Author

Publication date

Title

Estimate (TWh)

Digiconomist

Live estimate

Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index

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CoinMetrics

June 2023

The Signal & The Nonce

117.4

De Vries, A., Gallersdorfer, U., Klaaßen, L. and Stoll, C.

February 2022

Revisiting Bitcoin's carbon footprint

117.3

CoinShares

January 2022

The Bitcoin Mining Network

89.0

Sandner, P., Lichti, C., Richter, R., Heidt, C. and Schaub, B.

August 2021

The Carbon Emissions of Bitcoin From an Investor Perspective

90.9

Köhler, S. and Pizzol, M.

November 2019

Life Cycle Assessment of Bitcoin Mining

31.3

Stoll, C., Klaaßen, L. and Gallersdorfer, U.

June 2019

The Carbon Footprint of Bitcoin

48.5

Zade, M., Myklebost, J., Tzscheutschler, P. and Wagner, U.

March 2019

Is Bitcoin the Only Problem? A Scenario Model for the Power Demand of Blockchains

33.7

Krause, M.J. and Tolaymat, T.

November 2018

Quantification of energy and carbon costs for mining cryptocurrencies

30.1

McCook, H.

August 2018

The cost & sustainability of Bitcoin

105.0

De Vries, A.

May 2018

Bitcoin's Growing Energy Problem

22.4 to 67.2

Vranken, H.

October 2017

Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains

0.9 to 4.4

Bevand, M.

February 2017

Electricity consumption of Bitcoin: a market-based and technical analysis

4.1 to 4.7

Hayes, A.S.

March 2015

A Cost Production Model for Bitcoin

O'Dwyer, K.L. and Malone, D.

September 2014

Bitcoin Mining and its Energy Footprint

0.9 to 87.6