85 kB

	#
	# The Python Imaging Library.
	# $Id$
	#
	# TIFF file handling
	#
	# TIFF is a flexible, if somewhat aged, image file format originally
	# defined by Aldus. Although TIFF supports a wide variety of pixel
	# layouts and compression methods, the name doesn't really stand for
	# "thousands of incompatible file formats," it just feels that way.
	#
	# To read TIFF data from a stream, the stream must be seekable. For
	# progressive decoding, make sure to use TIFF files where the tag
	# directory is placed first in the file.
	#
	# History:
	# 1995-09-01 fl Created
	# 1996-05-04 fl Handle JPEGTABLES tag
	# 1996-05-18 fl Fixed COLORMAP support
	# 1997-01-05 fl Fixed PREDICTOR support
	# 1997-08-27 fl Added support for rational tags (from Perry Stoll)
	# 1998-01-10 fl Fixed seek/tell (from Jan Blom)
	# 1998-07-15 fl Use private names for internal variables
	# 1999-06-13 fl Rewritten for PIL 1.0 (1.0)
	# 2000-10-11 fl Additional fixes for Python 2.0 (1.1)
	# 2001-04-17 fl Fixed rewind support (seek to frame 0) (1.2)
	# 2001-05-12 fl Added write support for more tags (from Greg Couch) (1.3)
	# 2001-12-18 fl Added workaround for broken Matrox library
	# 2002-01-18 fl Don't mess up if photometric tag is missing (D. Alan Stewart)
	# 2003-05-19 fl Check FILLORDER tag
	# 2003-09-26 fl Added RGBa support
	# 2004-02-24 fl Added DPI support; fixed rational write support
	# 2005-02-07 fl Added workaround for broken Corel Draw 10 files
	# 2006-01-09 fl Added support for float/double tags (from Russell Nelson)
	#
	# Copyright (c) 1997-2006 by Secret Labs AB. All rights reserved.
	# Copyright (c) 1995-1997 by Fredrik Lundh
	#
	# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
	#
	from __future__ import annotations

	import io
	import itertools
	import logging
	import math
	import os
	import struct
	import warnings
	from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping
	from fractions import Fraction
	from numbers import Number, Rational
	from typing import IO, Any, cast

	from . import ExifTags, Image, ImageFile, ImageOps, ImagePalette, TiffTags
	from ._binary import i16be as i16
	from ._binary import i32be as i32
	from ._binary import o8
	from ._util import DeferredError, is_path
	from .TiffTags import TYPES

	TYPE_CHECKING = False
	if TYPE_CHECKING:
	from collections.abc import Iterator
	from typing import NoReturn

	from ._typing import Buffer, IntegralLike, StrOrBytesPath

	logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

	# Set these to true to force use of libtiff for reading or writing.
	READ_LIBTIFF = False
	WRITE_LIBTIFF = False
	STRIP_SIZE = 65536

	II = b"II" # little-endian (Intel style)
	MM = b"MM" # big-endian (Motorola style)

	#
	# --------------------------------------------------------------------
	# Read TIFF files

	# a few tag names, just to make the code below a bit more readable
	OSUBFILETYPE = 255
	IMAGEWIDTH = 256
	IMAGELENGTH = 257
	BITSPERSAMPLE = 258
	COMPRESSION = 259
	PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION = 262
	FILLORDER = 266
	IMAGEDESCRIPTION = 270
	STRIPOFFSETS = 273
	SAMPLESPERPIXEL = 277
	ROWSPERSTRIP = 278
	STRIPBYTECOUNTS = 279
	X_RESOLUTION = 282
	Y_RESOLUTION = 283
	PLANAR_CONFIGURATION = 284
	RESOLUTION_UNIT = 296
	TRANSFERFUNCTION = 301
	SOFTWARE = 305
	DATE_TIME = 306
	ARTIST = 315
	PREDICTOR = 317
	COLORMAP = 320
	TILEWIDTH = 322
	TILELENGTH = 323
	TILEOFFSETS = 324
	TILEBYTECOUNTS = 325
	SUBIFD = 330
	EXTRASAMPLES = 338
	SAMPLEFORMAT = 339
	JPEGTABLES = 347
	YCBCRSUBSAMPLING = 530
	REFERENCEBLACKWHITE = 532
	COPYRIGHT = 33432
	IPTC_NAA_CHUNK = 33723 # newsphoto properties
	PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK = 34377 # photoshop properties
	ICCPROFILE = 34675
	EXIFIFD = 34665
	XMP = 700
	JPEGQUALITY = 65537 # pseudo-tag by libtiff

	# https://github.com/imagej/ImageJA/blob/master/src/main/java/ij/io/TiffDecoder.java
	IMAGEJ_META_DATA_BYTE_COUNTS = 50838
	IMAGEJ_META_DATA = 50839

	COMPRESSION_INFO = {
	# Compression => pil compression name
	1: "raw",
	2: "tiff_ccitt",
	3: "group3",
	4: "group4",
	5: "tiff_lzw",
	6: "tiff_jpeg", # obsolete
	7: "jpeg",
	8: "tiff_adobe_deflate",
	32771: "tiff_raw_16", # 16-bit padding
	32773: "packbits",
	32809: "tiff_thunderscan",
	32946: "tiff_deflate",
	34676: "tiff_sgilog",
	34677: "tiff_sgilog24",
	34925: "lzma",
	50000: "zstd",
	50001: "webp",
	}

	COMPRESSION_INFO_REV = {v: k for k, v in COMPRESSION_INFO.items()}

	OPEN_INFO = {
	# (ByteOrder, PhotoInterpretation, SampleFormat, FillOrder, BitsPerSample,
	# ExtraSamples) => mode, rawmode
	(II, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;I"),
	(MM, 0, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;I"),
	(II, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;IR"),
	(MM, 0, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;IR"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("1", "1"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;R"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("1", "1;R"),
	(II, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2I"),
	(MM, 0, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2I"),
	(II, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2IR"),
	(MM, 0, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2IR"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2R"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("L", "L;2R"),
	(II, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4I"),
	(MM, 0, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4I"),
	(II, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4IR"),
	(MM, 0, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4IR"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4R"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("L", "L;4R"),
	(II, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;I"),
	(MM, 0, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;I"),
	(II, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;IR"),
	(MM, 0, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;IR"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
	(II, 1, (2,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
	(MM, 1, (2,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("L", "L;R"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 1, (12,), ()): ("I;16", "I;12"),
	(II, 0, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16", "I;16"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16", "I;16"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I;16B", "I;16B"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 2, (16,), ()): ("I;16", "I;16R"),
	(II, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I", "I;16S"),
	(MM, 1, (2,), 1, (16,), ()): ("I", "I;16BS"),
	(II, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32F"),
	(MM, 0, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32BF"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32N"),
	(II, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32S"),
	(MM, 1, (2,), 1, (32,), ()): ("I", "I;32BS"),
	(II, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32F"),
	(MM, 1, (3,), 1, (32,), ()): ("F", "F;32BF"),
	(II, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("LA", "LA"),
	(MM, 1, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("LA", "LA"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;R"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 2, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;R"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA"), # missing ExtraSamples
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA"), # missing ExtraSamples
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("RGB", "RGBX"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("RGB", "RGBX"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("RGB", "RGBXX"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("RGB", "RGBXX"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): ("RGB", "RGBXXX"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0, 0)): ("RGB", "RGBXXX"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaX"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaX"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaXX"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (1, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBaXX"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAX"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAX"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAXX"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (2, 0, 0)): ("RGBA", "RGBAXX"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"), # Corel Draw 10
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), (999,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA"), # Corel Draw 10
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;16L"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGB", "RGB;16B"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16L"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16B"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): ("RGB", "RGBX;16L"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (0,)): ("RGB", "RGBX;16B"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa;16L"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (1,)): ("RGBA", "RGBa;16B"),
	(II, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16L"),
	(MM, 2, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), (2,)): ("RGBA", "RGBA;16B"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 1, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1R"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 2, (1,), ()): ("P", "P;1R"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 1, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2R"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 2, (2,), ()): ("P", "P;2R"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 1, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4R"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 2, (4,), ()): ("P", "P;4R"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("P", "P"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (0,)): ("P", "PX"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (0,)): ("P", "PX"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 1, (8, 8), (2,)): ("PA", "PA"),
	(II, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("P", "P;R"),
	(MM, 3, (1,), 2, (8,), ()): ("P", "P;R"),
	(II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK"),
	(MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK"),
	(II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("CMYK", "CMYKX"),
	(MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0,)): ("CMYK", "CMYKX"),
	(II, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("CMYK", "CMYKXX"),
	(MM, 5, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8), (0, 0)): ("CMYK", "CMYKXX"),
	(II, 5, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK;16L"),
	(MM, 5, (1,), 1, (16, 16, 16, 16), ()): ("CMYK", "CMYK;16B"),
	(II, 6, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
	(MM, 6, (1,), 1, (8,), ()): ("L", "L"),
	# JPEG compressed images handled by LibTiff and auto-converted to RGBX
	# Minimal Baseline TIFF requires YCbCr images to have 3 SamplesPerPixel
	(II, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGBX"),
	(MM, 6, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("RGB", "RGBX"),
	(II, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("LAB", "LAB"),
	(MM, 8, (1,), 1, (8, 8, 8), ()): ("LAB", "LAB"),
	}

	MAX_SAMPLESPERPIXEL = max(len(key_tp[4]) for key_tp in OPEN_INFO)

	PREFIXES = [
	b"MM\x00\x2a", # Valid TIFF header with big-endian byte order
	b"II\x2a\x00", # Valid TIFF header with little-endian byte order
	b"MM\x2a\x00", # Invalid TIFF header, assume big-endian
	b"II\x00\x2a", # Invalid TIFF header, assume little-endian
	b"MM\x00\x2b", # BigTIFF with big-endian byte order
	b"II\x2b\x00", # BigTIFF with little-endian byte order
	]


	def _accept(prefix: bytes) -> bool:
	return prefix.startswith(tuple(PREFIXES))


	def _limit_rational(
	val: float \| Fraction \| IFDRational, max_val: int
	) -> tuple[IntegralLike, IntegralLike]:
	inv = abs(val) > 1
	n_d = IFDRational(1 / val if inv else val).limit_rational(max_val)
	return n_d[::-1] if inv else n_d


	def _limit_signed_rational(
	val: IFDRational, max_val: int, min_val: int
	) -> tuple[IntegralLike, IntegralLike]:
	frac = Fraction(val)
	n_d: tuple[IntegralLike, IntegralLike] = frac.numerator, frac.denominator

	if min(float(i) for i in n_d) < min_val:
	n_d = _limit_rational(val, abs(min_val))

	n_d_float = tuple(float(i) for i in n_d)
	if max(n_d_float) > max_val:
	n_d = _limit_rational(n_d_float[0] / n_d_float[1], max_val)

	return n_d


	##
	# Wrapper for TIFF IFDs.

	_load_dispatch = {}
	_write_dispatch = {}


	def _delegate(op: str) -> Any:
	def delegate(
	self: IFDRational, *args: tuple[float, ...]
	) -> bool \| float \| Fraction:
	return getattr(self._val, op)(*args)

	return delegate


	class IFDRational(Rational):
	"""Implements a rational class where 0/0 is a legal value to match
	the in the wild use of exif rationals.

	e.g., DigitalZoomRatio - 0.00/0.00 indicates that no digital zoom was used
	"""

	""" If the denominator is 0, store this as a float('nan'), otherwise store
	as a fractions.Fraction(). Delegate as appropriate

	"""

	__slots__ = ("_numerator", "_denominator", "_val")

	def __init__(
	self, value: float \| Fraction \| IFDRational, denominator: int = 1
	) -> None:
	"""
	:param value: either an integer numerator, a
	float/rational/other number, or an IFDRational
	:param denominator: Optional integer denominator
	"""
	self._val: Fraction \| float
	if isinstance(value, IFDRational):
	self._numerator = value.numerator
	self._denominator = value.denominator
	self._val = value._val
	return

	if isinstance(value, Fraction):
	self._numerator = value.numerator
	self._denominator = value.denominator
	else:
	if TYPE_CHECKING:
	self._numerator = cast(IntegralLike, value)
	else:
	self._numerator = value
	self._denominator = denominator

	if denominator == 0:
	self._val = float("nan")
	elif denominator == 1:
	self._val = Fraction(value)
	elif int(value) == value:
	self._val = Fraction(int(value), denominator)
	else:
	self._val = Fraction(value / denominator)

	@property
	def numerator(self) -> IntegralLike:
	return self._numerator

	@property
	def denominator(self) -> int:
	return self._denominator

	def limit_rational(self, max_denominator: int) -> tuple[IntegralLike, int]:
	"""

	:param max_denominator: Integer, the maximum denominator value
	:returns: Tuple of (numerator, denominator)
	"""

	if self.denominator == 0:
	return self.numerator, self.denominator

	assert isinstance(self._val, Fraction)
	f = self._val.limit_denominator(max_denominator)
	return f.numerator, f.denominator

	def __repr__(self) -> str:
	return str(float(self._val))

	def __hash__(self) -> int: # type: ignore[override]
	return self._val.__hash__()

	def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
	val = self._val
	if isinstance(other, IFDRational):
	other = other._val
	if isinstance(other, float):
	val = float(val)
	return val == other

	def __getstate__(self) -> list[float \| Fraction \| IntegralLike]:
	return [self._val, self._numerator, self._denominator]

	def __setstate__(self, state: list[float \| Fraction \| IntegralLike]) -> None:
	IFDRational.__init__(self, 0)
	_val, _numerator, _denominator = state
	assert isinstance(_val, (float, Fraction))
	self._val = _val
	if TYPE_CHECKING:
	self._numerator = cast(IntegralLike, _numerator)
	else:
	self._numerator = _numerator
	assert isinstance(_denominator, int)
	self._denominator = _denominator

	""" a = ['add','radd', 'sub', 'rsub', 'mul', 'rmul',
	'truediv', 'rtruediv', 'floordiv', 'rfloordiv',
	'mod','rmod', 'pow','rpow', 'pos', 'neg',
	'abs', 'trunc', 'lt', 'gt', 'le', 'ge', 'bool',
	'ceil', 'floor', 'round']
	print("\n".join("__%s__ = _delegate('__%s__')" % (s,s) for s in a))
	"""

	__add__ = _delegate("__add__")
	__radd__ = _delegate("__radd__")
	__sub__ = _delegate("__sub__")
	__rsub__ = _delegate("__rsub__")
	__mul__ = _delegate("__mul__")
	__rmul__ = _delegate("__rmul__")
	__truediv__ = _delegate("__truediv__")
	__rtruediv__ = _delegate("__rtruediv__")
	__floordiv__ = _delegate("__floordiv__")
	__rfloordiv__ = _delegate("__rfloordiv__")
	__mod__ = _delegate("__mod__")
	__rmod__ = _delegate("__rmod__")
	__pow__ = _delegate("__pow__")
	__rpow__ = _delegate("__rpow__")
	__pos__ = _delegate("__pos__")
	__neg__ = _delegate("__neg__")
	__abs__ = _delegate("__abs__")
	__trunc__ = _delegate("__trunc__")
	__lt__ = _delegate("__lt__")
	__gt__ = _delegate("__gt__")
	__le__ = _delegate("__le__")
	__ge__ = _delegate("__ge__")
	__bool__ = _delegate("__bool__")
	__ceil__ = _delegate("__ceil__")
	__floor__ = _delegate("__floor__")
	__round__ = _delegate("__round__")
	# Python >= 3.11
	if hasattr(Fraction, "__int__"):
	__int__ = _delegate("__int__")


	_LoaderFunc = Callable[["ImageFileDirectory_v2", bytes, bool], Any]


	def _register_loader(idx: int, size: int) -> Callable[[_LoaderFunc], _LoaderFunc]:
	def decorator(func: _LoaderFunc) -> _LoaderFunc:
	from .TiffTags import TYPES

	if func.__name__.startswith("load_"):
	TYPES[idx] = func.__name__[5:].replace("_", " ")
	_load_dispatch[idx] = size, func # noqa: F821
	return func

	return decorator


	def _register_writer(idx: int) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]:
	def decorator(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
	_write_dispatch[idx] = func # noqa: F821
	return func

	return decorator


	def _register_basic(idx_fmt_name: tuple[int, str, str]) -> None:
	from .TiffTags import TYPES

	idx, fmt, name = idx_fmt_name
	TYPES[idx] = name
	size = struct.calcsize(f"={fmt}")

	def basic_handler(
	self: ImageFileDirectory_v2, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True
	) -> tuple[Any, ...]:
	return self._unpack(f"{len(data) // size}{fmt}", data)

	_load_dispatch[idx] = size, basic_handler # noqa: F821
	_write_dispatch[idx] = lambda self, *values: ( # noqa: F821
	b"".join(self._pack(fmt, value) for value in values)
	)


	if TYPE_CHECKING:
	_IFDv2Base = MutableMapping[int, Any]
	else:
	_IFDv2Base = MutableMapping


	class ImageFileDirectory_v2(_IFDv2Base):
	"""This class represents a TIFF tag directory. To speed things up, we
	don't decode tags unless they're asked for.

	Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::

	ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2()
	ifd[key] = 'Some Data'
	ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII
	print(ifd[key])
	'Some Data'

	Individual values are returned as the strings or numbers, sequences are
	returned as tuples of the values.

	The tiff metadata type of each item is stored in a dictionary of
	tag types in
	:attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2.tagtype`. The types
	are read from a tiff file, guessed from the type added, or added
	manually.

	Data Structures:

	* ``self.tagtype = {}``

	* Key: numerical TIFF tag number
	* Value: integer corresponding to the data type from
	:py:data:`.TiffTags.TYPES`

	.. versionadded:: 3.0.0

	'Internal' data structures:

	* ``self._tags_v2 = {}``

	* Key: numerical TIFF tag number
	* Value: decoded data, as tuple for multiple values

	* ``self._tagdata = {}``

	* Key: numerical TIFF tag number
	* Value: undecoded byte string from file

	* ``self._tags_v1 = {}``

	* Key: numerical TIFF tag number
	* Value: decoded data in the v1 format

	Tags will be found in the private attributes ``self._tagdata``, and in
	``self._tags_v2`` once decoded.

	``self.legacy_api`` is a value for internal use, and shouldn't be changed
	from outside code. In cooperation with
	:py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`, if ``legacy_api``
	is true, then decoded tags will be populated into both ``_tags_v1`` and
	``_tags_v2``. ``_tags_v2`` will be used if this IFD is used in the TIFF
	save routine. Tags should be read from ``_tags_v1`` if
	``legacy_api == true``.

	"""

	_load_dispatch: dict[int, tuple[int, _LoaderFunc]] = {}
	_write_dispatch: dict[int, Callable[..., Any]] = {}

	def __init__(
	self,
	ifh: bytes = b"II\x2a\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00",
	prefix: bytes \| None = None,
	group: int \| None = None,
	) -> None:
	"""Initialize an ImageFileDirectory.

	To construct an ImageFileDirectory from a real file, pass the 8-byte
	magic header to the constructor. To only set the endianness, pass it
	as the 'prefix' keyword argument.

	:param ifh: One of the accepted magic headers (cf. PREFIXES); also sets
	endianness.
	:param prefix: Override the endianness of the file.
	"""
	if not _accept(ifh):
	msg = f"not a TIFF file (header {repr(ifh)} not valid)"
	raise SyntaxError(msg)
	self._prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else ifh[:2]
	if self._prefix == MM:
	self._endian = ">"
	elif self._prefix == II:
	self._endian = "<"
	else:
	msg = "not a TIFF IFD"
	raise SyntaxError(msg)
	self._bigtiff = ifh[2] == 43
	self.group = group
	self.tagtype: dict[int, int] = {}
	""" Dictionary of tag types """
	self.reset()
	self.next = (
	self._unpack("Q", ifh[8:])[0]
	if self._bigtiff
	else self._unpack("L", ifh[4:])[0]
	)
	self._legacy_api = False

	prefix = property(lambda self: self._prefix)
	offset = property(lambda self: self._offset)

	@property
	def legacy_api(self) -> bool:
	return self._legacy_api

	@legacy_api.setter
	def legacy_api(self, value: bool) -> NoReturn:
	msg = "Not allowing setting of legacy api"
	raise Exception(msg)

	def reset(self) -> None:
	self._tags_v1: dict[int, Any] = {} # will remain empty if legacy_api is false
	self._tags_v2: dict[int, Any] = {} # main tag storage
	self._tagdata: dict[int, bytes] = {}
	self.tagtype = {} # added 2008-06-05 by Florian Hoech
	self._next = None
	self._offset: int \| None = None

	def __str__(self) -> str:
	return str(dict(self))

	def named(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
	"""
	:returns: dict of name\|key: value

	Returns the complete tag dictionary, with named tags where possible.
	"""
	return {
	TiffTags.lookup(code, self.group).name: value
	for code, value in self.items()
	}

	def __len__(self) -> int:
	return len(set(self._tagdata) \| set(self._tags_v2))

	def __getitem__(self, tag: int) -> Any:
	if tag not in self._tags_v2: # unpack on the fly
	data = self._tagdata[tag]
	typ = self.tagtype[tag]
	size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
	self[tag] = handler(self, data, self.legacy_api) # check type
	val = self._tags_v2[tag]
	if self.legacy_api and not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):
	val = (val,)
	return val

	def __contains__(self, tag: object) -> bool:
	return tag in self._tags_v2 or tag in self._tagdata

	def __setitem__(self, tag: int, value: Any) -> None:
	self._setitem(tag, value, self.legacy_api)

	def _setitem(self, tag: int, value: Any, legacy_api: bool) -> None:
	basetypes = (Number, bytes, str)

	info = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group)
	values = [value] if isinstance(value, basetypes) else value

	if tag not in self.tagtype:
	if info.type:
	self.tagtype[tag] = info.type
	else:
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.UNDEFINED
	if all(isinstance(v, IFDRational) for v in values):
	for v in values:
	assert isinstance(v, IFDRational)
	if v < 0:
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL
	break
	else:
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.RATIONAL
	elif all(isinstance(v, int) for v in values):
	short = True
	signed_short = True
	long = True
	for v in values:
	assert isinstance(v, int)
	if short and not (0 <= v < 2**16):
	short = False
	if signed_short and not (-(215) < v < 215):
	signed_short = False
	if long and v < 0:
	long = False
	if short:
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SHORT
	elif signed_short:
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT
	elif long:
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.LONG
	else:
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG
	elif all(isinstance(v, float) for v in values):
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.DOUBLE
	elif all(isinstance(v, str) for v in values):
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.ASCII
	elif all(isinstance(v, bytes) for v in values):
	self.tagtype[tag] = TiffTags.BYTE

	if self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.UNDEFINED:
	values = [
	v.encode("ascii", "replace") if isinstance(v, str) else v
	for v in values
	]
	elif self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.RATIONAL:
	values = [float(v) if isinstance(v, int) else v for v in values]

	is_ifd = self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(values, dict)
	if not is_ifd:
	values = tuple(
	info.cvt_enum(value) if isinstance(value, str) else value
	for value in values
	)

	dest = self._tags_v1 if legacy_api else self._tags_v2

	# Three branches:
	# Spec'd length == 1, Actual length 1, store as element
	# Spec'd length == 1, Actual > 1, Warn and truncate. Formerly barfed.
	# No Spec, Actual length 1, Formerly (<4.2) returned a 1 element tuple.
	# Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.
	if not is_ifd and (
	(info.length == 1)
	or self.tagtype[tag] == TiffTags.BYTE
	or (info.length is None and len(values) == 1 and not legacy_api)
	):
	# Don't mess with the legacy api, since it's frozen.
	if legacy_api and self.tagtype[tag] in [
	TiffTags.RATIONAL,
	TiffTags.SIGNED_RATIONAL,
	]: # rationals
	values = (values,)
	try:
	(dest[tag],) = values
	except ValueError:
	# We've got a builtin tag with 1 expected entry
	warnings.warn(
	f"Metadata Warning, tag {tag} had too many entries: "
	f"{len(values)}, expected 1"
	)
	dest[tag] = values[0]

	else:
	# Spec'd length > 1 or undefined
	# Unspec'd, and length > 1
	dest[tag] = values

	def __delitem__(self, tag: int) -> None:
	self._tags_v2.pop(tag, None)
	self._tags_v1.pop(tag, None)
	self._tagdata.pop(tag, None)

	def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[int]:
	return iter(set(self._tagdata) \| set(self._tags_v2))

	def _unpack(self, fmt: str, data: bytes) -> tuple[Any, ...]:
	return struct.unpack(self._endian + fmt, data)

	def _pack(self, fmt: str, *values: Any) -> bytes:
	return struct.pack(self._endian + fmt, *values)

	list(
	map(
	_register_basic,
	[
	(TiffTags.SHORT, "H", "short"),
	(TiffTags.LONG, "L", "long"),
	(TiffTags.SIGNED_BYTE, "b", "signed byte"),
	(TiffTags.SIGNED_SHORT, "h", "signed short"),
	(TiffTags.SIGNED_LONG, "l", "signed long"),
	(TiffTags.FLOAT, "f", "float"),
	(TiffTags.DOUBLE, "d", "double"),
	(TiffTags.IFD, "L", "long"),
	(TiffTags.LONG8, "Q", "long8"),
	],
	)
	)

	@_register_loader(1, 1) # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
	def load_byte(self, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True) -> bytes:
	return data

	@_register_writer(1) # Basic type, except for the legacy API.
	def write_byte(self, data: bytes \| int \| IFDRational) -> bytes:
	if isinstance(data, IFDRational):
	data = int(data)
	if isinstance(data, int):
	data = bytes((data,))
	return data

	@_register_loader(2, 1)
	def load_string(self, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True) -> str:
	if data.endswith(b"\0"):
	data = data[:-1]
	return data.decode("latin-1", "replace")

	@_register_writer(2)
	def write_string(self, value: str \| bytes \| int) -> bytes:
	# remerge of https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/1416
	if isinstance(value, int):
	value = str(value)
	if not isinstance(value, bytes):
	value = value.encode("ascii", "replace")
	return value + b"\0"

	@_register_loader(5, 8)
	def load_rational(
	self, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True
	) -> tuple[tuple[int, int] \| IFDRational, ...]:
	vals = self._unpack(f"{len(data) // 4}L", data)

	def combine(a: int, b: int) -> tuple[int, int] \| IFDRational:
	return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)

	return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))

	@_register_writer(5)
	def write_rational(self, *values: IFDRational) -> bytes:
	return b"".join(
	self._pack("2L", _limit_rational(frac, 2*32 - 1)) for frac in values
	)

	@_register_loader(7, 1)
	def load_undefined(self, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True) -> bytes:
	return data

	@_register_writer(7)
	def write_undefined(self, value: bytes \| int \| IFDRational) -> bytes:
	if isinstance(value, IFDRational):
	value = int(value)
	if isinstance(value, int):
	value = str(value).encode("ascii", "replace")
	return value

	@_register_loader(10, 8)
	def load_signed_rational(
	self, data: bytes, legacy_api: bool = True
	) -> tuple[tuple[int, int] \| IFDRational, ...]:
	vals = self._unpack(f"{len(data) // 4}l", data)

	def combine(a: int, b: int) -> tuple[int, int] \| IFDRational:
	return (a, b) if legacy_api else IFDRational(a, b)

	return tuple(combine(num, denom) for num, denom in zip(vals[::2], vals[1::2]))

	@_register_writer(10)
	def write_signed_rational(self, *values: IFDRational) -> bytes:
	return b"".join(
	self._pack("2l", _limit_signed_rational(frac, 231 - 1, -(2*31)))
	for frac in values
	)

	def _ensure_read(self, fp: IO[bytes], size: int) -> bytes:
	ret = fp.read(size)
	if len(ret) != size:
	msg = (
	"Corrupt EXIF data. "
	f"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(ret)}. "
	)
	raise OSError(msg)
	return ret

	def load(self, fp: IO[bytes]) -> None:
	self.reset()
	self._offset = fp.tell()

	try:
	tag_count = (
	self._unpack("Q", self._ensure_read(fp, 8))
	if self._bigtiff
	else self._unpack("H", self._ensure_read(fp, 2))
	)[0]
	for i in range(tag_count):
	tag, typ, count, data = (
	self._unpack("HHQ8s", self._ensure_read(fp, 20))
	if self._bigtiff
	else self._unpack("HHL4s", self._ensure_read(fp, 12))
	)

	tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name
	typname = TYPES.get(typ, "unknown")
	msg = f"tag: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ})"

	try:
	unit_size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
	except KeyError:
	logger.debug("%s - unsupported type %s", msg, typ)
	continue # ignore unsupported type
	size = count * unit_size
	if size > (8 if self._bigtiff else 4):
	here = fp.tell()
	(offset,) = self._unpack("Q" if self._bigtiff else "L", data)
	msg += f" Tag Location: {here} - Data Location: {offset}"
	fp.seek(offset)
	data = ImageFile._safe_read(fp, size)
	fp.seek(here)
	else:
	data = data[:size]

	if len(data) != size:
	warnings.warn(
	"Possibly corrupt EXIF data. "
	f"Expecting to read {size} bytes but only got {len(data)}."
	f" Skipping tag {tag}"
	)
	logger.debug(msg)
	continue

	if not data:
	logger.debug(msg)
	continue

	self._tagdata[tag] = data
	self.tagtype[tag] = typ

	msg += " - value: "
	msg += f"<table: {size} bytes>" if size > 32 else repr(data)

	logger.debug(msg)

	(self.next,) = (
	self._unpack("Q", self._ensure_read(fp, 8))
	if self._bigtiff
	else self._unpack("L", self._ensure_read(fp, 4))
	)
	except OSError as msg:
	warnings.warn(str(msg))
	return

	def _get_ifh(self) -> bytes:
	ifh = self._prefix + self._pack("H", 43 if self._bigtiff else 42)
	if self._bigtiff:
	ifh += self._pack("HH", 8, 0)
	ifh += self._pack("Q", 16) if self._bigtiff else self._pack("L", 8)

	return ifh

	def tobytes(self, offset: int = 0) -> bytes:
	# FIXME What about tagdata?
	result = self._pack("Q" if self._bigtiff else "H", len(self._tags_v2))

	entries: list[tuple[int, int, int, bytes, bytes]] = []

	fmt = "Q" if self._bigtiff else "L"
	fmt_size = 8 if self._bigtiff else 4
	offset += (
	len(result) + len(self._tags_v2) * (20 if self._bigtiff else 12) + fmt_size
	)
	stripoffsets = None

	# pass 1: convert tags to binary format
	# always write tags in ascending order
	for tag, value in sorted(self._tags_v2.items()):
	if tag == STRIPOFFSETS:
	stripoffsets = len(entries)
	typ = self.tagtype[tag]
	logger.debug("Tag %s, Type: %s, Value: %s", tag, typ, repr(value))
	is_ifd = typ == TiffTags.LONG and isinstance(value, dict)
	if is_ifd:
	ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(self._get_ifh(), group=tag)
	values = self._tags_v2[tag]
	for ifd_tag, ifd_value in values.items():
	ifd[ifd_tag] = ifd_value
	data = ifd.tobytes(offset)
	else:
	values = value if isinstance(value, tuple) else (value,)
	data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)

	tagname = TiffTags.lookup(tag, self.group).name
	typname = "ifd" if is_ifd else TYPES.get(typ, "unknown")
	msg = f"save: {tagname} ({tag}) - type: {typname} ({typ}) - value: "
	msg += f"<table: {len(data)} bytes>" if len(data) >= 16 else str(values)
	logger.debug(msg)

	# count is sum of lengths for string and arbitrary data
	if is_ifd:
	count = 1
	elif typ in [TiffTags.BYTE, TiffTags.ASCII, TiffTags.UNDEFINED]:
	count = len(data)
	else:
	count = len(values)
	# figure out if data fits into the entry
	if len(data) <= fmt_size:
	entries.append((tag, typ, count, data.ljust(fmt_size, b"\0"), b""))
	else:
	entries.append((tag, typ, count, self._pack(fmt, offset), data))
	offset += (len(data) + 1) // 2 * 2 # pad to word

	# update strip offset data to point beyond auxiliary data
	if stripoffsets is not None:
	tag, typ, count, value, data = entries[stripoffsets]
	if data:
	size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
	values = [val + offset for val in handler(self, data, self.legacy_api)]
	data = self._write_dispatch[typ](self, *values)
	else:
	value = self._pack(fmt, self._unpack(fmt, value)[0] + offset)
	entries[stripoffsets] = tag, typ, count, value, data

	# pass 2: write entries to file
	for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:
	logger.debug("%s %s %s %s %s", tag, typ, count, repr(value), repr(data))
	result += self._pack(
	"HHQ8s" if self._bigtiff else "HHL4s", tag, typ, count, value
	)

	# -- overwrite here for multi-page --
	result += self._pack(fmt, 0) # end of entries

	# pass 3: write auxiliary data to file
	for tag, typ, count, value, data in entries:
	result += data
	if len(data) & 1:
	result += b"\0"

	return result

	def save(self, fp: IO[bytes]) -> int:
	if fp.tell() == 0: # skip TIFF header on subsequent pages
	fp.write(self._get_ifh())

	offset = fp.tell()
	result = self.tobytes(offset)
	fp.write(result)
	return offset + len(result)


	ImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch = _load_dispatch
	ImageFileDirectory_v2._write_dispatch = _write_dispatch
	for idx, name in TYPES.items():
	name = name.replace(" ", "_")
	setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, f"load_{name}", _load_dispatch[idx][1])
	setattr(ImageFileDirectory_v2, f"write_{name}", _write_dispatch[idx])
	del _load_dispatch, _write_dispatch, idx, name


	# Legacy ImageFileDirectory support.
	class ImageFileDirectory_v1(ImageFileDirectory_v2):
	"""This class represents the legacy interface to a TIFF tag directory.

	Exposes a dictionary interface of the tags in the directory::

	ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1()
	ifd[key] = 'Some Data'
	ifd.tagtype[key] = TiffTags.ASCII
	print(ifd[key])
	('Some Data',)

	Also contains a dictionary of tag types as read from the tiff image file,
	:attr:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1.tagtype`.

	Values are returned as a tuple.

	.. deprecated:: 3.0.0
	"""

	def __init__(self, args: Any, *kwargs: Any) -> None:
	super().__init__(args, *kwargs)
	self._legacy_api = True

	tags = property(lambda self: self._tags_v1)
	tagdata = property(lambda self: self._tagdata)

	# defined in ImageFileDirectory_v2
	tagtype: dict[int, int]
	"""Dictionary of tag types"""

	@classmethod
	def from_v2(cls, original: ImageFileDirectory_v2) -> ImageFileDirectory_v1:
	"""Returns an
	:py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`
	instance with the same data as is contained in the original
	:py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`
	instance.

	:returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`

	"""

	ifd = cls(prefix=original.prefix)
	ifd._tagdata = original._tagdata
	ifd.tagtype = original.tagtype
	ifd.next = original.next # an indicator for multipage tiffs
	return ifd

	def to_v2(self) -> ImageFileDirectory_v2:
	"""Returns an
	:py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`
	instance with the same data as is contained in the original
	:py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1`
	instance.

	:returns: :py:class:`~PIL.TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2`

	"""

	ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=self.prefix)
	ifd._tagdata = dict(self._tagdata)
	ifd.tagtype = dict(self.tagtype)
	ifd._tags_v2 = dict(self._tags_v2)
	return ifd

	def __contains__(self, tag: object) -> bool:
	return tag in self._tags_v1 or tag in self._tagdata

	def __len__(self) -> int:
	return len(set(self._tagdata) \| set(self._tags_v1))

	def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[int]:
	return iter(set(self._tagdata) \| set(self._tags_v1))

	def __setitem__(self, tag: int, value: Any) -> None:
	for legacy_api in (False, True):
	self._setitem(tag, value, legacy_api)

	def __getitem__(self, tag: int) -> Any:
	if tag not in self._tags_v1: # unpack on the fly
	data = self._tagdata[tag]
	typ = self.tagtype[tag]
	size, handler = self._load_dispatch[typ]
	for legacy in (False, True):
	self._setitem(tag, handler(self, data, legacy), legacy)
	val = self._tags_v1[tag]
	if not isinstance(val, (tuple, bytes)):
	val = (val,)
	return val


	# undone -- switch this pointer
	ImageFileDirectory = ImageFileDirectory_v1


	##
	# Image plugin for TIFF files.


	class TiffImageFile(ImageFile.ImageFile):
	format = "TIFF"
	format_description = "Adobe TIFF"
	_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = False

	def __init__(
	self,
	fp: StrOrBytesPath \| IO[bytes],
	filename: str \| bytes \| None = None,
	) -> None:
	self.tag_v2: ImageFileDirectory_v2
	""" Image file directory (tag dictionary) """

	self.tag: ImageFileDirectory_v1
	""" Legacy tag entries """

	super().__init__(fp, filename)

	def _open(self) -> None:
	"""Open the first image in a TIFF file"""

	# Header
	assert self.fp is not None
	ifh = self.fp.read(8)
	if ifh[2] == 43:
	ifh += self.fp.read(8)

	self.tag_v2 = ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh)

	# setup frame pointers
	self.__first = self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
	self.__frame = -1
	self._fp = self.fp
	self._frame_pos: list[int] = []
	self._n_frames: int \| None = None

	logger.debug("* TiffImageFile._open *")
	logger.debug("- __first: %s", self.__first)
	logger.debug("- ifh: %s", repr(ifh)) # Use repr to avoid str(bytes)

	# and load the first frame
	self._seek(0)

	@property
	def n_frames(self) -> int:
	current_n_frames = self._n_frames
	if current_n_frames is None:
	current = self.tell()
	self._seek(len(self._frame_pos))
	while self._n_frames is None:
	self._seek(self.tell() + 1)
	self.seek(current)
	assert self._n_frames is not None
	return self._n_frames

	def seek(self, frame: int) -> None:
	"""Select a given frame as current image"""
	if not self._seek_check(frame):
	return
	self._seek(frame)
	if self._im is not None and (
	self.im.size != self._tile_size
	or self.im.mode != self.mode
	or self.readonly
	):
	self._im = None

	def _seek(self, frame: int) -> None:
	if isinstance(self._fp, DeferredError):
	raise self._fp.ex
	self.fp = self._fp

	while len(self._frame_pos) <= frame:
	if not self.__next:
	msg = "no more images in TIFF file"
	raise EOFError(msg)
	logger.debug(
	"Seeking to frame %s, on frame %s, __next %s, location: %s",
	frame,
	self.__frame,
	self.__next,
	self.fp.tell(),
	)
	if self.__next >= 2**63:
	msg = "Unable to seek to frame"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	self.fp.seek(self.__next)
	self._frame_pos.append(self.__next)
	logger.debug("Loading tags, location: %s", self.fp.tell())
	self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)
	if self.tag_v2.next in self._frame_pos:
	# This IFD has already been processed
	# Declare this to be the end of the image
	self.__next = 0
	else:
	self.__next = self.tag_v2.next
	if self.__next == 0:
	self._n_frames = frame + 1
	if len(self._frame_pos) == 1:
	self.is_animated = self.__next != 0
	self.__frame += 1
	self.fp.seek(self._frame_pos[frame])
	self.tag_v2.load(self.fp)
	if XMP in self.tag_v2:
	xmp = self.tag_v2[XMP]
	if isinstance(xmp, tuple) and len(xmp) == 1:
	xmp = xmp[0]
	self.info["xmp"] = xmp
	elif "xmp" in self.info:
	del self.info["xmp"]
	self._reload_exif()
	# fill the legacy tag/ifd entries
	self.tag = self.ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v1.from_v2(self.tag_v2)
	self.__frame = frame
	self._setup()

	def tell(self) -> int:
	"""Return the current frame number"""
	return self.__frame

	def get_photoshop_blocks(self) -> dict[int, dict[str, bytes]]:
	"""
	Returns a dictionary of Photoshop "Image Resource Blocks".
	The keys are the image resource ID. For more information, see
	https://www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/#50577409_pgfId-1037727

	:returns: Photoshop "Image Resource Blocks" in a dictionary.
	"""
	blocks = {}
	val = self.tag_v2.get(ExifTags.Base.ImageResources)
	if val:
	while val.startswith(b"8BIM"):
	id = i16(val[4:6])
	n = math.ceil((val[6] + 1) / 2) * 2
	size = i32(val[6 + n : 10 + n])
	data = val[10 + n : 10 + n + size]
	blocks[id] = {"data": data}

	val = val[math.ceil((10 + n + size) / 2) * 2 :]
	return blocks

	def load(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess \| None:
	if self.tile and self.use_load_libtiff:
	return self._load_libtiff()
	return super().load()

	def load_prepare(self) -> None:
	if self._im is None:
	Image._decompression_bomb_check(self._tile_size)
	self.im = Image.core.new(self.mode, self._tile_size)
	ImageFile.ImageFile.load_prepare(self)

	def load_end(self) -> None:
	# allow closing if we're on the first frame, there's no next
	# This is the ImageFile.load path only, libtiff specific below.
	if not self.is_animated:
	self._close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True

	# load IFD data from fp before it is closed
	exif = self.getexif()
	for key in TiffTags.TAGS_V2_GROUPS:
	if key not in exif:
	continue
	exif.get_ifd(key)

	ImageOps.exif_transpose(self, in_place=True)
	if ExifTags.Base.Orientation in self.tag_v2:
	del self.tag_v2[ExifTags.Base.Orientation]

	def _load_libtiff(self) -> Image.core.PixelAccess \| None:
	"""Overload method triggered when we detect a compressed tiff
	Calls out to libtiff"""

	Image.Image.load(self)

	self.load_prepare()

	if not len(self.tile) == 1:
	msg = "Not exactly one tile"
	raise OSError(msg)

	# (self._compression, (extents tuple),
	# 0, (rawmode, self._compression, fp))
	extents = self.tile[0][1]
	args = self.tile[0][3]

	# To be nice on memory footprint, if there's a
	# file descriptor, use that instead of reading
	# into a string in python.
	assert self.fp is not None
	try:
	fp = hasattr(self.fp, "fileno") and self.fp.fileno()
	# flush the file descriptor, prevents error on pypy 2.4+
	# should also eliminate the need for fp.tell
	# in _seek
	if hasattr(self.fp, "flush"):
	self.fp.flush()
	except OSError:
	# io.BytesIO have a fileno, but returns an OSError if
	# it doesn't use a file descriptor.
	fp = False

	if fp:
	assert isinstance(args, tuple)
	args_list = list(args)
	args_list[2] = fp
	args = tuple(args_list)

	decoder = Image._getdecoder(self.mode, "libtiff", args, self.decoderconfig)
	try:
	decoder.setimage(self.im, extents)
	except ValueError as e:
	msg = "Couldn't set the image"
	raise OSError(msg) from e

	close_self_fp = self._exclusive_fp and not self.is_animated
	if hasattr(self.fp, "getvalue"):
	# We've got a stringio like thing passed in. Yay for all in memory.
	# The decoder needs the entire file in one shot, so there's not
	# a lot we can do here other than give it the entire file.
	# unless we could do something like get the address of the
	# underlying string for stringio.
	#
	# Rearranging for supporting byteio items, since they have a fileno
	# that returns an OSError if there's no underlying fp. Easier to
	# deal with here by reordering.
	logger.debug("have getvalue. just sending in a string from getvalue")
	n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.getvalue())
	elif fp:
	# we've got a actual file on disk, pass in the fp.
	logger.debug("have fileno, calling fileno version of the decoder.")
	if not close_self_fp:
	self.fp.seek(0)
	# Save and restore the file position, because libtiff will move it
	# outside of the Python runtime, and that will confuse
	# io.BufferedReader and possible others.
	# NOTE: This must use os.lseek(), and not fp.tell()/fp.seek(),
	# because the buffer read head already may not equal the actual
	# file position, and fp.seek() may just adjust it's internal
	# pointer and not actually seek the OS file handle.
	pos = os.lseek(fp, 0, os.SEEK_CUR)
	# 4 bytes, otherwise the trace might error out
	n, err = decoder.decode(b"fpfp")
	os.lseek(fp, pos, os.SEEK_SET)
	else:
	# we have something else.
	logger.debug("don't have fileno or getvalue. just reading")
	self.fp.seek(0)
	# UNDONE -- so much for that buffer size thing.
	n, err = decoder.decode(self.fp.read())

	self.tile = []
	self.readonly = 0

	self.load_end()

	if close_self_fp:
	self.fp.close()
	self.fp = None # might be shared

	if err < 0:
	msg = f"decoder error {err}"
	raise OSError(msg)

	return Image.Image.load(self)

	def _setup(self) -> None:
	"""Setup this image object based on current tags"""

	if 0xBC01 in self.tag_v2:
	msg = "Windows Media Photo files not yet supported"
	raise OSError(msg)

	# extract relevant tags
	self._compression = COMPRESSION_INFO[self.tag_v2.get(COMPRESSION, 1)]
	self._planar_configuration = self.tag_v2.get(PLANAR_CONFIGURATION, 1)

	# photometric is a required tag, but not everyone is reading
	# the specification
	photo = self.tag_v2.get(PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, 0)

	# old style jpeg compression images most certainly are YCbCr
	if self._compression == "tiff_jpeg":
	photo = 6

	fillorder = self.tag_v2.get(FILLORDER, 1)

	logger.debug("* Summary *")
	logger.debug("- compression: %s", self._compression)
	logger.debug("- photometric_interpretation: %s", photo)
	logger.debug("- planar_configuration: %s", self._planar_configuration)
	logger.debug("- fill_order: %s", fillorder)
	logger.debug("- YCbCr subsampling: %s", self.tag_v2.get(YCBCRSUBSAMPLING))

	# size
	try:
	xsize = self.tag_v2[IMAGEWIDTH]
	ysize = self.tag_v2[IMAGELENGTH]
	except KeyError as e:
	msg = "Missing dimensions"
	raise TypeError(msg) from e
	if not isinstance(xsize, int) or not isinstance(ysize, int):
	msg = "Invalid dimensions"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	self._tile_size = xsize, ysize
	orientation = self.tag_v2.get(ExifTags.Base.Orientation)
	if orientation in (5, 6, 7, 8):
	self._size = ysize, xsize
	else:
	self._size = xsize, ysize

	logger.debug("- size: %s", self.size)

	sample_format = self.tag_v2.get(SAMPLEFORMAT, (1,))
	if len(sample_format) > 1 and max(sample_format) == min(sample_format) == 1:
	# SAMPLEFORMAT is properly per band, so an RGB image will
	# be (1,1,1). But, we don't support per band pixel types,
	# and anything more than one band is a uint8. So, just
	# take the first element. Revisit this if adding support
	# for more exotic images.
	sample_format = (1,)

	bps_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(BITSPERSAMPLE, (1,))
	extra_tuple = self.tag_v2.get(EXTRASAMPLES, ())
	if photo in (2, 6, 8): # RGB, YCbCr, LAB
	bps_count = 3
	elif photo == 5: # CMYK
	bps_count = 4
	else:
	bps_count = 1
	bps_count += len(extra_tuple)
	bps_actual_count = len(bps_tuple)
	samples_per_pixel = self.tag_v2.get(
	SAMPLESPERPIXEL,
	3 if self._compression == "tiff_jpeg" and photo in (2, 6) else 1,
	)

	if samples_per_pixel > MAX_SAMPLESPERPIXEL:
	# DOS check, samples_per_pixel can be a Long, and we extend the tuple below
	logger.error(
	"More samples per pixel than can be decoded: %s", samples_per_pixel
	)
	msg = "Invalid value for samples per pixel"
	raise SyntaxError(msg)

	if samples_per_pixel < bps_actual_count:
	# If a file has more values in bps_tuple than expected,
	# remove the excess.
	bps_tuple = bps_tuple[:samples_per_pixel]
	elif samples_per_pixel > bps_actual_count and bps_actual_count == 1:
	# If a file has only one value in bps_tuple, when it should have more,
	# presume it is the same number of bits for all of the samples.
	bps_tuple = bps_tuple * samples_per_pixel

	if len(bps_tuple) != samples_per_pixel:
	msg = "unknown data organization"
	raise SyntaxError(msg)

	# mode: check photometric interpretation and bits per pixel
	key = (
	self.tag_v2.prefix,
	photo,
	sample_format,
	fillorder,
	bps_tuple,
	extra_tuple,
	)
	logger.debug("format key: %s", key)
	try:
	self._mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]
	except KeyError as e:
	logger.debug("- unsupported format")
	msg = "unknown pixel mode"
	raise SyntaxError(msg) from e

	logger.debug("- raw mode: %s", rawmode)
	logger.debug("- pil mode: %s", self.mode)

	self.info["compression"] = self._compression

	xres = self.tag_v2.get(X_RESOLUTION, 1)
	yres = self.tag_v2.get(Y_RESOLUTION, 1)

	if xres and yres:
	resunit = self.tag_v2.get(RESOLUTION_UNIT)
	if resunit == 2: # dots per inch
	self.info["dpi"] = (xres, yres)
	elif resunit == 3: # dots per centimeter. convert to dpi
	self.info["dpi"] = (xres * 2.54, yres * 2.54)
	elif resunit is None: # used to default to 1, but now 2)
	self.info["dpi"] = (xres, yres)
	# For backward compatibility,
	# we also preserve the old behavior
	self.info["resolution"] = xres, yres
	else: # No absolute unit of measurement
	self.info["resolution"] = xres, yres

	# build tile descriptors
	x = y = layer = 0
	self.tile = []
	self.use_load_libtiff = READ_LIBTIFF or self._compression != "raw"
	if self.use_load_libtiff:
	# Decoder expects entire file as one tile.
	# There's a buffer size limit in load (64k)
	# so large g4 images will fail if we use that
	# function.
	#
	# Setup the one tile for the whole image, then
	# use the _load_libtiff function.

	# libtiff handles the fillmode for us, so 1;IR should
	# actually be 1;I. Including the R double reverses the
	# bits, so stripes of the image are reversed. See
	# https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/279
	if fillorder == 2:
	# Replace fillorder with fillorder=1
	key = key[:3] + (1,) + key[4:]
	logger.debug("format key: %s", key)
	# this should always work, since all the
	# fillorder==2 modes have a corresponding
	# fillorder=1 mode
	self._mode, rawmode = OPEN_INFO[key]
	# YCbCr images with new jpeg compression with pixels in one plane
	# unpacked straight into RGB values
	if (
	photo == 6
	and self._compression == "jpeg"
	and self._planar_configuration == 1
	):
	rawmode = "RGB"
	# libtiff always returns the bytes in native order.
	# we're expecting image byte order. So, if the rawmode
	# contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image
	# byte order.
	elif rawmode == "I;16":
	rawmode = "I;16N"
	elif rawmode.endswith((";16B", ";16L")):
	rawmode = rawmode[:-1] + "N"

	# Offset in the tile tuple is 0, we go from 0,0 to
	# w,h, and we only do this once -- eds
	a = (rawmode, self._compression, False, self.tag_v2.offset)
	self.tile.append(ImageFile._Tile("libtiff", (0, 0, xsize, ysize), 0, a))

	elif STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2 or TILEOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:
	# striped image
	if STRIPOFFSETS in self.tag_v2:
	offsets = self.tag_v2[STRIPOFFSETS]
	h = self.tag_v2.get(ROWSPERSTRIP, ysize)
	w = xsize
	else:
	# tiled image
	offsets = self.tag_v2[TILEOFFSETS]
	tilewidth = self.tag_v2.get(TILEWIDTH)
	h = self.tag_v2.get(TILELENGTH)
	if not isinstance(tilewidth, int) or not isinstance(h, int):
	msg = "Invalid tile dimensions"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	w = tilewidth

	if w == xsize and h == ysize and self._planar_configuration != 2:
	# Every tile covers the image. Only use the last offset
	offsets = offsets[-1:]

	for offset in offsets:
	if x + w > xsize:
	stride = w * sum(bps_tuple) / 8 # bytes per line
	else:
	stride = 0

	tile_rawmode = rawmode
	if self._planar_configuration == 2:
	# each band on it's own layer
	tile_rawmode = rawmode[layer]
	# adjust stride width accordingly
	stride /= bps_count

	args = (tile_rawmode, int(stride), 1)
	self.tile.append(
	ImageFile._Tile(
	self._compression,
	(x, y, min(x + w, xsize), min(y + h, ysize)),
	offset,
	args,
	)
	)
	x += w
	if x >= xsize:
	x, y = 0, y + h
	if y >= ysize:
	y = 0
	layer += 1
	else:
	logger.debug("- unsupported data organization")
	msg = "unknown data organization"
	raise SyntaxError(msg)

	# Fix up info.
	if ICCPROFILE in self.tag_v2:
	self.info["icc_profile"] = self.tag_v2[ICCPROFILE]

	# fixup palette descriptor

	if self.mode in ["P", "PA"]:
	palette = [o8(b // 256) for b in self.tag_v2[COLORMAP]]
	self.palette = ImagePalette.raw("RGB;L", b"".join(palette))


	#
	# --------------------------------------------------------------------
	# Write TIFF files

	# little endian is default except for image modes with
	# explicit big endian byte-order

	SAVE_INFO = {
	# mode => rawmode, byteorder, photometrics,
	# sampleformat, bitspersample, extra
	"1": ("1", II, 1, 1, (1,), None),
	"L": ("L", II, 1, 1, (8,), None),
	"LA": ("LA", II, 1, 1, (8, 8), 2),
	"P": ("P", II, 3, 1, (8,), None),
	"PA": ("PA", II, 3, 1, (8, 8), 2),
	"I": ("I;32S", II, 1, 2, (32,), None),
	"I;16": ("I;16", II, 1, 1, (16,), None),
	"I;16L": ("I;16L", II, 1, 1, (16,), None),
	"F": ("F;32F", II, 1, 3, (32,), None),
	"RGB": ("RGB", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
	"RGBX": ("RGBX", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 0),
	"RGBA": ("RGBA", II, 2, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), 2),
	"CMYK": ("CMYK", II, 5, 1, (8, 8, 8, 8), None),
	"YCbCr": ("YCbCr", II, 6, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
	"LAB": ("LAB", II, 8, 1, (8, 8, 8), None),
	"I;16B": ("I;16B", MM, 1, 1, (16,), None),
	}


	def _save(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str \| bytes) -> None:
	try:
	rawmode, prefix, photo, format, bits, extra = SAVE_INFO[im.mode]
	except KeyError as e:
	msg = f"cannot write mode {im.mode} as TIFF"
	raise OSError(msg) from e

	encoderinfo = im.encoderinfo
	encoderconfig = im.encoderconfig

	ifd = ImageFileDirectory_v2(prefix=prefix)
	if encoderinfo.get("big_tiff"):
	ifd._bigtiff = True

	try:
	compression = encoderinfo["compression"]
	except KeyError:
	compression = im.info.get("compression")
	if isinstance(compression, int):
	# compression value may be from BMP. Ignore it
	compression = None
	if compression is None:
	compression = "raw"
	elif compression == "tiff_jpeg":
	# OJPEG is obsolete, so use new-style JPEG compression instead
	compression = "jpeg"
	elif compression == "tiff_deflate":
	compression = "tiff_adobe_deflate"

	libtiff = WRITE_LIBTIFF or compression != "raw"

	# required for color libtiff images
	ifd[PLANAR_CONFIGURATION] = 1

	ifd[IMAGEWIDTH] = im.size[0]
	ifd[IMAGELENGTH] = im.size[1]

	# write any arbitrary tags passed in as an ImageFileDirectory
	if "tiffinfo" in encoderinfo:
	info = encoderinfo["tiffinfo"]
	elif "exif" in encoderinfo:
	info = encoderinfo["exif"]
	if isinstance(info, bytes):
	exif = Image.Exif()
	exif.load(info)
	info = exif
	else:
	info = {}
	logger.debug("Tiffinfo Keys: %s", list(info))
	if isinstance(info, ImageFileDirectory_v1):
	info = info.to_v2()
	for key in info:
	if isinstance(info, Image.Exif) and key in TiffTags.TAGS_V2_GROUPS:
	ifd[key] = info.get_ifd(key)
	else:
	ifd[key] = info.get(key)
	try:
	ifd.tagtype[key] = info.tagtype[key]
	except Exception:
	pass # might not be an IFD. Might not have populated type

	legacy_ifd = {}
	if hasattr(im, "tag"):
	legacy_ifd = im.tag.to_v2()

	supplied_tags = {legacy_ifd, getattr(im, "tag_v2", {})}
	for tag in (
	# IFD offset that may not be correct in the saved image
	EXIFIFD,
	# Determined by the image format and should not be copied from legacy_ifd.
	SAMPLEFORMAT,
	):
	if tag in supplied_tags:
	del supplied_tags[tag]

	# additions written by Greg Couch, gregc@cgl.ucsf.edu
	# inspired by image-sig posting from Kevin Cazabon, kcazabon@home.com
	if hasattr(im, "tag_v2"):
	# preserve tags from original TIFF image file
	for key in (
	RESOLUTION_UNIT,
	X_RESOLUTION,
	Y_RESOLUTION,
	IPTC_NAA_CHUNK,
	PHOTOSHOP_CHUNK,
	XMP,
	):
	if key in im.tag_v2:
	if key == IPTC_NAA_CHUNK and im.tag_v2.tagtype[key] not in (
	TiffTags.BYTE,
	TiffTags.UNDEFINED,
	):
	del supplied_tags[key]
	else:
	ifd[key] = im.tag_v2[key]
	ifd.tagtype[key] = im.tag_v2.tagtype[key]

	# preserve ICC profile (should also work when saving other formats
	# which support profiles as TIFF) -- 2008-06-06 Florian Hoech
	icc = encoderinfo.get("icc_profile", im.info.get("icc_profile"))
	if icc:
	ifd[ICCPROFILE] = icc

	for key, name in [
	(IMAGEDESCRIPTION, "description"),
	(X_RESOLUTION, "resolution"),
	(Y_RESOLUTION, "resolution"),
	(X_RESOLUTION, "x_resolution"),
	(Y_RESOLUTION, "y_resolution"),
	(RESOLUTION_UNIT, "resolution_unit"),
	(SOFTWARE, "software"),
	(DATE_TIME, "date_time"),
	(ARTIST, "artist"),
	(COPYRIGHT, "copyright"),
	]:
	if name in encoderinfo:
	ifd[key] = encoderinfo[name]

	dpi = encoderinfo.get("dpi")
	if dpi:
	ifd[RESOLUTION_UNIT] = 2
	ifd[X_RESOLUTION] = dpi[0]
	ifd[Y_RESOLUTION] = dpi[1]

	if bits != (1,):
	ifd[BITSPERSAMPLE] = bits
	if len(bits) != 1:
	ifd[SAMPLESPERPIXEL] = len(bits)
	if extra is not None:
	ifd[EXTRASAMPLES] = extra
	if format != 1:
	ifd[SAMPLEFORMAT] = format

	if PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION not in ifd:
	ifd[PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION] = photo
	elif im.mode in ("1", "L") and ifd[PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION] == 0:
	if im.mode == "1":
	inverted_im = im.copy()
	px = inverted_im.load()
	if px is not None:
	for y in range(inverted_im.height):
	for x in range(inverted_im.width):
	px[x, y] = 0 if px[x, y] == 255 else 255
	im = inverted_im
	else:
	im = ImageOps.invert(im)

	if im.mode in ["P", "PA"]:
	lut = im.im.getpalette("RGB", "RGB;L")
	colormap = []
	colors = len(lut) // 3
	for i in range(3):
	colormap += [v * 256 for v in lut[colors * i : colors * (i + 1)]]
	colormap += [0] * (256 - colors)
	ifd[COLORMAP] = colormap
	# data orientation
	w, h = ifd[IMAGEWIDTH], ifd[IMAGELENGTH]
	stride = len(bits) * ((w * bits[0] + 7) // 8)
	if ROWSPERSTRIP not in ifd:
	# aim for given strip size (64 KB by default) when using libtiff writer
	if libtiff:
	im_strip_size = encoderinfo.get("strip_size", STRIP_SIZE)
	rows_per_strip = 1 if stride == 0 else min(im_strip_size // stride, h)
	# JPEG encoder expects multiple of 8 rows
	if compression == "jpeg":
	rows_per_strip = min(((rows_per_strip + 7) // 8) * 8, h)
	else:
	rows_per_strip = h
	if rows_per_strip == 0:
	rows_per_strip = 1
	ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP] = rows_per_strip
	strip_byte_counts = 1 if stride == 0 else stride * ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP]
	strips_per_image = (h + ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP] - 1) // ifd[ROWSPERSTRIP]
	if strip_byte_counts >= 2**16:
	ifd.tagtype[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = TiffTags.LONG
	ifd[STRIPBYTECOUNTS] = (strip_byte_counts,) * (strips_per_image - 1) + (
	stride * h - strip_byte_counts * (strips_per_image - 1),
	)
	ifd[STRIPOFFSETS] = tuple(
	range(0, strip_byte_counts * strips_per_image, strip_byte_counts)
	) # this is adjusted by IFD writer
	# no compression by default:
	ifd[COMPRESSION] = COMPRESSION_INFO_REV.get(compression, 1)

	if im.mode == "YCbCr":
	for tag, default_value in {
	YCBCRSUBSAMPLING: (1, 1),
	REFERENCEBLACKWHITE: (0, 255, 128, 255, 128, 255),
	}.items():
	ifd.setdefault(tag, default_value)

	blocklist = [TILEWIDTH, TILELENGTH, TILEOFFSETS, TILEBYTECOUNTS]
	if libtiff:
	if "quality" in encoderinfo:
	quality = encoderinfo["quality"]
	if not isinstance(quality, int) or quality < 0 or quality > 100:
	msg = "Invalid quality setting"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	if compression != "jpeg":
	msg = "quality setting only supported for 'jpeg' compression"
	raise ValueError(msg)
	ifd[JPEGQUALITY] = quality

	logger.debug("Saving using libtiff encoder")
	logger.debug("Items: %s", sorted(ifd.items()))
	_fp = 0
	if hasattr(fp, "fileno"):
	try:
	fp.seek(0)
	_fp = fp.fileno()
	except io.UnsupportedOperation:
	pass

	# optional types for non core tags
	types = {}
	# STRIPOFFSETS and STRIPBYTECOUNTS are added by the library
	# based on the data in the strip.
	# OSUBFILETYPE is deprecated.
	# The other tags expect arrays with a certain length (fixed or depending on
	# BITSPERSAMPLE, etc), passing arrays with a different length will result in
	# segfaults. Block these tags until we add extra validation.
	# SUBIFD may also cause a segfault.
	blocklist += [
	OSUBFILETYPE,
	REFERENCEBLACKWHITE,
	STRIPBYTECOUNTS,
	STRIPOFFSETS,
	TRANSFERFUNCTION,
	SUBIFD,
	]

	# bits per sample is a single short in the tiff directory, not a list.
	atts: dict[int, Any] = {BITSPERSAMPLE: bits[0]}
	# Merge the ones that we have with (optional) more bits from
	# the original file, e.g x,y resolution so that we can
	# save(load('')) == original file.
	for tag, value in itertools.chain(ifd.items(), supplied_tags.items()):
	# Libtiff can only process certain core items without adding
	# them to the custom dictionary.
	# Custom items are supported for int, float, unicode, string and byte
	# values. Other types and tuples require a tagtype.
	if tag not in TiffTags.LIBTIFF_CORE:
	if tag in TiffTags.TAGS_V2_GROUPS:
	types[tag] = TiffTags.LONG8
	elif tag in ifd.tagtype:
	types[tag] = ifd.tagtype[tag]
	elif isinstance(value, (int, float, str, bytes)) or (
	isinstance(value, tuple)
	and all(isinstance(v, (int, float, IFDRational)) for v in value)
	):
	type = TiffTags.lookup(tag).type
	if type:
	types[tag] = type
	if tag not in atts and tag not in blocklist:
	if isinstance(value, str):
	atts[tag] = value.encode("ascii", "replace") + b"\0"
	elif isinstance(value, IFDRational):
	atts[tag] = float(value)
	else:
	atts[tag] = value

	if SAMPLEFORMAT in atts and len(atts[SAMPLEFORMAT]) == 1:
	atts[SAMPLEFORMAT] = atts[SAMPLEFORMAT][0]

	logger.debug("Converted items: %s", sorted(atts.items()))

	# libtiff always expects the bytes in native order.
	# we're storing image byte order. So, if the rawmode
	# contains I;16, we need to convert from native to image
	# byte order.
	if im.mode in ("I;16", "I;16B", "I;16L"):
	rawmode = "I;16N"

	# Pass tags as sorted list so that the tags are set in a fixed order.
	# This is required by libtiff for some tags. For example, the JPEGQUALITY
	# pseudo tag requires that the COMPRESS tag was already set.
	tags = list(atts.items())
	tags.sort()
	a = (rawmode, compression, _fp, filename, tags, types)
	encoder = Image._getencoder(im.mode, "libtiff", a, encoderconfig)
	encoder.setimage(im.im, (0, 0) + im.size)
	while True:
	errcode, data = encoder.encode(ImageFile.MAXBLOCK)[1:]
	if not _fp:
	fp.write(data)
	if errcode:
	break
	if errcode < 0:
	msg = f"encoder error {errcode} when writing image file"
	raise OSError(msg)

	else:
	for tag in blocklist:
	del ifd[tag]
	offset = ifd.save(fp)

	ImageFile._save(
	im,
	fp,
	[ImageFile._Tile("raw", (0, 0) + im.size, offset, (rawmode, stride, 1))],
	)

	# -- helper for multi-page save --
	if "_debug_multipage" in encoderinfo:
	# just to access o32 and o16 (using correct byte order)
	setattr(im, "_debug_multipage", ifd)


	class AppendingTiffWriter(io.BytesIO):
	fieldSizes = [
	0, # None
	1, # byte
	1, # ascii
	2, # short
	4, # long
	8, # rational
	1, # sbyte
	1, # undefined
	2, # sshort
	4, # slong
	8, # srational
	4, # float
	8, # double
	4, # ifd
	2, # unicode
	4, # complex
	8, # long8
	]

	Tags = {
	273, # StripOffsets
	288, # FreeOffsets
	324, # TileOffsets
	519, # JPEGQTables
	520, # JPEGDCTables
	521, # JPEGACTables
	}

	def __init__(self, fn: StrOrBytesPath \| IO[bytes], new: bool = False) -> None:
	self.f: IO[bytes]
	if is_path(fn):
	self.name = fn
	self.close_fp = True
	try:
	self.f = open(fn, "w+b" if new else "r+b")
	except OSError:
	self.f = open(fn, "w+b")
	else:
	self.f = cast(IO[bytes], fn)
	self.close_fp = False
	self.beginning = self.f.tell()
	self.setup()

	def setup(self) -> None:
	# Reset everything.
	self.f.seek(self.beginning, os.SEEK_SET)

	self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset: int \| None = None
	self.offsetOfNewPage = 0

	self.IIMM = iimm = self.f.read(4)
	self._bigtiff = b"\x2b" in iimm
	if not iimm:
	# empty file - first page
	self.isFirst = True
	return

	self.isFirst = False
	if iimm not in PREFIXES:
	msg = "Invalid TIFF file header"
	raise RuntimeError(msg)

	self.setEndian("<" if iimm.startswith(II) else ">")

	if self._bigtiff:
	self.f.seek(4, os.SEEK_CUR)
	self.skipIFDs()
	self.goToEnd()

	def finalize(self) -> None:
	if self.isFirst:
	return

	# fix offsets
	self.f.seek(self.offsetOfNewPage)

	iimm = self.f.read(4)
	if not iimm:
	# Make it easy to finish a frame without committing to a new one.
	return

	if iimm != self.IIMM:
	msg = "IIMM of new page doesn't match IIMM of first page"
	raise RuntimeError(msg)

	if self._bigtiff:
	self.f.seek(4, os.SEEK_CUR)
	ifd_offset = self._read(8 if self._bigtiff else 4)
	ifd_offset += self.offsetOfNewPage
	assert self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset is not None
	self.f.seek(self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset)
	self._write(ifd_offset, 8 if self._bigtiff else 4)
	self.f.seek(ifd_offset)
	self.fixIFD()

	def newFrame(self) -> None:
	# Call this to finish a frame.
	self.finalize()
	self.setup()

	def __enter__(self) -> AppendingTiffWriter:
	return self

	def __exit__(self, *args: object) -> None:
	if self.close_fp:
	self.close()

	def tell(self) -> int:
	return self.f.tell() - self.offsetOfNewPage

	def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = io.SEEK_SET) -> int:
	"""
	:param offset: Distance to seek.
	:param whence: Whether the distance is relative to the start,
	end or current position.
	:returns: The resulting position, relative to the start.
	"""
	if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
	offset += self.offsetOfNewPage

	self.f.seek(offset, whence)
	return self.tell()

	def goToEnd(self) -> None:
	self.f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
	pos = self.f.tell()

	# pad to 16 byte boundary
	pad_bytes = 16 - pos % 16
	if 0 < pad_bytes < 16:
	self.f.write(bytes(pad_bytes))
	self.offsetOfNewPage = self.f.tell()

	def setEndian(self, endian: str) -> None:
	self.endian = endian
	self.longFmt = f"{self.endian}L"
	self.shortFmt = f"{self.endian}H"
	self.tagFormat = f"{self.endian}HH" + ("Q" if self._bigtiff else "L")

	def skipIFDs(self) -> None:
	while True:
	ifd_offset = self._read(8 if self._bigtiff else 4)
	if ifd_offset == 0:
	self.whereToWriteNewIFDOffset = self.f.tell() - (
	8 if self._bigtiff else 4
	)
	break

	self.f.seek(ifd_offset)
	num_tags = self._read(8 if self._bigtiff else 2)
	self.f.seek(num_tags * (20 if self._bigtiff else 12), os.SEEK_CUR)

	def write(self, data: Buffer, /) -> int:
	return self.f.write(data)

	def _fmt(self, field_size: int) -> str:
	try:
	return {2: "H", 4: "L", 8: "Q"}[field_size]
	except KeyError:
	msg = "offset is not supported"
	raise RuntimeError(msg)

	def _read(self, field_size: int) -> int:
	(value,) = struct.unpack(
	self.endian + self._fmt(field_size), self.f.read(field_size)
	)
	return value

	def readShort(self) -> int:
	return self._read(2)

	def readLong(self) -> int:
	return self._read(4)

	@staticmethod
	def _verify_bytes_written(bytes_written: int \| None, expected: int) -> None:
	if bytes_written is not None and bytes_written != expected:
	msg = f"wrote only {bytes_written} bytes but wanted {expected}"
	raise RuntimeError(msg)

	def _rewriteLast(
	self, value: int, field_size: int, new_field_size: int = 0
	) -> None:
	self.f.seek(-field_size, os.SEEK_CUR)
	if not new_field_size:
	new_field_size = field_size
	bytes_written = self.f.write(
	struct.pack(self.endian + self._fmt(new_field_size), value)
	)
	self._verify_bytes_written(bytes_written, new_field_size)

	def rewriteLastShortToLong(self, value: int) -> None:
	self._rewriteLast(value, 2, 4)

	def rewriteLastShort(self, value: int) -> None:
	return self._rewriteLast(value, 2)

	def rewriteLastLong(self, value: int) -> None:
	return self._rewriteLast(value, 4)

	def _write(self, value: int, field_size: int) -> None:
	bytes_written = self.f.write(
	struct.pack(self.endian + self._fmt(field_size), value)
	)
	self._verify_bytes_written(bytes_written, field_size)

	def writeShort(self, value: int) -> None:
	self._write(value, 2)

	def writeLong(self, value: int) -> None:
	self._write(value, 4)

	def close(self) -> None:
	self.finalize()
	if self.close_fp:
	self.f.close()

	def fixIFD(self) -> None:
	num_tags = self._read(8 if self._bigtiff else 2)

	for i in range(num_tags):
	tag, field_type, count = struct.unpack(
	self.tagFormat, self.f.read(12 if self._bigtiff else 8)
	)

	field_size = self.fieldSizes[field_type]
	total_size = field_size * count
	fmt_size = 8 if self._bigtiff else 4
	is_local = total_size <= fmt_size
	if not is_local:
	offset = self._read(fmt_size) + self.offsetOfNewPage
	self._rewriteLast(offset, fmt_size)

	if tag in self.Tags:
	cur_pos = self.f.tell()

	logger.debug(
	"fixIFD: %s (%d) - type: %s (%d) - type size: %d - count: %d",
	TiffTags.lookup(tag).name,
	tag,
	TYPES.get(field_type, "unknown"),
	field_type,
	field_size,
	count,
	)

	if is_local:
	self._fixOffsets(count, field_size)
	self.f.seek(cur_pos + fmt_size)
	else:
	self.f.seek(offset)
	self._fixOffsets(count, field_size)
	self.f.seek(cur_pos)

	elif is_local:
	# skip the locally stored value that is not an offset
	self.f.seek(fmt_size, os.SEEK_CUR)

	def _fixOffsets(self, count: int, field_size: int) -> None:
	for i in range(count):
	offset = self._read(field_size)
	offset += self.offsetOfNewPage

	new_field_size = 0
	if self._bigtiff and field_size in (2, 4) and offset >= 2**32:
	# offset is now too large - we must convert long to long8
	new_field_size = 8
	elif field_size == 2 and offset >= 2**16:
	# offset is now too large - we must convert short to long
	new_field_size = 4
	if new_field_size:
	if count != 1:
	msg = "not implemented"
	raise RuntimeError(msg) # XXX TODO

	# simple case - the offset is just one and therefore it is
	# local (not referenced with another offset)
	self._rewriteLast(offset, field_size, new_field_size)
	# Move back past the new offset, past 'count', and before 'field_type'
	rewind = -new_field_size - 4 - 2
	self.f.seek(rewind, os.SEEK_CUR)
	self.writeShort(new_field_size) # rewrite the type
	self.f.seek(2 - rewind, os.SEEK_CUR)
	else:
	self._rewriteLast(offset, field_size)

	def fixOffsets(
	self, count: int, isShort: bool = False, isLong: bool = False
	) -> None:
	if isShort:
	field_size = 2
	elif isLong:
	field_size = 4
	else:
	field_size = 0
	return self._fixOffsets(count, field_size)


	def _save_all(im: Image.Image, fp: IO[bytes], filename: str \| bytes) -> None:
	append_images = list(im.encoderinfo.get("append_images", []))
	if not hasattr(im, "n_frames") and not append_images:
	return _save(im, fp, filename)

	cur_idx = im.tell()
	try:
	with AppendingTiffWriter(fp) as tf:
	for ims in [im] + append_images:
	encoderinfo = ims._attach_default_encoderinfo(im)
	if not hasattr(ims, "encoderconfig"):
	ims.encoderconfig = ()
	nfr = getattr(ims, "n_frames", 1)

	for idx in range(nfr):
	ims.seek(idx)
	ims.load()
	_save(ims, tf, filename)
	tf.newFrame()
	ims.encoderinfo = encoderinfo
	finally:
	im.seek(cur_idx)


	#
	# --------------------------------------------------------------------
	# Register

	Image.register_open(TiffImageFile.format, TiffImageFile, _accept)
	Image.register_save(TiffImageFile.format, _save)
	Image.register_save_all(TiffImageFile.format, _save_all)

	Image.register_extensions(TiffImageFile.format, [".tif", ".tiff"])

	Image.register_mime(TiffImageFile.format, "image/tiff")

Xet Storage Details

Size:: 85 kB
Xet hash:: cad5017431e44b6305a024ca07916bba80d37b52393e5b716bfa5906c02e8ebc

Xet efficiently stores files, intelligently splitting them into unique chunks and accelerating uploads and downloads. More info.