, or find a way to remain in
   the fantasy world permanently (and maybe physically).  There are other
   ideas that could be used for a plot, hundreds actually.  I can think of
   way too many to start listing them here.  Again, use your imagination.
   This guide is only that, a guide.  You have to come up with your own
   ideas.  Good luck.

	Hook:
	   After the player adjusts to his situation, it changes.  His idyllic
   fantasy world becomes an ensnaring nightmare.  The police arrive and arrest
   him for a murder he didn't commit, his other personality did.  He finds a
   suicide note that his other personality wrote (if he's aware of the other
   personality.) and has to figure out a way to prevent the personality from
   killing him.  Something thrilling and exotic.  Madness is something that
   is endlessly fascinating to us.  We just can't make any sense of it, by
   definition.  We study it in all its myriad forms, trying to cure these
   people who don't perceive reality in the same manner as us.  I like to
   think that there's a madman somewhere looking for a cure for sanity.  Your
   game has to show a reality different from ours, and do it quickly, or the
   player will get bored and quit.

        Buildup:
	   Reality and madness roll over him in succeeding waves.  He is
   projected back and forth, torn between two worlds.  The madness may either
   constitute a positive place, or a negative place that is worse than
   reality.  The player has to decide what to do to resolve the rift, because
   it will slowly destroy his mind, until nothing is left.  Or perhaps it's
   a different type of madness, and events in the fantasy world reflect what
   is happening in reality, causing the player to commit terrible deeds by
   accident.  Perhaps even a murder, then police pursuit could blend and
   mesh with images of hideous beings pursuing him, screaming for his soul.
   Like I said, a fun plot.

									19
        Cliffhanger:
	   Have the player cross between worlds at particularly stressful
   moments, leaving his fate in the other world in doubt.

        Plot Twist:
	   His madness has been caused purposely by someone or something.
   In a perverse twist, his life has become better since he went mad.

        Climax:
	   The two worlds come together in a clash.  He must decide between
   the real world and his family or the fantasy world (and a love interest?).
   Maybe he has some climactic thing to do in each world before he can
   decide.  In any event, if he doesn't manage it, something fatal happens.

        Resolution:
	   The player's access to one world or the other is cut off, leaving
   him in the world of his choice.  He is a hero wherever he stays, and his
   family/love interest is at his side.  He lives happily ever after.

6) Self Sacrifice for love/ideal:

          Hero-
		   The player
		   The player's love interest
          Ideal/Love-
		   Freedom
		   Player's love interest
		   Peace
		   Equality
          Thing or person sacrificed-
		   Player's love interest
		   Player
		   A golden oppertunity

        Setting the scene:
	   Define the player's current situation, describing what he's
   fighting for and why he's doing that.  Perhaps you could also describe
   what he's up against.

	Hook:
	   An initial battle or event that causes the player to take arms
   against the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.  Perhaps because of
   his love interest, or perhaps, in spite of.

	Buildup:
	   Perhaps the war for freedom (or whatever) has been going on for
   awhile now, and the rebels finally have the chance to strike a death blow
   against the oppressive government.  Of course, this storyline is anything
   but original, but then, I've seen some excellent implementations of it.

	Cliffhanger:
	   He's almost captured.  Or he is captured, then threatened with
   torture.  Watch Star Wars for ideas.  [Thanks, S.G.]

	Plot Twist:
	   His love interest is fighting for the other side.

	Climax:
	   A big confrontation between the player and his love interest.  The
									20

   outcome of this battle will determine the future of our world.  The love
   interest sees the error of her ways and sacrifices herself for the
   player.

	Resolution:
	   The world is safe.  The player is sadder, but wiser, and has the
   satisfaction of having accomplished his purpose.

7) An Enemy Loved:

          Beloved Enemy-
		   Alien
		   Opposing army member
          Lover-
		   The player
          Hater-
		   Other members of the player's army.
		   Members of the human/alien race

        Setting the scene:
	   Explain where the player is, and let him know about the enemy.

	Hook:
	   He encounters his enemy in a situation where the war they are in
   has no real meaning.  A fight would mean the death of both of them.

        Buildup:
	   The two of them learn to survive together, each needing the
   other's skills and talents.  They face natural challenges or disasters
   together, wild beasts, primitives, etc.  They form a friendship eventually.

        Cliffhanger:
	   The enemy is about to be killed, or the player is hiding from an
   undefeatable enemy, hoping not to be found, while it searches the bushes
   around him.

        Plot Twist:
	   I'm at a loss here.  I can't think of anything that can really
   compete with the inherent irony of this plot.

        Climax:
	   A rescue force arrives and doesn't approve of the relationship
   between them.  If the two are of the opposite sex, they might even
   be in love with each other.  (Ok, so the 'opposite sex' bit isn't very 90s,
   I'd hate to try and sell such a controversial game.)  Eventually the
   player has to protect his friend/lover and must choose between rescue and
   friendship/love.

        Resolution:
	   Traditionally, the player would reject his society for his loved
   enemy, but I say let the player make that decision.  Don't try to pass
   moral judgements like that without a good in-story reason.

8) Conflict with a God:

          Mortal-
		   The player.
		   One of the player's worshippers.
									21

          Immortal-
		   The player's god.
		   The player.

        Setting the scene:
	   Define just who the player is, and what his relations with his
   god/worshipper are.  Also setup the character's position in life.

	Hook:
	   I can see two angles on this.  Either the player is being tested
   or toyed with by his god, or he IS a god, contesting with another god over
   his worshipper.  Either has numerous possibilities.  I could see a
   confrontation between the player and Death.  Or a Job-like scenario from
   Job or God's point of view.  I'm sure the player would enjoy the novelty
   of being a god.

        Buildup:
	   The worshipper experiences a series of tests of his faith.  Or he
   has to evade Death, which seems to have some grudge against him.  Or he
   has to guide his follower through some tests or hardships.

        Cliffhanger:
	   Your guess is as good as mine.

        Plot Twist:
	   His 'god' is really a collection of special effects.  Death is
   after him because he is immortal.  The worshipper considers converting to
   a new religion.

        Climax:
	   There is a direct mortal-immortal confrontation.  The god decides
   to do things personally rather than rely on agents to do what he wants
   done.

        Resolution:
	   Either the worshipper was found lacking, passed the test, or
  switched religions.  This plot is fairly flexible with what you can do
   with it.

9) Loss of Loved Ones:

          Kinsman slain-
		   Pick a relative, any relative.
          Friendly witness-
		   Friend of player
          Executioner-
		   Assassin
		   Bounty hunter
		   Random slaying

        I would use this plot as an element in a game rather than basing the
game around it.  It's an excellent way to add drama to a story, but it's not
gripping enough by itself to be a full story.





									22

11 -------------- Developing your game's Atmosphere -------------------------

       This is another reprint.

   Atmosphere is vital to the feel of a text adventure, or even a graphic
adventure.  But the trouble is, it's also a very tenuous thing to grasp hold
of.  But, I'll do my best to see if I can decipher some of it both for my
own information and anyone who is interested.  To do this, I'll look at some
specific atmospheres and see how I would create them.

Horror: I'll start here because it's one of the easier effects in my mind.
   First, I'd start out by watching my vocabulary closely.  I'd use words
   like leprous, misshapen, and cancerous.  Anything that gives a diseased
   feel to the story.  Then, I'd use a couple of Cliffhangers (see my plot
   post) to frighten or unnerve the player.  Also, I'd have some innocent
   item produce frightening effects.  I'd delve deep into horror stories
   of all sorts and come up with a suitable Big Nasty (tm).  Now, this is
   only my personal opinion, but I would put the player's personae in danger
   rather than a companion.  Brings it home better.  (I still think Horror of
   Rylvania is great.)  Hmm...some sort of wasting curse or slow possession
   would be fun.  Creaking doors, footsteps, I MIGHT use, MAYBE.  Probably
   not.  They've become quite hackneyed.  I liked one scene in Piranhas 2
   where this guy drops his watch into a murky sink and you just know a fish
   is gonna eat him when he reaches in...but it doesn't.  Then, just as he
   turns around, a fish jumped him.  (Flying fish, hilarious stuff.)  Scared
   the hell out of me because I was busy relaxing.  I might even plunk the
   player into a dark room with a nasty, player only hears a slight breathing
   and a steady scraping of feet that gets closer as he fumbles a match,
   and then strikes another just in time to illuminate a living corpse's
   face staring mindlessly at him.  It's the little touches that make the
   big impacts.

Next, I'll look at umm...

Mysterious - This one is fun.  I get images of thick fog and strange lights.
   Of corpses that have no business being where they are, and of course,
   sinister men huddling in London alleys with scalpels.  (There's a thought,
   anyone want to write a game about Jack the Ripper?  I'd be glad to help
   with publishing and packaging and such.)  Words like tenuous, inexplicable
   and the ever popular moonlit trip from the tongue.  I don't like secret
   passages in old houses though.  My idea of mysterious is this:  
         Something called _Lost in the Fog_.  The player is a survivor from 
   the Titanic, adrift, clutching a life preserver.  Freezing in the ice cold
   waters that killed many of the survivors, it seems that death is 
   inevitable.  Just then, a bell rings distantly through the fog, and the 
   player can swim for the sound.  He finds the sound is coming from an old 
   Spanish Galleon, miraculously afloat. 
        He climbs aboard, and hears footsteps.  The player evades the
   footsteps and searches the ship, discovering that its crew is somehow
   alive as well.  Have they been transported forward in time, or he
   backwards?  One of the player's ancestors is aboard the ship, and will
   befriend the strange young man who calls his name.  But according to 
   legend, the ship went down in a vast vortex that appeared inexplicably 
   in its path.  Just then, the player hears a loud rushing sound, and 
   realizes that history can't be changed, but perhaps, just perhaps, it 
   can be avoided.  (Also, any Twilight Zone episode (the old series))

Exciting - It's probably inaccurate to describe exciting as an atmosphere,
									23

  but I want to, so nyah.  Vocabulary - Lots of active verbs, words that have
  connotations of motion, and active, moving sentences.  This style would be
  great for a James Bond styled game.  Lots of leaping off cliffs, moving
  trains, airplanes, skyscrapers, etc. :)  Keep things moving is rule number
  one here.  Don't let up except for the odd romantic moment, if then.  I
  can think of at least as many bad guys as I have plots.  Big muscle men,
  Chinese plotters with fu manchu 'staches, sinister Russian agents, and of
  course, the odd mad genius out to destroy the world.  Actually, I'm
  just joking.  I'd never use any of those hackneyed characters.  If you
  can't come up with original ideas, then come up with a new hobby.
  Originality is something lacking in a lot of games, and that needs to be
  rectified as soon as possible.  Anyways, I'd probably use the odd spy
  gadget or two though.  At least if I were writing a spy game.  It might
  be much more fun to write about a bounty hunter chasing down a mark.  In
  that case, it would all be standard gear.  (Notice that I haven't ruled
  out a hanglider anywhere.  I hope to use one in a game someday.)  You
  could have car chases, bombs, gunfights, seduction, skydiving, white water
  rafting or a high-speed motorboat chase.  Lots of fun stuff to do.

Exotic - (As if the other atmospheres weren't.)  I think the closest Infocom
  game to come to this was well, actually, none of them.  I would consider
  exotic to be set in a lush tropical forest, or in Jamaica with a mysterious
  houdoo cult, or on an alien planet where you do more than explore an old
  station.  Instead, I'd want to encounter and study an alien race.  How
  about a game set in a series of parallel universes, all somewhat different?
  Say, they are all heading towards a similar destruction, and only you can
  save these multiple worlds.  Vocabulary - If it was set in a real place,
  I would spend a week or two on researching its most bizarre aspects.
  Otherwise I would spend a week making up consistant information on it.
  (Someday, when I'm a big rich game writer, I'll just fly there and visit,
  heheh.)  The action doesn't neccessarily have to keep going at all times in
  this atmosphere.  It's okay to have rooms that have no purpose other than
  interesting descriptions and information.  (Although it is better to tie
  that info into your puzzles.)  Puzzles, ESPECIALLY in this atmosphere,
  should reward the player with new areas to explore.  Don't let the
  commonplace slip into the game, unless it's to contrast it with the
  strange local customs.  Keep the descriptions full of dreamy words and
  use all five senses here.  Smells, tastes, feels, everything you can pack
  into it to make the player experience being there.  Make the Big Nasty (tm)
  fit the setting appropriately.  A crazed, loa-possessed cultist for the
  houdoo game, a strange snake-god in a lost city, the force behind the
  imminent destruction of the parallel universes.  Just keep the player aware
  at all times that he is in unfamiliar lands.

	And here we have a new atmosphere for the guide.  This was written
by Stephen Granade and submitted to me.  I enjoyed it, so here it is, with
my own embellishments added in.

Humor - This is not necessarily a separate atmosphere, but one that can
   be mixed with the others.  There are two ways to go about it.  One, try
   to make everything humorous, a la THGTTG.  While this can be very, very
   funny, it can also be very, very unfunny.  People have different senses
   of humor, so it's hard to write something that even a majority of people
   will find funny.  Two, use humor as a reward for exploring.  When the PC
   does something clever but unworkable in trying to solve a puzzle,
   respond with something clever.  Conversely, if the PC does something
   abysmally stupid, zing him.  For example:

									24

	The lab shows signs of a recent battle, as if the scientists who 
work here had been fighting for their lives.  Charred lab benches form a 
barricade of sorts in the southeast corner.  The thick metal door on the 
north wall is pitted, as if an incredibly corrosive acid had been splashed 
against it.  An open doorway leads west.

> EXAMINE DOOR

The door possesses sturdy metal bars which hold the thing shut.  A sign on 
the door reads, "Alien Hospitality Suite."

> OPEN DOOR

You slide the bars back, then start to open the door.  As you do, tentacles 
reach out and grab you!  Before you can react, they have dragged you into 
the dark, putrid-smelling room behind the door.  There you are slowly 
decapitated, and your body used as a breeding ground for aliens!

Just kidding, you can't slide the bars back at all.

   You get the idea.  Let your imagination run wild.  After all, most every 
   game needs its moment of levity.  Perhaps the player has a loyal friend
   who follows him everywhere, muttering acerbic comments about their
   adventures under his breath...[Stephen's part ends.  My comments on humor
   follow.]  Other notable techniques include puns, one-liners, Rube Goldberg
   scenarios, and silly situations.  Picture the player out on a ledge,
   chasing after his winning lottery ticket.  The wind blows the window shut,
   and....

After awhile, three punk rockers assemble below you.  They hold up their
cigarette lighters and chant "jump, jump, jump!"  You are tempted, if only
for a moment, to take their advice...and aim for them.  Somewhat later, a
firetruck arrives, along with a police car.  Unfortunately, the ladder they
brought is too short, so they radio in for a longer one, and join the police
over at Don's Donut World for a Crueller and coffee.  By now, there is a
large crowd gathered below, hoping to see a gory spectacle.  Two pigeons have
decided to build a nest in your hair, and you have this terrible urge to go
to the bathroom.  For the sake of the crowd below, you hold it in.

	See?  Humor can be a really fun tool to work with.  I originally left
a humor section out of the guide because I didn't feel I could do it justice.
Stephen's done a great job though, and I think he deserves a round of
applause.  Thank you Stephen.  Much obliged to you for that great example.
I am always looking for submissions for the guide.  Anything on game writing
that would fit in with the tone of it will be considered, and most likely,
used.

         As you can see from the long descriptions, atmosphere is important
for any game.  Be sure that you build up a feeling of unity in your
descriptions.  The language used should tie together the setting and the
emotions you wish to evoke.

12 ---------------- The other people in your game, NPCs ---------------------

	First, another reprint, then I'll expand my views somewhat.



									25

5 Laws of IF NPC Creation:

1. Never, EVER, EVER have an NPC comment on the player's body odor.  Why?
   Damned if I know.  This is just one of those rules that everyone blindly
   follows without questioning.

2. Make 'em unique, even if ya gotta steal 'em from somewhere else.

3. Don't stereotype them please, I find this endlessly annoying.  My one
   exception to this rule is the senile old wizard, whom I find endlessly
   amusing.

4. Make their actions consistant with their personalities.  'Sir Robin
   charges valiently into battle.' just doesn't make any sense.  (For the
   Monty Python impaired, Sir Robin was King Arthur's cowardly knight.)

5. Give 'em some emotions, and some conflict to sort out.  Maybe the NPCs
   daughter is dying, or they're extremely frightened of the dark and panic
   blindly when shut into a dark room.  Don't let the PC run roughshod over
   'em, they have feelings too.  If a PC attacks them, they should react
   according to their personality.  Maybe they think it's a joke, maybe they
   think the PC has gone mad and kill the PC, maybe the police come and
   arrest the player, or maybe the NPC just dies...

	NPCs are the backbone of your game.  Their unique personalities and
quirks will stick in the player's mind far longer than the puzzles you set
for him to defeat.  What do most people remember, the Wizard of Frobozz, or
the key and doormat puzzle.  I can't really do a definitive work on NPCs.
There are too many possibilities for you to contemplate.  Instead, I'll
list a few important characteristics below, with a brief sentence on each.

1) Appearance - This gives the player a mental image of the NPC.
		The smaller the detail, the more it brings out the
                personality of the NPC.

2) Speech Mannerisms - Such as a foreign accent, odd speech pattern.

3) Body Language - How the NPC stands, gesticulates, smiles, etc.

4) Motivations - Not neccessarily known to the player.  But it SHOULD be
		 known to you.

5) Interests - Shows in their room's furnishings, their belongings.  Tells
	       a lot about a person.

	In IF, there are basically only a few things that you want to worry
about.  First, give the NPC an interesting description and some interesting
mannerisms.  Next, ensure that the NPC reacts properly to the basic verbs in
your game, such as kiss, hit, kill, push, etc.  Finally, give the NPC a lot
to talk about, and if it follows the player, a lot of things for it to do in
certain places in your game.  Oh, one last, neglected thing.  Allow NPCs to
react to one another in more than just a passing manner.  These characters
are just as important as the player in the overall development of your game.
Be sure to have betatesters try very hard to break your NPCs. [-v1.2]

	If you pay attention to these details, your NPCs will be more
   believable and interesting to the player.  Particularly handle #2 and #4,
   and eveything else will fall into place.  Have fun.
									26

13 ----------------- The player's good buddies, pets ------------------------

        This is a reprint of another article, this one on pets.

1.) The term pets can apply to any object that follows the player around
    fairly consistantly.  A pet is not necessarily helpful, nor is it
    necessarily harmful, it just is.  Pets are not constrained to living
    creatures, nor are they even constrained to animate beings.  Take, for
    example, the radio in Wishbringer that gave you advice.

2.) Pets tend to be very versatile objects, frequently their personality
    will pervade the entire game.  (Floyd, of course.)  This can be a good
    thing, or a bad thing, depending on how it is handled.

Okay, here are some pet ideas.  Let me know if you've seen any used already.

1) The player is a wizard, with an imp familiar that is more often than not
   leading the player into danger.

2) (A more general idea) The player is a non-human, with a non-human
   companion.  Part of the game is determining how best to use that companion
   (say, for instance, the player is a rhinocerous, and has a friendly bird
   that helps them spot danger.)  This could also be interesting if you
   have a human player, but a really exotic pet, like a shapechanging blob
   of jelly.  (see A Boy and his Blob, on Nintendo systems)

3) Heheh, here's a whimsical thought...Remember that cartoon with the frog
   that would sing and dance, but only when no one else was around?  Well,
   that could be a rather amusing plot device, especially for those who have
   seen the original cartoon.  (Or maybe you find a talking dog with a similar
   limitation, or a talking....horse?) (everyone sing along...A horse is a)

4) Non-living pets.  Robots are the pet of choice in this department, but
   there are a lot of humorous ideas packed away under this heading.
   In THGTTG, the aunt's thing almost took on a personality of its own,
   just by following you around, so maybe there's this certain object that
   shows up everywhere, like a Monkey's paw, or a cursed ring.  That's
   by no means the only way an item can develop a personality, either.
   The Jack-of-all-traits in Nord and Bert was quite interesting just
   because of all the things you could do with it.  And the two teleport
   spots in Starcross.  Any item that simply has a number of uses and
   lingers in the game seems to me to become a sort of pet.

5) Non-living interacting pets.  Ok, so you don't buy that bit in #4, well
   obviously, objects can interract with the player in a number of bizarre
   ways.  Maybe the player is losing his grip on reality as a result of
   some poison in his body, so items start talking to him and arguing among
   themselves.  His couch plays psychiatrist, his TV plays evangelist, his
   shoes start remarking about the treatment he's been giving them. 
   ("Oi!  Not another puddle!  Walk around it you arsehole!")  Or perhaps
   they can just naturally talk.  (Via the talking credit card in Time Trax,
   or Talkie Toaster in Red Dwarf, a british comedy sci-fi show.)






									27

14 ------------Bringing it all together...Writing your first game------------

	More reprints, look out!

	Welcome to IF 101, the Infinite Permutations of Story in IF.  You
may be asking yourself, "Why the heck would I want to write a dumb old text
adventure?"  The answer is simple, but different, for each of you.  Maybe
you're a writer looking for a new way of doing things, or maybe you were
weaned on Infocom?  Whatever your reason, doubtless it's a good one.  On to
the meaty part of this message.
	There are a few different starting points you can use when writing a
game.  They are:

1) Setting
2) Atmosphere
3) Plot
4) Characters

(Wishbringer started from the plastic rock packaged with it.)

	I tend to start with atmosphere.  Once I have in mind the sort of
game I want to write, everything begins falling into place.  Just as an
example, you decide to write a horror game.  Ok, now you have a starting
point, which is often the hardest part.  Now, concentrating on horror, begin
to narrow your focus...is it going to be a thriller, something really campy,
exotic and terrifying like H.P. Lovecraft, or how about mixing horror with
another atmosphere like space opera to come up with an unusual setting?  I
think we'll go with the exotic one for now.  In horror, you need to think of
something that is WRONG.  Maybe a monster, disease, or madman.  It just has
to feel WRONG.  We're going with disease, that's always a nasty one.  So,
what does our disease do that's so bad?  Infectious madness?  Gross
deformities?  A craving for human snacks?  Horrific transformation?  I like
the last one.  We now have a game about a disease that causes humans to
transform into something horrible.  But what?  Hmm, that's a stumper, so many
disgusting monsters, so little time...Ok, let's give em claws, pointy teeth,
big scabby armor-plated growths to ward off bullets, a funky hairdo, the
effects of a 6 month exercise program, and a predilection for homo sapien.
We need a catchy name...umm...er...Grunts, maybe.  It'll do for now.  Let me
warn you now to use a good ASCII text editor to write your games with.  I use
one called dcom.  You don't want to waste time converting back and forth from
ASCII everytime you want to compile.  Just make sure it has global search and
replace capabilities, you'll need them.  Ok, now we have our disease, so we
need a few more things to go on.  We need a cause for the disease, a reason
why the hero is trying to do something instead of heading for the hills,
and of course, a setting.  We'll start with the disease's source.  That will
likely have some ramifications in the final solution of the game.  So,
what do you suggest?  Mad scientist, government plot, meteor/comet, ancient
Indian burial ground, toxic waste...?  I like the government plot, being from
Berkeley, home of the conspiracy theory.  So, germ warfare gone astray.
Now why the heck is the player dumb enough to get wrapped up in this mess?
I'll tell you why, he's a member of the local SWAT team, the only survivor
of a drug bust that was apparently a covert site for the govenment's testing.
Unfortunately for the player, there was no communication between the local
and the federal government on the matter.  Now, a nervous trigger finger and
a broken vial have unleashed a squad of Grunt/scientists/SWAT team members
on the world.  Perhaps the scientists killed all the SWAT members after
changing, or maybe the SWAT team was changed too, except for the player.
Anyways, I would say it likely that he was far enough away from the vial and
									28

quick-witted enough to put his gas mask on.  If he looks around, he's likely
to find out the story behind the disease and an antidote, or maybe he has to
find some simple way of changing them back or killing them.  The setting?
Some woods on the outskirts of <insert major city here>.  He has to stop the
Grunts before they get to the city and begin changing the populace.

	Well, there's your basic premise.  Start vague, and work your way
down.  It never fails for me.

[Next reprint follows]

Right.  In the last installment of this post, we determined that we were
going to write a horror game based on a disease that turns people into, for
lack of a better name, Grunts.  Grunts are basically like people except for
their sharp claws and teeth, armor plating, and taste for human flesh.  We
(okay, okay, I) decided that it was going to be set on the outskirts of a
town that shall remain anonymous for now, and is released in a drug bust gone
bad.  Fortunately for the player, he manages to realize what's happening and
gets his gas mask on in time.  Since then, I have decided that the Grunts are
clever, and possess enough intelligence to smash the radios in the vehicles
they brought.  Don't question the fact that they don't steal the cars, just
accept it until we can think of either a good excuse, or a more plausible
scenario.  (You do a lot of this at first.)
	Okay, the stage is set.  The Grunts have just taken off down the
road, and our hero is lying in the bushes, trying to look inconspicuous.
First thing we need to do now is to devise his first obstacle.  The cars
have been sabotaged.  He needs to fix one to get back to town before the
Grunts.  He can cannibalize parts from any of the cars, and maybe find some
parts lying around in the tool shed.  In addition, he should stock up on
good weapons since he's at a government installation (mistakenly believed by
the SWAT team to be a drug plant) that had some fairly high tech stuff.
(Not to mention some interesting diseases and such.)  Anyway, the player
should stock up, throw it all in the car that he fixed, and hit the road.
	He comes to a farmhouse that's on fire.  Screeching to a halt, he
hears cries for help inside and rescues a kid about 13 years old.  We'll
call him David.  He tries to leave David behind, since it's too dangerous,
but the kid hides in the trunk.  David, of course, is going to become a
horrible pain in the butt.  Btw, the farmhouse was raided by Grunts, in
case you're wondering.  David's the only survivor.  Now, I think that the
player can use one or two more people in his little 'band', not to mention
a love interest, so he manages to outrun the Grunts and gets to a dairy
farm on the outskirts of suburbia.  Luke, the farm hand, is a bit dubious
until screams come from the house, and the two of them rescue the farmer's
daughter from some Grunts.  It's too late for the farmer.  He was a widower,
fortunately.  Now that our little adventuring band is complete, we would
spend time expanding on the characters and bringing them to life.

[Last post]

Ok.  Now, the characters in our horror game are:
  The player - A SWAT team member.
  David - Kid that player saved and is stowed away in the trunk of his car.
  Luke - Farmhand
  Debbie - Farmer's Daughter

We have established that the Grunts retain some vestige of human
intelligence.  We have also determined that the bacteria may only be spread
through an exchange of bodily fluids.  The player has had the opportunity to
									29

arm himself and acquire companions, not to mention research into the cause of
the disease.  We are now ready for the confrontation/master plan.

The player and his little retinue rush to head off the Grunts, now numbering
about 5-8.  During the first conflict, the player discovers that the Grunts
are pretty much bulletproof.  (What good movie monster isn't?)  He does have
a supply of diseases/vaccines that he may or may not have identified.  One
of these is the vaccine for the Grunt bacteria.  He has a syringe as well, so
he'd be well advised to inject himself with some of it.  He has enough for
several injections.  One possible plan would be to head for the nearest zoo
and get a tranq gun to use against the Grunts.  Or maybe the other diseases
in the collection would be of some use?  There's a umm...blister agent, some
adrenaline in a usable form, various illegal drugs, etc.  The puzzles would
consist of using these items in a variety of ways.  I'm sure we can imagine
the sort of things that would go on in the middle of this game.  Lots of
tracking down and disabling of Grunts, avoiding Grunts, saving folks, etc.

	So, let's skip to the ending.  The last, biggest Grunt confronts
the player atop the area's drinking water reservoir.  The player can't just
shoot him, or he'll fall down and pollute the water, infecting the populace
all over again.  So the player plays it slick.  He gets out a cattle prod
taken from the farm earlier on (retroactively inserted.)  He walks out to
the Grunt, prodding it back with the prod.  He gets scratched up by the Grunt.
(Hope he used the vaccine)  He forces the Grunt away from the water, then
hits him with a syringe full of vaccine.  Voila.  End of story.  Or you
could probably think of a better one.  This is, after all, just off the top
of my head.  Anyway, let me now close off this story with some hints and
help, explaining why I made this post.

Starting out, I like to begin with a broad atmosphere and narrow downwards.
Once you have set the stage with a plot, items come naturally and easily,
  puzzles a bit less so.
The characters in your story are of utmost importance.  Fiction is, 
  ultimately, about people.
There are several distinct sections to a game: build-up, conflict,
  resolution.  Build-up and Resolution are the most important two IMHO.
Finally, here's some advice to keep you working on your game.  Announce its
  future release over the Net, and set yourself a deadline.  Having people
  waiting for your game helps keep you to task.  I know from experience.

15 -------------------------- Betatesting -----------------------------------

	I can't emphasize this part of game design enough.  You really need
a good sized troop of testers.  You won't find every bug, not even after the
game is released.  But do try to get all the really nasty ones out first.
Call for volunteers on r.a.i-f, you'll probably get from 10-30 eager beavers.
Don't feel threatened.  You'll be glad you had so many responses when mail
starts bouncing back to you saying no such account, and people flake because
of an unexpectedly heavy classload this semester.  Take it in stride.  Also
corner a few of your local friends and tie them to a chair and make them play
it for you.  You'll get a faster response on bugs that way.  I have found
that my game will work perfectly unless I let someone else touch the keyboard
while it's running.  Then, pfft.  The very first command one friend entered
crashed the game, and he gave me a dirty look.  This will happen.  Gird your
loins for the horrible, demeaning process of debugging.  Betatesting is an
experiment in publicly embarrassing yourself.  It's got to be done, though,
if you want to produce quality games.  So cheer up, and keep your mind on
the fact that you aren't paying your testers anything.
									29

16 ------------- The gimmick and its place in your game ---------------------

	Think of all the old Infocom games and consider how many of them had
a gimmick built into the game.  Trinity had its pop-up poetry, Seastalker
its little radar map, Suspended its six robots, etc.  You should put some
serious consideration into a gimmick.  They cause your game to stand out from
the crowd.  If anyone comes up with an intriguing gimmick they don't want,
pass it along to me.  I'm always glad to get ideas, and I give credit where
credit is due.

17 ------- Packaging your game with an eye for registration -----------------

	Now, what do most people remember about Infocom games?  The neat
little trinkets and books that came with them, usually.  Bear this in mind
as you plan your game.  You should be planning the more physical aspects of
it even as you write it.  Find out what packaging will cost as soon as
possible.  Look at your budget (or lack of one) and decide what you can
afford to include.  For my first game, I'm planning on strictly printed
props like diary pages and flyers.  Later, if I get a good response, I may
go out on a limb and have a Space Miner's Union Member card done up, or any
of a zillion other things I could do.  The trick is to keep your costs down
and shop around until you find the VERY best buy for your buck.  The one cent
that you are paying more per copy adds up quickly to equal lost revenue and
funds for your next game.  Even something as mundane as a rock can become an
exotic keepsake if you do things right.
	Another aspect of packaging is notification of contests and/or
newsletters available from your company.  I highly recommend contests open
only to registered users.  It's just one more thing to help convince them
that their money would be best invested in your wallet.  A newsletter will
probably have no immediate benefits.  However, you will accumulate a core
group of steady customers that you can easily get input from.  A company
can survive just off a good hardcore user group if it's big enough.

18 --------------- Marketing and distributing your game ---------------------

	Oh what a tangled web we weave.  In the new world economy, you want
to be able to gain access to as many dollars, pounds, yen, rubles, and marks
as you can.  This isn't easy to do.  There is a distribution group that
says they will send your game out to thousands of BBSes on a CD for just
$100 a year (to cover membership).  It's called ASP.  I may try it later on
and let you guys know how it works.  They have some conditions which they 
slap on you for the privilege of you paying them to distribute your game.  
You have to include their various legalese files with your game.  You cannot
cripple it in any way.  You may not use any obstrusive regstration reminders
in your game.  Frankly, I don't think it's any of their business whether you
cripple your game or not, but they're putting themselves out on a limb for
your program, so I won't worry about it.  There are also the various
credit card vendors that will take your credit card orders for a small part 
of your fee.  This strikes me as an excellent strategy to attract impulse 
shoppers to our games.  Get 'em while they're dying to get the free hint book
and paper cup included with every copy of your game.  Hell, let em order two 
copies.  I'll include all these important info things at the end of this
guide.  By the way, you'll probably also need to get a P.O Box to serve as a
registration sending point.  Lastly, don't forget the IRS.  Watch your taxes.




									31

[I recently purchased a book called _Starting and Operating a Business in
California_, by Michael D. Jenkind.  From what I can tell, there is a set of
these books, one for each state.  I suggest getting it, it's very
informative, and contains postcards to send off to certain government
departments requesting forms that you need and other legal information.
-v1.2.]

	Now, don't neglect your customers.  Get orders out in a timely
manner. [timely, according to the law, is 30 days from time of order, unless
you state in advance that it will take longer.  If you fail to meet this
deadline, you must send them a letter offering a refund, or having them
accept the delay, their choice. -v1.2]

A letter should be enclosed in any event.  This is one of the elite of
the computer world, a registered user.  Be courteous, but try not to kiss up
too much.  They should feel rewarded for their honesty, not like they're
doing you a favor.  If your program is good, then it deserves the
registration.  If you have future projects planned, then try to stick a
'catalog' in with your registered version describing them.  Keep track of
your registered users, and send out pamphlets when you have another game and
some money to spend on them.  Good god, what I wouldn't do for a roster of
the Zork User's Group, or a list of those people who sent in the warranty
cards from Lost Treasures of Infocom 1 and 2.  Sadly, the former no longer
exists, and Activision has the latter.  Too bad they'll never use it in the
manner in which it is meant to be used.  See if your local computer stores
are interested in carrying a few registered versions in stock, but don't hold
your breath.  I would suggest print advertising if it weren't for the
tremendous expense involved.
	Now that you've jumped those hurdles, you're going to try for some
FREE advertising, or nearly so.  Contact every magazine listed at the bottom
of this guide and offer to send them a registered version to review.  Do
this only after you have a product that stands up to betatesting and looks
as good as you're willing to pay for.  Enclose a short note notifying the
magazine that they are not eligible for any contest you're running.  You're
giving them a free sample, it's not fair to let them win the goodies too.
Anyway, keep in close contact with them, answer their questions, offer to
write articles on the hardships of IF.  If you're lucky and your game is
good, it'll get some rave reviews.  If you get poor reviews, try not to take
it too hard.  The magazine is just doing its job as it sees fit.  Try harder
next time, or, if they are violently opposed to text adventures, stop sending
them sample copies to review.  A text adventure should be judged on merit
rather than lack of flashy graphics and sound.
	Well, if you've gotten this far, congratulations, you did well.  You
have released a new text adventure out into the hungry waters of the market.
Cross your fingers and whisper a quiet prayer to the gods that blessed Zork.
I really hope that the money starts flowing in, at least enough to make it
worth your while.  As I said, IF seems to have a small market, but I think if
we have enough quality products out there that are well marketed, we might be
able to edge our foot back in the door.  Keep pushing your game every chance
you get.  Post it on flyers around your school, or the bulletin board at
work.  People are always interested in a small 'home-town' company.  Work
your way up to the point where you can afford trinkets for your packages,
and glossy pictures on the box covers.  Eventually you may have a respected
company, able to leave the difficult whitewater shareware market and move on
to the smoother retail market.  My best wishes go with you.



									32

   [Another useful marketing technique used by Adventions, one of the larger
    producers of text adventures, is selling the game commercially and just
    releasing a demo, rather than the whole game.  Note that this kills your
    chances of using ASP to distribute your game. -v1.2]

19 ---------------------------- Assorted Miscellany ----------------- [-v1.2]

  Version 1.2:

	Well, the Guide has received a really good response since I released
it.  I have seen it offered on ftp sites as far away as Finland.  The
Internet never ceases to amaze me.  Most of the changes to the Guide will be
concentrated in this section for the convenience of those who have read the
earlier versions.  Of course, that means that this section is going to be
a bazaar of different things, but that's okay with me.  Since the first
appearance of the Guide, I have started writing a regular game writing column
for Intelligent Gamer magazine, the only such column to appear in a game
magazine (See the magazine overviews for more info).  Also, excerpts from the
Guide were re-published in Chris Crawford's _Interactive Entertainment
Design_  (Chris is the author of Balance of Power and other games.)  For a
year subscription to this magazine, published 6 times a year, send a check or
money order for $36 ($50 outside North America) to:

	Interactive Entertainment Design
	5251 Sierra Road
	San Jose, CA 95132

My excerpts appear in Volume 7, Number 4, in case you want a copy.  Back
issues are $5 apiece, volumes 1-6 are available for $30 per volume.

	First off, I have another reprint from r.a.i-f for you here on the
use of the 5 senses in IF:

---------

1. Sight - Sight is almost always a major part of any text adventure.  
But, in my opinion, is seldomly used as well as it could be.  Consider 
Adventure with its volcano room, since that seems to be the most well 
known room in IF.  The room is very 'busy', there's a lot going on there, 
a lot of motion, nearly a visual assault.  Nobody, except perhaps Steven 
Spielberg, could do justice to this room in a movie or picture.  The 
image summoned up is one of Hell, one that Dante would be proud of.  But 
what makes this room so visually interesting?  Well, obviously the motion 
is part of it.  All that lava and steam and sulfer bubbling around.  The 
other thing that is so effective is the sheer number of things described so 
prosaically.  Lastly, I think that the authors just spent a lot of time on 
that room, refining it until they had what they wanted.  Just remember 
these things when writing room descriptions.

  1.) Our eyes are drawn to motion first.  It's an instinctive thing 
dating back to our hunting days.

  2.) Even a very mundane item can be described in flowing terms if you 
put the effort into it.  A sword, for instance, can have details such as 
a large nick halfway down the blade, a splash of rust near the tip, and a 
weathered leather wrapping around the handle.  An item doesn't even 
neccessarily have to be useful in the game to look interesting, although 
the player may try and do something with it if it is.
									33

  3.) We don't see the world in black and white, even if our monitor is 
monochrome.  Colors are essential to an effective visual presentation.

  Lastly, I'd just like to mention that I think this technique works more 
effectively when applied to a few select rooms in your game rather than 
every room.  It has more emotional impact that way.

Ok, now that I've detailed what I'll be doing without in Sight Unseen, 
I'll try and expand more on the senses that I will be using.

Hearing - Sound has been largely ignored in IF, which is a shame.  It is 
second only to sight in the amount of information it can gather for the 
player.  Really, I shouldn't say second, because it can gather just as 
much info as sight if attention is paid, and the listener can recognize 
the sounds.  Think of how much information you hear just sitting in your 
room.  Is it quiet?  Then nobody's around, or if they are, they're not 
moving around.  Do you hear laughter and the sounds of a ball being 
kicked or hit?  Someone's playing a sport outside your window.  Do you 
hear footsteps?  Someone's walking nearby, and you can tell whether 
they're walking towards or away from you unless the place you're in has 
weird acoustics.  You can tell when someone is fixing breakfast, or 
watching tv, or making love upstairs, or having an argument, all sorts of 
things.  Now consider how much of this usually makes it into IF.  I know, 
I'm guilty too.  Avalon neglects sound just as much as the next game.  I 
can think of only two places I used it, once to mention the lack of birds 
in Avalon, and once when you hear a voice nearby and follow it to its 
source.  Oh yes, actually you also deal with the loss of hearing in one 
spot.  Three rooms.  That's a pretty lousy record for a game with about 
50 rooms so far.  I think I'll go back and pay more attention to it as I 
read through my room descriptions.  I can think of one point where 
breathing should definitely be heard, and another that could use the 
crash of the thundering surf.  That's just off the top of my head.  I 
mean, we concentrate on all the human noises in IF, and neglect the 
background sounds when it's in our own best interest to include them.  So 
look over your game with an eye for sound. :)

Smell -  Of course, most of us can't afford to include scratch n' sniff 
cards with our games, so we do the next best thing and describe the 
smells.  The tangy scent of oranges, the fresh smell of a pine forest, 
the sweet smell of a forest meadow filled with flowers in bloom...these 
things have a very strong emotional impact on people.  Consider the smell 
of cookies baking.  Doesn't that make you feel comfortable, and a bit 
hungry?  What sort of memories does it evoke?  Grandma, most likely.  Now 
think what an excellent trap that smell would make.  The adventurer is 
wandering around some caves...dum de dum.. *sniff*  Mmmm...cookies.  He 
follows the smell, and ends up on the dinner menu of some monster who 
smells like chocolate chip. :)  Or think, what if you lived alone, and 
you came home to the smell of cookies baking.  Now, you're sure that you 
didn't put any cookies in the oven before you left, so who did?  I'm sure 
you see how this works now, so I'll move on to the next sense.

Touch - Here's another highly underrated sense in IF.  Touch is our only 
real link to reality, if you think about it.  How do you know that 
something is real?  Sure, you can see and hear it, but you could be 
hallucinating for all you know.  Touch is the final arbitrater on what is 
real, and what isn't.  If you can feel it, then it doesn't matter what 
else you think you see or hear, you know it's there.  And consider all 
the textures we encounter everyday.  Sharp, rough, smooth, fuzzy, 
									34

serrated, squishy, doughy. gritty, hard, soft, etc.  There's a lot to be 
learned by touching things.  Think of the difference between having a 
knife waved at you, and feeling its point pricking at your neck.  One is 
frightening, the other terrifies into immobility.  Consider trying to put 
your back against the wall in a dark cave and bumping into something 
large and hairy.  Consider the feel of running your hands through 
someone's hair, be they lover or whatnot.  When choosing the warmest 
blanket for the night, which do you go for, the quilted one, or the fuzzy 
one?  We touch things all the time, every day, and half the time we don't 
even notice what we're feeling.  Well, maybe we should pay more attention.

Taste - I put this sense last because it has very limited usefulness in 
real life and in IF.  To be sure, it's a great sense, but we don't use it 
unless we're eating something, and you can't eat all the time.  Of 
course, it might be useful to tell the difference between salt and sugar, 
or two other similar substances, but that's about all we use it for.  
Although it might be nice to slip it into your game sometime.  Maybe 
include little bags of powder or something. :)  It could be interesting, 
but it anyone puts 'decaying corpse' in there, they'll hear from my lawyer.

----------------------

Also, I should point out that I am also publishing a periodic e-mail zine
about text adventures, called SPAG (Society for the Preservation of Adventure
Games).  E-mail me at whizzard@uclink.berkeley.edu for more info, and let me
know that you heard about SPAG from the Guide rather than the newsgroups so
that I know what info to send you.  I'm just one busy little fellow.  Info
is also available on ftp.gmd.de in /if-archive/SPAG/spag.faq.

----------------------

	Finally, so no one feels cheated by this version, since it hasn't had
much in the way of new articles, here's one or two to quench your thirst:

	 	The Terrible Traps of Object Interaction

	Once, on r.a.i-f, one fellow mentioned the idea to make a CD-ROM
text adventure, 10 megs long.  Well, we got a good laugh out of that, and
pointed out to him the terrible curse of all text adventure authors,
exponential growth.  Every time you add an object to your game, you must
consider its connections to every other object and creature in the game.
Here's an example:  You're writing a game set in New York, 1956.  You put
a Zippo lighter in the player's pocket, merely as a decoration.  Bad move.
When all you have is a hammer, every problem looks like a nail.  The players
WILL, not might, WILL eventually try to set every godforsaken item in your
game on fire.  Let's just say that the default response to 'light x' is:

	"The x burns feebly for a moment, then flickers out."

	Now, I know you can see this coming: light concrete, light lake,
 light cat, light plane, light myself, light bookstore, light salesman.

	Observe how seldomly the standard response makes sense.  You have to
include messages telling about how concrete and water don't burn, how the
cat and salesman yell and run around while on fire, how the police arrest the
player for arson, and how the player goes up in a blaze of glory.  Now think
about adding a rope to your game.  At this point, any sane game writer will
flee gibbering into the woods.  Take a piece of rope and play with it for
									35

awhile.  Make a list of all the things you can do with the rope.  Filled
three pages yet?  Ok, now you can run screaming into the hills.
	This is what Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs, or alternatively, CRAP)
were designed to avoid.  There are only a few verbs in those systems, so
there aren't nearly as many things to worry about.  Still, this is more a
cop-out than a solution.  The REAL solution is to be careful what you add to
your game, and keep it down to a manageable size.  Avoid using general
purpose tools to solve puzzles like axes, explosives, and other stuff, like
sledgehammers.  These devices have so many uses that you will bog yourself
down trying to cover them all.  If you try to do a cop-out, and don't allow
the player to say, beat down a locked door with a sledgehammer, you'll just
annoy the player, so don't do it.  Just use some common sense, with a liberal
dose of betatesters, and you'll be fine.

	Okay, one last article, then I've got to tie this off and work on
SPAG:

		Other Things you need to do for your Game:

	[]  Provide some sort of instructions for beginners.
	[]  Provide a set of hints for paying users.
	[]  Provide technical and general support for your game.
	[]  Pay your taxes.  (See a good small business book for more info.)
	
	Also, watch your copyright infringement and don't libel anyone in
your game.  Either one could be disastrous financially for you.  Even if you
were to win a lawsuit, the legal fees and time wasted on it could be
crippling to you.  If you are operating as a sole proprietorship or as a
partnership (i.e. your company is not incorporated.) then there is a term you
should know: Unlimited personal liability.  If you lose a court case over
your company's product, then you can be sued for everything you own.  If you
are in a partnership, then you can be sued for everything both you AND your
partner own.  Pretty neat, huh?  Liability insurance might just be something
to look into.

	Additional: Since the last time I worked on the Guide, Intelligent
Gamer stopped being published.  Rather than consign my articles to oblivion,
I'm going to toss them in here.  Consider it a free bonus.

                            The Art of the Game
				   Article 1

        Greetings, and welcome to the first installment of what will
hopefully be a regular column in "Intelligent Gamer."  My column is about
writing games.  No actual source code or machine specific techniques, just
the art of the game itself.  In this column I will address what I think makes
a good game, and how you can make one.  I encourage feedback and suggestions
of any sort.

                        So You Want to Write Video Games?

        A worthy goal, to be sure.  You've played hundreds of games and now
wish to join the ranks of Richard Garriot (Lord British of "Ultima" fame), and
Steve Meretzky (author of "Leather Goddesses of Phobos" and the "Spellcasting"
games).  Be warned: it's no small task you are looking at.  Expect hours and
hours of frustration, hair-pulling, and eyeing that bottle of arsenic near
your desk.  Before you begin, you should be armed with a wide reportaire of
movies, books, and older games.  You really need the sort of background these
									36

things can give you.  Here's a required reading list for any would-be game
author:

        * J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit"
        * Douglas Adams' "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"
        * Peter Beagle's "The Last Unicorn"
        * William Gibson's "Neuromancer"
        * Arthur Conan Doyle's "Sherlock Holmes" series

These are just a few that are quite representative of their respective
genres.  All of them are outstanding for one reason or another, and an
excellent read nonetheless.  Other suggested authors are David Gerrold, H.P.
Lovecraft, Robert A. Heinlein, Isaac Asimov, Gary Gygax, Piers Anthony, Terry
Pratchett, Alan Dean Foster, and anyone else you can get hold of.  The more 
the merrier!

Some movies that feature good setting, characters and plot are:

        * The Princess Bride
        * Monty Python's Search for the Holy Grail
        * 2001: A Space Odyssey
        * Terminator 2
        * Pretty much anything with Steven Spielberg's hand in it.

And definitely try to play the old Infocom games, available as "The Lost
Treasures of Infocom" (reviewed in the February 1994 issue of "Intelligent
Gamer") from Activision.  Try playing anything by LucasArts or a few of the
"Ultima" games by Origin.
        There, now that your knowledge of past works is a bit more caught up,
you can begin.  There are three major things a game needs:

        []  Characters
        []  Plot
        []  Setting

        I will cover each of these in more depth in future columns.  For now,
I'll look at the characters.  Just as in fine literature, games are about
people.  You have to make the player somehow relate to his alter-ego in the
game; at the same time, you also have to get his alter-ego to relate to the
other characters in the story.  On a simple scale, this involves physical
appearance and surface traits.  On a much broader scale, it's called society.
You want to try and create a society within your game.  Maybe it's only a
three person society, but it should still try and simulate the interactions of
real people with one another.  Society involves communication, trade, and
combat.  Therefore, the characters in your game need a way to talk to the
player's character, barter with him, and kill him.
        Communication is as complicated as you'd like to make it.  You could
use something as simple as offering the player a list of sentences to choose
from, or as complicated as having the player speak into a microphone, and
letting the computer answer through a sound card.  The latter is still rather
difficult, but the first method has been used in many games.  Just be sure to
give each character a distinctive set of beliefs and mode of speech.  A
character should also have a goal and a means for accomplishing this goal.
The more small touches you can add to a character, the more realistic and
interesting he or she will become.  One thing that has not been attempted in
many games is communication between characters other than the player.  An
accent or speech characteristic is useful for separating that character from
the others in your game.
									37

        Trade means simply that characters must be able to transfer items
back and forth between one another.  An item can be be nearly anything, such
as gold, a piece of information, or even a disease.  The exchange of items
is a common part of our lives, but is often overlooked in the gaming world.
Put some thought into it.  What is valuable to the character, and what does
the character have to trade in exchange?  Must it be money?  In a medieval
setting, barter may well be a more appropriate form of exchange, while magic
might form the currency in a fantasy setting.  Trade is the lifeblood of
society, even as communication is the brain.
        Finally, consider the role of conflict in the game.  Internal conflict
is used to reveal things about the character, while external conflict is more
of a motivator, pushing the character around even as he struggles with his own
inner problems.  External conflict involving sharp, pointy implements is
often referred to as combat.  One important thing to note is that repetitous
and unnecessary combat is boring and doesn't belong in a good game.  Good use
of it advances the plot while letting the player take out his aggression on
some small, squishy monsters.  Unconventional weapons, armor, and magic are a
big plus.  The idea is to give the player a little adrenaline rush, not to
bore him to death.  Also bear in mind that there are many forms of formal
combat that don't involve anyone dying at all: chess, jousting and fencing are
all good examples.  And yet, these are all examples of conflict between two or
more characters.  The vast majority of ideas in this department remain
untouched.
         A character can be defined by what the player perceives him to be.
Anything else is irrelevant, unless it shows up later in the game.  And so,
these three things (communication, trade and conflict) should be sufficient to
create believable characters, since most character interaction will fall into
one of them.
        Well, that's all for this month.  If you are interested, I have a
guide on the Internet called "Whizzard's Guide to Authoring Text Adventures."
It is available for anonymous FTP from ftp.gmd.de, in the /if-archive/info
dir, as authorship-guide.  It contains lots of stuff on writing games,
including a discussion of the 36 basic plots.  I hope you enjoyed this
article, or at least found it useful.  Let me know what you think.  Next
month, if all goes well, I'll write about plot.

                            The Art of the Game
				   Article 2

	Well, as I promised last month, I'm going to write about plot in this
month's column.  I'm glad the folks at Intelligent Gamer liked last month's
enough to keep me around.  Anyhow, enough stalling, on to the plot.

		     The Ins and Outs of the Plot Tree

	Now, if you ask ten people what they like in a plot, you'll get 15
different answers.  Bear this in mind when writing your game.  You just can't
please everyone, so pick a consistant philosophy and stick to it.  From what
I can tell, there are three major schools of thought on plot.

1) The Minimalists
2) The Linearalists.
3) The Branchologists.

	The Minimalists argue that games should be an experience in
exploration and simulation.  They want to be able to start their own plots
and toss them aside at will.  In my opinion, they are very dangerous people.
The primary argument I have against them is the incredible lack of interest
									38

I have in flight or sub simulations.  They bore me to tears.  The only way
we can allow a bunch of plots and twists at present is to program each one
individually.  It's enough work to write one plot, and the Minimalists want
a constantly changing web of them.  Frankly, I don't think there's any money
in that approach.  You'd have to work on a game for years to get it even 
close to that level of adaptability.

	The Linearalists prefer one plot.  A very restrictive plot.  Plays
like a book, reads like a book, feels like a book...hmmm.  These folks are
simply writers that have yet to grasp the 'interactive' in 'interactive
fiction.'  You are herded, sheep-like, through this one plot, with blinders
on your eyes, and shackles on your legs.  Do not turn your head, do not try
to escape, do not make any decisions, in fact, do not enjoy yourself.

	Finally, we have the school of Branchology, of which I am a
practicing member.  This school advocates a FEW plots.  Not one, not a
constantly changing web of them, a few.  This is the middle ground.  It
involves a bit of careful planning, though.  I like to have several major
plot branches, a few optional side branches, and a couple of endings.  Oh
yes, one more nice technique is to have two plot branches which are mutually
exclusive of each other.  This adds variety and replayability to your game.

	I'm not going to detail the numerous plots available for your use.
Suffice it to say that there are at least 36 of them, and those 36 are
described in my Authorship Guide to IF, mentioned in last month's column.
In fact, most of the guide concentrates on plot, ideas, and characters.  It's
not a bad read for the serious game writer, IMHO.

	Now, having spent so much time in the guide on plot, what is there
left to discuss here?  Good question, I'm glad you asked.  (Grrr...)  Ah, I
have it.  I'll discuss the art of plot branching.  It takes a delicate touch
to create a story in such a manner that portions of it are optional and yet
still has a sense of unity throughout.  You've got to ensure that the player
can reach a winning ending no matter what path he decides upon.  This means
that any item or event that is in one path must have an equivalent
item/event in each alternate path.  So, if you need a magic mirror to turn
the clockwork glockenspiel into a radish just after a two branch plot split,
you need to make sure that, not only does each path arrive at the clockwork
glockenspiel, but each path also provides a magic mirror or a reasonable
facsimile thereof.  Now, in my usual itemizing fashion, I shall detail a few
types of plot branch.

4) Dead End
3) Optional path
2) Inclusive split
1) Exclusive split

	The dead end is the plot branch most of us have seen way too often.
It is handled in one of two ways.  Either it kills the player, or it just
gets him permanently stuck (Do not pass go, do not collect 200 points.).  If
you decide to use this type of branch (It's not mandatory, look at LucasArts
games like "Day of the Tentacle"), then please, for the sake of your players'
sanity, either kill them outright, or let them know that they can no longer
win the game.  Nothing generates a lynch mob faster than a puzzle that
requires an innocent item from the beginning of the game.  After breaking out
the old save game, I usually think to myself "Is this worth it?".  More often
than not, the answer is no, and the delete command runs amuck in my game
directory.
									39

	Optional paths, on the other hand, are something I like.  The only
purpose they serve for the player is either to give him more points, or to
make for a happier ending to the game.  (Well, actually, I could think of a
few more reasons, like avoiding a maze, or making a later puzzle easier.)
The player should not be forced into this path, that's why it's called
optional.  Indeed, this path may not even be readily apparent to the player.
But it shouldn't be TOO hard to discover.
	An inclusive split is simply a branch of two or more paths that the
player has to 'choose' between.  There's really no choice involved, however.
The player will end up going down every path eventually whether he likes it
or not.  This is like the old gather-the-treasure puzzles.  Sooner or later,
the player will get every treasure (maybe), but the order in which to get
them is up to him.
	An exclusive split is something that is just beginning to show up in
some of the newer games.  When you decide which path to follow in this split,
you've got to stick by your decision come hell or high water.  After all,
there's no turning back.  Something happens to prevent you from returning to
the fork, and taking the other path (not death, though, this isn't a Dead
End.).  Personally, I would find it a nice touch if you prompt the player
for a save here, letting him know that his decision is final.  That way, the
player can try one path, restore to the save, and try the other path.  But
that's entirely up to you.
	Of the four techniques, I enjoy exclusive splits and optional paths
the most.  Perhaps it is the freedom and responsibilty that they place on the
player that I like.  Or perhaps it is simply that the novelty of these
techniques has not worn off yet.  Or maybe, just maybe, it's because these
two, of the four, are the only ones that actually give the player a real
decision, rather than simply a perceived one.  I don't think that 'decisions'
that have no effect on the game should be included.  One example I saw
recently was a game (which shall remain anonymous) that had as an integral
part of itself conversation where you choose one sentence from several.  I
tried many of these in different manners, but none of them had the slightest
effect on the game.  The 'choice' I was given of what to say didn't mean
anything, it wasn't a real choice.  If you're going to do something, do it
right.  If you want to include plot branching, allow the player some control
over the story, and not just an imaginary decision.
	Just as a final cautionary note, let me warn beginning game writers
against too much plot branching.  The players will cry, beg, and plead for
it, but be strong.  Every branch you add to your game will mean an
exponential increase in the amount of work you're doing for a game that is
the same length as before.  There are many who do not wish to play your game
multiple times, looking for the differences.  You must make a game that is
satisfying first to these people, and then and only then, to the plot
branching advocates.  So don't let the 'decisive' dimensions of your game
outstrip the 'linear' dimensions, or you'll be left with a short, 
unsatisfying game.  On the other hand, DO use SOME branching.  It makes a
game that much more interesting.
	Next month I'll be discussing setting.  Be sure to catch this action
packed column, same Whiz-time, same Whiz-zine.

                             The Art of the Game
				   Article 3

	Ah yes, I've made it through the second cut, and am now here to bring
you the third installment of the Art of the Game.  In the first installment,
I talked about characters, and then went on babble endlessly about plot in
the second.  Now, I've decided to gush forth on the topic of setting.  So,
without much ado about anything...
									40

		"I Don't Think We're on Venus anymore, Otot."

	Setting is an often overlooked, but still vital part of your game.
I don't just mean coming up with some half-baked idea like "a ghost-town", or
"an alien spaceship".  Setting involves a lot more than that, or at least an
interesting setting does.  It's quite simple to slap something together, but
if you want the player to feel like he's in a real place, then things get a
bit more involved.
	First things first, is your setting real or imagined?  If it's real,
then try to get photographs, aerial maps, streetmaps, tourist guides,
whatever you can find.  Read through these materials looking for colorful and
unusual things about the area.  Those are the things to pay particular
attention to.  Learn about the people, their customs, unusual plants and
animals native to the area, and what the scenery is like.  Then try to get
a feel for the everyday in the area.  Learn a bit about what they eat there,
what their houses are like, what games their children play, etc.  You may
not always use all or even most of this information, but it will help you
to create a believable setting.  Besides, you often learn some very
interesting facts about the area.  Be sure to pick out major landmarks.
	Another thing to take into account is when you want the game to take
place.  The time period can be very important to the setting, and careful
research will add another dimension to the game.  For a good example of
setting an ordinary game in an interesting time period, try "The Witness",
one of the old Infocom games.
	Once you have these two things, setting and time, firmly fixed in
your mind, then pull out your research and see how it relates to your game.
Look for ways to slip in some of the more interesting tidbits unobstrusively.
Use only your very favorite things directly, you're writing a game, not a
travelogue.  Try to either include or refer to major landmarks.  And one more
bit of advice on using a real locale...if all else fails, wing it.
	An imagined locale is inherently more difficult to deal with.  There
is no research or photographs for you to fall back on.  There are no novels
written about the people who live there unless you are using an established
world such as J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle Earth.  There aren't even any roadmaps.
	Just for an interesting exercise, let's take your favorite place in
the world and turn it into a locale for a game to be set in.  First,
visualize the place clearly in your mind.  Now, we are going to make a
fantasy realm out of it.  Forests become either ancient elven glades or
rotted haunted woods.  Shopping malls become either tiny villages or exotic
arabian bazaars.  Convert over the rest of the location like this, drawing 
obvious parallels and maintaining the landscape.  If you like, draw a map as
you go to keep track of things.
	Now that you have your terrain and basics mapped out, consider the
main landmarks of your place and how they fit into what you have imagined
already.  Convert them over and add them in as well.  Most of your puzzles
would likely be held around these landmarks.  If there are any spawling
empty places, would it be possible to condense them down by simply
describing them as long, empty places, or is it so necessary to the plot
that you want the player to have to walk through these barren spots each
time they pass through.  There, now you have a fairly barren, but hopefully
interesting setting.  Feel free to send me a copy of your map if you like, I'd
be interested to see what folks come up with.  Include some sort of
explanation as to what the area originally was before you converted it over.
	So, now that we've done that, consider the steps that you just went
through in making your land:



									41

		[]  Determine general theme.
		[]  Determine topology, aka the lay of the land.
		[]  Determine terrain type.
		[]  Insert habitats and dwellings.
		[]  Place landmarks.
		[]  Fill in details.

	This is probably at least a fair approximation of the process.  Now
that you see how to do this, it is easy to turn it towards an entirely
fictitious setting, which is what all this was leading up to.

0) Determine general theme:

	You know, the general half-baked idea I mentioned before.  It's not
good as an entire setting, but it's a good starting point.

1) Determine topology:

	Next, logically create your landscape.  Say that you have decided in
step 0 that your game is set in a mystical forest of mushrooms.  Ok, next you
decide where the high and low points are, whether there is any water at the
low points (or the high points if you have something special in mind) and
what the ground itself is like.  Wet?  Squishy?  Dried and cracked? 
Fragmented into mysterious levitating pieces that you fly between?  Whatever.

2) Determine terrain types:

	This will come easily after #1.  You simply decide on what sort of
vegetation there is, if any.  In our case, let's have squat blue mushrooms in
the low, wetter regions, and thin, tall yellow mushrooms in the higher, drier
areas.

3) Insert habitats and dwellings:

	Ok, we've got flora, now we need fauna.  What sort of things inhabit
your game?  In our mushroom example, let's put squat, leechlike monsters that
hang out around blue mushrooms, and winged, hopping birdmen around the yellow
mushrooms.  The leeches cling to the underside of their mushrooms, dropping
on unwary prey, such as the skittering 8-legged squirrels that run around
pretty much everywhere, or the player.  The birdmen hop from the top of one
mushroom to the next and eat small insects and pieces of the mushrooms they
live on.

4) Place landmarks:

	Here's where you begin taking your plot into account.  In our game,
there is a huge red mushroom with a staircase leading up its stalk, and a
gigantic black mushroom accessible only by convincing the birdmen to carry
you there.  A wise old crab-creature lives in the red mushroom, while the
black mushroom is inhabited by an evil slime-mold and his hench-amoebas.
We're going for the fungi motiff here.  Oh yes, one more landmark.  There is
a big green puffball that regularly explodes with astonishing force on one
screen.  This could be an alternate way to get into the black mushroom,
climbing the puffball and getting blown to the mushroom.

5) Fill in details:

	This is the best part, and you should spend plenty of time on it.
									42

Detail the quirks of the land, and of the people and customs the people have.
So, in 'Shroomville, I find that yellow mushrooms are poisonous to the
slugs, and the blue are poisonous to the birdmen.  In addition, the birdmen
have a real love of leaping from mushroom to mushroom, and often hold
contests with prizes for the winners.  To them, any of their members that
falls off the top of the mushrooms is considered dead.  Not unreasonable,
considering the long fall to the ground and their fragile bone structure.
They believe the ground is unclean and ostracize those who have trodden on
it.
	The leeches are afraid of the sun.  They refer to it as the 'burning
pain' and will do anything to stay out of it.  The player can avoid them by
simply sticking to the lit patches.  The leeches greet one another by saying
"Beware the light."  and the other replying "I 'ware it well."  They also
have poor eyesight, but can sense vibrations easily.  Thus, it's quite easy
to fool them.  The player might hold one captive in the light and force it
to spill its guts even.
	The puffball spores are considered a great delicacy among both races,
since there is a limited supply, and the supply is fairly far off.  The
spores are also good for human consumption.
	The water supply is limited and choked with bacteria and mushroom
spores, quite deadly to humans.  However, there are reeds along the shore
that, if the players watch, are used by the squirrels to drink.  The player
can also drink through them in relative safety.
	Finally, let's consider the crab-creature and the slime mold.  It
seems fairly obvious that the crab has some info about how to defeat the
slime mold.  But what does he want?  Well, his carapace is covered in
scintillating jewels, except for one spot.  So, the player needs a gem.
Where have we left a spot for a gem?  The leaping contest, of course.  So,
the player needs to win the gem, go back to the crab, get the info, then
either ride the puffball or bribe the birdmen with puffball spores to carry
him to the black mushroom, where he will use the crab's advice/item to
defeat the slime mold.

	See how neat that works out?  If you put a little thought into the
setting, you'll have no shortage of puzzles and such.  We still haven't
decided how the player can win the leaping contest, but it will probably
have something to do with the leeches.  Maybe you get some sticky slime
from them to stick to the mushrooms when you leap around?  Maybe you have to
do something else with them instead.  Maybe you need another landmark or
two for this area?  Well, there are lots of types of mushrooms out there.
Remember, the details will win the player over, the general concept just
grabs his attention.

	That's all for this month.  Next month I will be starting a three
part serial on magic in games, a topic that is VERY near and dear to my
heart.  Until then, good gaming all!

                            The Art of the Game
				   Article 4

	Well, Joe's pretty pleased with my column, so it lives another month.
Keep that fan mail pouring in.  (Well, I can dream, can't I?)  As I promised
last month, this column begins a three part mini-series on thaumatology,
alchemy, houdoo, prestidigitation, sorcery, and witchcraft.  So, without
any further geas' being laid upon you, here we go again...

		"Nobody does that voodoo like you do so well."

									43

	You've decided that your game needs magic.  Well, bravo.  I enjoy a
good sword and sorcery game.  But, like all things, there's a right way and
a wrong way.  I'm here to try and lead you in the direction of the right way
of implementing magic in your game.  First, an introduction to some ancient
'tennets' of magic.  Or at least what people used to believe.

Basic Laws of Magic:
====================

The Law of Contagion - What was once together, is always together.

      The Law of Contagion figures in to such things as teleportation spells,
location spells, direction finder spells, and anything else similar.  Say for
instance that a wizard were to break a stone from the wall of his home and
carry it with him.  Symbolically, he would be carrying around his home, and
could use his magic to reunite the home and stone, while being carried along
with the stone.  Or if a mage had a gemstone that was mined in the far north,
it could be enticed to pull towards its place of origin, becoming a handy
compass in the process.  A shred of clothing from someone could pull towards
that person, allowing a witch to track him.  Likewise, an enchanted antler
could even help a hunter to find deer.

The Law of Sympathy - What appears the same, is the same.

     The Law of Sympathy is often thought of as used in houdoo (voodoo).
Voodoo dolls are a prime example of it.  A representation of the victim is
made, and by integrating the Law of Contagion (by adding a personal item or
bit of blood, spit, or hair) it would then be possible to do harm or good to
the victim.  A twig could represent a tree, and a bowl of water the ocean.
The water is stirred to create a whirlpool, the twig is snapped to fell the
tree.  So small, easily carryable items could represent large, bulky items,
which was the whole point.  A good dollmaker could, conceivably, become a
very powerful sympathetic wizard.

	Now that you've seen the two primary tennets, you have to consider
the different methods of delivery for the magic.  In other words, what are
the specifics of your system?  I will list a few that I have seen done first,
and then a few that I've never seen done.

1. Memorize spell.  Cast spell.  Re-memorize spell.

	This method has been used in so many games that it deserves a game
that lampoons it.  (Character casts spell, forgets name.)  No way would I
use this.  It lacks color and intrigue, which is the reason to include magic
in the first place.

2.  Mix reagents/other stuff together.  Cast spell.  Mix more junk together.

	Again, been there, done that.  This is another dried up method of
spellcasting.  I'm sick of dropping bat guano and lizard's breath into some
lousy bowl, gourd, or bag and shaking thoroughly.  And doing it again, and
again, and again.  If you really must do this, give the player the option to
turn on automatic mixing for spells that he has mixed at least once.

3. Cast spells until out of 'magic' points.  Rest.  Repeat until nauseous.

	More hackneyed stuff here.  Nothing surprising or exciting.  The best
thing about this spell system is that it's convenient for the player.  No
									44

diddling around with spellbooks or reagents.  The character actually is
intelligent enough to know how to cast spells on his own.  Hallelujah.

	Now, I'm sure you realize by now that I don't like any of the above
methods of spellcasting.  My reason is still that they add no enjoyment,
flavor, or memorability to anything.  Of course, now comes the cry, "Can you
do any better?"  Well, maybe not, but at least I'm going to make the
attempt.  The remainder of this column will be devoted to new systems of
magic.  Or at least systems that I haven't seen done yet.

1. "Amazing how many spells require the blood of a wizard, isn't it?"

	Blood is both the water of life and the fount of magic in this
system.  The player must balance his use of magic with his wizard's survival.
Not an easy task to those who think of magic as an easy solution to anything.
Magic always has its price, and usually involves pain and injury to those
daring enough to wield it, not to mention the threat of losing their soul.
Any wizard so foolish as to offer up his last drop of blood for a spell will
be rewarded with spectacular results, just before he is dragged off by a
demon.  I could foresee a side view of a bowl, which slowly fills up, drop by
drop.  The player clicks on the bowl to stop adding blood.  Suitable for a
grim or gothic game.

2. Lay lines and other lines of Power.

	Lines have long been attributed with being both source and expression
of magic.  In this system, wizards draw from the power of the earth, and her
lines of force, known as lay lines.  Visible only to wizards, and accessible
only to wizards.  The lay lines provide the 'oomph' for the spells, while
other lines provide the shape.  For example, in Wizfoobia, a world I just
made up a second ago, wizards carry around small circular boards with nails
of silver driven into the board at regular intervals.  They also carry quite
a bit of gold wire with them.  The board looks like this: (ratty ASCII
drawing follows.):

              -----                                       
             /  @  \                          @           
            /@     @\                      @\   /@        
           /         \                     | \ / |        
           |@       @|                    @---/---@       
           \         /                     | / \ |        
            \@     @/                      @/   \@        
             \  @  /                          @           
              -----                                       
            figure 1.                     figure 2.

To cast spells, the player connects the nails to form patterns, which are
then stored in memory as a courtesy to the player.  There are a helluva lot
of possible spells to make with this system, so it would be best if you were
to assign each nail in the circle a sphere of influence and develop generic
rules for mystic connections made between the nails.  In addition, perhaps
the number of nails that the circle has indicates the wizard's rank.  Say,
apprentices get only a cross of four nails, journeymen get the eight nail
pattern shown above, and masters have an additional ninth nail driven into
the center of the circle.  How's that for flavor?  To finish, the wizard
would have to either be near a lay line and draw power from it, there being
several types of lay lines, each with maximums to the power the wizard can
control, as well as nexus points, the meeting place of lay lines, or he would
									45

have to summon the power from within himself, stored up the last time he went
near a lay line.  This power could increase with experience, and the player
could make focii, or small items that are able to store magic as well.

	That's all for this month.  My fevered brow is sagging, and I try to
keep my column small for you 2400bps modemers out there in any event.
Besides, if I give everything away now, what'll I write about in parts 2 and
3 of my miniseries on magic?  Good question, actually.  Next month: Shamanic
magic, and after that, miracles.  Until next time...

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

	That's about all.  There was one more article, but it really doesn't
have anything to do with text adventures.  And very lastly of all, here's a
more recent article on NPC's, sort of an expanded version of the earlier
article in the guide....

			   The NPC and You

	What is it that makes a character come alive and leap from the screen
in the hearts of millions?  Just what is this intangible attraction that
draws us to seek out computerized beings and fall in love with them.  I may
not be able to tell you all there is to know on the subject, in fact, I'm
sure I can't, but I'll tell you everything I know.  Here's a list of things
that a sucessful author is aware of with his characters:

1.) Personality Quirks
2.) Motivation
3.) Physical Appearance
4.) Speech Characteristics
5.) Actions
6.) Reactions
7.) Abilities

	Of these, there are 3 that stand out as important to the character's
likability, and 2 that are essential to its usefulness in your game.  Quirks,
speech, and motivation are the 3 most important things that I look at when
deciding if a character will be liked.  Reactions and abilities are the 2
important things that contribute to your game as a whole.  Appearance and
actions are almost secondary, aiding in the visualization of the NPC, but
not essential to it.  It is possible to have NPCs that are not described and
take no original actions of their own, yet remain interesting and
entertaining.  On the other hand, the NPC must react to the player's actions
or the player will quickly become bored with it.  It is usually, but not
always, better to let the player have the initiative when dealing with NPCs.
This preserves the illusion of freedom better, by allowing a larger number
of options to the player.

1.) Personality Quirks

	The details are what bring a character to life.  Sam the grocer is
87 years old, constantly smokes cheap cigars, is Jewish, uses the word 'oi'
constantly, and has a wife that only a mother-in-law could love.  These
little tidbits and others are a part of the heart and soul of your character.

2.) Motivation

	Just what makes the NPC tick?  Why is he wasting time chumming around
									46

with the player when he so many other important things to do?  Everyone has
an angle, what's the NPC's?  Is he friend or foe, ally or judas, lover or
archenemy?  An NPC should have SOME opinion of the player, rather than
ignoring him, this falls under reactions.  You've got to know these things,
even if the player doesn't and never will.

3.) Physical Appearance

	Now, while we've all heard "Don't judge a book by its cover." we all
know what a load of crap that is too.  Maybe in your game setting there is no
racism, sexism, chauvenism, or judgemental folks, but in most worlds there
will be, unless everyone is identical.  A man sees a pretty woman with nice
big...ahem, and his hormones kick in.  He only sees her assets, and doesn't
care what she's really like.  Or, you meet a guy with a really big um, nose,
later, one of your friends asks you about Joe, you look blank until he adds,
"The guy with the big nose."  It is part of our make-up, as a very visually
oriented people.  It shames us and we try to hide our ugly secrets from
everyone else, and never quite succeed.  It's always there with us, a very
important part of how we were raised.  The player should know what his
character is seeing (and thinking, if you use a pre-defined character).
Point out the obvious first, like a wart on the nose, huge pectoral muscles,
or nice round assets.  Be sure not to stick thoughts in the player's mind
unless you are using a well-defined character though, many resent having
words put in their mouths.

4.) Speech Characteristics

	Mark Twain is one of the most famous authors to use this technique.
He wrote down the southern accents just as he heard them.  It's quite simple
to do the same for any other accent.  Simply establish certain patterns of
speech and stick to them.  The classic gangster, for example, has a thick
New York accent, so replace 'ir' with 'io' and make second person pronouns
plural, like 'yous'.  There are other aspects to that accent, but I leave
them to you to play with.  If you inventing an accent, so much the better.
Simply pick those parts of speech that come across as 'improper' and make
sure to stick to your changes, breaking that rule only on purpose.  Otherwise
the NPC steps out of character, and that is 'not good'.

5.) Actions

	Amazing how little initiative NPCs in text adventures have, isn't it?
Well, it leaves the player room to maneuver.  I am attempting other things in
Avalon, but for now, let's stick to the traditional stance.  NPCs are there
to spur the player on, or to provide a solution to a puzzle, or present a
puzzle themselves.  Any actions they take will neccessarily be related to
their primary purpose.  A troll will attempt to kill the player with an axe,
for instance, or a grocer will tell the player about today's specials.  For
the basic NPC, this is enough.  For more complex ones, you must decide how
they can best serve their purpose.  Just some advice though, keep the NPCs
simple to use, if possible.  NPCs are one reason I favor a pre-defined
character for the player to control.  It allows me more lassitude in defining
the player's reactions, and I feel more comfortable spending extra time to
expand the NPC into a fully rounded being, since the player can have advance
knowledge of it.

6.) Reactions

	Reactions are perhaps the most important thing an NPC has going for
									47

it.  Begin by assuming that every NPC will be kissed, killed, taken, kicked,
made love to, eaten, and used as an ashtray.  Players love to abuse the NPCs
in horrible little ways.  Be prepared, betatesting is not for the weak of
stomach.  The sad fact is that you will be expected to somehow magically
divine every single action that a player can inflict on an NPC.  You won't be
able to of course, but try nonetheless.  It saves time.  NPCs must either
fulfill a goal, or provide atmosphere.  No, I take that back, they must
always provide atmosphere, whatever their purpose.  Most NPCs tend to
personify stereotypes of some sort.  This is acceptable, if somewhat
predictable.  In addition, NPCs nearly always have a straightforward motive
urging them along.  This I tend to disagree with.  People are complex, and
NPCs are people.  In using a stereotype, I prefer to use it to mislead the
player.  I don't do this a lot, but I do it in certain strategic places.
It's a good dramatic device, used sparingly.
	Other good reactions to plan for include gift-giving and questioning.
Try to have the NPC maintain its illusion of sentience as much as possible by
letting it know about relevant topics, as well as personal ones.  In my
games, I try to discourage wanton NPC murder.  That's up to you, of course.
In any event, just try to have the NPC react believably as often as possible.

7.) Abilities

	Finally, you need to carefully catalog what the NPC is going to do
for the player.  You must be careful here, as a broad ability is subject to
abuse.  If you have a blacksmith who fixes a sword, expect him to be
confronted with every metallic object in your game afterwards.  If a wizard
casts a spell, he should answer questions on magic, and have a very limited
repertoire of spells.  And if a beast eats a glove, expect the cruel players
to attempt to feed it that poisonous ginsu weed you mentioned 8 rooms back.
As long as an NPC is suitably tested and annoyed, you'll have no problems in
this department.

To end, here's a short example of how a player might treat Sam the grocer, if
he were to be so unfortunate as to meet the player.  Watch for examples of
the techniques I've mentioned.

>look

The Grocery Store
   You are surrounded by food and drink of every description.  Towards the
rear of the shop lies a deli, with a banner overhead proclaiming "For Kosher
Meat, we can't be beat!"  Next to the stand is a barrel of pickles.  A fat,
elderly woman works the register.  The back room is to the east.

  There is an old man wearing an apron here.  Clutched in his mouth is the
nastiest cigar you've ever had the pleasure to be downwind of.  Wiping his
hands on his apron, he extends his right hand to you to shake.  He speaks
around the cigar, sounding quite a bit like Mel Brooks.  "Hullo.  I'm Sam.
Welcome to my humble store.  You want meat?  Oi!  Have we got meat.  You want
cheese?  We've got so much cheese that our mice die of indecision.  And
bread?  Oi!  Such a selection we have!  The only thing we don't have is
bananas.  Never could stand them, all long and yellow and firm, the smug
bastards.  My first wife left me for a banana.  Speaking of bananas, that's
my latest wife, Ethel, minding the register.  Don't worry, she's been
declawed.

>look at sam

									48

	Sam is old and fat.  He wears a dirty apron and smokes a cheap cigar.
His hair is black, curly, and unkempt, matching his moustache in all but
curl.  Still, Sam's hairline is receeding, as you can tell by the faint
scent of rogaine as he nears you.

>kiss sam

	"What are you, some sort of maladjusted pervert?  In my day, men
didn't kiss men.  At least I think they didn't.  Who knows, stranger things
have happened."

>kill sam

	Your hands close around Sam's throat, and you squeeze your hardest.
Sam only smiles and nods approvingly.  "My boy, you would make a fine
masseuse!  Oi!  What hands!"

>ask sam about pickles

	"Pickles?  So what's there to know?  They're green, they float, you
eat them.  You want them, I'll let them go for $1 apiece."

>ask sam about mice

	"Don't you worry about the mice.  Those mice eat better than I ever
did.  Still, they ever get out of hand, I slip some of Ethel's fruitcake in
the back room and you can watch them stampede out the front door."

>ask sam about fruitcake

	"Oi!  You ARE crazy.  Still, you take a piece of that fruitcake off
my hands, I'll give you $5!"

>get fruitcake

	Sam quietly slips you $5, not wanting Ethel to notice.

>east

Sam follows along behind as he sees you walk into the back room.  "Hey, what
are you doing?  You can't go back there!  Don't make me call the police,
mister."

The Back Room
   Filled with old, expired food, the back room is a haven for mice of all
kinds.  Big ones, little ones, fat ones, skinny ones.  There are even a few
that could probably take your arm in two bites.

	Sal stands behind you, wringing his hands and asking you to leave.

>drop fruitcake

	Suddenly there is a mad scramble as the rodents head for the front
door, en masse.  Soon the store room is cleared of mice.  Sal hugs you.
"Oi!  I never really thought that would work.  Just a joke, don't you know?
Still, you've saved my store, so let me present you with a token of my
thanks.  Taking you by the hand, Sam pulls you back out into the main store,
back to the deli, and makes you a six foot submarine sandwich, the way only
									49

he can.  Truly a handsome reward.  With the $5, you buy lottery tickets, and
win 40 million the next week.  You move to Rio and live your life in the lap
of luxury.  Congratulations!

Afterword and Closing -------------------------------------------------------

	Thank you for taking the time to read my guide to writing text
adventures.  A lot of time has gone into it at this point, but I don't mind
too much.  If you guys got something out of it, then I feel that time well
spent. I really hope that you've profited from my work.  I hope that you've
found it somewhat witty and not too boring.  I also hope that you'll write a
text adventure.  If you do, send me a copy, would you?  I enjoy these sort of
things.  What follows this is a list of useful places to contact as you are
getting your game together.  There are also some helpful hints interspersed
in there.  Finally, there will be a warning, and then a plug for my own
company, Vertigo software.  You needn't read it if you don't want to.  
Goodbye and remember:

                 "Imagination sold and serviced here."

A List of Useful Addresses --------------------------------------------------

Most useful addresses you can get from The Shareware Book.  It is ftp'able
from wuarchive.wustl.edu as /systems/ibmpc/msdos/info/sharebk1.zip.  This
is a fairly comprehensive guide.  Actually, I believe that I will just refer
you to it here because I can't hope to match the number of useful addresses
he has in this book.  Excellent book, but be warned, it will depress you.
He takes the standpoint of a hardcore businessman that sells business
software.  The only mention of text adventures per se is a small blurb in
the 'Not Hot' section advising you not to write them.  I say write your game,
but don't let your hopes get up too high.  Also, in regards to the book, I
would work my way up to some of the things he describes.  Definitely try to
find and use an uploading service though.  You do want as much distribution
as possible.  And definitely rig an agreement with some company to handle
credit card orders.  That's really all I would worry about until you get a
magazine review or two, and start to sell some copies.  Maybe after awhile
you could try and distribute overseas.  I'm not too clear on what's involved,
but it seems complicated.  There are some registration services overseas that
you might use, though.  Well, that about covers it.  All the addresses and
phone numbers and such are in this book.  Good book.

Oops.  Here's something I forgot in my original posting of this guide, the
magazines I promised in Ch. 18.  Without further ado...here are the addresses
I have for them.

Game Bytes-
  Ross Erickson - rwericks@ingr.com
  129.135.252.121
  205-730-4019 - voice
  205-730-6445 - FAX
  READ GAME BYTES MAGAZINE! Found at:
  ftp.uml.edu - /msdos/Games/Game_Bytes
  wuarchive.wustl.edu - /systems/msdos/Games/Game_Bytes

Intelligent Gamer-
	"Let's see... You might write that "Intelligent Gamer" is a
 monthly electronic magazine that will review games (shareware or
 commercial) that are sent to us. Our FTP site is BUSOP.CIT.WAYNE.EDU in
									50

 the directory pub\pselect\intgmr, if people would like to see current and
 back issues. All issues are free.

 [Additional Addendum:  Intelligent Gamer is no longer being published.  I
  believe that the old issues are still there, but they may be gone forever.
  Truly a sad moment for computer game fans.]

Computer Gaming World-
	This is the only printed magazine on the list.  Definitely try for
it.  Printed reviews are great for publicity.  They'll probably ask you for
two copies of your game.  Or at least that's what they want from me.
  76703.622@compuserve.com

If you don't see your gaming magazine here, and you'd like to, let me know.
I'll put it in.

[From what I can tell, Vidbits has gone under, so will no longer be listed.
-v1.2]

-----------------------------Advertisement Warning---------------------------
*****************************************************************************
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

                     Mankind must put an end to War, or
                     War will put an end to Mankind.

                            - John F. Kennedy

   War has never been pretty.  It probably never will be.  But you're not
worried about that right now.  Your name is Frank Leandro, and you're in the
middle of a hot poker game.  That, of course, is when the grenade comes
rolling across the floor.
   For you see, you're an enlisted man in Vietnam.  The year is 1968, and
you're about to die.  But, as Alexander Smith once wrote, "Death takes away
the commonplace of life."
   Indeed, you find yourself suddenly caught up in the land of Avalon, where
King Arthur was sent after his mortal battle with Mordred.  But all is not
well in Avalon.  Arthur and his knights are fading spirits, while Mordred and
Morgan Le Fay play havok with the land.  And somehow, you're supposed to use
the Holy Grail to restore yourself to life, only Mordred has poisoned it.
You've also got to deal with cruel faeries, senile sorcerors, and deadly
dragons.  And that's only the beginning!

		Man, being dead is a real pain in the butt.

		Coming sometime before July 1995!

Avalon, priced to sell at $25.00, includes:
        A beautifully packaged disk containing the latest version
           of Avalon.
        A gorgeous artwork on the cover of the package.







									51

        A FREE hint book that reveals the darkest secrets of Avalon.  You
           will even discover where Elvis is hiding!  All encoded for your
           safety.  Also included in the hint book is a printed
           version of the 'Wrytings of Merlyn', the game manual, and a
           catalogue of upcoming Vertigo games.
        Three pages torn from the Diary of Frank Leandro.  Peer into his
           soul and discover what makes him tick.
        Several flyers from various pro and anti-war organizations that
           give you the facts behind the war.
	The Brass Lantern #1, the official Vertigo software newsletter.

	All this, and a random drawing to boot.  Prizes include a lifetime
10% discount on all Vertigo products, the original cover artwork for Avalon,
valuable coupons, and a mock up of Frank Leandro's dogtag, as seen in the
game itself.