llama.cpp/src/models/qwen3next.cpp

#include "models.h"
#include "llama-memory-recurrent.h"

void llama_model_qwen3next::load_arch_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH,        hparams.n_ff_exp, false);
    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_SHARED_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH, hparams.n_ff_shexp, false);
    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS,       hparams.f_norm_rms_eps);

    // Load linear attention (gated delta net) parameters
    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_SSM_CONV_KERNEL,    hparams.ssm_d_conv);
    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_SSM_INNER_SIZE,     hparams.ssm_d_inner);
    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_SSM_STATE_SIZE,     hparams.ssm_d_state);
    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_SSM_TIME_STEP_RANK, hparams.ssm_dt_rank);
    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_SSM_GROUP_COUNT,    hparams.ssm_n_group);

    // Mark recurrent layers (linear attention layers)
    if (!ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_RECURRENT_LAYERS, hparams.is_recr_impl, hparams.n_layer_all, false)) {
        uint32_t full_attn_interval = 4;
        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_FULL_ATTENTION_INTERVAL, full_attn_interval, false);
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hparams.n_layer_all; ++i) {
            hparams.is_recr_impl[i] = (i < hparams.n_layer()) && ((i + 1) % full_attn_interval != 0);
        }
    }

    switch (hparams.n_layer()) {
        case 48: type = LLM_TYPE_80B_A3B; break;
        default: type = LLM_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
    }
}

void llama_model_qwen3next::load_arch_tensors(llama_model_loader &) {
    LLAMA_LOAD_LOCALS;

    if (n_expert == 0) {
        throw std::runtime_error(arch_name() + " model cannot have zero experts");
    }

    tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), { n_embd, n_vocab }, 0);

    // output
    output_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM, "weight"), { n_embd }, 0);
    output = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT, "weight"), { n_embd, n_vocab }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);

    // if output is NULL, init from the input tok embed
    if (output == NULL) {
        output = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), { n_embd, n_vocab }, TENSOR_DUPLICATED);
    }

    const int64_t n_ff_exp = hparams.n_ff_exp ? hparams.n_ff_exp : n_ff / n_expert_used;

    // Calculate dimensions from hyperparameters
    const int64_t head_k_dim = hparams.ssm_d_state;
    const int64_t head_v_dim = hparams.ssm_d_state;
    const int64_t n_k_heads  = hparams.ssm_n_group;
    const int64_t n_v_heads  = hparams.ssm_dt_rank;
    const int64_t key_dim    = head_k_dim * n_k_heads;
    const int64_t value_dim  = head_v_dim * n_v_heads;
    const int64_t conv_dim   = key_dim * 2 + value_dim;

    // Calculate projection sizes
    const int64_t qkvz_dim = key_dim * 2 + value_dim * 2;
    const int64_t ba_dim   = n_v_heads * 2;

    for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; ++i) {
        auto & layer = layers[i];
        const uint32_t n_ff_shexp = hparams.n_ff_shexp > 0 ? hparams.n_ff_shexp : hparams.n_ff(i);

        layer.attn_norm      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,      "weight", i), { n_embd }, 0);
        layer.attn_post_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_POST_NORM, "weight", i), { n_embd }, 0);

        if (!hparams.is_recr(i)) {
            // Attention layers
            create_tensor_qkv(layer, i, n_embd, n_embd_head_k * n_head * 2, n_embd_k_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa, 0);
            layer.wo = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT, "weight", i), { n_embd_head_k * n_head, n_embd }, 0);

            // Q/K normalization for attention layers
            layer.attn_q_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q_NORM, "weight", i), { n_embd_head_k }, 0);
            layer.attn_k_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K_NORM, "weight", i), { n_embd_head_k }, 0);
        } else {
            // Linear attention (gated delta net) specific tensors
            // Create tensors with calculated dimensions
            // note: ssm_in is used by legacy GGUF
            layer.ssm_in         = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_IN,         "weight", i), { n_embd, qkvz_dim }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
            layer.wqkv           = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_QKV,       "weight", i), { n_embd, key_dim * 2 + value_dim }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
            layer.wqkv_gate      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_GATE,      "weight", i), { n_embd, value_dim }, TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
            layer.ssm_conv1d     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_CONV1D,     "weight", i), { hparams.ssm_d_conv, conv_dim }, 0);
            layer.ssm_dt         = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_DT,         "bias",   i), { hparams.ssm_dt_rank }, 0);
            layer.ssm_a          = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_A_NOSCAN,             i), { hparams.ssm_dt_rank }, 0);
            layer.ssm_beta_alpha = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_BETA_ALPHA, "weight", i), { n_embd, ba_dim }, 0);
            layer.ssm_norm       = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_NORM,       "weight", i), { head_v_dim }, 0);
            layer.ssm_out        = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_SSM_OUT,        "weight", i), { value_dim, n_embd }, 0);
        }

        layer.ffn_gate_inp  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP,  "weight", i), { n_embd, n_expert }, 0);
        layer.ffn_down_exps = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_EXPS, "weight", i), { n_ff_exp, n_embd, n_expert }, 0);
        create_tensor_gate_up_exps(layer, i, n_embd, n_ff_exp, n_expert, 0);

        // Shared experts
        layer.ffn_gate_inp_shexp = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_INP_SHEXP, "weight", i), { n_embd }, 0);
        layer.ffn_gate_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE_SHEXP,     "weight", i), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, 0);
        layer.ffn_up_shexp       = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_SHEXP,       "weight", i), { n_embd, n_ff_shexp }, 0);
        layer.ffn_down_shexp     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN_SHEXP,     "weight", i), { n_ff_shexp, n_embd }, 0);
    }
}

std::unique_ptr<llm_graph_context> llama_model_qwen3next::build_arch_graph(const llm_graph_params & params) const {
    return std::make_unique<graph>(*this, params);
}

llama_model_qwen3next::graph::graph(const llama_model & model, const llm_graph_params & params) :
    llm_build_delta_net_base(params), model(model) {
    ggml_tensor * cur;
    ggml_tensor * inpL;

    inpL = build_inp_embd(model.tok_embd);
    cb(inpL, "model.embed_tokens", -1);

    auto * inp = build_inp_mem_hybrid();

    ggml_tensor * inp_pos     = build_inp_pos();
    ggml_tensor * inp_out_ids = build_inp_out_ids();

    for (int il = 0; il < n_layer; ++il) {
        res->t_layer_inp[il] = inpL;

        ggml_tensor * inpSA = inpL;

        cur = build_norm(inpL, model.layers[il].attn_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
        cb(cur, "attn_norm", il);

        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);

        // Determine layer type and build appropriate attention mechanism
        if (hparams.is_recr(il)) {
            // Linear attention layer (gated delta net)
            cur = build_layer_attn_linear(inp->get_recr(), cur, il);
        } else {
            // Full attention layer
            cur = build_layer_attn(inp->get_attn(), cur, inp_pos, il);
        }

        if (il == n_layer - 1 && inp_out_ids) {
            cur   = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, cur, inp_out_ids);
            inpSA = ggml_get_rows(ctx0, inpSA, inp_out_ids);
        }

        // Residual connection
        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpSA);
        cb(cur, "attn_residual", il);

        // Save the tensor before post-attention norm for residual connection
        ggml_tensor * ffn_residual = cur;

        // Post-attention norm
        ggml_tensor * attn_post_norm = build_norm(cur, model.layers[il].attn_post_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
        cb(attn_post_norm, "attn_post_norm", il);

        // FFN layer (MoE or dense) - without residual connection
        cur = build_layer_ffn(attn_post_norm, il);
        cb(cur, "ffn_out", il);

        // Residual connection for FFN - add to the tensor from before post_attention_layernorm
        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, ffn_residual);
        cb(cur, "post_moe", il);

        cur = build_cvec(cur, il);
        cb(cur, "l_out", il);

        // Input for next layer
        inpL = cur;
    }
    cur = inpL;

    // Final norm
    cur = build_norm(cur, model.output_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, -1);

    cb(cur, "result_norm", -1);
    res->t_embd = cur;

    // LM head
    cur = build_lora_mm(model.output, cur, model.output_s);

    cb(cur, "result_output", -1);
    res->t_logits = cur;

    ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
}

// utility to get one slice from the third dimension
// input dim:  [x, y, c, b]
// output dim: [x, y, 1, b]
static ggml_tensor * get_slice_2d(ggml_context * ctx0, ggml_tensor * t, int64_t c) {
    return ggml_view_4d(ctx0, t, t->ne[0], t->ne[1], 1, t->ne[3],
        t->nb[1], t->nb[2], t->nb[3], t->nb[2] * c);
}

ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_norm_gated(
        ggml_tensor * input,
        ggml_tensor * weights,
        ggml_tensor * gate,
        int           layer) {
    ggml_tensor * normalized = build_norm(input, weights, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, layer);
    ggml_tensor * gated_silu = ggml_silu(ctx0, gate);

    return ggml_mul(ctx0, normalized, gated_silu);
}

ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_layer_attn(
        llm_graph_input_attn_kv * inp,
        ggml_tensor *             cur,
        ggml_tensor *             inp_pos,
        int                       il) {
    const int64_t n_embd_head = hparams.n_embd_head_v();
    GGML_ASSERT(n_embd_head == hparams.n_embd_head_k());

    // Order: joint QG projection, QG split, Q norm, KV projection, K norm, RoPE, attention

    // Qwen3Next uses a single Q projection that outputs query + gate
    ggml_tensor * Qcur_full = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wq, cur);
    cb(Qcur_full, "Qcur_full", il);

    Qcur_full = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, Qcur_full, n_embd_head * 2, n_head, n_tokens, 1);

    // Split Q projection into query and gate
    // The split should be along dimension 0 (the feature dimension)
    ggml_tensor * Qcur = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, Qcur_full, n_embd_head, n_head, n_tokens, 1,
                                            Qcur_full->nb[1], Qcur_full->nb[2], Qcur_full->nb[3], 0);
    cb(Qcur, "Qcur_view", il);

    ggml_tensor * gate =
        ggml_view_4d(ctx0, Qcur_full, n_embd_head, n_head, n_tokens, 1,
                     Qcur_full->nb[1], Qcur_full->nb[2], Qcur_full->nb[3], n_embd_head * ggml_element_size(Qcur_full));
    cb(gate, "gate", il);

    ggml_tensor * Kcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wk, cur);
    cb(Kcur, "Kcur", il);

    ggml_tensor * Vcur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wv, cur);
    cb(Vcur, "Vcur", il);

    Kcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Kcur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens);
    Vcur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, Vcur, n_embd_head, n_head_kv, n_tokens);

    Qcur = build_norm(Qcur, model.layers[il].attn_q_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
    cb(Qcur, "Qcur_normed", il);

    Kcur = build_norm(Kcur, model.layers[il].attn_k_norm, nullptr, LLM_NORM_RMS, il);
    cb(Kcur, "Kcur_normed", il);

    Qcur = ggml_rope_ext(
            ctx0, Qcur, inp_pos, nullptr,
            n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base, freq_scale,
            ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow);

    Kcur = ggml_rope_ext(
            ctx0, Kcur, inp_pos, nullptr,
            n_rot, rope_type, n_ctx_orig, freq_base,
            freq_scale, ext_factor, attn_factor, beta_fast, beta_slow);

    cb(Qcur, "Qcur", il);
    cb(Kcur, "Kcur", il);
    cb(Vcur, "Vcur", il);

    const float kq_scale = hparams.f_attention_scale == 0.0f ? 1.0f / sqrtf(float(n_embd_head)) : hparams.f_attention_scale;

    cur = build_attn(inp,
                nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
                Qcur, Kcur, Vcur, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, kq_scale, il);
    cb(cur, "attn_pregate", il);

    // TODO: CUDA is missing non-contiguous unary ops. when implemented: remove this cont
    gate = ggml_cont_2d(ctx0, gate, n_embd_head * n_head, n_tokens);

    gate = ggml_sigmoid(ctx0, gate);
    cb(gate, "gate_sigmoid", il);

    gate = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, gate, n_embd_head * n_head, n_tokens);

    cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, gate);
    cb(cur, "attn_gated", il);

    cur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wo, cur, model.layers[il].wo_s);
    cb(cur, "attn_output", il);

    return cur;
}

std::pair<ggml_tensor *, ggml_tensor *> llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_qkvz(
                ggml_tensor * input,
                        int   il) {
    const int64_t d_inner      = hparams.ssm_d_inner;
    const int64_t n_seqs       = ubatch.n_seqs;
    const int64_t head_k_dim   = hparams.ssm_d_state;
    const int64_t num_k_heads  = hparams.ssm_n_group;
    const int64_t num_v_heads  = hparams.ssm_dt_rank;
    const int64_t head_v_dim   = d_inner / num_v_heads;
    const int64_t n_seq_tokens = ubatch.n_seq_tokens;

    if (model.layers[il].wqkv) {
        // optimized path
        ggml_tensor * qkv_mixed = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wqkv, input);
        qkv_mixed = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, qkv_mixed, qkv_mixed->ne[0], n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
        cb(qkv_mixed, "linear_attn_qkv_mixed", il);

        ggml_tensor * z = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].wqkv_gate, input);
        cb(z, "z", il);

        return { qkv_mixed, z };
    } else {
        // legacy (slower) path
        ggml_tensor * mixed_qkvz = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].ssm_in, input);
        cb(mixed_qkvz, "linear_attn_mixed_qkvz", il);

        int64_t       qkvz_new_dim        = 2 * head_k_dim + 2 * head_v_dim * (num_v_heads / num_k_heads);
        ggml_tensor * mixed_qkvz_reshaped = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, mixed_qkvz, qkvz_new_dim, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);

        // Split mixed_qkvz into query, key, value, z
        int64_t split_sizes_qkvz[4] = {
            head_k_dim,                              // query size
            head_k_dim,                              // key size
            head_v_dim * num_v_heads / num_k_heads,  // value size
            head_v_dim * num_v_heads / num_k_heads   // z size
        };

        ggml_tensor * query =
            ggml_view_4d(ctx0, mixed_qkvz_reshaped, split_sizes_qkvz[0], num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs,
                        mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[1], mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[2], mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[3], 0);
        cb(query, "q", il);

        ggml_tensor * key = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, mixed_qkvz_reshaped, split_sizes_qkvz[1], num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs,
                                        mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[1], mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[2], mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[3],
                                        split_sizes_qkvz[0] * ggml_element_size(mixed_qkvz_reshaped));
        cb(key, "k", il);

        ggml_tensor * value =
            ggml_view_4d(ctx0, mixed_qkvz_reshaped, split_sizes_qkvz[2], num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs,
                        mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[1], mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[2], mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[3],
                        (split_sizes_qkvz[0] + split_sizes_qkvz[1]) * ggml_element_size(mixed_qkvz_reshaped));
        cb(value, "v", il);

        ggml_tensor * z = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, mixed_qkvz_reshaped, split_sizes_qkvz[3], num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs,
                                    mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[1], mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[2], mixed_qkvz_reshaped->nb[3],
                                    (split_sizes_qkvz[0] + split_sizes_qkvz[1] + split_sizes_qkvz[2]) * ggml_element_size(mixed_qkvz_reshaped));
        z = ggml_cont(ctx0, z);
        cb(z, "z", il);

        // After creating query, key, and value_reshaped, reshape each to flatten the head dimensions
        // query: [head_k_dim, num_k_heads, n_tokens, n_seqs] -> [head_k_dim * num_k_heads, n_tokens, n_seqs]
        ggml_tensor * query_flat = ggml_cont_3d(ctx0, query, head_k_dim * num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
        cb(query_flat, "query_flat", il);

        // key: [head_k_dim, num_k_heads, n_tokens, n_seqs] -> [head_k_dim * num_k_heads, n_tokens, n_seqs]
        ggml_tensor * key_flat = ggml_cont_3d(ctx0, key, head_k_dim * num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
        cb(key_flat, "key_flat", il);

        // value_reshaped: [head_v_dim, num_v_heads, n_tokens, n_seqs] -> [head_v_dim * num_v_heads, n_tokens, n_seqs]
        ggml_tensor * value_flat = ggml_cont_3d(ctx0, value, head_v_dim * num_v_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
        cb(value_flat, "value_flat", il);

        // Now concatenate along the feature dimension (dim 0) to get [conv_dim, n_tokens, n_seqs]
        ggml_tensor * qkv_mixed = ggml_concat(ctx0, query_flat, key_flat, 0);
        qkv_mixed               = ggml_concat(ctx0, qkv_mixed, value_flat, 0);
        cb(qkv_mixed, "qkv_mixed", il);

        return { qkv_mixed, z };
    }
}

ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_layer_attn_linear(
        llm_graph_input_rs * inp,
        ggml_tensor *        cur,
        int                  il) {
    const auto * mctx_cur = inp->mctx;

    const int64_t d_inner      = hparams.ssm_d_inner;
    const int64_t n_seqs       = ubatch.n_seqs;
    const int64_t head_k_dim   = hparams.ssm_d_state;
    const int64_t num_k_heads  = hparams.ssm_n_group;
    const int64_t num_v_heads  = hparams.ssm_dt_rank;
    const int64_t head_v_dim   = d_inner / num_v_heads;
    const int64_t n_seq_tokens = ubatch.n_seq_tokens;

    GGML_ASSERT(n_seqs != 0);
    GGML_ASSERT(ubatch.equal_seqs());
    GGML_ASSERT(ubatch.n_tokens == n_seq_tokens * n_seqs);

    // Input projections
    auto qkvz = build_qkvz(cur, il);
    ggml_tensor * qkv_mixed = qkvz.first;
    ggml_tensor * z         = qkvz.second;

    ggml_tensor * mixed_ba = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].ssm_beta_alpha, cur);
    cb(mixed_ba, "linear_attn_mixed_ba", il);

    // Reshape mixed_ba: [batch, seq_len, hidden_size] -> [batch, seq_len, num_k_heads, 2*num_v_heads/num_k_heads]
    int64_t       ba_new_dim        = 2 * num_v_heads / num_k_heads;
    ggml_tensor * mixed_ba_reshaped = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, mixed_ba, ba_new_dim, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);

    // Split mixed_ba into b and a (beta and alpha parameters)
    int64_t split_sizes_ba[2] = {
        num_v_heads / num_k_heads,  // beta size
        num_v_heads / num_k_heads   // alpha size
    };

    ggml_tensor * b = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, mixed_ba_reshaped, split_sizes_ba[0], num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs,
                                   mixed_ba_reshaped->nb[1], mixed_ba_reshaped->nb[2], mixed_ba_reshaped->nb[3], 0);
    cb(b, "b", il);

    ggml_tensor * a = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, mixed_ba_reshaped, split_sizes_ba[1], num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs,
                                   mixed_ba_reshaped->nb[1], mixed_ba_reshaped->nb[2], mixed_ba_reshaped->nb[3],
                                   split_sizes_ba[0] * ggml_element_size(mixed_ba_reshaped));
    cb(a, "a", il);

    // TODO: CUDA is missing non-contiguous unary ops. when implemented: remove this cont
    b = ggml_cont(ctx0, b);

    ggml_tensor * beta = ggml_sigmoid(ctx0, b);

    // Reshape a to merge head dimensions: [batch, seq_len, num_k_heads, num_v_heads/num_k_heads] -> [batch, seq_len, num_v_heads]
    ggml_tensor * alpha = ggml_cont_3d(ctx0, a, num_v_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);

    ggml_tensor * alpha_biased   = ggml_add(ctx0, alpha, model.layers[il].ssm_dt);
    ggml_tensor * alpha_softplus = ggml_softplus(ctx0, alpha_biased);
    cb(alpha_softplus, "a_softplus", il);

    ggml_tensor * gate = ggml_mul(ctx0, alpha_softplus, model.layers[il].ssm_a);  // -A_log.exp() * softplus
    cb(gate, "gate", il);

    beta = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, beta, 1, num_v_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
    gate = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, gate, 1, num_v_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);

    ggml_tensor * conv_states_all = mctx_cur->get_r_l(il);
    ggml_tensor * ssm_states_all  = mctx_cur->get_s_l(il);

    ggml_tensor * conv_kernel      = model.layers[il].ssm_conv1d;
    const int64_t conv_kernel_size = conv_kernel->ne[0];
    const int64_t conv_channels    = d_inner + 2 * hparams.ssm_n_group * hparams.ssm_d_state;

    ggml_tensor * conv_input = build_conv_state(inp, conv_states_all, qkv_mixed, conv_kernel_size, conv_channels, il);

    ggml_tensor * state = build_rs(inp, ssm_states_all, hparams.n_embd_s(), n_seqs);
    state = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, state, head_v_dim, head_v_dim, num_v_heads, n_seqs);
    cb(state, "state_predelta", il);

    ggml_tensor * conv_output_proper = ggml_ssm_conv(ctx0, conv_input, conv_kernel);
    cb(conv_output_proper, "conv_output_raw", il);

    ggml_tensor * conv_output_silu = ggml_silu(ctx0, conv_output_proper);
    cb(conv_output_silu, "conv_output_silu", il);

    ggml_tensor * conv_qkv_mix = conv_output_silu;

    // Calculate the total conv dimension
    int64_t qkv_dim = head_k_dim * num_k_heads * 2 + head_v_dim * num_v_heads;
    int64_t nb1_qkv = ggml_row_size(conv_qkv_mix->type, qkv_dim);

    // Extract the convolved Q, K, V from conv_output
    ggml_tensor * q_conv = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, conv_qkv_mix, head_k_dim, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs,
            ggml_row_size(conv_qkv_mix->type, head_k_dim),
            nb1_qkv,
            nb1_qkv * n_seq_tokens,
            0);

    ggml_tensor * k_conv = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, conv_qkv_mix, head_k_dim, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs,
            ggml_row_size(conv_qkv_mix->type, head_k_dim),
            nb1_qkv,
            nb1_qkv * n_seq_tokens,
            head_k_dim * num_k_heads * ggml_element_size(conv_qkv_mix));

    ggml_tensor * v_conv = ggml_view_4d(ctx0, conv_qkv_mix, head_v_dim, num_v_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs,
            ggml_row_size(conv_qkv_mix->type, head_v_dim),
            nb1_qkv,
            nb1_qkv * n_seq_tokens,
            ggml_row_size(conv_qkv_mix->type, 2 * head_k_dim * num_k_heads));

    cb(q_conv, "q_conv", il);
    cb(k_conv, "k_conv", il);
    cb(v_conv, "v_conv", il);

    const float eps_norm = hparams.f_norm_rms_eps;

    q_conv = ggml_l2_norm(ctx0, q_conv, eps_norm);
    k_conv = ggml_l2_norm(ctx0, k_conv, eps_norm);

    //q_conv = ggml_cont_4d(ctx0, q_conv, head_k_dim, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
    //k_conv = ggml_cont_4d(ctx0, k_conv, head_k_dim, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
    //v_conv = ggml_cont_4d(ctx0, v_conv, head_v_dim, num_v_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);

    // if head keys and value keys are different, repeat to force tensors into matching shapes
    // TODO: avoid repeats for fused GDN, needs broadcast configuration for GDN op [TAG_GGML_GDN_BCAST]
    if (num_k_heads != num_v_heads) {
        GGML_ASSERT(num_v_heads % num_k_heads == 0);
        int64_t repeat_factor = num_v_heads / num_k_heads;

        // repeat interleave: reshape to (repeat part, 1, remaining part...), do repeat, then reshape back
        ggml_tensor * q_reshaped = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, q_conv, head_k_dim, 1, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens * n_seqs);
        ggml_tensor * k_reshaped = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, k_conv, head_k_dim, 1, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens * n_seqs);

        // Repeat along the third dimension (the new dimension with size 1)
        ggml_tensor * q_repeated =
            ggml_repeat_4d(ctx0, q_reshaped, head_k_dim, repeat_factor, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens * n_seqs);
        ggml_tensor * k_repeated =
            ggml_repeat_4d(ctx0, k_reshaped, head_k_dim, repeat_factor, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens * n_seqs);

        // Reshape back to merge the head and repeat dimensions
        // From [head_dim, repeat_factor, num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens * n_seqs]
        // Back to [head_dim, repeat_factor * num_k_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs]
        q_conv = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, q_repeated, head_k_dim, num_k_heads * repeat_factor, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
        k_conv = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, k_repeated, head_k_dim, num_k_heads * repeat_factor, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
    }

    cb(q_conv, "q_conv_predelta", il);
    cb(k_conv, "k_conv_predelta", il);
    cb(v_conv, "v_conv_predelta", il);

    ggml_tensor * output = build_recurrent_attn(inp, ssm_states_all, q_conv, k_conv, v_conv, gate, beta, state, il);

    // z: [head_dim, n_heads, n_tokens, n_seqs] -> [n_heads * n_tokens * n_seqs, head_dim]
    ggml_tensor * z_2d = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, z, head_v_dim, num_v_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);

    // Apply gated normalization: self.norm(core_attn_out, z)
    ggml_tensor * attn_out_norm = build_norm_gated(output, model.layers[il].ssm_norm, z_2d, il);

    // Final reshape: [head_dim, n_heads, n_tokens, n_seqs] -> [n_tokens, n_seqs, n_heads * head_dim]
    ggml_tensor * final_output = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, attn_out_norm, head_v_dim * num_v_heads, n_seq_tokens, n_seqs);
    cb(final_output, "final_output", il);

    // Output projection
    cur = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].ssm_out, final_output);
    cb(cur, "linear_attn_out", il);

    // Reshape back to original dimensions
    cur = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx0, cur, n_embd, n_seq_tokens * n_seqs);

    return cur;
}

ggml_tensor * llama_model_qwen3next::graph::build_layer_ffn(ggml_tensor * cur, const int il) {
    // Check if this is an MoE layer
    if (model.layers[il].ffn_gate_inp != nullptr) {
        // MoE branch
        ggml_tensor * moe_out =
            build_moe_ffn(cur,
                model.layers[il].ffn_gate_inp,
                model.layers[il].ffn_up_exps,
                model.layers[il].ffn_gate_exps,
                model.layers[il].ffn_down_exps,
                nullptr,
                n_expert, n_expert_used,
                LLM_FFN_SILU, true,
                hparams.expert_weights_scale,
                LLAMA_EXPERT_GATING_FUNC_TYPE_SOFTMAX, il,
                nullptr, model.layers[il].ffn_gate_up_exps);
        cb(moe_out, "ffn_moe_out", il);

        // Add shared experts if present - following Qwen3Next reference implementation
        if (model.layers[il].ffn_up_shexp != nullptr) {
            ggml_tensor * ffn_shexp =
                build_ffn(cur,
                    model.layers[il].ffn_up_shexp,   NULL, NULL,
                    model.layers[il].ffn_gate_shexp, NULL, NULL,
                    model.layers[il].ffn_down_shexp, NULL, NULL,
                    NULL,
                    LLM_FFN_SILU, LLM_FFN_PAR, il);
            cb(ffn_shexp, "ffn_shexp", il);

            // Apply shared expert gating as in the reference implementation
            // The shared expert has its own gate that is sigmoided
            // Note: ffn_gate_inp_shexp is the shared expert gate (outputs 1 value per token)
            ggml_tensor * shared_gate = build_lora_mm(model.layers[il].ffn_gate_inp_shexp, cur);
            cb(shared_gate, "shared_expert_gate", il);

            shared_gate = ggml_sigmoid(ctx0, shared_gate);
            cb(shared_gate, "shared_expert_gate_sigmoid", il);

            ffn_shexp = ggml_mul(ctx0, ffn_shexp, shared_gate);
            cb(ffn_shexp, "ffn_shexp_gated", il);

            cur = ggml_add(ctx0, moe_out, ffn_shexp);
            cb(cur, "ffn_out", il);
        } else {
            cur = moe_out;
        }
    } else {
        // Dense FFN branch (not currently used I believe)
        cur = build_ffn(cur,
            model.layers[il].ffn_up, NULL, NULL,
            model.layers[il].ffn_gate, NULL, NULL,
            model.layers[il].ffn_down, NULL, NULL,
            NULL,
            LLM_FFN_SILU, LLM_FFN_PAR, il);
        cb(cur, "ffn_out", il);
    }
    return cur;
}