Buckets:

rtrm's picture
download
raw
37.3 kB
<meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="hf:doc:metadata" content="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformers 是如何工作的?&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;Transformers 是如何工作的?&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;一点 Transformers 的发展历史&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;一点Transformers的发展历史&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformers 是语言模型&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;Transformers是语言模型&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformer 是大模型&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;Transformer是大模型&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;迁移学习&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;迁移学习&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformer 模型的通用架构&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;Transformer 模型的通用架构&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;简介&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;简介&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;注意力层&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;注意力层&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformer 的原始结构&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;原始的结构&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;architecture(架构)与 checkpoints(权重参数又称检查点)&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;architecture(架构)与 checkpoints(权重参数又称检查点)&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2}],&quot;depth&quot;:1}">
<link href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/assets/0.e3b0c442.css" rel="modulepreload">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/entry/start.f3a1a511.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/scheduler.37c15a92.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/singletons.9bf55235.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/index.18351ede.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/paths.0ba10750.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/entry/app.c39e37cf.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/index.2bf4358c.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/nodes/0.dad18ce3.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/each.e59479a4.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/nodes/7.e5b50215.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/Youtube.1e50a667.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/CourseFloatingBanner.9ff4c771.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/DocNotebookDropdown.efc1fb7c.js">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/chunks/getInferenceSnippets.ebf8be91.js"><!-- HEAD_svelte-u9bgzb_START --><meta name="hf:doc:metadata" content="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformers 是如何工作的?&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;Transformers 是如何工作的?&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;一点 Transformers 的发展历史&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;一点Transformers的发展历史&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformers 是语言模型&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;Transformers是语言模型&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformer 是大模型&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;Transformer是大模型&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;迁移学习&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;迁移学习&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformer 模型的通用架构&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;Transformer 模型的通用架构&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;简介&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;简介&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;注意力层&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;注意力层&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Transformer 的原始结构&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;原始的结构&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;architecture(架构)与 checkpoints(权重参数又称检查点)&quot;,&quot;local&quot;:&quot;architecture(架构)与 checkpoints(权重参数又称检查点)&quot;,&quot;sections&quot;:[],&quot;depth&quot;:2}],&quot;depth&quot;:1}"><!-- HEAD_svelte-u9bgzb_END --> <p></p> <h1 class="relative group"><a id="Transformers 是如何工作的?" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#Transformers 是如何工作的?"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>Transformers 是如何工作的?</span></h1> <div class="flex space-x-1 absolute z-10 right-0 top-0"><a href="https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/chapter-1-questions" target="_blank"><img alt="Ask a Question" class="!m-0" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Ask%20a%20question-ffcb4c.svg?logo=data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"></a> </div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-qbid85">在本节中,我们简要了解 Transformer 模型的架构。</p> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="一点Transformers的发展历史" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#一点Transformers的发展历史"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>一点 Transformers 的发展历史</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1mxpkwm">以下是 Transformer 模型(简要)历史中的一些关键节点:</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-u8zu2n"><img class="block dark:hidden" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/transformers_chrono.svg" alt="A brief chronology of Transformers models."> <img class="hidden dark:block" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/transformers_chrono-dark.svg" alt="A brief chronology of Transformers models."></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-m6pttp"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762" rel="nofollow">Transformer 架构</a> 于 2017 年 6 月提出。原本研究的重点是翻译任务。随后推出了几个有影响力的模型,包括</p> <ul data-svelte-h="svelte-16okaxc"><li><p><strong>2018 年 6 月</strong><a href="https://cdn.openai.com/research-covers/language-unsupervised/language_understanding_paper.pdf" rel="nofollow">GPT</a> ,第一个预训练的 Transformer 模型,用于各种 NLP 任务并获得极好的结果</p></li> <li><p><strong>2018 年 10 月</strong><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805" rel="nofollow">BERT</a> ,另一个大型预训练模型,该模型旨在生成更好的句子摘要(下一章将详细介绍!)</p></li> <li><p><strong>2019 年 2 月</strong><a href="https://cdn.openai.com/better-language-models/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf" rel="nofollow">GPT-2</a> ,GPT 的改进(并且更大)版本,由于道德问题没有立即公开发布</p></li> <li><p><strong>2019 年 10 月</strong><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108" rel="nofollow">DistilBERT</a> ,BERT 的提炼版本,速度提高 60%,内存减轻 40%,但仍保留 BERT 97% 的性能</p></li> <li><p><strong>2019 年 10 月</strong><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13461" rel="nofollow">BART</a><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683" rel="nofollow">T5</a> ,两个使用与原始 Transformer 模型原始架构的大型预训练模型(第一个这样做)</p></li> <li><p><strong>2020 年 5 月</strong><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165" rel="nofollow">GPT-3</a> ,GPT-2 的更大版本,无需微调即可在各种任务上表现良好(称为零样本学习)</p></li></ul> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1a5zp93">此列表远非详尽无遗,只是为了突出一些不同类型的 Transformer 模型。大体上,它们可以分为三类:</p> <ul data-svelte-h="svelte-11rbl7z"><li>GPT-like (也被称作自回归 Transformer 模型)</li> <li>BERT-like (也被称作自动编码 Transformer 模型)</li> <li>BART/T5-like (也被称作序列到序列的 Transformer 模型)</li></ul> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1gq8elx">稍后我们将更深入地探讨这些分类。</p> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="Transformers是语言模型" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#Transformers是语言模型"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>Transformers 是语言模型</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-zqquvv">上面提到的所有 Transformer 模型(GPT、BERT、BART、T5 等)都被训练为语言模型。这意味着他们已经以无监督学习的方式接受了大量原始文本的训练。无监督学习是一种训练类型,其中目标是根据模型的输入自动计算的。这意味着不需要人工来标记数据!</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1k5l9t6">这种类型的模型可以对其训练过的语言有统计学的理解,但对于特定的实际任务的效果并不是很好。因此,一般的预训练模型会经历一个称为迁移学习(transfer learning)的过程。在此过程中,模型在给定任务上以监督方式(即使用人工注释标签)进行微调。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1iic5iw">任务的一个例子是阅读 <code>n</code> 个单词的句子,预测下一个单词。这被称为因果语言建模(causal language modeling),因为输出取决于过去和现在的输入,而不依赖于未来的输入。</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-lvew4p"><img class="block dark:hidden" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/causal_modeling.svg" alt="Example of causal language modeling in which the next word from a sentence is predicted."> <img class="hidden dark:block" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/causal_modeling-dark.svg" alt="Example of causal language modeling in which the next word from a sentence is predicted."></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-783opz">另一个例子是掩码语言建模(masked language modeling),俗称完形填空,该模型预测句子中的遮住的词。</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-1r8x2dd"><img class="block dark:hidden" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/masked_modeling.svg" alt="Example of masked language modeling in which a masked word from a sentence is predicted."> <img class="hidden dark:block" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/masked_modeling-dark.svg" alt="Example of masked language modeling in which a masked word from a sentence is predicted."></div> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="Transformer是大模型" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#Transformer是大模型"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>Transformer 是大模型</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1qwth7v">除了一些特例(如 DistilBERT)外,实现更好性能的一般策略是增加模型的大小以及预训练的数据量。</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-5uz5bp"><img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/model_parameters.png" alt="Number of parameters of recent Transformers models" width="90%"></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-11zp8w6">不幸的是,训练模型,尤其是大型模型,需要大量的数据,时间和计算资源。它甚至会对环境产生影响,如下图所示。</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-1a8euan"><img class="block dark:hidden" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/carbon_footprint.svg" alt="The carbon footprint of a large language model."> <img class="hidden dark:block" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/carbon_footprint-dark.svg" alt="The carbon footprint of a large language model."></div> <iframe class="w-full xl:w-4/6 h-80" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ftWlj4FBHTg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-huflre">这只是显示了一支团队领导的(非常大的)模型项目,该团队试图减少预训练对环境的影响。如果为了获得最佳超参数而进行大量试验,所造成的碳排放当量会更高。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-he0ui5">想象一下,如果每次一个研究团队、一个学生组织或一家公司想要训练一个模型,都从头开始训练的。这将导致巨大的、不必要的浪费!</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1iouuc7">这就是为什么共享语言模型至关重要:共享经过训练的权重,当遇见新的需求时在预训练的权重之上进行微调,可以降低训练模型训练的算力和时间消耗,降低全球的总体计算成本和碳排放。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1gkt7t1">顺便说一句,你可以通过多种工具评估模型训练的碳排放。例如 <a href="https://mlco2.github.io/impact/" rel="nofollow">ML CO2 Impact</a> 或集成在 🤗 Transformers 中的 <a href="https://codecarbon.io/" rel="nofollow">Code Carbon</a> 。要了解更多相关信息,你可以阅读这篇 <a href="https://huggingface.co/blog/carbon-emissions-on-the-hub" rel="nofollow">博客文章</a> ,其中将向你展示如何生成 <code>emissions.csv</code> 文件估计训练的碳排放,这里还有 🤗 Transformers 关于碳排放的 <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/model-cards-co2" rel="nofollow">文档</a></p> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="迁移学习" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#迁移学习"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>迁移学习</span></h2> <iframe class="w-full xl:w-4/6 h-80" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/BqqfQnyjmgg" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-14tlr8c">预训练(Pretraining)是是指从头开始训练模型:随机初始化权重,在没有任何先验知识的情况下开始训练。</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-152v0kx"><img class="block dark:hidden" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/pretraining.svg" alt="The pretraining of a language model is costly in both time and money."> <img class="hidden dark:block" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/pretraining-dark.svg" alt="The pretraining of a language model is costly in both time and money."></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1hja4ab">这种预训练通常是在非常大量的数据上进行的。因此,它需要大量的数据,而且训练可能需要几周的时间。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-15ju5hs">另一方面,微调(Fine-tuning)是在模型经过预训练后完成的训练。要执行微调,首先需要获取一个经过预训练的语言模型,然后使用特定于任务的数据集进行额外的训练。等等,为什么不直接为实际的最终任务而训练模型呢?有几个原因:</p> <ul data-svelte-h="svelte-1fj25oh"><li>预训练模型已经在与微调数据集有一些相似之处的数据集上进行了训练。因此,微调过程能够利用模型在预训练期间获得的知识(例如,对于 NLP 问题,预训练模型将对你在任务中使用的语言有某种统计规律上的理解)。</li> <li>由于预训练模型已经在大量数据上进行了训练,因此微调需要更少的数据来获得不错的结果。</li> <li>出于同样的原因,获得好结果所需的时间和资源要少得多</li></ul> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-jybvsg">例如,可以利用英语的预训练过的模型,然后在 arXiv 语料库上对其进行微调,从而形成一个基于科学研究的模型。微调只需要有限的数据量:预训练模型获得的知识可以“迁移”到目标任务上,因此被称为迁移学习(transfer learning)。</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-1ngyuh1"><img class="block dark:hidden" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/finetuning.svg" alt="The fine-tuning of a language model is cheaper than pretraining in both time and money."> <img class="hidden dark:block" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/finetuning-dark.svg" alt="The fine-tuning of a language model is cheaper than pretraining in both time and money."></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-10bdk0f">因此,微调模型具有较低的时间、数据、财务和环境成本。迭代不同的微调方案也更快、更容易,因为与完整的预训练相比,训练的约束更少。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1chaixd">这个过程也会比从头开始的训练(除非你有很多数据)取得更好的效果,这就是为什么你应该总是尝试利用一个预训练的模型——一个尽可能接近你手头的任务的模型——并对其进行微调。</p> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="Transformer 模型的通用架构" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#Transformer 模型的通用架构"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>Transformer 模型的通用架构</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1uwuhvf">在本节中,我们将概述 Transformer 模型的通用架构。如果你不理解其中的一些概念,不用担心;后面的章节将详细介绍每个组件。</p> <iframe class="w-full xl:w-4/6 h-80" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/H39Z_720T5s" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="简介" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#简介"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>简介</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-tlh0rv">该模型主要由两个块组成:</p> <ul data-svelte-h="svelte-fo30nk"><li><strong>Encoder (左侧)</strong>:编码器接收输入并构建其表示(特征)。这意味着模型的使命是从输入中获取理解。</li> <li><strong>Decoder (右侧)</strong>:解码器使用编码器的表示(特征)以及其他输入来生成目标序列。这意味着模型的使命是生成输出。</li></ul> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-l70qs1"><img class="block dark:hidden" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/transformers_blocks.svg" alt="Architecture of a Transformers models"> <img class="hidden dark:block" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/transformers_blocks-dark.svg" alt="Architecture of a Transformers models"></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1k0h1x0">这些部件中的每一个都可以独立使用,具体取决于任务:</p> <ul data-svelte-h="svelte-xmw7z8"><li><strong>Encoder-only 模型</strong>:适用于需要理解输入的任务,如句子分类和命名实体识别。</li> <li><strong>Decoder-only 模型</strong>:适用于生成任务,如文本生成。</li> <li><strong>Encoder-decoder 模型</strong> 或者 <strong>sequence-to-sequence 模型</strong>:适用于需要根据输入进行生成的任务,如翻译或摘要。</li></ul> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-ia4r1g">在后面的部分中,我们将单独地深入研究这些体系结构。</p> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="注意力层" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#注意力层"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>注意力层</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1nqapbw">Transformer 模型的一个关键特性是<em>注意力层</em>。事实上,提出 Transformer 架构的文章的标题是 <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762" rel="nofollow">“Attention Is All You Need”</a> !我们将在课程的后面更加深入地探讨注意力层的细节;现在,你需要知道的是,这一层将告诉模型在处理每个单词的表示时,对不同单词的重视(忽略)程度。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-6ludlw">可以考虑一个例子,假如我们要将英语翻译成法语。给定输入“You like this course”时,翻译模型需要注意相邻的词“You”,才能获得“like”的正确翻译,因为在法语中,动词“like”的变形依赖于主语。然而,对于那个词的翻译,句子的其余部分并没有用。同样,当翻译“this”时,模型也需要注意词“course”,因为“this”的翻译依赖于关联名词是单数还是复数。再次,句子中的其他词对于“course”的翻译并不重要。对于更复杂的句子(和更复杂的语法规则),模型可能需要特别注意可能在句子中更远处出现的词,以正确翻译每个词。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1sq7dhw">同样的概念也适用于与自然语言相关的任何任务:一个词本身有一个含义,但这个含义受语境的影响很大,语境可以是研究该词之前或之后的任何其他词(或多个词)。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1ob77hi">现在你对注意力层是什么有了一些了解,让我们更详细地看一下 Transformer 架构。</p> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="原始的结构" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#原始的结构"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>Transformer 的原始结构</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1vaday">Transformer 架构最初是为翻译而设计的。在训练期间,编码器接收特定语言的输入(句子),而解码器需要输出对应语言的翻译。在编码器中,注意力层可以使用一个句子中的所有单词(正如我们刚才看到的,给定单词的翻译可以取决于它在句子中的其他单词)。然而,解码器是按顺序工作的,并且只能注意它已经翻译过的句子中的单词。例如,当我们预测了翻译目标的前三个单词时,我们将它们提供给解码器,然后解码器使用编码器的所有输出来尝试预测第四个单词。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1tq2e9r">为了在训练过程中加快速度(当模型可以访问目标句子时),会将整个目标输入解码器,但不允许获取到要翻译的单词(如果它在尝试预测位置 2 的单词时可以访问位置 2 的单词,解码器就会偷懒,直接输出那个单词,从而无法学习到正确的语言关系!)。例如,当试图预测第 4 个单词时,注意力层只能获取位置 1 到 3 的单词。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1v0rocb">最初的 Transformer 架构如下所示,编码器位于左侧,解码器位于右侧:</p> <div class="flex justify-center" data-svelte-h="svelte-14wvpqf"><img class="block dark:hidden" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/transformers.svg" alt="Architecture of a Transformers models"> <img class="hidden dark:block" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface-course/documentation-images/resolve/main/en/chapter1/transformers-dark.svg" alt="Architecture of a Transformers models"></div> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1o8zz8g">注意,解码器块中的第一个注意力层关联到解码器的所有(过去的)输入,但是第二个注意力层只使用编码器的输出。因此,它在预测当前单词时,可以使用整个句子的信息。这是非常有用的,因因为不同的语言可以有把词放在不同顺序的语法规则,或者句子后面提供的一些上下文可能有助于确定给定单词的最佳翻译。</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-ypar0g">也可以在编码器/解码器中使用<em>attention mask(注意力掩码层)</em>,以防止模型关注到某些特殊单词。例如,用于在批量处理句子时使所有输入长度一致的特殊填充词。</p> <h2 class="relative group"><a id="architecture(架构)与 checkpoints(权重参数又称检查点)" class="header-link block pr-1.5 text-lg no-hover:hidden with-hover:absolute with-hover:p-1.5 with-hover:opacity-0 with-hover:group-hover:opacity-100 with-hover:right-full" href="#architecture(架构)与 checkpoints(权重参数又称检查点)"><span><svg class="" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" width="1em" height="1em" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 256 256"><path d="M167.594 88.393a8.001 8.001 0 0 1 0 11.314l-67.882 67.882a8 8 0 1 1-11.314-11.315l67.882-67.881a8.003 8.003 0 0 1 11.314 0zm-28.287 84.86l-28.284 28.284a40 40 0 0 1-56.567-56.567l28.284-28.284a8 8 0 0 0-11.315-11.315l-28.284 28.284a56 56 0 0 0 79.196 79.197l28.285-28.285a8 8 0 1 0-11.315-11.314zM212.852 43.14a56.002 56.002 0 0 0-79.196 0l-28.284 28.284a8 8 0 1 0 11.314 11.314l28.284-28.284a40 40 0 0 1 56.568 56.567l-28.285 28.285a8 8 0 0 0 11.315 11.314l28.284-28.284a56.065 56.065 0 0 0 0-79.196z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a> <span>architecture(架构)与 checkpoints(权重参数又称检查点)</span></h2> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-m31e83">在本课程中,当我们深入探讨 Transformers 模型时,你将看到架构、参数和模型。这些术语的含义略有不同:</p> <ul data-svelte-h="svelte-3c5f4y"><li><strong>architecture(架构)</strong>:这是模型的骨架 —— 每个层的定义以及模型中发生的每个操作。</li> <li><strong>Checkpoints(权重参数又称检查点)</strong>:这些是将在给架构中结构中加载的权重参数,是一些具体的数值。</li> <li><strong>Model(模型)</strong>:这是一个笼统的术语,没有“架构”或“参数”那么精确:它可以指两者。为了避免歧义,本课程使用将使用架构和参数。</li></ul> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1asr7kn">例如,BERT 是一个架构,而 <code>bert-base-cased</code> ,这是谷歌团队为 BERT 的第一个版本训练的一组权重参数,是一个参数。我们可以说“BERT 模型”和“ <code>bert-base-cased</code> 模型。”</p> <a class="!text-gray-400 !no-underline text-sm flex items-center not-prose mt-4" href="https://github.com/huggingface/course/blob/main/chapters/zh-CN/chapter1/4.mdx" target="_blank"><span data-svelte-h="svelte-1kd6by1">&lt;</span> <span data-svelte-h="svelte-x0xyl0">&gt;</span> <span data-svelte-h="svelte-1dajgef"><span class="underline ml-1.5">Update</span> on GitHub</span></a> <p></p>
<script>
{
__sveltekit_9aawfw = {
assets: "/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN",
base: "/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN",
env: {}
};
const element = document.currentScript.parentElement;
const data = [null,null];
Promise.all([
import("/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/entry/start.f3a1a511.js"),
import("/docs/course/pr_1021/zh-CN/_app/immutable/entry/app.c39e37cf.js")
]).then(([kit, app]) => {
kit.start(app, element, {
node_ids: [0, 7],
data,
form: null,
error: null
});
});
}
</script>

Xet Storage Details

Size:
37.3 kB
·
Xet hash:
287c5b4de5f0e3b581d390c6212556d395c573d2d3868e3b661a70a38feb4fbe

Xet efficiently stores files, intelligently splitting them into unique chunks and accelerating uploads and downloads. More info.