| Author,Publication date,Title,Estimate (TWh) | |
| "Sandner, P., Lichti, C., Richter, R., Heidt, C. and Schaub, B.",August 2021,The Carbon Emissions of Bitcoin From an Investor Perspective,90.9 | |
| "Krause, M.J. and Tolaymat, T.",November 2018,Quantification of energy and carbon costs for mining cryptocurrencies,30.1 | |
| "McCook, H.",August 2018,The cost & sustainability of Bitcoin,105.0 | |
| "De Vries, A.",May 2018,Bitcoin's Growing Energy Problem,22.4 to 67.2 | |
| "Vranken, H.",October 2017,Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains,0.9 to 4.4 | |
| "Bevand, M.",February 2017,Electricity consumption of Bitcoin: a market-based and technical analysis,4.1 to 4.7 | |
| "O'Dwyer, K.L. and Malone, D.",September 2014,Bitcoin Mining and its Energy Footprint,0.9 to 87.6 | |